INDEX

Acton, Lord, xxvii, 69, 73, 103, 154, 227, 248

Adams, George P., xviii, 210

Adams, Henry, 101

alienation, xxii–xxvi, 7–18, 64, 185–89, 292–96

allegiance, 13, 48–49, 65, 80, 245–48, 259–62

Althusius, 117, 133

American Journal of Sociology, The, xviii

American Revolution, 285

anarchy, xxvii, 103, 153, 170, 295

anomie, 263–64

Aquinas, Thomas, 74, 133

Arendt, Hannah, 178, 181, 264

Aristotle, 79, 93

Arnold, Matthew, 21, 152, 196

association

and allegiance, 65, 245–48, 259–62

obliteration of, 184–89

and sovereignty, x, xxviii, 113–40

Atlas Shrugged, xv

Augustus, 108–9, 225

autonomy. See also individualism

associative autonomy, 245, 254–57

cultural autonomy, 249, 262

economic autonomy, 222

functional autonomy, 107, 297, 300

individual autonomy, 76, 125–28, 207, 239

social autonomy, 87, 102–8, 115, 165, 275, 295–96

value of, 245–57

Bacon, Francis, 240

Bakunin, Mikhail, 166

Barere, Bertrand, 146

Barker, Ernest, 78, 107, 122

Bellah, Robert, xii

Belloc, Hilaire, 73, 222

Bendix, Reinhard, xix

Bentham, Jeremy, x, 4, 161–64, 200, 209–10, 226

Berdyaev, Nikolai, 5, 8

Berlin, Isaiah, 25, 301

Bernanos, Georges, 5

Birley, Robert, 29

Bodin, Jean, 100, 113–30, 251

Bonald, Vicomte de, 20, 44

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 159–60

Bourne, Randolph, 239

Bowling Alone (Putnam), 265–66, 296

Bracton, Henry de, 102, 116

Brunner, Emil, 11

Buber, Martin, xxxi, 11, 23, 242

Buckley, William F., Jr., viii

Bunyan, John, 85

Burckhardt, Jacob, 74

Burke, Edmund, 3, 20, 21, 117, 277

Bush era, xiii–xiv, xv, 279

Caesar, Julius, 107, 109, 154, 157, 159

Calvin, John, 11, 77, 82, 84, 86–87

Capital (Marx), 169

capitalism

and alienation, xxiii–xxv

and association, x

and centralization, 170

history of, 268

impersonality of, 86–88

modern capitalism, 72

and State, 266–67

symbolism of, 220–22

Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (Schumpeter), xxiii

Carlyle, R. W., 103

Castle, The (Kafka), 8, 265

Catholicism, 97, 127, 298–303

Centesimus Annus (John Paul II), 300

centralization. See also decentralization and administration, 252–54

and bureaucracies, xv

and community, 192, 259, 268–71

and despotism, 170–71

and individualism, 74–75, 79–80, 163–64, 239–41

and oppression, 167–68

and rationalism, 26–27

and society, ix, xxviii–xxxi

and State, 101–2

Chadwick, Edwin, 164

Chambers, Whittaker, xi

Chateaubriand, 20

Christianity

and alienation, 11

and belief, 84–85

new Christianity, 223–24

and political power, 298–99

and State, 98, 127, 137–38

Church, 83–86. See also religion Cicero, 57, 107

citizenship, 100

City of Dreadful Night, The (Thomson), 18

City of God (St. Augustine), 5

Civil War in France, 169

Clinton era, xii–xiii

Cole, G. D. H., 235

collectivism, viii, xxxi, 24, 27, 166, 222, 233, 241–42

Communism

and economy, 282–83

and oppression, 168

and society, 29–32, 183, 188, 204, 264

and State, 275

and tyranny, 199–201

Communist Manifesto (Marx), 166, 169

communitas communitatum, 104

community

and alienation, xxii–xxvi

decline of, ix–xiv, 2–6, 16–18, 69–89, 263–71

and democracy, 229–57, 259–62

fading community, 263–71

and freedom, 193–262

and history, 40–41, 69–89

image of, 19–38

and individuality, 207–27

interest in, 19–38

and liberalism, 195–205

loss of, xvii–xviii, 1–18

new forms of, xxii

and order, 1–65

political community, 141–72, 259–62, 270–74

and political power, ix, xvii–xviii, xxi–xxii

problem of, 39–65

search for, xxi–xxii

and sovereignty, xviii, 113–40

and State, xi, xvii–xviii, 67–192, 260–71

total community, 173–92

vocabulary of, 19–21

Comte, Auguste, 21, 44

Confessions (Rousseau), 132, 141

conservatism, vii–viii, x–xi, xvi, 19–21

contemporary society, xxviii, 15, 52, 73, 246. See also modern society; society

Corpus Juris, 116

corpus morale, 103

corpus mysticum, 103

Coulton, G. G., 74

Cram, Ralph, 73

cultural problems, 263–64

Culture of Cities, The (Mumford), 254

Davis, Kingsley, xix, 212

De Senectute (Cicero), 57

decentralization. See also centralization

and autonomy, 248–55, 297

and democracy, 234

and feudalism, 169

and individualism, xiv, 105–6

and oppression, 172

decline of community, ix–xiv, 2–6, 16–18, 69–89, 263–71. See also community

Demant, Canon, 11, 23

democracy

and alienation, xxiii–xxv

and community, 229–57, 259–62

contexts of, 229–57

Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 265, 294

Descartes, René, 274

despotism

and allegiance, 245–47

and centralization, 170

and community, 40–41

and individualism, 184

and oppression, 155–56

and State, 260–65

and tyranny, 132–40, 173–74, 197–204, 223–26, 247

Dewey, John, 8, 213

Dicey, A. V., 24

Dill, Samuel, 26

Dionne, E. J., 296

Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (Rousseau), 131

disenchantment, 7, 40, 195–200, 292, 301

disillusionment, 22, 39–40, 195–201

Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 9, 38, 197, 261

Dowden, Edward, 85

Drucker, Peter, 181, 182, 188

Duguit, Leon, 73

Durkheim, Emile, 11–12, 72, 263, 265, 267

early society, 69–89. See also society

economic crisis, xv, 268

economic determinism, 89–90, 129, 282–85

economic freedom, x, 218–22

Eisenhower era, viii

Eliot, T. S., 5–6, 17

Émile (Rousseau), 132

Engels, Friedrich, 72, 88, 166, 169

Etzioni, Amitai, xiii

Evangelium Vitae (John Paul II), 299

faith, 84–85. See also religion family

annihilation of, 184–89

autonomy of, 107

and function, 75–77, 292–93

problem of, 51–65

role in, 56–58

and social order, xi–xiv, 2–3, 54–62

fascism

and Nazism, 176–82, 291

and secularism, 35

and State, 95, 274–76, 282–83

and tyranny, 200

federalism, 293–95, 297

Federalist Papers, The, 293

feminism, 55–56

feudalism, 169

Fichte, Johann, 152

Figgis, J. N., 236

Ford, Henry, 285

Forsyte Saga, The (Galsworthy), xxv

freedom

and community, x, 193–262, 301–2

economic freedom, x, 218–22

and individualism, 144

problem of, xxvi–xxviii

French Revolution

and community, 19–21

and nationalism, 150–57, 166

and social change, 79–80, 281, 285

and social groups, 44–47, 144–46, 169

Freud, Sigmund, 15

Fromm, Erich, 14, 30

function, xxvi–xxx, 48–49, 75–77

Furnivall, J. S., 47

Gaudium et Spes (Second Vatican Council), 299

Gibbon, Edward, 109

Glendon, Mary Ann, 289

Glotz, Gustave, 216

Godwin, William, 132

Gouldner, Alvin, xviii

Great Depression, 276, 278

Great Society, xi

Greek society, 105–9

Grote, George, 164

Halévy, Élie, 100, 161–63

Hamilton, Alexander, 285

Hammond, J. L., 73, 88, 220

Harcourt, William, 260

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 9, 197

Hegel, G. W. F., 20, 169, 195

Henry VIII, 102

history, and community, 40–41, 69–89

History of Freedom (Acton), 103

Hitler, Adolf, vii, ix, 178, 186

Hittinger, Russell, 300

Hobbes, Thomas, ix, x, 113–15, 120–30, 167

Holocaust, 276

Homans, George, 76

Homey, Karen, 14, 15

humanitarianism

and nationalism, 152–54, 160–62

and secularism, 34

and State, 143–45, 261

and tyranny, 198–201

Hume, David, 82

Hus, Jan, 77

individualism. See also autonomy

annihilation of, 184–89

and centralization, 74–75, 79–80, 163–64, 239–41

and community, ix, 1–15, 128–34, 265

contexts of, 207–27

and decentralization, xv, 105–6

and freedom, x–xi

limits of, 279–80

and political power, 144–45

and rationalism, 24–27, 162–63

and secularism, 79–80, 207

and tyranny, xxxii–xxxiii

industrialism, xxx–xxxi, 154, 165–69, 234, 242, 270. See also progress

“institutional vulnerability, “ 235

intellectual conflict, 40, 195–96

interpersonal relations, 12, 15, 24, 44–47, 52, 75

isolation, 7–17, 21, 41–43. See also alienation

Ivan Ilyich (Tolstoy), 9

Jacks, L. P., 35

Jacobins, 155, 162, 168, 200

Jahn, Egbert, 161

James, William, 34

Jefferson, Thomas, 205, 207, 285

Jenks, Edward, 93

John Paul II (pope), 299–300

Johnson, Lyndon, xi, 295

Journal of Politics, The, xviii

Journal of the History of Ideas, The, xviii

Jouvenel, Bertrand de, 203

Joyce, James, 5

Jung, Carl, 11

Kafka, Franz, 5, 8, 265

Kennan, George, 282

Kennicott, Carol, 22

Kierkegaard, Soren, 9, 10

kinship and locality, 59–63, 73

Koestler, Arthur, 197, 203

Komarovsky, Mirra, 62

laissez faire policy, 256–57, 268, 296–97

Lamennais, Hugues, 236, 247

Langer, Susanne, 202, 203

Lasch, Christopher, 289

law and custom, 75, 77–78

Laws, The (Plato), 142

Lazarsfeld, Paul, 62

Le Chapelier, Jean, 147

Le Pelletier, M., 150

Le Play, Pierre, 72

legibus solutus, 105

Lenin, Vladimir, 32, 170

Leviathan (Hobbes), 121, 123–24, 129

Lewin, Kate, 213

Lewis, Wyndham, 9

liberalism

and allegiance, 246

and bureaucracies, xv

and community, 195–205

and democracy, 234

problem of, 195–205

and State, 274

symbols of, 195–205

and totalitarianism, ix

Lilienthal, David, 252

Lincoln, Abraham, 229–30

Lindsay, A. D., 150, 168

Lippmann, Walter, 94, 282

literary criticism, 22–23

Locke, John, x, 128, 207

Lowes, Livingston, 217

Luther, Martin, 82–86, 97–98

Lynd, Robert S., 61, 284

Machiavelli, Niccolò, viii

MacIver, Robert M., xviii

Maine, Henry, 21, 71, 73

Maistre, Joseph-Marie Comte de, 20

Maitland, F. W., 73, 76, 100

Malinowski, Bronislaw, 14

Malthus, Thomas, 60

Manhattan Project, 33

Mann, Thomas, 5

Mannheim, Karl, 17, 254

Mao Zedong, ix, 264

Maritain, Jacques, 11, 23

Marius, Gaius, 108

marriage, xi–xii, xiv, 58. See also family

Marshall, Alfred, 197

Marx, Karl, x, 1, 3, 71–73, 81–82, 88, 161, 165–70, 183–84, 266

Marxism, 29–32, 170–72, 177, 242

mass attitudes, 174–76

mass movements, 12, 29–30, 224, 291

mass society, 64, 154–59, 175–92, 205, 235–37, 264–65. See also society

Maurras, Charles, 161

Mayo, Elton, 12, 213

Mazzini, Guiseppi, 82, 161

McLuhan, Marshall, 286

Mead, Margaret, 13

medievalism, 119, 128, 169, 170, 242

Mein Kampf (Hitler), 186

Melville, Herman, 9, 197

Mercier, Sebastien, 145

Michelet, Jules, 172

Michels, Robert, 159

Middle Ages, 3, 28, 73–81, 100–104, 143, 147, 163, 172

Middletown (Lynd), 284

military life, 32–38

Mill, John Stuart, 210, 226

Mills, C. Wright, 64

Milton, John, 5

Mirabeau, Marquis de, 132

modern society, xiv, xviii, xxviii, xxix, 12, 23–30, 181, 249–55, 267. See also contemporary society; society

modernity, viii–ix, 273–87

Montesquieu, Charles de, 207, 248

moral cohesion, 267–71

moral conflict, 40, 195–96

moral isolation, 41–42, 186, 255

moral values, 8, 14, 22, 29, 46–48, 65, 165, 171, 302

Morris, William, 2

Muir, Ramsay, 207

Muirhead, James, 108

Mumford, Lewis, 203, 254

Murray, Gilbert, 15, 216

Mussolini, Benito, ix, 178

Napoleonic Code, 234

Napoleonic Idea, 157–59

National Review, viii

nationalism

and alienation, xxiv

and French Revolution, 150–57, 166

and humanitarianism, 152–54, 160–62

and oppression, 160–62, 172–73

and political power, 271, 295

and secularism, 34, 196–200

and socialism, 233–34

and State, 50, 143–44

Nazism

and fascism, 176–82, 291

and nationalism, 29

and totalitarianism, 28–32

and tyranny, 188–92

New Left, xii

New Right, xiii–xiv

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 5, 10–11, 23, 180, 223

Nightmare Abbey (Peacock), 18

nihilism, 184–89, 212

Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 199, 264, 278

On Liberty (Mill), 210

Open Society and Its Enemies (Popper), 215

Oppenheimer, Franz, 87

oppression

and despotism, 155–56

and nationalism, 160–62, 172–73

and political power, 167–68

and State, 98

and tyranny, 132

order, problem of, 1–65

Origin of Inequality, The (Rousseau), 131, 132

Origins of Totalitarianism, The (Arendt), 264

Ortega y Gasset, José, 8, 53

Orwell, George, 197, 199, 203, 264, 278

Ostrogorski, Moisei, 3, 88, 149

Paths in Utopia (Buber), xxxi

patria potestas, 107

Peacock, Thomas Love, 18

Pilgrim's Progress (Bunyan), 85

Pitt, William, 57

Plato, 40, 106–7, 131, 142

Polanyi, Karl, 257

political community

and democracy, 259–62

ideology of, 181–82

power of, ix, xvii–xviii, xxi–xxii, 141–72, 259–62, 270–74

Political Economy (Rousseau), 131, 136, 141

political power

and community, ix, xvii–xviii, xxi–xxii, 273–74

and democracy, 229–31

and individualism, 144–45

and oppression, 167–68

of people, 238–39, 294

Politiques, 115–16

Pollard, A. F., 101

Popper, K. R., 215

power. See also political power of community, ix, xvii–xviii, xxi–xxii, 273–74

and democracy, 229–57

diversification of, 244, 248–49, 275

ideology of, xxviii–xxix

of State, 91–111, 259–61, 269, 274, 301–3

Present Age, The (Nisbet), 285, 295, 297

progress. See also industrialism

idea of, 69–70, 286–87

philosophy, 180, 232

technological progress, 17–18, 64–65, 270

proletarianism, 18, 22–23

Protestantism, 10, 23, 83–88, 97, 127, 223

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, x, xxviii, 166, 247

Proust, Marcel, 5

“psychic imperialism, “13

psychology

of allegiance, 98

contemporary psychology, 52

and depression, 279

and economics, 71

and ethics, 25

and freedom, 30, 247

hedonistic psychology, 162

rational psychology, 208–10

social psychology, 180, 190, 211–14

and social sciences, 3–7, 14, 22

Putnam, Robert, xii–xiii, 264–66, 270, 289, 296

racialism, 176

Rand, Ayn, xi, xv

Rashdall, Hastings, 77, 102

rationalism

and community, 1–8

and individualism, 24–27, 162–63

and moral conflict, 195–96

and secularism, 26–27

and State, 282

Reed, John, 197

Reformation, ix, 70, 83–86, 224

relationships. See also family

annihilation of, 184–89

of society, 8, 20, 43–51, 65, 122, 130, 212, 255, 292

traditional relationships, 43–45, 130, 250–51

religion

decline of, 83–86

and political power, 298–303

and secularism, 7–11

and spirituality, 23

and tyranny, 222–25

revolution and State, 91–111, 168, 260–62. See also State

Richard III, 9

Road to Xanadu (Lowes), 217

Robespierre, Maximilien, 150, 155, 168

Rockwell, Norman, 266

Roethlisberger, F. J., 213

Rogers, Maria, xix

Roman Empire, 26, 29, 39, 76, 105–9, 223

Rostovtzeff, Michael, 108, 216

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, x, 82, 91, 98, 106, 113–14, 130–47, 155–63, 166–68, 232, 281

Ruskin, John, 2, 21

Russell, Bertrand, 32, 69, 246, 253

St. Augustine, 5, 40

St. Joan (Shaw), 77

Sandel, Michael, xii, 289

Schambra, William, xiv–xv

Schumpeter, Joseph, xxiii, xxv, 59, 64, 220, 266

secularism

and community, 265–66

and individualism, 79–80, 207

and nationalism, 34, 196–200

and rationalism, 26–27

and religion, 7–11

self-belief, 18

self-destruction, 11–12

Selznick, Philip, 235

Seneca, 40

Shaw, George Bernard, 77

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 198

Silone, Ignazio, 31

Simmel, Georg, 72

Sitwell, Osbert, 23

Smith, Adam, 82, 87, 207

social authority, xxvi–xxviii, xxix–xxx

Social Bond, The (Nisbet), 298

social change

and alienation, xxii–xxiv

and French Revolution, 47–48, 79–80, 281, 285

and Reformation, 70

Social Contract (Rousseau), 131, 133, 145, 156

social disorganization, 6, 41–45

social function, xxvi–xxvii, xxix–xxx

social groups

and democracy, 235–39, 255–56

and French Revolution, 44–47, 144–46, 169

and kinship, 59–64

and moral cohesion, 267–68

and State, 100–105, 227–31, 274–75

social indicators, xi–xii

social order

and alienation, xxiii–xxiii, 296

and community, xvi, 24, 263–98

and family, 54–62

meaning of, 303

and political power, 294

and relationships, 121–23

and socialism, 168–72

and State, 143

social pluralism, 278, 297, 302–3

social problems, 24, 47

social roles, 56–58

social sciences, xxxi–xxxii, 4, 6–7, 22–24

socialism

and alienation, xxiii–xxv

and bureaucracies, xv–xvi

and nationalism, 233–34

and social order, 168–72

society

contemporary society, xxviii, 15, 52, 73, 246

early society, 69–89

history of, 69–89

mass society, 64, 154–59, 175–92, 205, 235–37, 264–65

modern society, xiv, xviii, xxviii, xxix, 12, 23–25, 30, 181, 249–55, 267

relationships of, 8, 20, 43–51, 65, 122, 130, 212, 255, 292

and State, 91–111, 259–61

Socrates, 106, 215

Sorokin, Pitirim, 5

sovereignty

and association, x, xxviii, 113–40

and community, xviii, 113–40

and democracy, 244–45, 251

and State, 113–40

Spencer, Herbert, 3, 226

Spengler, Oswald, 5

spiritual conflict, 198

spirituality, 10–11, 23. See also religion

Stalin, Joseph, vii, ix, 32, 178, 183

State

absolute State, 95–100, 123–24, 128, 131, 140, 144, 181, 278

and community, xi, xvii–xviii, 67–192, 260–71

and political community, 141–72

power of, 91–111, 259–61, 269, 274, 301–3

and revolution, 91–111, 168, 260–62

rise of, 91–111

and social groups, 100–105, 227–31, 274–75

and society, 91–111, 259–61

and sovereignty, 113–40

types of, 261–62

and war, 239

State and Revolution (Lenin), 168

Stone, Brad Lowell, xiii

Strauss, Leo, vii, viii

Studies in Leadership (Gouldner), xviii

Study of History, A (Toynbee), 5

Suicide (Durkheim), 263

Sullivan, Harry Stack, 14, 15

symbols of liberalism, 195–205

Tagore, Rabindranath, 50

Taine, Hippolyte, 21

Tannenbaum, Frank, 249

Tawney, R. H., 73, 86

tax system, 269

technological progress, 17–18, 64–65, 270

Teggart, Frederick J., xviii, 69

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 252

Thucydides, 106

Thurnwald, Richard, 14

Tillich, Paul, 10

Tocqueville, Alexis de, x–xii, xxvii, 21, 69, 100, 173–75, 237–39, 247, 265–69, 277, 281, 290–93

Tolkien, J. R. R., xii

Tolstoy, Leo, 9

total community, 173–92

totalitarianism

elements of, 181–84

heart of, 173–74

and Nazism, 28–32

and political power, ix–xi

and society, 264

and State, 261

and tyranny, 173–76, 199–201, 276–77

Toynbee, Arnold, 5, 8, 17, 18

traditional groups, 13, 43–51, 62–63, 97, 275. See also social groups

traditional relationships, 43–45, 130, 250–51. See also relationships

Treitschke, Heinrich, 161

Trial, The (Kafka), 8

Trotsky, Leon, 32

Twilight of Authority, The (Nisbet), 296

tyranny

and despotism, 132–40, 173–74, 197–204, 223–26, 247

and freedom, x

and individualism, xxxii–xxxiii

and Nazism, 188–92

and State, 39, 119, 260

and totalitarianism, 173–76, 199–201, 276–77

Understanding Media (McLuhan), 286

unity, 229–57

Unwin, Raymond, 254

utopianism, xxxi–xxxii, 242

Vaughan, C. E., 132

Vinogradoff, Paul, 75

Voegelin, Eric, vii, viii

von Gierke, Otto, 73, 75, 91

Wagner, Richard, 161

war and State, 239

war on terror, 279

war, power of, 32–38

Warner, William Lloyd, 62

Weaver, Richard, vii, viii

Weber, Max, 63, 72, 268–69

welfare state, xiii–xiv, 39, 49–50, 276, 283

Whitehead, Alfred, 44, 69

Why Americans Hate Politics (Dionne), 296

William of Ockham, viii, 74

Wolfe, Tom, xv

Wolsey, Thomas, 101

Wyclif, John, 77, 84, 102

Zimmern, Alfred, 105