ENDNOTES
PART 1. WHAT IS BIRD MEDICINE?
1. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 86.
2. Telephone conversation, July 20, 2010.
3. Conversation with Raymundo Rodriguez, January 18, 2010.
4. Conversation with Tina Powell, August 17, 2010.
5. Conversation with Debbie Bahune, Saco, Maine, March 26, 2012.
6. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 70–71.
7. “Broken Mammoth Archaeology Project,” Office of History and Archaeology.
8. Correspondence from Charles Holmes, August 8, 2012.
9. Holmes, “The Beringian and Transitional Periods in Alaska.”
10. Potter et al., “A Terminal Pleistocene Child Cremation and Residential Structure from Eastern Beringia.”
11. Mails, Evehema, and Cheshire, Hote Villa, 44–46.
12. Rowland, Birds with Human Souls, xiv.
13. Eliade, Shamanism, 131.
14. Swamp, Thanksgiving Address.
15. Telephone conversation with Betsy Stang, December 30, 2009.
16. Telephone conversation with Eugene Blackbear Sr., January 4, 2010.
17. Crowley, “Turtle and BP: Brown Pelican.”
18. Thumbadoo, Learning from a Kindergarten Dropout, 26.
19. E-mail letter from Kenneth Cohen, January 13, 2010.
20. Latorre and Latorre, The Mexican Kickapoo Indians, 348.
21. Larsen, Shaman’s Doorway, 66.
22. Telephone interview with Manitou Ikwe, January 2, 2010.
PART 2. THE FOUR GATEKEEPERS
1. Interview with Robert Young Eagle, Pine Hill, New York, August 14, 2010.
2. Conversation with Raymundo Rodriguez, August 18, 2010, in response to information from Robert Young Eagle, per conversation of August 14, 2010.
3. Emerson, Indian Myths, 421–22.
4. Adapted from Emerson, Indian Myths.
5. Interview with William Commanda, January 2, 2010.
6. Telephone conversation with Margery Coffey, January 18, 2010.
7. Telephone interview with White Deer of Autumn, January 3, 2010.
8. Rowland, Birds with Human Souls, xiv.
9. See Bruchac, Native American Stories of the Sacred.
10. Pritchard, No Word for Time, 46.
11. Powell, The Cheyenne, Ma’ heo’o’s People, 65.
12. Telephone conversation, May 25, 2010.
13. E-mail exchange, February 25, 2012.
14. Interview with Robin Youngblood, Maniwaki, Quebec, Spiritual Elder’s Gathering, August 7, 2010.
15. Interview with and subsequent e-mail from Manna Jo Greene, January 1, 2012.
16. Conversations with Judy Abbott, including one at Big Indian, New York, finalized via letter, August 14, 2012.
17. Strachey quoted in Swanton, The Indians of the Southeastern United States, 702.
18. Adair quoted in ibid., 706.
19. Hawkins quoted in ibid., 702..
20. Sibley, The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior, 213
21. Royal BC Museum, www.cityview.bc.ca/Victoria/royalbcmuseum4.html (page now defunct; accessed August 31, 2010).
22. Conversation with Kevin Deer, Kanatsiohareke Strawberry Festival, June 30, 2012, and subsequent e-mails and phone conversations, finalized on August 13, 2012.
23. Conversation with Tony Moonhawk and Marcey Tree-in-the-Wind Langhorn, August 2010.
24. Etaoqua, unpublished manuscript. Used by permission of the author.
25. Johnson, Mrs. Perley’s People, 151.
26. Telephone conversation with David Fescier, January 13, 2010.
27. Brown, “Distress Call Not Keeping Crows Away.”
28. Castaneda, The Eagle’s Gift, 54.
29. Telephone conversation with Margery Coffey, quoting Dennis Hastings, January 18, 2010.
30. Telephone conversation with Margery Coffey, January 18, 2010.
31. Kacelnik, Weir, and Campbell, “Shaping of Hooks in New Caledonian Crows,” 981. Used by permission.
32. Sibley, The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior, 37.
33. Conversation with Debbie Bahune, Saco, Maine, March 26, 2012.
34. Heinrich, Ravens in Winter, 12.
35. Telephone interview with Heather Wiggs, June 26, 2010.
36. Telephone interview with Grandmother White Wolf, May 26, 2010.
37. Johnson, Mrs. Perley’s People, 115.
38. Pritchard, Native American Stories of the Sacred.
39. Sams and Carson, Medicine Cards, 121.
40. Ibid.
41. Eliade, Shamanism, 103.
42. Ibid, 104–5.
43. Interview with Dark Rain Thom, Bloomington, Indiana, June 18, 2010.
44. Johnson, Mrs. Perley’s People, 100.
45. Interview with Manna Jo Greene, confirmed by Lisa Petagumskum, January 22, 2012, via Facebook.
46. Sams and Carson, Medicine Cards, 121.
PART 3. MENTORS AND MESSENGERS
1. E-mailed letter from Kenneth Cohen, January 13, 2010.
2. Telephone interview with Bente Hansen, July, 2010, finalized March 14, 2012.
3. Conversation with Elaine Henwood, Manhattan, July 2010; interview, February 10, finalized, March 13, 2012.
4. Told to me by Fred Gassler, close friend of the late Ed Loos, May 29, 2010.
5. Conversation with Kevin Deer, Kanatsiohareke Strawberry Festival, June 30, 2012, and subsequent e-mails and phone conversations, finalized on August 13, 2012.
6. Based on telephone conversations with Ken Gale and Valeria Kondratiev, March 12, 2012.
7. Telephone conversation with Barbel Haynes, December 2010.
8. Zoey Wood-Salomon, printed promotional material.
9. Telephone conversation with Kenneth Cohen, January 14, 2010.
10. Cohen, Honoring the Medicine, 85.
11. Telephone conversation with Eddy Stevenson, January 15, 2010.
12. William Commanda told me this story himself a half-dozen times; see also Thumbadoo, Learning from a Kindergarten Dropout.
13. Knapp quoted in Foreman, Sequoyah, 21–22.
14. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 70.
15. Hastings and Coffey, “Grandfather Remembers.”
16. Telephone interview with Dr. Margery Coffey, January 18, 2010.
17. For more information, see Sibley, The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior, 36.
18. See Kroodsma, Backyard Birdsong Guide, digital recordings.
19. Interview with Lynn Pritchard, August 13, 2010.
20. Telephone conversation, January 15, 2010.
21. Edward Benton-Banai, The Mishomis Book, 58.
22. Kroodsma, The Backyard Birdsong Guide, 126–27.
23. See Willie, “Mystery of the Missing Migrants,” 84.
24. Ibid., 83.
25. Ibid., 82.
26. Kaplan, “The Native Melodies.”
27. Johnson, Mrs. Perley’s People, 40–41.
28. Ibid., 50.
29. Tanner, The Falcon, 306.
30. Michael Gillen per e-mail August 26, 2010.
31. Utley, The Lance and the Shield, 30.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., 29.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Kinietz, Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615–1760, 129.
38. Ibid., 132.
39. Ibid., 251.
40. Interview with Lynn Pritchard, August 13, 2010.
41. Pritchard, “Magpies with a Message.”
42. Telephone interview with Monique Renaud, August 28, 2010.
43. Oannes Pritzker interviewed January 3, 2010, shortly before he passed into the spirit world.
44. Latorre and Latorre, The Mexican Kickapoo Indians, 347.
45. Telephone conversation with White Deer of Autumn (Gabriel Horn), January 3, 2010.
46. According to former Sand Hill Band chief Sam Beeler, via telephone call with Cora Chandler, May 2010.
47. Steiger and Hansen, Mysteries of Animal Intelligence, 38.
48. Ibid., 56.
49. Ibid., 41.
50. Ibid.
51. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 192.
52. Clark et al., “Increasing Breeding Behaviors in a Captive Colony of Northern Bald Ibis Through Conspecific Acoustic Enrichment.”
53. Interview with “Brenda,” May 2010; finalized March 31, 2012.
54. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 19–20.
55. Swanton, The Indians of the Southeastern United States, 703.
56. Interview with L., Charbot Lake, Ontario, pointing to pairs of duck boxes while standing with me in a wetlands area.
57. Conversations with George Paul, Mi’kmaq storyteller, various occasions.
58. Swanton, The Indians of the Southeastern United States, 707.
59. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 19–20.
60. Rowland, Birds with Human Souls, xv.
61. Swanton, The Indians of the Southeastern United States, 702.
62. Pritchard, Introductory Guide to Micmac Indian Words and Phrases, 11.
63. Ibid., 10.
64. Andrews, Animal-Speak, 207.
65. Interview with Eddy Stevenson, March 8, 2010.
66. Sams and Carson, Medicine Cards, 173.
67. Johnson, Mrs. Perley’s People, 55–56.
68. Ibid., 62.
69. Conversation, July 2010; subsequent e-mail August 12, 2012.
70. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 85.
71. Interview with Featherhawk, Middletown, New York, December 4, 2010.
72. This information provided by Dr. Michael Gillen, Pace University, October 20, 2010.
73. Telephone conversation with Depsimana, July 20, 2010.
74. Interview Thom residence, Bloomington, Indiana, June 18–19, 2010.
75. Johnson, Mrs. Perley’s People, 63.
76. Pritchard, No Word for Time, 24–25.
77. Rowland, Birds with Human Souls, 33.
78. Ibid., 31.
79. Ibid., 31–32.
80. Burton, Moving Within the Circle, 103.
81. Interview with Raymundo Rodriguez, January 18, 2010.
PART 4. OTHER BIRD ALLIES
1. Sams and Carson, Medicine Cards, 213.
2. Ibid.
3. Telephone interview with Blessing Bird, April 2010.
4. Letter from Running Deer, March 8, 2012.
5. Latorre and Latorre, The Mexican Kickapoo Indians, 348.
6. Eliade, Shamanism, 132–33.
7. Ibid., 132–35.
8. Based on interview with Raymundo Rodriguez, January 18, 2010.
9. Sibley, The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior, 36.
10. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 17.
11. Ibid., 56.
12. Interview with anonymous Mohawk source, Ontario, 2010.
13. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 23.
14. Wallace, Indians in Pennsylvania, 83.
15. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 11–12, 76–77.
16. Menomini informant quoted in Spindler and Spindler, Dreamers without Power, 40–41.
17. Skinner quoted in Spindler and Spindler, Dreamers without Power, 41
18. Spindler and Spindler, Dreamers without Power, 12.
19. Ibid., 12–13.
PART 5. FLEDGLING THOUGHTS
1. La Potherie quoted in Kinietz, Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615–1760, 193.
2. Gist quoted in Kinietz, Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615–1760, 196.
3. Speck quoted in Latorre and Latorre, The Mexican Kickapoo Indians, 574.
4. Ibid., 251, 442.
5. Ibid., 251.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 253.
8. Kaplan and Rogers, Songs, Roars, and Rituals, 71.
9. Confirmed by John Fadden, per e-mail, April, 9, 2012.
10. Diliette quoted in Kinietz, Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615–1760, 197.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., 198–99.
13. Ibid., 213.
14. Latorre and Latorre, The Mexican Kickapoo Indians, 270–71.
15. Ibid., 337.
16. Fletcher and La Flesche, Omaha Nation.
17. Benedict, Tales of the Cochiti Indians, 24–25.
PART 6. THREATS TO OUR BIRD ALLIES
1. Pritchard, Henry Hudson and the Algonquins of New York, 185–86.
2. Interview with “David,” a Sand Hill Band member and elder and medicine man of Cherokee descent, around Christmas of 2008, by Robin Hill-Chandler, a Sand Hill member of Munsee descent.
3. Alsop, Birds of the Mid-Atlantic, 38.
4. A confirmed source close to former Munseetown Delaware chief Mark Peters.
5. Alsop, Birds of the Mid-Atlantic, 38.
6. Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 17 (1960 edition): 920–21.
7. Alsop, Birds of the Mid-Atlantic, 38.
8. Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 17 (1960 edition): 920–21.
9. Alsop, Birds of the Mid-Atlantic, 38.
10. Telephone conversation with Ahngwet, January 11, 2010.
11. Bergman, “Wildlife Trafficking,” 37.
12. Ibid., 40.
13. Ibid.
14. Robbins et al., “Population Declines in North American Birds That Migrate to the Neotropics.” See also Faaborg et al., “Recent Advances in Understanding Migration Systems of New World Land Birds” and Mickleburgh, Hutson, and Racey, “A Review of the Global Conservation Status of Bats.”
15. Drewitt and Langston, “Collision Effects of Wind-Power Generators and Other Obstacles on Birds.” See also Kunz et al., “Assessing Impacts of Wind-Energy Development on Nocturnally Active Birds and Bats.”
16. Both et al., “Avian Population Consequences of Climate Change Are Most Severe for Long-distance Migrants in Seasonal Habitats.” See also Saino et al., “Climate Warming, Ecological Mismatch at Arrival and Population Decline in Migratory Birds.”
17. Deda, Elbertzhagen, and Klussmann, “Light Pollution and the Impacts on Biodiversity, Species and Their Habitats.”
18. Evans-Ogden, Collision Course.
19. Gehring, Paul, and Albert, “Communication Towers, Lights, and Birds.” See also Holker et al., “Light Pollution as a Biodiversity Threat”; Longcore and Rich, “Ecological Light Pollution”; and Kempernaers et al., “Artificial Night Lighting Affects Dawn Song, Extra-Pair Siring Success, and Lay Date in Songbirds.”
20. Evans-Ogden, “Summary Report on the Bird Friendly Building Program.” See also, J. Alan Clark slide show based on Evans-Ogden report and conversation with C. Sheppard.
21. See Barber, Crooks, and Fristrup, “The Costs of Chronic Noise Exposure for Terrestrial Organism”; Kight and Swaddle, “How and Why Dnvironmental Noise Impacts Animals: An Integrative Mechanistic Review”; Slabbekoorn and Ripmeester, “Birdsong and Anthropogenic Noise”; Francis, Ortega, and Cruz, “Noise Pollution Changes Avian Communities and Species Interactions”; Halfwerk et al., “Low-Frequency Songs Lose Their Potency in Noisy Urban Conditions”; and Farnsworth, “Flight Calls and Their Value for Future Ornithological Studies and Conservation Research.”
22. Telephone conversation with Manitou Ikwe, firsthand report, August 15, 2012.
23. Interview with Lynn Pritchard, August 13, 2010.
24. Raftery, “Agencies Plan to Reduce Canada Geese Population by Two-Thirds.”
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. www.fidobrooklyn.org/geese.html (accessed June 23, 2012) and finalized via phone conversation with Chiappelloni, August 13, 2012.
28. Driscoll, “Audubon Oil Spill Response Team Update: Thoughts on the Release of Young Rehabbed Pelicans,” August 13, 2010.
29. Ibid.
30. Driscoll, “My Capitol Hill Briefing on the Second Anniversary of the Gulf Oil Spill,” April 20, 2012.
31. Ibid.
32. BirdWatching, “BP Oil Found in Minnesota Pelican Eggs.”
33. Driscoll, “Audubon Oil Spill Response Team Update: Awaiting Tropical Storm Bonnie,” July 23, 2010.
34. Driscoll, “My Capitol Hill Briefing on the Second Anniversary of the Gulf Oil Spill,” April 20, 2012.
35. Telephone interview with Joseph Bruchac, January 3, 2010.
36. Ibid.
37. Balmori, “Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields from Phone Masts on a Population of White Stork (Ciconia ciconia).”
38. Ibid., 113.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid., 115.
41. Ibid.
42. Beason and Semm, “Responses of Neurons to an Amplitude Modulated Microwave Stimulus.”
43. Ritz et al., “Resonance Effects Indicate a Radical-Pair Mechanism for Avian Magnetic Compass.”
44. Balmori, “The Effects of Microwave Radiation on the Wildlife: Preliminary Results.”
45. Ibid.
46. Kelbie quoted in ibid.
AFTERWORD
1. Edward, Wales, 289.
2. Utley, The Lance and the Shield, 30.