A. Philip Randolph Institute, 62, 64, 66, 151, 173, 175, 178, 183
Aaron, Hank, 174
Abergil, Robert “Re’uven,” 131, 132, 133
Abernathy, Ralph, 77, 174, 194, 200, 207
Abram, Morris, 31
Abu Ahmed, Omar, 103
Abu Basim, 144
Abu Hassan, 116
Abu Iyad. See Salah Khalaf
Abu-Jamal, Mumia, 128
Abu Sharif, Bassam, 142
Acre, 78
Ad Hoc Committee on the Middle East, 28
AFL-CIO, 210
African Americans for Friendship and Retainment of Our Image, Culture and Arts, 69
African Liberation Day, 104
African National Congress, 116, 150
Afro-American, 55
Afro-American Information Center, 115
Afro-Americans Against the War in Vietnam, 107
Afro-Asian Solidarity Conference, 11
Ahmed, Mahade Mohammed, 108
Algeria: 6, 19, 46, 95, 96; Black Panther Party, 111, 114–17, 123; war of independence, 113
Algerian Press Service, 46, 47
Ali, Muhammad: 2, 25, 41; Lebanon trip, 139–41; refusal to fight in Vietnam, 96
Allen, Austin, 124
Allen, Samuel W., 102
Allon, Yigal, 203
ABC (American Broadcasting Company), 82
ACOA (American Committee on Africa): 107, 108; Chicago office, 153; New York office, 150, 152; staff demands black autonomy, 153–56; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 149–56; Washington office, 149–50
AIPAC (American Israel Public Affairs Committee), 67, 181
American Jewish Committee: 176, 186; black anti-semitism, 33; black attacks on, 103; civil rights, 32, 56–57; Martin Luther King, Jr., 83, 84; SNCC, 77, 78
American Jewish Congress, 73, 84, 152; black attacks on, 103
American University of Beirut, 14, 74
American Zionist Council, 39
American Zionist Federation, 186
Americans for Democracy in the Middle East, 80
Americans for Progressive Israel, 152
Americans for South African Resistance, 150
Anderson, Charles, 94
Andrew Young Affair. See Andrew Young
Anti-colonialism. See Third World and anti-imperialist movements
Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, 31, 39, 84, 173, 181
Anti-imperialism. See Third World and anti-imperialist movements
Anti-Semitism. See black anti-Semitism, Zionism
Anwar, Ali, 28
Arab Information Center. See Arab League
Arab-Israeli War (1948), 6, 9, 20, 74, 95, 127, 133
Arab-Israeli War (1956), 1, 15, 25
Arab-Israeli War (1967), 1, 2, 4, 6; black attitudes, 17, 21, 23, 51, 54, 84; Martin Luther King, Jr., 71, 79–80, 87
Arab-Israeli War of Attrition (1968–70), 64, 83
Arab-Israeli War (1973), 97–98, 101, 124, 166, 173
Arab-Israeli War (1982), 158, 161, 178–79
Arab League: Arab Information Center, 11, 47, 138, 141, 145, 147; boycott of Israel, 169, 170; recognizes PLO, 172, 180
Arab support for Black Power, 137–39
Arafat, Yasir: 2, 118, 122, 138, 198; addresses UN, 172, 180; head of al-Fateh, 115; head of PLO, 115; meets Eldridge Cleaver, 115–16, 144; meets Angela Davis, 157; meets Jesse Jackson, 204; meets Joseph Lowery, 193, 194, 194, 196–97; meets Huey P. Newton, 127, 210; meets other black Americans, 141, 147, 157, 201, 202, 210
Armenians, 74
Armstrong, Louis, 174
Armstrong, Lucille Wilson, 174
Asad, Hafiz al-, 204
Ashe, Arthur, 174
Assifa, al-, 119
Association of Arab-American University Graduates, 202
Atallah, Anton, 75
Atwood, Gary, 163
Augusta Victoria Hospital, 74
Avis Company, 163
Ayn al-Hilwa refugee camp, al-, 140
Baghdadi, Ali M., 137
Bailey, Herman “Kofi,” 25, 40–41
Bailey, Kristian Davis, 213, 214, 217
Balfour Declaration, 20
Baldwin, James; attitudes toward Jews, 32–34; Fire Next Time, 99; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 98–99; trip to Jerusalem, 98–99
Baraka, Amiri; anti-Semitism, 34; biography, 93–94; Black Arts Movement, 94–96; Congress of Afrikan People, 94; National Black Political Convention, 104–05; Pan-African Congress, 94; stance on the Arab-Israeli conflict, 94–96
Bar-Ner, Uri, 179
Basie, Catherine, 174
Basie, Count, 174
Bates, Daisy, 174
The Battle of Algiers, 113
Beale, Frances M., 109
Beat movement, 94
Beatles, 140
Beaufort Castle, 196
Beersheba, 78
Begin, Menachem, 177, 178, 180, 197, 203, 206, 210
Beirut: 39, 73, 139–40, 204; al-Maqasid Hospital, 140; Arab-Israeli War (1982), 178; Sabra and Shatila massacre, 158, 161; SCLC trip, 193; United States embassy, 140, 145
Belafonte, Harry, 174
Ben-Gurion, David, 78
Berkeley, 137
Berlin, 157
Bethlehem, 75
Bet She’an, 136
Bevel, James, 28
Bey, Yasiin. See Mos Def
Biafra, 171
Big Four. See civil rights movement
Bil‘in, 213
Bin Wahad, Dhoruba. See Richard Earl Moore
Bishara, Abdullah, 185–86, 188
Bitan, Moshe, 174
Biton, Shalom “Charlie,” 133, 134
BASIC (Black Americans to Support Israel Committee), 173–79. See also Bayard Rustin
Black artistic and cultural identity: 92, 98, 102, 216; Black Panther Party, 109, 113, 119–21, 128; SNCC, 25, 119, 128. See also Black Arts Movement
Black anti-semitism: 32–35; Black Panther Party, 122, 132; Martin Luther King, Jr. and SCLC, 85–87, 88; SNCC, 31, 37–38, 55, 56, 63
Black Arts Movement: 2, 89, 92, 109; Arab-Israeli conflict, 91–98; genesis, 92–94
Black Arts Repertory Theater/School, 94, 95
Black autonomy, 4, 33, 41–42, 44, 45, 68, 149, 153, 183, 189, 190, 194, 211
Black foreign policy, 42, 44, 183, 190, 191, 198, 201, 203, 211
Black friction with Jews. See Jews
Black identity: 4, 52–53, 182, 183; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 19, 57, 70, 163, 167, 176, 191, 211, 215, 216; Black Panther Party, 129; civil rights movement, 60, 63, 167, 176, 182, 191; SNCC, 41, 49–50. See also black artistic and cultural identity, negritude
Black Liberation Army, 159, 160, 162
Black Lives Matter, 214
The Black Panther. See Black Panther Party
Black Panther Organization (Israel), 131–37
Black Panther Party: 2, 5, 48, 92, 109, 139, 160, 216; Afro-American Information Center, 115; The Black Panther, 113, 114, 118, 119, 120–22, 123, 125, 127; Black Power internationalism, 112, 128, 214; formation, 112; impact on Israeli Black Panthers, 131–32, 133; international section, Algiers, 116–17, 123; Panther 21 case, 162; “pig,” 120–21, 128; Right On!, 123; rumors of training by and connections with Palestinian guerrillas, 143–48, 242n27; split between Eldridge Cleaver and Huey Newton, 123, 124, 159; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 111–14, 117–19, 122–27
Black Panthers (Harlem), 95
Black Panthers (Lowndes County, Alabama), 95
Black political conferences: 109; National Black Political Convention (1972), 103–06, 165; Third National Conference on Black Power (1968), 103
Black Power: Arab support, 137–39; internationalism, 9–29, 36–37, 41–42, 45–46, 49, 92, 128, 207, 214; rivalry with Bayard Rustin, 61, 62; rivalry with civil rights movement, 5, 52–53, 216; rivalry with Martin Luther King, Jr. and SCLC, 72, 80, 87, 88; rivalry with NAACP, 55, 56
Black September, 116–17, 124, 141–42, 172
Black Star, 215
Black Theology Project, 207
Black United Action Front, 107
Black United Front, 104
Black Vanguard, 100
Bloomstein, Charles, 179
“Blue Lives Matter,” 215
Boggs, Grace, 108
Boggs, James, 108
Boston, 55
Boutelle, Paul B.; COBATAME, 107–09, 214; Middle East trip, 141, 147
Boutros, Fuad, 196
Bradley, Tom, 174
Brazil, 107
Brickner, Balfour, 173
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 54
Brown, H. Rap: 18, 19, 55, 107; National Conference for New Politics, 28; SNCC Middle East study group, 19; SNCC stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 39, 41
Brown, Michael, 213
Brown, Ron, 210
Browne, Phiefer L., 68
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 187
Burke, J. Herbert, 143
Burns, Findley, Jr., 79
Burns, Nathaniel. See Sekou Odinga
Caesaria, 78
Cairo: 9, 11, 59; Duqqi district, 98; Husayn Mosque, 140; Jesse Jackson, 204; Malcolm X, 9, 12, 14, 15; Martin Luther King, Jr., 75
Calcutta, 91
Camp David peace process, 196
Campanella, Roy, 174
Canaan Baptist Church of Christ, 206
Carmichael, Stokely: 4, 9, 19, 55, 85, 96, 146; art and culture, 121; Middle East trip (1967), 46–47, 141, 143; Middle East trip (1979), 210; SNCC Middle East study group, 19; SNCC Newsletter article; 44–45, 46; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 44–48, 85, 138; uses phrase “Black Power,” 18
Carter, Jimmy: 177, 211; Andrew Young Affair, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 194, 208–09
Casady, Simon, 27
Castro, Fidel, 119
Central Conference of American Rabbis, 59
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency): 46; “Family Jewels,” 148, 241n50; investigates connections between Blacks and Palestinian guerrillas, 143, 144, 145, 148; MH/CHAOS, 145
Chamoun, Camille, 196
Chisholm, Shirley; Bayard Rustin’s newspaper advertisement (1970), 66; Congressional Black Caucus, 163–67
Civil rights movement: Big Four, 54, 57; rivalry with Black Power, 5, 52–53, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 72, 80, 87, 88, 89, 216
Clark, Judith, 158
Clay, Cassius. See Muhammad Ali
Cleague, Albert B., 108
Cleaver, Eldridge: 112, 131, 148; Algeria, 111, 114–17, 128, 143, 144, 159, 160; meets Yasir Arafat, 116; split with Huey Newton, 123, 124, 148
Cleaver, Kathleen Neal, 16, 115, 117, 119, 159
Cobb, Charles, Jr., 21, 36, 101, 102
Color Line. See W.E.B. Du Bois
Collins, Ella L., 108
CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System), 144
COBATAME (Committee of Black Americans for Truth About the Middle East), 107–09, 214
Committee on the Present Danger, 170
Communist Party USA, 156–58, 202
Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, 51, 64
Conference on the Status of Soviet Jews, 51
Congress of Afrikan People, 94
Congress of Palestine Support Committees, 116
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality): 54, 62; 151; establishment, 155; anti-Semitism, 58; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 58–59
Congressional Black Caucus, 105–06, 163–67
Conyers, John, Jr., 66
Copeland, Shawn, 207
Coston, James F. See Zayd Malik Shakur
COINTELPRO (Counter-Intelligence Program), 123
Cox, Courtland, 18, 36, 101, 102
Cruse, Harold: Black Arts Movement, 93, 95, 96; Crisis of the Negro Intellectual, 34, 93; Jews, 34, 93
Cuba, 6, 18, 46, 100; Eldridge Cleaver, 114
Cullors, Patrisse, 214
Cyprus, 142
Darden, Charles R., 52
Darwish, Mahmud, 95
Davis, Angela, 134, 142, 157–58
Davis, Georgia M., 66
Davis, Sammy, Jr., 96
Dayan, Moshe, 25, 41, 58, 121, 159, 197
Dayr Yasin Massacre, 20
Deacons for Defense and Justice, 159, 207
Decter, Moshe, 51
Def, Mos, 215
DeFreeze, Donald, 162
Detroit: 27, 63, 69, 84, 99–100; Jews, 100
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 75
Diab, Jamil Shakir, 11
Difa’, al-, 147
Diggs, Charles C., 66, 104, 105, 151
Diyarbakir, 74
Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement, 100
Douglas, Emory: 115; artwork, 120–21; black artistic and cultural identity, 92, 120
Dover, Ze’ev, 76
Dream Defenders, 214
Drum and Spear Bookstore, 101
Drum and Spear Press, 101
Druze, 78
Du Bois, David, 125
Du Bois, Shirley Graham, 97–98, 125
Du Bois, W.E.B., 98, 106, 125, 201, 215, 234n22
Edwards, Colin, 139
Egypt: 47–48, 75, 94, 138, 140, 203; Arab-Israeli conflict, 6, 64, 97, 103; becomes American ally, 177; Nigeria-Biafra, 171; Jews, 132. See also individual cities
El Al Israel Airlines, 84
El Salvador, 162
Elbaz, Ya‘akov, 131
Elchoufi, Hammoud, 186
Emergency Committee for the Middle East, 177
Emergency International Conference in Solidarity with the People of Palestine and the National Lebanese Forces, 158
Empire State Baptist Convention, 77
Engel, Irving M., 78
Evers, Medgar, 174
Evers, Myrlie, 174
Fanon, Frantz: 19, 49, 112, 143; Wretched of the Earth, 19, 26, 112, 143
Farmer, James, 58, 173, 174, 205
Fateh, al-: 6, 20, 79, 100, 114, 152; al-Assifa, 119; Black Panther Party, 111, 112, 118, 143–48, 160; black support for, 108; central committee, 202; al-Fateh, 141, 146, 147; information office, Algiers, 115, 122; Pan-African Cultural Festival, 95, 96; poster production, 121; rumors of training American blacks, 143–48
Fattal, Randa Khalidi al-, 47, 138, 141, 145, 147
Fauntroy, Walter E.: biography, 199; National Black Political Convention, 105; SCLC Middle East peace initiative, 189, 194, 196, 199–200
Featherstone, Ralph: 21, 37–39
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation): 79, 161; COINTELPRO (Counter-Intelligence Program), 123; investigates connections between Blacks and Palestinian guerrillas, 143–48, 159–60, 242n27
Ferguson, 213
Findley, Paul, 201
First World War, 74
Fleischman, Harry, 175
Forbes, 80
Ford, Gerald R., 173
Forman, James: biography, 22; National Conference for New Politics, 28; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 22, 44, 48–49; SNCC Newsletter article, 22–23, 44–45
Forrester, Anne, 101
Fortson, Emily, 79
Freedom Now Party, 107
Freedom Riders, 103
Freedomways, 97
Front National pour la Libération du Congo, 160
Fulbright, J. William, 96
Gaza: 6, 25, 86, 181, 198; Malcolm X’s visit, 9, 14–15
Gemayel, Pierre, 196
Germany. 120, 157. See also individual cities
Gersten, Chris, 181
Gibson, Henry, 193
Gilmore, Robert, 173
Global 1960s, 6, 132, 135, 143, 148, 216, 217
Gold, Bertram, 186
Great Britain, 155
Grimes, John, 68
The Guardian, 100
Guerrero, Gene, 62
Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 112, 119, 224n17
Gulf Oil Corporation, 163
Haifa, 78
Harlem Council for Economic Development, 70
Harmon, Avraham, 77
Harris, Donald, 17
Hatcher, Richard, 66, 104, 188, 189
Hawkins, Augustus F., 66
Hearst, Patty, 162
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 57, 176
Hertzberg, Arthur, 176
Heschel, Abraham, 73
Hewitt, Raymond “Masai,” 118–19, 144
Hiestand, Fred J., 127
Hightower, Charles, 108, 149–54
Hitler, Adolf, 152
Ho Chi Minh, 119
Holocaust, 20, 28, 38, 46, 202, 210
Hooks, Benjamin L., 174, 188, 189, 205, 209
Hoover, J. Edgar, 148
Hoss, Salim al-, 196
Hottelet, Richard C., 144
Houser, George M., 151, 154, 155
Howard University, 69
Husayni, al-Hajj Amin al-, 14
Hut, Shafiq al-, 188
Ilan, Ben-Zion, 77
Immigration policy, 215
Intercommunal Youth Institute, 127
International Black Workers Congress, 100
Iraq; Jews, 132, 133; Baghdad Radio, 146
Irgun, 24
Isa, Raja al-, 75
Islamic Council of Lebanon, 196
Israel: American Jewish attitudes toward, 31–32; as a white country, 58, 66, 70, 97–98, 101, 2125; Atlanta consulate, 76–77; Black Panthers, 131–37; black support for, 169–70, 173–82; Knesset, 136, 176; Labor Party, 176, 181, 203; Likud Party, 177; Martin Luther King Jr.’s pilgrimage, 77–80; New York consulate, 179; Palestinian citizens, 76, 78, 181; press, 135; propaganda, 95, 179; sale of American aircraft to, 61, 64, 66, 69, 151, 173, 177; settlements in West Bank, Gaza, and Golan, 180, 211; ties with South Africa, 150, 153–56, 176, 195; UN representative, 194–95. See also individual cities
Italy, 179
Jaaber, Heshaam, 94
Jackson, Blydon, 156
Jackson, Jesse: 2, 87, 175; Andrew Young Affair, 189, 200; meets Yasir Arafat, 204; Middle East trip, 200–01, 203–04, 205, 208–09, 210
Jackson, Maynard, 174
Jacobs, Paul, 1
Jacobson, Charlotte, 204
Jamaica, 118
Japan, 120
Japanese Red Army, 163
Jeddah, 16
Jelinek, Donald, 19
Jemal Pasha, 74
Jericho, 75
Jerusalem: 71, 74, 77, 78, 79, 83; Augusta Victoria Hospital, 74; Bayard Rustin, 210; Elijah Muhammad, 12; Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 57, 176; Malcolm X, 12; Martin Luther King Jr., 73–76, 80; Moscobiya police complex, 134; municipality, 133, 203; Musrara/Morasha, 133, 239n8; Old City, 203; Talbiyya, 74
Jewish Labor Committee, 56, 173
Jews; Andrew Young Affair, 186; Ashkenazic, 131–36; Detroit, 100; friction with blacks, 32–35, 64–66, 67, 93, 169, 183, 189, 216; Iraq, 132–33, Libya, 132; Los Angeles, 1–2; Mizrahi/Sephardic, 25, 66, 131–36, 150; Morocco, 132–33; Soviet Union, 175; SNCC, 21, 22, 31–43, 56; support for civil rights movement, 21, 22, 31–32, 45, 52, 54, 60, 62, 169, 170, 172, 175; Yemen, 132
Jihad News, 101
Jim Crow laws, 36
Johnson, Leroy R., 66
Jones, Junebug Jabo, 42
Jones, LeRoi. See Amiri Baraka
Jones, William Augustus, 208
Jordan: 6, 59, 74, 79, 100, 141, 204; Black September fighting with PLO, 116–17, 124, 141–42, 172; Palestinians allegedly training black Americans, 143–48; press, 147. See also individual cities
Jordan, Vernon E., Jr.: 189, 205, 206; Bayard Rustin’s newspaper advertisements, 67, 174
Kalbian, Vahan, 74
Kanafani, Ghassan, 100
Karenga, Maulana, 94
Keito, 108
Kenen, I.L., 67
Kennedy, John F., 202
Kentucky, 203
Kenyatta, Muhammad, 207
Khafaja, Mustafa, 15
Khalaf, Salah (Abu Iyad), 202
Khaled, Leila, 139
Khan Yunis, 9
Khatib, Ruhi al-, 75
Khuri, Lucy, 74
Kiamesha Lake, 87
Kibbutz Lavi, 78
Kilgore, Thomas, Jr., 67
Kim Il Sung, 119
King, Coretta Scott, 73, 174, 189
King, Martin Luther, Jr.: 2, 50, 62, 111, 183, 194, 214; assassination, 88, 200; biography, 72; Jerusalem trip (1959), 73–76, 80, 84; Jews, 72–73, 80, 84–89; “Letter to an Anti-Zionist Friend” hoax, 88; National Conference for New Politics, 27, 28, 84–85; Middle East pilgrimage idea, 71–72; Progressive National Baptist Convention, 206; rivalry with Black Power, 72, 80, 87, 89; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 70, 80–88, 200; stance on Vietnam War, 72, 80, 81, 83, 201
King, Martin Luther, Sr., 67, 174
Kirkpatrick, Frederick Douglass, 207
Kissinger, Henry, 187
Klein, Elaine, 117
Knesset, 136
Kochiyama, Yuri, 139
Kollek, Teddy, 203
Korea. See North Korea
Kosygyn, Alexei, 82
Krech, Richard, 76
Labor Party, 176, 177, 181, 203
Lake Tiberias, 77
Laos, 107
Lawson, James, 70
League for Industrial Democracy, 63
League of Arab States. See Arab League
League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 100
Lebanese National Movement, 196
Lebanon: 100, 127, 139–41, 160, 198, 204; Beaufort Castle, 196; Islamic Council of Lebanon, 196; Israeli bombardment, 162, 188, 195, 200, 202; Lebanese National Movement, 196. See also individual cities and refugee camps
Lee, Don, 95
Levi, David, 131
Levi, Yakov, 174
Levison, Stanley, 79, 80, 81, 83
Likud Party, 177
Lincoln, C. Eric: 13; Black Muslims in America, 33
Lincoln University, 154
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 35
Little, Russell, 163
Logan, Jomo, 69
Los Angeles: 1–2, 63, 94, 174; Jews, 1–2
Los Angeles Times, 180
Louisiana, 69
Louisville Defender, 68
Lowery, Joseph E.; Andrew Young Affair, 189; meets Yasir Arafat, 193, 196; SCLC Middle East peace initiative, 194, 196–99, 201, 203, 205, 208–09, 210
Lumumba, Chokwe, 158
Lynch, Sheila, 176
Madhubuti, Haki R. See Don Lee
Malcolm X: 2, 17, 18, 88, 215; American blacks as permanent exiles, 223n1; assassination, 16, 94, 139; “Ballot or the Bullet” speech, 13; Black Power internationalism, 10–14, 16–17, 24, 92, 109, 111, 128, 214; “by any means necessary,” 135; criticism of civil rights, 53; Gaza trip, 9, 11–12, 143; Jews, 13–14, 34; “Message to the Grass Roots” speech, 7, 12; Middle East trip (1959), 11–12, 143; Middle East trip (1964), 9, 11–12, 14–15, 73, 139, 143; Organization of Afro-American Unity, 18, 103, 107, 108, 160; Zionism, 11, 15–16; “Zionist Logic” article, 15–16
Malcolm X Society, 69
Manhattan Tribune, 59
Maqasid Hospital, al-, 140
Marciano, Rami, 131
Marciano, Sa‘adiya, 131, 133, 134
Maronite Catholics, 196
Martin, Trayvon, 213
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 137
Matzpen, 134
McKeithan, L. See Keito
McReynolds, David, 61
Mecca, 140
Medvecky, Nick, 100
Mehdi, Mohammed Taki, 11
Meir, Golda, 67, 68, 159, 181, 239n8; Black Panther Organization (Israel), 131, 132, 135
Method Man, 215
Mi’a wa Mi’a refugee camp, 140
Miami Beach, 73
Michaux, Lewis H., 108
Middle East Airlines, 74
Middle East Council of Churches, 81, 196
Miller, Israel, 39
Miller, John A., 38
Minnis, Jack, 21
Minor, Ethel; biography, 18; Malcolm X, 18; Palestinians, 18–19; SNCC Middle East study group, 19, 37; SNCC Newsletter article (1967), 17, 21–25, 36, 37; Stokely Carmichael, 47–48
Mississippi, 69
Mitchell, Charlene, 157
Miyuhas, Mrs., 133
Mobilization for Palestine, 144
Moore, Douglas, 104
Moore, Richard Earl, 114
Moore, Robert, 20
Morgen Freiheit, 67
Morocco, 102, 103; Jews, 132, 133
Moses, 73
The Movement. See SNCC
Muhammad Speaks, 99
Mulzac, Una G., 108
Muravchik, Emanuel, 173
Murray, Pauli, 173
Namibia, 160
Nasir, Labib, 75
Nasir, Musa, 75
Nasser, Gamal Abdel; 41, 85, 98; Malcolm X, 15; Muhammad Ali, 140; SNCC, 25, 41
Nation of Islam: 10–11, 12, 33, 99, 140, 175, 208; Muhammad Speaks, 99
NAARPR (National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression), 157–58
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People): 5, 60, 70; Andrew Young Affair, 189–90, 209; establishment, 32, 98; Jewish support for, 32, 52, 54; rivalry with Black Power, 52–53, 55–56; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 51–57; stance on Vietnam War, 51, 54–57
National Association of Black Students, 107
National Black Pastors Conference, 208
National Black Political Convention, 103–06, 165, 171
National Committee to Defend New Afrikan Freedom Fighters, 161
National Committee to Free Angela Davis, 157. See also Angela Davis
National Conference for New Politics, 28–29; 35, 56, 58, 63, 84–85, 104, 216
National Council of Churches, 207
National Jewish Community Relations Council, 54, 84
National Liberation Front (South Vietnam), 112, 113, 116
National Newspaper Publishers Association, 95–96
National Organization of Women, 173
National Urban League: 5, 54, 60, 70, 189; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 57–58
Nazis, 38, 57, 119, 152; concentration camps, 210. See also Holocaust
Nazzal, Hanna, 78
Negritude: 26; see also blackness and black identity
Negro Action Committee, 100
Negro Digest/Black World, 92, 96–97, 175
Nero, Ray, 69
New Afrikan Freedom Fighters, 158–62
New Afrikan Freedom Fighters Day, 160
New Haven, 145
New Republic, 177
New York: 62, 69, 81, 94; Ocean Hill-Brownsville, 63; police department’s “stop and frisk” policy, 214; schools, 33, 63. See also Brooklyn, Harlem
New York Times, 37–38, 57, 80, 204–05; Bayard Rustin advertisement (1970), 61, 64, 65, 70, 97; Bayard Rustin advertisement (1975), 174; COBATAME advertisement, 106–09, 214; investigates alleged Palestinian training of black guerrillas, 143, 144, 146, 147
New World Liberation Front, 163
New Left, 27, 29, 50, 118, 135, 216
Newsweek, 143
Newton, Huey P.: 115, 119, 120, 131; biography, 112, 127; meets Yasir Arafat, 127; split with Eldridge Cleaver, 123, 124; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 122–27, 128–29; trip to Lebanon (1980), 127, 210
Nigeria, 171
Nixon, Evelyn, 68
Nixon, Richard, 121, 164, 184, 187; alleged Palestinian training of black guerrillas, 143, 145; sale of aircraft to Israel, 61, 64, 66, 67, 184
Nkrumah, Kwame, 98
Norfolk, 194
North Korea, 119
Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 66, 174
Nusseibeh, Anwar, 75
Nyack, 158
Oakland City College, 112
Oberlin College, 98
Occupied Territories. See Gaza, Golan, Jerusalem, West Bank
Odinga, Sekou, 158, 160, 161, 162
Ofari, Earl, 108
Olugbala, Dedane. See Zayd Malik Shakur
Operation Bootstrap, 1
Operation PUSH, 189, 200, 201, 202, 210. See also Jesse Jackson
Organization of African Unity, 14
Organization of Afro-American Unity. See Malcolm X
Organization of Arab Students, 20, 48, 137–38
Osborn, Howard J., 148
Pacem in Terris, 81
Palestine Human Rights Campaign, 198, 201, 248n39
Palestine Liberation Army, 140
PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization): 2, 15, 115, 161, 179–80; Arab League recognition, 172, 180; Black Panthers, 114, 119, 160; Cairo office, 98; Dar al-Sumud, 202; executive committee, 39; New York office, 39, 114; Palestine Liberation Army, 140; Palestine National Council, 141, 146, 147; Palestine Red Crescent, 127, 202; Permanent Observer to the UN, 183, 185, 194; propaganda, 39, 138; Research Center in Beirut, 39, 138; SAMED, 127, 202; SCLC Middle East peace initiative, 196–200; withdrawal from Beirut, 179
“P.L.O. Style,” 215
Palestine National Council, 141, 146, 147
Palestine Red Crescent, 127, 202
Palestinian citizens of Israel, 76, 78; Druze, 78
Palestinian guerrillas: 6, 20, 113, 163; Black Panther Party, 111; Black September fighting with Jordan, 116–17, 124, 141–42, 172; black support for, 48, 91–92, 119, 128; greet black Americans, 140–41; rumors of training black Americans, 143–48; take black American noms de guerre, 139. See also al-Fateh, PLO, Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, PFLP
Palestinian refugees and refugee camps: 6, 9, 20, 69, 74, 95, 133; Andrew Young, 78; Bayard Rustin, 65; Black Panther Party, 113, 127; Jesse Jackson, 203, 204; Malcolm X, 14, 15, 16; Martin Luther King, Jr., 82; Muhammad Ali, 140–41; NAACP, 55; National Black Pastors Conference, 208; Sabra and Shatila massacre, 158, 161; Shirley Chisholm, 163–64; SCLC, 196; SNCC, 38; UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency), 113; Wyatt Tee Walker, 217. See also individual camps
Pan-African Cultural Festival, 95, 96, 101, 115
Parks, Rosa, 174
Paterson, Basil A., 66
Paz Oil Company, 174
Peres, Shimon, 203
Perlmutter, Nathan, 181
Perry, Nancy Ling, 162
Petersen-Smith, Khury, 214, 217
Philadelphia, 55
Poland, 210
Pollard, William S., 210
Pope John XXIII, 81
Pope John Paul II, 179
Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 108
PFLP (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine): 6, 100, 112; hijackings of aircraft, 59, 139, 141–42; poster production, 121
Pretoria, 176
Progressive Labor Party, 118
Progressive National Baptist Convention, 206
PUSH. See Operation PUSH
Qalandiya refugee camp, 203
Québecois Palestine Solidarity Committee, 118, 144
Race riots. See urban rebellions
Rally for Israel’s Survival, 1
Ramparts, 85
Randolph, A. Philip: 54, 183; American Committee on Africa, 151; March on Washington, 62; Bayard Rustin, 65, 169, 170, 173, 179. See also A. Philip Randolph Institute
Rashid, Harun Hashim, 15
Rashidiyya refugee camp, al-, 127
Ray, Sandy F., 77
Rayyis, Munir al-, 15
Rehovot, 78
Republic of New Afrika, 69
Republican Party, 64
Revolutionary Action Movement, 91, 101, 112, 159
Revolutionary Armed Task Force of the Black Liberation Army, 160
Rhodesia, 101, 107, 120, 137, 191. See also Zimbabwe
Right On!, 123
Riley, Boots, 215
Riverside Church, 81
Rivlin, David, 174
Robeson, Paul, 201
Robinson, Jackie, 66
Robinson, Patricia, 107
Rockland County, New York, 158
Rogers, George, 64
Rome, 77
Rothschild family, 25
Russell, Richard A., 85
Russell Tribunal, 36
Russia. See Soviet Union
Rustin, Bayard: 89, 183; Andrew Young Affair, 189, 210; BASIC, 173–79; biography, 60–61, 62; Black Power, 61, 62–63, 69–70, 217; Committee on the Present Danger, 170; Emergency Committee for the Middle East, 177; Jews, 61–62; Middle East trip, 210–11; newspaper advertisement (1970), 60–61, 64–70, 97, 107, 109, 149–53, 183–84; newspaper advertisement (1975), 174–75; Palestinian refugees, 171–72 sale of American aircraft to Israel, 61, 66, 69, 173, 177; stance toward Arab-Israeli conflict, 60–70, 89, 169–82, 184–85, 206; SNCC, 62–63
Sabra and Shatila massacre, 158, 161
Sacramento, 176
Saidam, Mahdi, 115
Samaritans, 75
Sammu‘, 79
Sampson, Al, 196
San Francisco City College, 120
San Francisco Law School, 112
San Francisco Sun Reporter, 68
Sanford, 213
Sarkis, Elilas, 196
Sartawi, Isam, 188
Sasa, 76
Saudi Arabia, 14, 140, 177. See also individual cities
Sayegh, Fayez, 39
Scheer, Robert, 28
Schlesinger, James, 241n50
Sea of Galilee, 77
Seale, Bobby, 112, 118, 119, 124
Second International Conference in Support of the Arab Peoples, 59
Second International Symposium on Palestine, 100, 117
Second World War, 46, 139. See also Holocaust, Nazis
Sellers, Cleveland, 44
Shakur, Mutulu, 160
Shakur, Zayd Malik, 159
Shalev, Menachem, 215
Shell Oil Company, 163
Shimshon, 134. See also Shimshon Wigoder
Shukrallah, Ibrahim, 240n28
Shulman, Irving, 31
Shuqayri, Ahmad, 15
Silberman, Charles E., 80
Simmons, Althea, 210
Simmons, Charles, 108
Sinai, 86
Smith Act, 156
Smith, Bob, 38
Smith, Clifford. See Method Man
SNCC Newsletter: See SNCC
Snellings, Roland. See Askia Muhammad Touré
Social Democrats USA, 160, 244n3
Socialist Party of America, 62, 244n3
Socialist Workers Party, 107
Somburu, Kwame Montsho Ajamu. See Paul B. Boutelle
Sorbonne, 98
South Africa: 48, 76, 107, 137, 138; African National Congress, 116, 150; American Committee on Africa, 150; American support, 207; black criticisms, 36, 48, 72, 101, 104, 106, 120, 128; liberation groups and guerrillas, 119, 150, 159, 160; Martin Luther King, Jr., 72; ties with Israel, 36, 59, 104, 106, 138, 150, 153–56, 176, 191, 195
South Carolina, 69
South End, 100
SWAPO (South West African People’s Organization), 160
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference): 54, 62, 77, 175, 189; “Anti-Semitism, Israel, and SCLC: A Statement on Press Distortions,” 85–87; establishment, 71; Jews, 73, 80, 85–86; Middle East peace initiative, 193–200, 201, 203, 210; National Conference for New Politics, 28–29, 85
Southern Student Organizing Committee, 62
Soviet Union: 5, 31, 136, 151, 170, 210; Jews, 175; Middle East, 5, 56, 64, 184; Stokely Carmichael, 46
Spearman, Eldridge, 200
Spellman, A.B., 108
Spellman, Karen. See Karen Edmonds
Spivey, Charles, 207
Spock, Benjamin, 50
Sports Illustrated, 140
St. Louis University, 176
Stanford, Maxwell, Jr. See Muhammad Ahmad
Stanford University, 213
Stern Gang, 24
Sternstein, Joseph, 186
Stevens, Richard P., 138, 154–55
Stokes, Carl, 66
Stokes, Louis, 66, 105, 151, 166
Stolarik, Robert J., 158
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee): 81, 99, 109, 216; accusations of anti-Semitism, 31–32, 37–43, 47; Arab propaganda, 38, 179; Arab support for, 137; asks whites to leave, 33, 42; Atlanta office, 20, 22, 35, 37, 40, 44, 91, 116; becomes human rights organization, 18; becomes Black Power group, 18, 43, 45; black artistic and cultural identity, 25, 119; black autonomy, 4, 33, 41–42, 44, 45, 149; Black Panther Party (Lowndes County, Alabama), 95; Black Power internationalism, 19–20, 36–50, 89, 111; budgetary problems, 43–44; Chicago office, 44; establishment, 17; international affairs commission, 22; Jews, 21, 22, 31–32, 35–43, 45; The Movement, 41, 42, 43; New York office, 23, 38, 40, 43, 116; opposition to Vietnam War, 18, 45; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 20–26, 28–29, 32, 35–50; Middle East study group, 19; SNCC Newsletter article controversy, 17, 23–26, 31–45, 42, 55–56, 58, 63, 81, 84, 161, 166; White House picket, 20, 137; Zionism, 24, 38, 39, 43
SDS (Students for a Democratic Society), 118, 144, 161–62
Suall, Irwin, 173
Sulh, Taqi al-Din al-, 140
Swahili. See Kiswahili
Symbionese Liberation Army, 162–63
Synagogue Council of America, 73
Syria, 6, 47, 100, 138, 141, 204
Tannous, Izzat, 39
Tel Aviv-Jaffa, 78
Tenth World Festival of Youth and Students, 157
Terra Santa Tours, 78
Terzi, Zehdi Labib, 185–86, 187, 188, 194, 197, 198, 202, 203, 204
Third World and anti-imperialist groups and movements, 25, 43, 44, 72, 73, 93, 112, 217
Third World Press, 95
Third World Women’s Alliance, 109
Thomas, Norman, 62
Tiberias, 78
Torczyner, Jacques, 64
Touré, Askia Muhammad, 91–92, 108
Touré, Halima, 108
Tupamaros, 163
Ture, Kwame. See Stokely Carmichael
“2015 Black Solidarity Statement with Palestine,” 214, 218
Tyre, 202
UHURU, 100
Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 59, 84
Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, 84
United African Nationalist Union, 70
United Kingdom, 155
United Nations; Division for Palestinian Rights, 185; effort to expel Israel, 166; General Assembly, 172, 180, 188; General Assembly Resolution 3236, 198; Palestine partition plan, 20, 93; Security Council, 59, 182, 183, 185, 187–88; Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, 185, 188, 197, 198; UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency), 113; Yasir Arafat addresses, 172, 180; “Zionism equals Racism,” 94
United States; ban on talks with PLO, 183, 185–87, 191, 199, 200, 201, 209; black criticisms of American Middle East policies, 36–37, 38, 40–41, 44, 49, 64–65, 68, 69, 97, 99, 107, 111, 128, 162, 191, 207; House of Representatives, 164, 165, 166, 185, 199; immigration policy, 215; Internal Revenue Service, 175; policy toward Arab-Israeli conflict, 50, 177, 183; sale of aircraft to Egypt, Saudi Arabia, 177; sale of aircraft to Israel, 61, 66, 69, 151, 173, 177, 184; South Africa, 207; State Department, 186, 190, 197, 207
United Synagogues of America, 84
University of California; Berkeley, 137; Los Angeles, 157
University of Illinois at Urbana, 18
Urban League. See National Urban League
Urban rebellions, 5, 27, 53, 63, 84, 94, 99
Uruguay, 163
Ussery, Wilfred, 59
Van Lierop, Robert F., 108, 109, 142, 156
Vienna, 152
Vietnam: 36, 46, 163; anti-war movement, 27, 29, 41, 50, 80, 81, 83, 107, 140, 146; North Vietnamese army, 113; refugees, 164; Vietnam War—black opposition to, 18, 41, 44, 45, 72, 96; Vietnam War—general, 5, 6, 41, 57, 106, 107, 128, 162
Viet Cong. See National Liberation Front
Vivian, C.T., 196
Vorster, John, 176
Waldheim, Kurt, 197
Walker, Wyatt Tee: 86, 189, 217–18; Bayard Rustin’s newspaper advertisements, 67, 174; biography, 206; SCLC Middle East peace initiative, 194, 206
Walls, William J., 67
Walters, Ronald, 97
War Resisters League, 62
Warsaw Ghetto, 34
Washington, 51, 62, 64, 69, 199
Washington Post, 61, 64, 65, 70
Wayne State University, 100
“We Shall Overcome,” 193
Weather Underground Organization, 162
Weems, Donald. See Kuwasi Balagoon
West Bank: 86, 177, 181, 198, 203; black youth visit, 213–14; Israeli checkpoints, 214; Israeli occupation, 6, 71, 86; Israeli separation wall, 213; Israeli settlements, 180; Martin Luther King Jr., 73, 76, 77–80. See also individual cities
West Virginia, 203
Wigoder, Shimshon, 239n5
Wilkins, Roy: 51–52, 67, 151; BASIC, 169, 173, 174; biography, 54; hostility toward Black Power, 55–56, 57; stance on Arab-Israeli conflict, 54–57, 67, 89, 169, 173, 174, 209
Williams, Hosea, 28
Williams, Lydia A., 107, 108, 156
Williams, Maxine, 109
Williams, Robert F., 108
Williams, Samuel W., 184
Williams, Warcell “Tex,” 20
Woods, Gwendolyn Patton, 107
World Peace Council, 59
World Wars. See First World War, Second World War
World Zionist Organization, 204
Wretched of the Earth. See Frantz Fanon
Yeagley, J. Walter, 143
Yediot Aharonot, 135
Yemeni Jews, 132
Yishai, Eli, 215
Young, Andrew: 79, 81, 173, 183, 202; Andrew Young Affair—resignation as United States ambassador to UN, 182–83, 185–88, 194; Andrew Young Affair—black reaction, 188–92, 200, 208–09, 216, 217; Andrew Young Affair—Jewish reaction, 186, 216; Bayard Rustin’s newspaper advertisement, 174; SCLC, 194; trip to Middle East (1966), 77–78, 183, 184
Young, Jean, 78
Young Communist League, 156
YOBU (Youth Organization for Black Unity), 100–01
Youth Unlimited, 107
Zambia, 151
Zedong, Mao, 112
Zimbabwe, 119, 159. See also Rhodesia
Zionism: 2, 73, 132; “anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism,” 217; black attitudes, 11, 15–16, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 43, 59, 93, 95, 103, 106–07, 118, 119, 123, 125, 161, 207; campaigns to monitor pro-Palestinian groups and individuals, 217; United Nations resolution on “Zionism equals Racism,” 94