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active intelligence, 29–36
Actual, The (Bellow), 94–95
Adams, Eric, 128
affirmative action, 102–5, 115
Afghanistan, 61–62, 134
Africa, 192
African Americans, 99–100, 102, 104, 116
Airbnb, 76
Allies, 88
Alpha Investments Fund, 79–80
Al Qaeda, 61
altruism, 161–65. See also effective altruism
enjoying your own, 204–7
maximum sustainable level of, 199–200, 204–6
scope insensitivity and, 24
Amazon HQ2, 119–23, 126
AMC Entertainment, 123
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 83
anchoring bias, 23
Angola, 25
Animal Charity Evaluators, 163, 170
animal welfare, 3–4, 117–18, 128, 130–32, 152, 162, 164, 170–71, 173, 199–200, 204
anti-Semitism, 103
Applebees, 123
Arcidiacono, Peter, 104, 105
Arthur Andersen, 67–68
Asian Americans, 103–5
Atcheson, Rachel, 128–29
Atlanta Braves, 124
auctions, 126–27
Audi, 90–93
auditing industry, 66–69
Auschwitz, 88
automobile industry, 87–95
Axelrod, Robert, 49–50
Babcock, Linda, 154–56
Bacow, Lawrence, 106
Bad Blood (Carreyrou), 84
Balwani, Ramesh “Sunny,” 84
Banaji, Mahzarin, 21, 104–5, 112
Baserman, Stuart, 75–76
Baserman, Sue, 75–76
behavioral economics, 8, 22, 194
behavioral ethics, 6, 17
behavioral scientists, 4–8, 187–88
Behavioural Insights Team (BIT), 187–89
Bellow, Saul, 94–95
Benartzi, Shlomo, 187
Benedict XVI, Pope (Joseph Ratzinger), 93–94
Bennis, Warren, 95
Bentham, Jeremy, 10, 12, 117
Benz, Carl, 87
Berardino, Joseph, 68
Berger, Ken, 166
Berlin Motor Show, 87
Beshears, John, 187
Beyond Common Sense (Banaji), 21
Beyond Meat, 4, 133, 152
Bezos, Jeff, 122
biases, 8–9, 22–25, 29, 99–100, 107, 175, 186
Bintliff, Elizabeth, 185
biotech firms, 85–86
Blind spots (Tenbrunsel and Bazerman), 70, 194
Blink (Gladwell), 30
Blum, Edward, 104, 105
Boeing, 123
Bohnet, Iris, 33, 35
Borlaug, Norman, 196–97
Boston Braves, 124
Boston Globe, 135
Boston Opera, 26
Boston Vegetarian Society, 128–29
bounded rationality, 11, 22, 110
Brand, Peter, 107
Branson, Richard, 132
Breyer, Charles, 91
bribery, 64
Brin, Sergey, 132
Britain, 88
Brittain, Jack, 53
Brookings Institution, 124
Metropolitan Policy Program, 127
Brooklyn, New York, 128
Budolfson, Mark, 199
Burger, Warren, 66–67
Burroughs, Allison D., 104
California, 123
California Air Resources Board (CARB), 90
Caltech, 106
Cambridge University, 106
campaign finance, 59, 65, 69
Campbell, Josh, 60
cancer, 71, 169
Card, David, 104
careers, 150–51
Cargill, 152
Carnegie, Andrew, 17–18
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), 17, 153–55
Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy, 154
Tepper School of Business, 154
Carnegie Steel Company, 18
Carreyrou, John, 84, 87
Carter Racing, 53
Caruso, Eugene, 27, 29
Catholic Church, 93–94, 135
Caviola, Lucius, 39
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 84
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 63
Cephalon, 58
Chang, Linda, 35
Change for Good (Milkman), 194–95
charity and philanthropy, 147, 159–76
barriers to wise, 172–76
cash vs. material donations, 159–60
comparing, 39
corruption and, 206
creating networks of givers, 189–92
effective altruism and, xii, 161–71
efficiency of, 165–68
evaluating, 165–68, 207–8
expert witnesses and, 59
fund-raising expenditures and, 133–36
getting pleasure from, 205
identifiable victim and, 25–26
individual behavior vs. donations, 18–19
in-group favoritism and, 100
innumeracy and, 24–25
maximum sustainable goodness and, 203–5
nearby vs. distant suffering and, 26–27
overhead and, 165–68
paternalism and, 165
as percent of income, 201
poker players and, 151
religious-based, 101–2
scope insensitivity and, 24–25
timing and, 175
value destruction and, 17–20
warm glow and, 26
watchdog groups and, 165–67
wise trade-offs and, 39
Charity Navigator, 39, 165–68
Chayes, Sarah, 61–62
cheating, 73–74
Cheating (Rhode), 73
Chicago Bears’ Soldier Field, 124
child drowning example, 26–27, 94
child sexual abuse, 93–94, 135
China, 44–46
choice architecture, 9, 186–89
Chugh, Dolly, 112–14, 118, 194
Cialdini, Robert, 186
Cikara, Mina, 35
Cincinnati Bengals stadium, 124
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 69
Clean Air Task Force, 171
“clean diesel” scandal, 87–95
climate change, 69–71, 110, 171, 200–201
clinical trials, 182
Clinton, Bill, 82
Clinton, Hillary, 73
Coalition for Rainforest Nations, 171
cognitive functioning, xi, 8–9, 11, 21–24, 110, 173–74, 206
Columbia University, 19, 174
Come Sunday (biopic), 102
Community Financial Services Association of America, 66
comparative advantage, 146–49
comparing choices, 38, 169–70, 182
competition
cooperation vs., 46–52, 54–55
dysfunctional, 119–28
computer price example, 140–41
Comte, Auguste, 204–6
confirmation trap bias, 23
connectivity biases, 24, 29
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), 65
cooperation, 46–52, 60, 111, 205
copyright infringement, 73
corporate
corporations
auditors and, 67–68
corruption and, 68–69, 72
in-group favoritism and,100
moral authority and, 64
obfuscation tactics and, 70
reasonable doubt and, 70–71
subsidies fort, 121–28
corruption, xi-xii, 55–78, 206
auditing firms and, 66–69
avoiding temptation, 78
cost of, 60–61
everyday cheating and, 72–74
government and, 60–62
insurance and, 74–78
Madoff and, 85
misinformation and, 69–72
moral authority and, 60–64
noticing and, 20, 59
payday lenders and, 64–66
pharmaceuticals and, 56–59
Theranos and, 84–85
Crystal City, Virginia, 119–20
curse of knowledge bias, 23
dark money, 69
decision making, xii, 20, 110
defaults and, 186–87
intuition vs. deliberation and, 174–75
steps for optimal, 30–31
System 1 vs. System 2, 8–9
deep pragmatism, 12
Democrats, 83
deontologists, 5, 13, 15
descriptive approach, 6, 8–9
Deutsche Bank, 66
developmental economics, 181–83
discrimination, 33, 104–7
Doing Good Better (MacAskill), 161–62
driver’s license, 186
drug prices, 55–59
Duke University, 104
Dunn, Liz, 195
earthquake analogy, 116
easy tasks bias, 29
economic rationality, 8, 110, 111
effective altruism, 39, 128, 161–71
critiques of, 165–68
maximum sustainable goodness and, 201–8
multipliers and, 181–85, 189, 191–92
paternalism and, 165
wise philanthropy and, 172–76
Effective Altruism conference (MIT, 2018), 3, 164, 201
80,000 Hours, 149–51, 163
elections of 2016, 61, 73
elitism, 108–9
emissions regulations, 90–92
emotion, 32, 172–75, 206
employee theft, 73
energy conservation, 110, 133, 187–88
Enlightenment Now (Pinker), 101
Enron, 6, 67–68
environment, xii, 4, 171, 186, 200, 207
Environmental Pollution, 91
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 90
environmental regulations, 90–92
Epley, Nicholas, 27, 29
Epstein, Jeffrey, 6
equality, xii, 11, 99, 101, 111–18, 176
of interests, 115–18
ethical fading, 81
ethics, x-xii, 5–6, 9–11, 17–18, 194
Ethiopia, 25
European Economic Community (EEC), 127
evolutionary psychology, 109–12, 205
exercise, 202
Expanding Circle, The (singer), 111
experiments, 181–85, 189
Exxon Mobil, 70–71
Facebook, 164, 172, 183–84
farmers, 130
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 60–61, 94
federal subsidies, 124
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 56–59, 134
feeder funds, 81
Felcher, Marla, 129, 136, 147–48, 173–74, 189–92
first-class noticer, 95
fish, ix-x, 199–200, 204
Fisher, Ronald, 183
fixed pie, mythical, 42–46
flexitarians, 132
food. See also specific types
trade-offs and, 203
waste and, 128–33
Foot, Philippa, 14
footbridge dilemma, 12–15
Ford, Gerald, 82
Ford, Henry, 87
Ford Motors, 123
Fortitude Investments Fund, 79–81
Fortune, 154
Founders Pledge, 163, 171
401(k) programs, 9
framing bias, 23
Franklin, Benjamin, 143
Friedrich, Bruce, 3–4, 132, 170, 206
Galloway, Scott, 121–22
game theory, 7, 40, 47–48. See also prisoners’ dilemma
Gardner, Phyllis, 86
Gates, Bill, 132, 152
General Electric (GE), 160
General Motors (GM), 88–89, 89, 123
generic drugs, 56–59
Germany, 87–88, 92
Gibbons, Ian, 86
gift giving, 28–29
Gillespie, James, 57
Giridharadas, Anand, 19–20
GiveDirectly, 169
GiveWell, 161, 163, 169–70, 185, 203
“Giving Gladly,” 203
Giving What We Can, 163, 203
Gladwell, Malcolm, 30
Glamour, 84
Glasswall Syndricate, 132
GoFundMe, 172
Goldstein, Dan, 186–87
Good Food Institute (GFI), 3–4, 131–32, 170
Good Food Movement, 131–33, 196–97
Gordon, Teresa, 135
government corruption, 60–69, 73
Greene, Joshua, 11–13, 31, 34, 100
Greenlee, Janet, 135
Green Revolution, 196
Greenwald, Anthony, 112
Guggenheim Museum, 18–19
Haliburton, 62
Hampton Creek Foods, 164
happiness, 179, 195
Hardin, Garrett, 125–26
Harris, Dan, 202
Harvard University, 7, 18, 21, 51, 156, 174
admissions and, 102–9, 115, 156
Behavioral Insights Group, 184
Business School, 113, 144, 192
Kennedy School of Government, 192, 194
Law School, 44
legacies and, 104–9, 206
Sackler Museum, 18
Safra Center for Ethics, 199
Hayes, Tom, 133
health care, 55, 83–85, 121. See also prescription drugs; and specific conditions
no-show appointments, 189
Heifer International, 185
Help the Vets, 134
hindsight bias, 23
hiring, 33–35, 100, 109
Hitler, Adolf, 87
Holmes, Elizabeth, 83–86
Homeaway, 76
Homestead steel strike, 18
Honduras, 159
Horn, Michael, 91
hoteling (shared workspace), 136
hotel prices, 141, 144
How to Create a Vegan World (Leenaert), 204
Huang, Karen, 34
Huffman, Felicity, 107
Humane League, 128
humanism, 101
hunger, reducing, 4, 25–26
hunter-gatherers, 100
Hurricane Mitch, 159
identifiable victim effect, 25–26
identifying relevant criteria, 30
“I Just Can’t Say No” club, 155–55
immigrants, 184
impartiality, 112
implicit psychology, 112–14
Impossible Burger, 4, 152
India, 196
influencing others, xii, 186–89, 204
in-group favoritism, 100, 101–2, 105–7
innumeracy bias, 24–26, 29
Innumeracy (Paulos), 24
insurance industry, 73–78
Intel Corporation, 123
interests, defined, 115–16
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 200–201
intuition, 31, 168
investments, 4, 79–85
Iraq veterans, 134
iron triangles, 61
Jews, 103, 184
job creation, 121–23
job offers, 32–33, 38, 71–72, 174–75
John Jay College, 106
Johnson, Eric, 186
joint evaluation tool, 32–33, 35
Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (Moore and Bazerman), 23, 30, 194
judicial system, 61
Just Foods, 164
justice, 15, 33, 112, 200
Kahneman, Daniel, 8, 22, 24, 26, 109, 140, 186
Kansas, 123
Karzai, Hamid, 61, 62
KBR, 62
K-Dur, 56–57
Kelsey, Chris, 160
Kemeny, Tom, 121
Kenya, 181
Kerry, John, 83
Keysar, Boaz, 27–28
Khashoggi, Jamal, 62
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 205
Kissinger, Henry, 82
Kolbert, Elizabeth, 17
Kremer, Michael, 181–82
labor unions, 18, 69
Latinos, 104
Leenaert, Tobias, 204
libertarianism, 5, 15, 183
Life You Can Save, The 163
lipid levels, 202–3
Liu, Amy, 127
lobbyists, 64, 66, 68–69, 72
Loewenstein, George, 25
London School of Economics, 121
Long Island City, New York, 119–20, 123
long-term value, 14, 28–29, 51–52
Lopez de Arriortua, Jose Ignacio, 88, 89
Loughlin, Lori, 107
Louvre, 19
Lowell, A. Lawrence, 103
lung cancer, 71, 91
MacAskill, William, 161–63, 180, 185, 189
Madoff, Bernard, xii, 6, 78, 81–82, 85, 87, 95
Major League Baseball, 124
malaria, 94, 169–70, 169–70, 192
Malawi, 25
Malhotra, Deepak, 42
Malthus, Thomas, 195–96
Mandery, Evan, 106
markets, 55, 64
marriage, 73
Maryland, 123
Massachusetts General Hospital, 191
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 3, 164
admissions and, 106
Sloan School, 192
Mattis, James “Mad Dog,” 82
maximum sustainable goodness, x, 200–208
maximum sustainable yield (MSY), 200
Mayo Clinic, 151
measles prevention, 94
meat
alternatives to, 4, 132–33, 170
“cultivated” (clean, cell-based), 4, 131–33, 151–53, 197
reducing consumption, 201
Medin, Doug, ix-x
Memphis Meats, 132–33, 152–53, 197
mentoring, 195
Messick, David, 99–100
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 19
Michigan State University, 94
micro-behaviors, 114
military subcontractors, 62
Milkman, Katy, 187, 194–95
Mill, John Stuart, 10–12
Milwaukee Braves, 124
mindfulness, 202
misinformation, 69–72
Missouri, 123
Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi crown prince, 62, 63
money
happiness and, 179, 195
saving vs. spending, 54
time vs., 139–41, 143–45
monopolies, 56–59
Moore, Don, 23, 29–30, 194
moral authority, 60–65, 68
Moral Tribes (Greene), 12, 100
mortgage discrimination, 99
Most Good You Can Do, The (Singer), 161
Mueller, Robert, 60–61
multipliers, 180–95
creating networks of givers, 189–93
experiments and, 181–85
nudging and, 185–89
teaching and, 193–195
Mulvaney, Mick, 65
names, 113–14
Nassar, Larry, 94
National Academy of Engineering, 83
National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS), 134
national security, 61–62
Nazi Germany, 87–88, 92, 184
Neale, Margaret, 8
negotiation, 20
asymmetrically prescriptive-descriptive approach to, 7–8
fixed pie and, 42
mistakes in, 44–45
creating value in, 39–41
moral authority and, 63
normative vs. descriptive approach and, 7
teaching, 192–94
trade-offs and, 40–42
Negotiation Genius (Malhotra and Bazerman), 42
Netflix, 102
New Jersey, 123
New York City
Amazon HQ2 and, 119–23
sports stadium and, 124
New Yorker, 17
New York Times, 63, 92, 160
New York University, 121, 194
Nike, 123
Nissan, 123
nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx), 90–92
Nixon, Richard, 82
nondisclosure agreements, 85
nonprofits, 147
career and, 150–51
comparing, 39
disasters and, 160–61
duplication and, 52, 135–36
effective altruism and, 161–65
maximizing value of, 52–53
moral authority of, 63
parasitic intermediaries, 133–35
restructuring, 52–53
watchdog groups and, 165–67
normative approach, 5–9
Northwestern University, ix, 51, 154
Kellogg School, 192
Norton, Michael, 195
Nosek, Brian, 112
noticing, 81–95
first-class, 95
Notre Dame University, 194
Novartis, 86
Nudge (Thaler and Sunstein), 9, 186–87
nudging, 184–89, 202–4
Nunn, Sam, 83
Obama, Barack, 65, 83, 184
obfuscation, 70
Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria, 122
offshore accounts, 19
oil and coal industry, 63, 69–70
100x Multiplier, 180
OneGoal, 135
opera donations, 26
opioid epidemic, 19
opportunity costs, 125, 147
opt-in vs. opt-out systems, 9, 186–87
orchestra auditions, 34
Ord, Toby, 163
organ donations, 186
organized crime, 60–61
Osman, Taner, 121
out-group hostility, 99–100, 111
overconfidence, 8, 22–23
overfishing, 110
Oxford University, 19, 51, 163, 180
admissions, 106
Centre for Effective Altruism, 163
OxyContin, 19
Pakistan, 196
parasitic intermediaries, 133–36
parasitic worms, 169, 181–82
Pareto-efficient frontier, 42, 45, 54
patents, 56–59
paternalism, 165, 183–84
Paterno, Joe, 93–94
Paulos, Allen, 24
Pay Any Price (Risen), 62
payday loan industry, 64–66
Pearson, Carlton, 102
peer reviewers, 85, 142–43
Penna, Robert M., 166
Penn State University, 93–94
Pentecostals, 102
perfect, better vs., xi, 16, 203
Perfectly Confident (Moore), 29, 194
Perry, William James, 82–83
Person You Mean to Be, The (Chugh), 112–14, 194
Peysar, Brenda, 155
Pfeiffer, Sacha, 135
Pfizer, 86
pharmaceutical firms, 55–59, 86, 182–83
philosophy, 5–7
Piëch, Ferdinand, 88–89, 92
Pinker, Steven, 101
Pischetsrieder, Bernd, 89
plagiarism, 73
plant-based diet, 131–33, 152, 164, 201
police recruitment, 189
Ponzi schemes, 78, 81
poor countries, 162, 169, 180
population growth, 195–96
Porsche, Ferdinand, 87, 88
Pörtner, Hans-Otto, 201
positive bias, 99–100
Power Trade Investments, 79–80
pre-commitment tool, 35–36
prescriptive approach, 6–10, 30
Princeton University, 108
printer cartridge example, 139–41
prisoner’s dilemma, 47–51, 111, 125
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 75
prosocial behavior, 205
psychology, 6–7, 22
Purdue Pharma, 19
quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), 162–63, 192
quantitative information, 24–25
racism, 99–100, 103, 108–9, 117
Radcliffe College, 105
Rafiq, Sana, 58
Raiffa, Howard, 7–8, 174
Raising for Effective Giving (REG), 151
randomized controled trials (RCTs), 181–82
Rappaport, Anatol, 49
rationality, 16, 22–23, 110
Ratzinger, Joseph, 93–94
Rawls, John, 33–34
Reagan, Ronald, 82
reasonable doubt, 70–71
recession of 2008, 44–45
recognition, 26, 29, 205–6
religion, xi, 101–2
reproductive fitness, 109–11
Republicans, 65, 82
responsibility, 82–85
restaurants, 40–41, 129
retirement saving, 9, 186–88
Ricardo, David, 146
rights and freedoms, 5, 12–15
Risen, James, 62
risk taking, 23, 195–96
Rogers, Todd, 194
Rome, Treaty of (1957), 127
Ross, Ian, 164–65
Royal Dutch Shell, 123
Russia, 61
Rwanda, 102
Sackler family, 18–19
Sacks, Dr. Frank, 202–3
Sandy Hook (Newtown) shooting, 159–60
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002), 67–68
Saudi Arabia, 62–63
Save More Tomorrow, 187
Save the Children, 25
Schering-Plough firm, 56–57, 58
school attendance, 181–82, 189
school funding 121
science, 4, 70–72, 85–87, 101
scope neglect, 24–26
secrecy, 85, 87
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 68, 84
self-focus bias, 28–30
self-serving bias, 29
separate evaluation, 32–33
sexism, 99–100
Shaul, Dennis, 66
“should” focus, 5, 126–27
Shultz, George, 82
Sidgwick, Henry, 11
Siena College, 122
“Signing at the Beginning . . .” (Shu, et al.), 75
Silicon Valley, 85
Silver Lining Institute, 191
Silver Lining Mentoring (SLM), 190–91
Simon, Herbert, 11, 22, 110
Simons, Joe, 134
Singer, Peter, 11, 26–27, 94, 111, 116, 161–62, 164, 166, 179–80, 185, 203
Singer, William Rick, 107
Sitkin, Sim, 53
Skilling, Jeffrey, 6
Slice company, 76–77
Slovic, Paul, 25
Small, Deborah, 25
social comparisons, 32–33
social dilemmas, 125–26, 135
social psychology, 99–100
sociobiology, 109, 111
Sociobiology (Wilson), 111
special interests, 64–66, 69
speciesists, 117–18
sports, 73
sports stadiums 123–27
Stadler, Rupert, 92
Stanford Social Innovation Review, 165–66
Stanford University, 8, 51, 73, 82, 83
admissions and, 107
Hoover Institution, 82
School of Medicine, 86
states
competition for corporate jobs, 121–28
sports stadiums subsidies, 123–25
statin, 202
status quo bias, 71–72
steering wheel analogy, 104–5
stem cell research, 151
Stevenson, Betsey, 179–80
Stuart, Tristram, 130
Sunstein, Cass, 9, 186, 187
supermarkets, 130
super PACs, 69
surgeon problem, 14–15, 34
sustainability, 199
Swettberg, Colby, 191
System 1 vs. System 2 thinking 30–33, 35–36. See also emotion; intuition; rationality
altruism and, 205
charitable donations and, 168, 174
defined, 8–9, 30
equality and, 111–12
evolution and, 110–12
experiments and, 184
pre-commitment tool, 35–36
time vs. money trade-offs and, 144
tools for, 31–33
task allocation, 146–49
taxes, 35, 73, 75
tax-exempt bonds, 124
tax subsidies, 121–25, 128
tech firms, 34, 121
TED talks, 194
telemarketing, 134
10% Happier (Harris), 202
Tenbrunsel, Ann, 70, 81, 194
Tesla, 123
Thaler, Richard, 9, 186–87
The Philanthropy Connection (TPC), 190–92
Theranos, 83–87, 95
Thieves of State (Chayes), 61–62
Thinking, Fast and Slow (Kahneman), 8–9
Time, 83–84
time allocation, xii, 139–57
activities to help others and, 145–46
assessing value and, 140
comparative advantage and, 146–49
doing most good and, 149–53
donating, 207
money vs., 139–41, 143–45
rest of your life and, 157
time vs., 145–47
tit-for-tat strategy, 49–50
tobacco industry, 69–71
Tobacco Trade Investments Fund, 79–80
trade, 44–46, 60
trade-offs, xi, 5, 37–54
across criteria, 39
across tasks and time, 148
charitable giving and, 167
comparative advantage and, 146–49
cooperation vs. competition, 46–52
corruption vs., 57
creating value with, 79
food and, 203
negotiations and, 39–40
time vs. money, 140, 143–45
value vs. rights and, 5
tragedy of the commons, 125–26
tribalism, xii, 94, 99, 170
equality vs., 114–18
evolution and, 109–12
implicit, 112–14
names and, 113–14
reducing, 99–118
university admissions and, 102–9
wise philanthropy and, 175
trolley problem, 10--17
Trump, Donald, 63, 65–66, 73, 82, 184
Trump National Doral, 66
Trump Organization, 66
Trump University, 73
Tulsa megachurch, 102
Turkey, 62–63
Tversky, Amos, 22, 140, 186
Tyson Foods, 132–33, 152
United Nations, 200
United States
Afghanistan and, 61–62
corruption and, 60–66, 69
moral authority of, 60
Saudi Arabia and, 62–63
trade and, 44–45
value creation and, 60
U.S. Attorneys Office, Northern District of California, 84
U.S. cabinet, 82
U.S. Census, 184
U.S. Congress, 94, 122, 127–28
diesel engine repair and, 91
payday loan industry and, 65–66
pharmaceutical lobbying, 59
U.S. Marine Corps, 82
U.S. military, 62
U.S. Olympic Committee, 94
U.S. Senate, 83
U.S. Supreme Court, 66–67, 69
United States v. Arthur Young & Co., 66–67
universities
admissions and, 100, 102–9, 206
enrollment and, 187–88
University of California, Berkeley, 29, 104
admissions and, 106
Haas School of Business, 194
University of Pennsylvania, 164
Wharton School, 194
University of Southern California, 107
University of Vermont, 199
University of Virginia, 106
Upsher-Smith firm, 56–57
USA Gymnastics, 94
utilitarianism, x-xi, 5–6
affirmative action and, 104–5
baggage of, 12–13
criticisms of, 11, 16
deontology vs., 15
economic rationality vs., 111
effective altruism and, 161–65
equality vs. tribalism and, 112, 115–16
food waste and, 129
footbridge problem and, 13–14
libertarianism vs., 15
maximum sustainable goodness vs., 110
as North Star, 12, 15–16, 206, 208
smaller vs. broader unit and, 54
surgeon problem and, 14
tit-for-tat vs. nice strategy and, 50
trade-offs and, 43–44
trolley problem and, 10–11
vaccinations, 187–88
Valeti, Uma, 151–53, 197, 206
value creation
balancing, vs. destruction, 19–20
career and, 150–53
charity and, 17–20, 161–62, 170–76
chart of, 43, 180
cheating and, 73–74
competition and, 55
concrete actions and, 100
corruption and, 57–58, 60, 64, 69
energy industry and, 69–70
equality and, 176
expert witnesses and, 59
failure to notice and, 81–82
finding ways to create more, 31–32
gift giving and, 28–29
intelligence and, xi, 79
internal power contests and, 54
just say no and, 153–56
markets and, 55
maximizing aggregate, xi, 11–12, 52–54
maximum sustainable goodness and, 200–208
moral authority and, 60, 63–64
multiplying, 179–92
opportunities for, xii, 79–95
parasitic, 57
religion and, 102
science and, 72
smaller vs. broader unit and, 54
System 1 vs. System 2 thinking and, 30–31
teaching and, 192–95
time and, 141–47, 150–53, 176
tobacco industry and, 69
trade-offs and, xi, 5, 40–46
utilitarianism, xi
waste and, 120–21, 137, 176
van Geen, Alexandra, 33
Vatican College of Cardinals, 93
veganism, 129–30, 132, 162, 164, 204
vegetarianism, ix, x, 3–4, 130, 132, 201–2
veil of ignorance, 33–35, 175
venture capital, 132
Vesterlund, Lise, 155
Virginia, 119–20
Volkswagen (VW), 87–92, 94–95
voting, 59
Vouros, Anna, 191
wages, 121, 134–35
walking, 202–3
Wall Street Journal, 84, 87
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (2009), 65
“want” vs. “should” conflicts, 5, 126–27
warm glow bias, 24, 26, 29, 173, 175
Warren, Elizabeth, 65
Washington, D.C., Amazon HQ2 and, 119–23
waste, xii, 52, 119–37, 176
corporate subsidies and, 119–28
consumer created, 133
energy and, 133
food system and, 128–33
nonprofits and, 133–36
office space and, 136
short- vs. long-term focus and, 125
social dilemmas and, 125–26
sports stadiums and, 123–25
web browsers, 186
weighting criteria, 30
Weingart, Laurie, 154–56
Welch, David and Heidi, 132
West Virginia University, 90
Whillans, Ashley, 144–45
Wilson, E.O., 109, 111
win-lose contests, 42
winner’s curse, 126–27
Winners Take All (Giridharadas), 19
Winterkorn, Martin, 89–93, 94
Wise, Julia, 203
Wolfers, Justin, 179, 180
women
gender stereotypes, 33–36
“I Just Can’t Say No” club and, 154–56
networks of giving and, 190
Women Don’t Ask (Babcock), 154
work-life balance, 141
World War II, 87–88
Yale University, 21
admissions, 107–8
Zambia, 25
Zhao, Jie “Jack,” 107–8