REFERENCES AND BACKGROUND READING

Reference sections and bibliographies used to be only for people with special knowledge. Now, with federal funding, PubMed makes abstracts (shortened versions) of articles in most of the well-known medical journals available to everybody. To find one of the articles listed below, go to www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/.

Entrez is the search and retrieval system used by PubMed, and you don’t have to register or be a member to find a journal article with it. You’ll also find instructions on how to search for medical articles concerning keywords that you enter. PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM), located at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Following the usual practice, the titles of journals are given in abbreviated and unpunctuated form here. This is solely for convenience in keyboard ing. For example, it’s faster to type JAMA than The Journal of the American Medical Association, though you can get results either way.

If you would like more detailed information on something in one of the chapters, try reading abstracts about it from journals. They will probably contain some technical terms, but their overall meaning will generally be clear.

GENERAL BACKGROUND REFERENCES

Azziz, R., Nestler, J. E., and Dewailly, D., eds. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

Azziz, R., Sanchez, L. A., Knochenhauer, E. S., Moran, C, Lazenby, J., Stephens, K. C., Taylor, K., and Boots, I. R. “Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004): 453-62.

Burrow, G. N., Duffy, T. P., and Copel, J. A., eds. Medical Complications during Pregnancy. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2004.

Chang, R. J., Heindel, J. J., and Dunaif, A., eds. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2002.

Cronin, L., Guyatt, G., Griffith, L., Wong, E., Azziz, R., Futterweit, W., Cook, D., and Dunaif, A. “Development of a health-related quality-of-life related questionnaire (PCOSQ) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998): 1976-87.

Dunaif, A. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders & Co., Endocrinol Metab Clinics North Am 28 (1999): 397-408.

Futterweit, W. “Clinical evaluation of androgen excess.” In Azziz, R., Nestler, J. E., and Dewailly, D., eds. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997: 625-633.

——. Polycystic Ovarian Disease. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984.

——. “Polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical perspectives and management.” Obstet Gynecol Survey 54 (1999): 403-413.

Gullo, S. The Thin Commandments Diet. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale, Inc., 2005.

Redmond, G. P., ed. Androgenic Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 1-20.

——. “Clinical evaluation of the woman with an androgenic disorder.” In Androgenic Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1995; 1-20.

Speroff, L., Glass, R. H., and Kase, N. G.: Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

CHAPTER 1: WHAT PCOS CAN DO TO YOU

Azziz, R. “Androgen excess is the key element in polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 80 (2003): 252-54.

Azziz, R., and Kashar-Miller, M. D. “Family history as a risk factor for the polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Pediatric Endocrinol Metab 13 (2000): 1303-6.

Azziz, R., Sanchez, L. A., and Knochenhauer, E. S., et al. “Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004): 453-82.

Azziz, R., Woods, K. S., Reyna, R., et al. “The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004): 2745-49.

Balen, A. H., Conway, G. S., Kaltsas, G., Techtrasak, K., Manning, P. J., West, C., and Jacobs, H. S. “Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of this disorder in 1741 patients.” Human Reproduction 10 (1995): 2107-11.

Book, C. B., and Dunaif, A. “Selective insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(9): (1999) 3110-16.

Dunaif, A. “Hyperandrogenic anovulation (PCOS): a unique disorder of insulin action associated with an increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.” Am J Med 98 (1995): 33S-39S.

——. “Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis.” Endocr Rev 18 (1997): 774-800.

Dunaif, A., Segal, K. R., Futterweit, W., and Dobrjansky, A. “Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome.” Diabetes 38 (1989): 1165-74.

Ehrmann, D. H., Barnes, R. B., and Rosenfield, R. L. “Polycystic ovary syndrome as a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism due to dysregulation of androgen secretion.” Endocr Rev 16 (1995): 322-53.

Franks, S., Gharani, N., and McCarthy, M. “Candidate genes in polycystic ovary syndrome.” Hum Reprod Update 7 (2002): 405-10.

Govind, A., Obhrai, M. S., and Clayton, R. N. “Polycystic ovaries are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait: analysis of 29 polycystic ovary and 10 control families.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 (1999): 38-43.

Kahsar-Miller, M. D., Nixon, C., Boots, L. R., Go, R. C., and Azziz, R. “Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS.” Fertil Steril 75 (2001): 53-58.

Kaltsas, G. A., Korbonits, M., Isidori, A. M., Webb, J. A., Trainer, P. J., Monson, J. P., Besser, G. M., and Grossman, A. B. “How common are polycystic ovaries and the polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with Cushing’s syndrome?” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53 (2000): 493-500.

Marshall, J. C., and Eagleson, C. A. “Neuroendocrine aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome.” Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 28 (1999): 295-324.

Rosenfield, R. L., and Lucky, A. W “Acne, hirsutism, and alopecia in adolescent girls.” Endocrinol Metab Clinics North Am 22 (1993): 507-32.

Speiser, P. W., and White, P. C. “Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.” N Engl J Med 349 (2003): 776-88.

Tsilchorozidou, T., Ovarton, C., and Conway, G. S. “The pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome.” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60 (2002): 1-17.

CHAPTER 2: PCOS AND INSULIN RESISTANCE

AACE insulin Resistance Syndrome Conference. Endocrine Practice. (2003): Suppl 2.

Angelico, F., Del Ben, M., Conti, S., et al. “Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic liver disease.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005): 1578-82.

Bray, G. A. “Risks of obesity.” In Pi-Sunyer, F. X., ed. Obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am (2003) 32. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., pp. 787-804.

Carmina, E., and Lobo, R. A. “Use of fasting blood to assess the prevalence of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 82 (2004): 661-65.

Dunaif, A., Segal, K. R., Futterweit, W., and Dobrjansky, A. “Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome.” Diabetes 38 (1989): 1165-74.

Dunaif, A., Segal, K. R., Shelley, D. R., et al. “Evidence for distinctive and intrinsic defects in insulin action in polycystic ovary syndrome.” Diabetes 41 (1992): 1257-66.

Dunaif, A., Xia, J., Book, C. B., et al. “Excessive insulin receptor serine phosphorylation in cultured fibroblasts and in skeletal muscle. A potential mechanism for insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Invest 96 (1995): 801-10.

Ehrmann, D. A., Barnes, R. B., Rosenfield, R. L., et al. “Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Diabetes Care 22 (1999): 141-46.

Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., and Dietz, W. H. “Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.” JAMA 287 (2002): 356-59.

Glueck, C. J., Papanna, P., Wang, P., et al. “Incidence and treatment of the metabolic syndrome in newly referred women with confirmed polycystic ovarian syndrome.” Metabolism 52 (2003): 908-15.

Haffner, S. M., Valdez, R. A., Hazuda, H. P., et al. “Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (Syndrome X).” Diabetes 41 (1992): 715-22.

Knowler, W. C., Barrett-Connor, E., Fowler, S. E., et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. “Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus with lifestyle intervention or metformin.” New Engl J Med 346 (2002): 393-403.

Laracastro, C., et al. “Diet, insulin resistance, and obesity: zoning in on data for Atkins dieters living in South Beach.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(9) (2004): 4197-205.

Legro, R. S., Castracane, V. D., and Kauffman, R. P. “Detecting insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: purposes and pitfalls.” Obstet Gynecol Surv 59 (2004): 141-54.

Legro, R. S., Finegood, D., and Dunaif, A, “A fasting glucose to insulin ratio is a useful measure of insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998): 2696-98.

Legro, R. S., Kunselman, A. R., Dodson, W. C., et al. “Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective controlled study in 254 affected women.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 (1999): 165-69.

McFarlane, S. I., Banerji, M., and Sowers, J. R. “Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001): 713-18.

Nestler, J. E. “Insulin resistance syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome.” Endocrine Practice 9 (Sept.-Oct. 2003): Supplement 2; 86-89.

Norman, R. J., Masters, L., Milner, C. R., et al. “Relative risk of conversion from normoglycemia to impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in polycystic ovarian syndrome.” Human Reprod 16 (2001): 1995-98.

Palmert, M. R., Gordon, C. M., Kartashov, A. L., et al. “Screening for abnormal glucose tolerance in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (2002): 1017-23.

Peppard, H. R., Marfori, J., Iuorno, M. J., and Nestler, J. E. “Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among premenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.” Diabetes Care 24 (2001): 1050-52.

Reaven, G. M. Banting Lecture 1988. “Role of insulin resistance in human disease.” Diabetes 37 (1998): 1595-607.

——. “Role of insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.” Diabetes Metab Rev 9 (1993): (Suppl 1) 5S-12S.

Rosenfield, R. L. “Polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin-resistant hyperinsulinemia.” J Am Acad Dermatol 45 (2001): (Suppl 3) S95-104.

Solomon, C. G., Hu, F. B., Dunaif, A., et al. “Long or highly irregular menstrual cycles as a marker for risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.” JAMA 286 (2001): 2421-26.

CHAPTER 3: PCOS AND IRS, AND CHAPTER 4: A TANGLED WEB

Alexander, C. M., Landsman, P. B., Teutsch, S. M., et al. “NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older.” Diabetes 52 (2003): 1210-14.

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Position Statement on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Consequences of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Cobin, R. H., Futterweit, W., Nestler, J. H., Reaven, G. M., Jellinger, P. S., Handelsman, Y., Redmond, G. P., and Thatcher, S. S. Endocrine Practice, 2005.

American College of Endocrinology Consensus Statement on Guidelines for Glycemic Control. Endocrine Prac 8 (2002): 5-11.

Atiomo, W. U., El-Mahdi, E., and Hardiman, P. “Familial associations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 80 (2003): 143-45.

Azen, S. P., Peters, R. K., and Berkowitz, K. “TRIPOD: Troglitazone in the prevention of diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of troglitazone in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.” Contrl Clin Trials 19(2) (1998): 217-31.

Baillargeon, J. P., Jakubowicz, D. J., Iuorno, M. J., Jakubowicz, S., and Nestler, J. E. “Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone, alone and in combination, in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal indices of insulin sensitivity.” Fertil Steril 82 (2004): 893-902.

Balen, A. “Polycystic ovary syndrome and cancer.” Hum Reprod Update 7 (2001): 522-25.

Belli, S. H., Graffigna, F. N., Oneto, A., Otero, B., Schurman, L., and Levalle, O. A. “Effect of Rosiglitazone on insulin resistance, growth factors, and reproductive disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 81 (2004): 624-29.

Birdsall, M. A., Farquhar, C. M., and White, H. D. “Association between polycystic ovaries and coronary heart disease risk in women having cardiac catheterization.” Ann Intern Med 126 (1997): 32-35.

Boulman, N., Levy, Y., Leiba, R., et al. “Increased C-reactive protein levels in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a marker of cardiovascular disease.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(5): (2004): 2160-64.

Christian, R. C, Dumesic, D. A., Behrenbeck, T., Oberg, A. L., Sheedy, P. F., 2nd, and Fitzpatrick, L. A. “Prevalence and predictors of coronary artery calcification in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 (2003): 2562-68.

Cibula, D., Cifkova, R., Fanta, M., et al. “Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovary syndrome.” Hum Reprod 15 (2000): 785-89.

Conway, G. S., Agrawal, R., Betteridge, D. J., and Jacobs, H. S. “Risk factors for coronary artery disease in lean and obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome.” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 37 (1992): 119-25.

Dahlgren, E., Janson, P. O., Johansson, S., et al. “Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk for myocardial infarction. Evaluated from a risk factor model based on a prospective population study of women.” Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 71 (1992): 599-604.

Dahlgren, E., Johansson, S., Lindstedt, G., et al. “Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a long-term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones.” Fertil Steril 57 (1992): 505-13.

Dejager, S., Pichard, C., Giral, P., et al. “Smaller LDL particle size in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to controls.” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 54 (2001): 455-62.

Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Houli, C., Alexandraki, K., and Spina, G. “Failure of mathematical indices to accurately assess insulin resistance in lean, overweight, or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004): 1273-76.

Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Spina, G., Kouli, C., and Migdalis, I. “Increased endothelin-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and the beneficial effect of metformin therapy.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001): 4666-73.

Dunaif, A., and Finegood, D. T. “B-cell dysfunction independent of obesity and glucose intolerance in the polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 (1996): 942-47.

Dunaif, A., Segal, K. R., Futterweit, W., and Dobrjansky, A. “Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome.” Diabetes 38(9): (1989) 1165-74.

Ehrmann, D. A., Schneider, D. J., Sobel, B. E., et al. “Troglitazone improved defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 (1997): 2108-16.

Elliot, J. L., Hosford, S. L., Demoupolus, R. I., Perloe, M., and Sills, E. S. “Endometrial adenocarcinoma and polycystic ovary syndrome: risk factors, management, and prognosis.” South Med J 94 (2001): 529-31.

Elting, M. W, Korsen, T. J., Bezemer, P. D., and Schoemaker, J. “Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac complaints in a follow-up study of a Dutch PCOS population.” Hum Reprod 16 (2001): 5556-60.

Escobedo, L. G., Lee, N. C., Peterson, H. B., et al. “Infertility-associated endometrial cancer risk may be limited to specific subgroups of infertile women.” Obstet Gynecol 77 (1991): 124-28.

Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285 (2002): 2486-97.

Gammon, M. D., and Thompson, W. D. “Polycystic ovaries and the risk of breast cancer.” Am J Epidemiol 134 (1991): 818-24.

Glueck, C. J., Papanna, P., Wang, P., et al. “Incidence and treatment of the metabolic syndrome in newly referred women with confirmed polycystic ovarian syndrome.” Metabolism 52 (2003): 908-15.

Gu, K., Cowie, C. C., and Harris, M. I. “Diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality in US adults.” JAMA 281 (1999): 1291-97.

Hasegawa, I., Murakawa, H., Suzuki, M., Yamamoto, Y, Kurabayshi, T., and Tnaka, K. “Effect of troglitazone on endocrine and ovulatory performance in women with insulin resistance-related polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 71 (1999): 323-27.

Holte J., Gennarelli, G., Berne, G., et al. “Elevated ambulatory day-time blood pressure in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a sign of a prehypertensive state?” Human Reproduction 11 (1996): 23-28.

Isojarvi, J. I., Laatikainen, T. J., Knip, M., et al. “Polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy.” N Engl J Med 329 (1993): 1383-88.

Kelly, C. C. J., Lyall, H., Petrie, J. R., et al. “Low grade chronic inflammation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001): 2453-55.

Kelly, C. J.G., Speirs, S., Gould, G. W., et al. “Altered vascular function in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (2002): 742-46.

Knowler, W. C., Barrett-Connor, E., and Fowler, S. E. “Reduction in incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin.” N Engl J Med 346 (2002): 393-403.

Legro, R. S., Kunselman, A. R., and Dunaif, A. “Prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Am J Med 111 (2001): 607-13.

McLaughlin, T., Abbasi, F., Cheal, K., Chu, J., Lamendola, C, and Reaven, G. “Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant.” Ann Int Med 139 (2003): 802-9.

Mak, K. H., and Haffner, S. M. “Diabetes abolishes the gender gap in coronary heart disease.” Eur Heart J 24 (2003): 1406-13.

Mather, K. J., Kwan, P., and Corenblum, B. “Hyperinsulinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome correlated with increased cardiovascular risk independent of obesity.” Fertil Steril 73 (2000): 150-56.

Nestler, J. E. “Polycystic ovarian syndrome: metabolic and cardiovascular complications.” In Kreisberg, R. A. Program Director. Clinical Endocrinology Update 2003 Syllabus. Miami Beach, Fla. October 24-27, 2003. The Endocrine Society Press. Chevy Chase, Md., pp. 299-303.

Nestler, J. E., and Jakubowicz, D. J. “Lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome respond to insulin reduction with decreases in ovarian 450c 17 alpha activity and serum androgens.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 (1997): 4075-79.

Nestler, J. E., Stovall, D., Akhter, N., Iuomo, M. J., and Jakubowicz, D. J. “Strategies for the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs to treat infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 77 (2002): 209-15.

Orio F., Palomba, S., Spinelli, L., et al. “Early impairment of endothelial structure and function in young normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004): 3696-701.

Ovalle, F., and Azziz, R. “Insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.” Fertil Steril 77 (2002): 1095-105.

Paradisi, G., Steinberg, H. O., Hempfling, A., et al. “Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with endothelial dysfunction.” Circulation 103 (2001): 1410-15.

Pierpoint, T, McKeigue, P. M., Isaacs, A. J., et al. “Mortality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up.” J Clin Epidemiol 51 (1998): 581-86.

Poison, D. W., Adams, J., Wadsworth, J., and Franks, S. “Polycystic ovaries: a common finding in normal women.” Lancet 1 (1988): 870-72.

Resgon, N. “The relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and epileptic drugs: a review of the evidence.” J Clin Psychopharmacol 24 (2004): 322-34.

Ridker, P. M. “Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease: detection and prevention.” Circulation 107 (2003): 363-69.

Segreti, E. M. “Endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma in women with androgen excess disorders.” In Azziz, R., Nestler, J. E., and DeWailly, D., eds. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Philadelphia: Lippencott-Raven Publishers, 1997; pp. 667-72.

Solomon, C. G. “The epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome: prevalence and associated disease risks.” Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 28 (1999): 247-63.

Solomon, C. G., Hu, F. B., Dunaif, A., et al. “Menstrual cycle irregularity and risk for future cardiovascular disease.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (2002): 2013-17.

Talbott, E., Zborowski, J., and Boudreaux, M. In Daya, S., Harrison, R., and Kempers, R. Advances in Fertility and Reproductive Medicine. “Do women with PCOS have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease: a review of the evidence.” Proceedings of the 18th World Congress on Fertility and Sterility, Montreal, Canada. May 23-28, 2004. International Congress Series, Elsevier, 1266; 2004; pp. 233-40.

Talbott, E. O., Clerici, A., Berga, S. L., et al. “Adverse lipid and coronary heart disease risk profiles in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a case control study.” J Clin Epidemiol 51 (1998): 415-22.

Talbott, E. O., Guzick, D., Clerici, A., Berga, S., et al. “Coronary heart disease risk factor in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 (1995): 821-26.

Talbott, E. O., Guzick, D. S., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., et al. “Evidence for an association between polycystic ovary and premature carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women.” Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 20 (2000): 2414-21.

Talbott, E., Zborowski, J. V., McHugh-Pemu, K., et al. “Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and its relationship to coronary calcification in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.” 3rd International Workshop on Insulin Resistance, New Orleans, La. February 17—19, 2003.

Talbott, E. O., Zborowski, J. V., and Boudreaux, M. Y. “Do women with polycystic ovary syndrome have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease? Review of the evidence.” Minerva Gineco 56 (2004): 27-39.

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Wild, R. A., Painter, P. C, Coulson, P. B., et al. “Lipoprotein lipid concentration and cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61 (1985): 946-51.

Wild, S., Pierpoint, T., Jacobs, H., and McKeigue, P. “Long-term consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a 31-year follow-up study.” Human Fertil (Camb) 3 (2000): 101-5.

Wild, S., Pierpoint, T., McKeigue, P., and Jacobs, H., “Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up: a retrospective study.” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52 (2000): 595-600.

CHAPTER 5: GETTING A DIAGNOSIS

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Azziz, R., Sanchez, L. A., Knochenhauer, E. S., et al. “Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004): 453-62.

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Carmina, E. “Genetic and environmental aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Endocrinol Invest 26 (2003): 1151-56.

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Dunaif, A. “Current concepts in the polycystic ovary syndrome.” Annu Rev Med. 52 (2001): 401-19.

Dunaif, A., Green, G., Phelps, R. G., Lebwohl, M., Futterweit, W, and Lewy, L. “Acanthosis nigricans, insulin action, and hyperandrogenism: clinical, histological and biochemical findings.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73 (1991): 590-95.

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Futterweit, W., Dunaif, A., Yeh, H. C., and Kingsley, P. “The prevalence of hyperandrogenism in 109 consecutive patients with diffuse alopecia.” J Am Acad Dermatol 19 (1988): 831-36.

Futterweit, W., Scher, J., Nunez, A. E., et al. “A case of bilateral dermoid cysts, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovarian disease: association of ovarian tumors with polycystic ovaries with review of the literature.” Mt Sinai J Med 50 (1983): 251-55.

Goldzieher, J. W., and Green, J. A. “The polycystic ovary. I. Clinical and histologic findings.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 22 (1962): 325-38.

Goodman, N. F., Bledsoe, M. B., Cobin, R. H., Futterweit, W., Goldzieher, J. W., Petak, S. M., Smith, K. D., and Steinberger, E. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperandrogenic Disorders. Endocrine Practice (2001) 7: 120-34.

Hatch, R., Rosenfield, R. L., Kin, M. H., et al. “Hirsutism: implications, etiology and management.” Am J Obstet Gynecol 140 (1981): 815-30.

Kahsar-Miller, M. D., and Azziz, R. “The effectiveness of the interview for predicting the presence of polycystic ovary syndrome.” Gynecol Endocrinol 17 (2003): 449-54.

Keating, N. L.., Gandhi, T. K., Orav, E. J., et al. “Patient characteristics and experiences associated with trust in specialist physicians.” Arch Intern Med 164 (2004): 1015-20.

Legro, R. S. “Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease: a premature association?” Endocrine Reviews 24 (2003): 302-12.

Lucky, A. W. “Hormonal correlates of acne and hirsutism.” Am J Med (Suppl 1A) (1995) 89S-94S.

Moran, C., and Azziz, R. “21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia: the great pretender.” Semin Reprod Med 21 (2003): 295-300.

Moran, C., Knochenhauer, E. S., and Azziz, R. “Non-classic adrenal hyperplasia in hyperandrogenism: a reappraisal.” J Endocrinol Invest 21 (1998): 707-20.

New, M. “Nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia and the polycystic ovarian syndrome.” Ann NY Acad Sci 687 (1993): 193-205.

Polson, D. W., Adams, J., Wadsworth, J. and Franks, S. “Polycystic ovaries: a common finding in normal women” Lancet (1998) Apr. 16: 870-72.

Rosenfield, R. L. “Pilosebaceous physiology in relation to hirsutism and acne.” Clin Endocrinol Metab 15 (1986): 341-62.

Rosenfield, R. L., and Barnes, R. B. “Menstrual disorders in adolescence.” Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 22 (1993): 491-505.

Rosenfield, R. L., and Lucky, A. W. “Acne, hirsutism, and alopecia in adolescent girls.” Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 22 (1993): 507-32.

The Rotterdam Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 81 (2004): 19-25.

Siegel, S., Futterweit, W, Davies, T. F., Conception, E. S., Greenberg, D. A., Villanueva, R., and Tomer, Y. “A C/T single nucleotide polymorphism at the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor gene is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 78 (2002): 1240-43.

Yeh, H. C, Futterweit, W., and Thornton, J. C. “Polycystic ovarian disease: US features in 104 patients.” Radiology 163 (1) (1987): 111-16.

Zawadski, J. K., and Dunaif, A. “Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach.” In Dunaif, A., Givens, J. R., Haseltine, F. P., and Merriam, G. R. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992; pp. 377-84.

CHAPTER 6: RIGHT FOODS, RIGHT WAY

Boschmann, M., Steiniger, J., Hille U., et al. “Water-induced thermogenesis.” J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 88 (12) (2003): 6015-19.

Crosignani, P. G., Colombo, M., Vegetti, W., et al. “Overweight and obese anovulatory patients with polycystic ovaries: parallel improvements in anthropometric indices, ovarian physiology, and fertility rate induced by diet.” Human Reproduction 18 (2003): 1928-32.

Food cravings: physical or emotional hunger. Pharm Vision.com.

Gullo, S. P. The Thin Commandments Diet. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale Press, 2005.

Haiken, M. “Why can’t I lose weight?” Health October (2004).

Harris C., and Cheung, T. The PCOS Diet Book. New York: Thorsons (Harper Collins), 2002.

High glycemic index foods and diabetes risk. http://www.channing.harvard.edu/nhs/newsletters/pdfs/n2002.pdf.

High glycemic index foods and heart disease. http://www.channing.harvard.edu/nhs/newsletters/pdfs/n2001.pdf. “High glycemic index foods and increased breast cancer risk.” Environmental Nutrition, vol. 28, no. 2 (Feb. 2005).

“High glycemic index foods and overeating.” Weil Medical College of Cornell University Food and Fitness Advisor, vol. 7, no. 12 (Dec. 2004).

James Hill quote. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63964-2005Janl0.html.

Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., and Ross, R. “Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk.” Am J Clin Nutr 79 (2004): 379-84.

Legro, R. S. “Polycystic ovary syndrome: current and future treatment paradigms.” Am J Obstetr Gynecol 179 (1998): 94-100.

Marano, E. H. “Chemistry and craving.” Psychology Today Jan.-Feb. (1993).

Zemel, M. The Calcium Key. New York: Wiley, 2004.

CHAPTER 7: LET’S EAT

Calcium and blood pressure. http://www.ajcn.Org/cgi/content/abstract/38/3/457.

Calcium and colon cancer. .http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_2_1x_Calcium_Appears_to_be_Beneficial_for_Colorectal_Cancer.asp

Calcium and weight loss. http://www.eatright.org/Public/NutritionInformation/92_18458.cfm.

Coffee health benefits. http://www.coffeescience.org/.

Coffee health benefits. http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/coffee_health_risk.htm.

The Exchange Lists for Meal Planning from the American Dietetic Association and American Diabetic Association. Revised, 1995.

Freeman, F., and Hayes, C. “Low carbohydrate food facts and fallacies.” Diabetes Spectrum 17(3) (2004): 137-40.

Glycemic index information. http://www.diabetes.ca/Section_About/glycemic.asp.

Glycemic index of foods, http://diabetes.about.com/library/mendosagi/ngilists.htm.

Green tea and weight loss. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/22/1728_55919.htm.

Keijzers, G. B., De Galan, B. E., Tack, C. J., and Smits, P. “Caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity in humans.” Diabetes Care (2) (2002) 25: 364-69.

Nuts, health benefits. http://www.nuthealth.org/cracker/nuts_show_health_benefits.pdf.

Nuts, health benefits. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/99/105423.htm.

Omega-3 fats. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4632.

Tea health benefits, http://my.webmd.com/content/article/50/40585.htm.

Tea health benefits. http://www.celestialseasonings.com/research/abouttea/teagoodhealth.php.

Whole grains, http://www.ynhh.org/online/nutrition/advisor/whole_grains.html.

CHAPTER 8: THE PCOS EXERCISE PROGRAM

Blair, S. N., and Church, T. S. “The fitness, obesity, and health equation: is physical activity the common denominator? ”JAMA 292 (2004): 1232-34.

“Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report.” Obes Res 6 (Suppl 2) (1998): 51S-209S.

Jakicik, J. M. “Exercise strategies for the obese patient.” In Bray, G. A., ed. Office Management of Obesity. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004, pp. 175-85.

Klein, S., et al. “Weight management through lifestyle modifications for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies.” Diabetes Care 27 (2004): 2067-73.

National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and North American Association for the Study of Obesity. The Practical Guide: Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health, 2001.

Sigal, J., Kenny, G. P., Wasserman, D. H., and Castaneda-Sceppa, C. “Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes.” Diabetes Care 27 (2004): 2518-39.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1996.

U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity, 2001. Rockville, Md.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 2001.

Weinstein, A. R., et al. “Relationship of physical activity vs body mass index with type 2 diabetes in women.” JAMA (10) (2004) 292: 1188-94.

Wessel, T. R., et al. “Relationship of physical fitness vs body mass index with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events in women.” JAMA 292(10) (2004): 1179-87.

Wing, R. R., and Hill, J. O. “Successful weight loss maintenance.” Annu Rev Nutr 21 (2001): 323-41.

CHAPTER 9: GETTING PREGNANT, AND CHAPTER 10: STAYING PREGNANT

Alexander, E. K., Marqusee, E., Lawrence, J., et al. “Timing and magnitude of increases in levothyroxine requirements during pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism.“N Engl J Med 351 (2004): 241-49.

“Assisted reproductive technology in the United States: 2000 results generated from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry.” Fertil Steril 81 (2004): 1207-20.

Baillargeon, J. R, Iuomo, M. J., and Nestler, J. A. “Insulin sensitizers for polycystic ovary syndrome.” Clin Obstet Gynecol 46 (2003): 235-40.

Baillargeon, J. R., Jakubowicz, D. J., Iuorno, M. J., Jakubowicz, S., and Nestler, J. E. “Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone, alone and in combination, in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal indices of insulin sensitivity.” Fertil Steril 82: (2004) 893-902.

Belli, S. H., Graffigna, F. N., Oneto, A., et al. “Effect of rosiglitazone on insulin resistance, growth factors, and reproductive disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 81 (2004): 624-29.

Bjercke, S., Dale, P. O., et al. “Impact of insulin resistance on pregnancy complications and outcome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Gynecol Obstet Invest 54 (2002): 94-98.

Bloomgarden, Z. T., Futterweit, W., and Poretsky, L. “Use of insulin-sensitizing agents in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Endocr Pract 7 (2001): 279-86.

Brettenthaler, N., De Geyter, C., Huber, P. R., and Keller, U. “Effect of the insulin sensitizer piaglitazone on insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and ovulatory dysfunction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004): 3835-40.

Elchalal, U., and Schenker, J. G. “The pathophysiology of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome-views and ideas.” Hum Reprod 12 (1997): 1129-37.

Fedorcsak, P., Storeng, R., Dale, P. O., et al. “Obesity is a risk factor for early pregnancy loss after IVF or ICSI.” Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 79 (2000): 43-48.

Futterweit, W. “Polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical perspectives and management.” Obstet Gynecol Surv 54 (1999): 403-13.

Gerli, S., Mignosa, M., and DiRenzo, G. C. “Effects of inositol on ovarian function and metabolic factors in women with PCOS: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial.” Eur Rev Pharmacol Sci 7 (2003): 151-59.

Glueck, C. J., Goldenberg, N., Wang, P., et al. “Metformin during pregnancy reduces insulin, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, weight, testosterone and gestational diabetes: prospective longitudinal assessment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome from preconception throughout pregnancy.” Hum Reprod 19 (2004): 510-21.

Glueck, C. J., Moreira, A., Goldenberg N., et al. “Piaglitazone and metformin in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome not optimally responsive to metformin.” Hum Reprod 18 (2003): 1618-25.

Glueck, C. J., Phillips, H., Cameron, D., Sieve-Smith, L., et al. “Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study.” Fertil Steril 75 (2001): 46-52.

Glueck, C. J., Wang P., Goldenberg, N., and Sieve-Smith, L. “Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin.” Hum Reprod 17 (2002): 2858-64.

Goldzieher, J. W, and Young, R. I. “Selected aspects of polycystic ovarian disease.” Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 21 (1992): 141-71.

Goodman, N. F., Bledsoe, M. B., Futterweit, W., Goldzieher, J. W., Petak, S. M., Smith, K. D., Steinberger, E., Anderson, R. J., Bergman, D. A., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Dickey, R. A., Palumbo, P. I., Peters, A. L., Rettinger, H. I., Rodbard, H. W., and Rubenstein, H. A. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Hyperandrogenic Disorders Task Force. “Medical guidelines, for clinical practice, for clinical diagnosis and treatment of hyperandrogenic disorders.” Endocr Pract 7 (2001): 120-34.

Hasegawa, I., Murakawa, H., Suzuki, M., Yamamoto, Y, Kurabayshi, T., and Tanaka, K. “Effect of troglitazone on endocrine and ovulatory performance in women with insulin resistance-related polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 1(2) (1997) 323-27.

Jakubowicz, D. J., Iuomo, M. J., Jakubowicz, S., Roberts, K. A., and Nestler, J. A. “Effects of metformin on early pregnancy loss in the polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (2002): 524-29.

Jovanovic, L. “Glucose and insulin requirements during labor and delivery: the case for normoglycemia in pregnancies complicated by diabetes.” Endocrinol Pract Suppl 2 (2004): 40-50.

——. “Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus.” Up to Date (2004): 1-8. www.uptodate.com.

Kashyap, S., and Claman, P. “Obstetric outcome in women with polycystic ovaries” (letter). Hum Reprod 16 (2001): 1537.

——. “Polycystic ovary disease and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension.” J Reprod Med 45 (2000): 991-94.

Kashyap, S., Wells, G. A., and Rosenwaks, Z. “Insulin-sensitizing agents as primary therapy for patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome.” Human Reproduction 19 (2004): 2474-83.

Kenshole, A. B. “Diabetes and pregnancy.” In Burrow, G. N., Duffy, T. P., and Copel, J. A., eds. Medical Complications during Pregnancy. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2004; pp. 15-42.

Kinkhabwala, S., Schiano, T. D., Futterweit, W., Gambarin-Gelwan, M., Bodian, C, and Yeh, H. C. “Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in polycystic ovary syndrome.” Abstract. Endocrine Society 87th Annual Meeting, San Diego, Calif., June 5, 2005.

Kocak, M., Caliskan, E., Simsir, E., and Haberal, A. “Metformin therapy improves ovulatory rates, cervical scores, and pregnancy rates in clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 77 (2002): 101-6.

Kuohung, W., and Barbarieri, R. L. “Etiology and evaluation of female infertility.” Up to Date vol. 12, no. 3 (2004): 1-10. www.uptodate.com.

Lanzone, A., Caruso, A., DiSimone, N., et al. “Polycystic ovary disease: A risk factor for gestational diabetes?” J Reprod Med 40 (1995): 312.

Liddell, H. S., Sowden, K., and Farquhar, C. M. “Recurrent miscarriage: screening for polycystic ovaries and subsequent pregnancy outcome.” Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 37 (1997): 402-6.

McLamrock, H. D., and Adashi, E. Y. “Pregnancy-related androgen excess.” In Azziz, R., Nestler, J. E., and DeWailly, D., eds. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Philadelphia: Lippencott-Raven Publishers, 1997, pp. 601-12.

Mikola, M., Hiilesman, V., Halttunen, M., et al. “Obstetric outcome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Hum Reprod 16 (2001): 226-29.

Nestler, J. E. “Should patients with polycystic ovary syndrome be treated with metformin? An enthusiastic endorsement.” Hum Reprod 17 (2002): 1950-53.

Nestler, J. E., and Jakubowicz, D. J., “Lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome respond to insulin reduction with decreases in ovarian 450c 17 alpha activity and serum androgens.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 (1997): 4075-79.

Nestler, J. E., Jakubowicz, D. J., Evans, W. S., and Pasquali, R. “Effect of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome.” N Engl J Med 33 (1998): 1876-80.

Nestler, J. E., Stovall, D., Akhter, N., Iuomo, M. J., and Jakubowicz, D. J. “Strategies for the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs to treat infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Fertil Steril 77 (2002): 209-15.

Okon, M. A., Laird, S. M., Tuckerman, E. M., and Li, T. C. “Serum androgen levels in women who have recurrent miscarriages and their correlation with markers of endometrial function.” Fertil Steril 69 (1998): 682-90.

Paulson, R. “In vitro fertilization.” Up to Date vol. 12, no. 3 (2004): 1-7.

Urman, B., Sarac, E., Dogan, L., et al. “Pregnancy in infertile PCOS patients: complications and outcome.” J Reprod Med 42 (1997): 501-5.

Vandermolen, D. T., Ratts, V. S., Evans, W. S., Stovall, D. W., Kauma, S. W., and Nestler, J. E. “Metformin increases the ovulatory rate and pregnancy rate from clomiphene citrate in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome who are resistant to clomiphene citrate alone.” Fertil Steril 75 (2001): 310-15.

WHO Technical Support Series. Recent Advances in Medically Assisted Conception. Number 820, 1992, 1-111.

Zinaman, M. J., Clegg, E. D., Brown, C. C., O’Connor, J., and Selevan, S. G. “Estimates of human fertility and pregnancy loss.” Fertil Steril 79 (2003): 503-9.

CHAPTER II: SAVING YOUR SKIN AND HAIR FROM PCOS

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice. Hyperandrogenic Disorders Task Force. Bledsoe, M. B., Cobin, R. H., Futterweit, W., Goldzieher, J. W., Petak, S. M., Smith, K. D., and Steinberger, E. Endocrine Practice 7 (2001): 121–34.

Azziz, R. “The hyperandrogenic-insulin-resistant acanthosis nigricans syndrome: therapeutic response.” Fertil Steril 61 (1994): 570–72.

Azziz, R., Ehrmann, D., Legro, R. S., et al. “Troglitazone improves ovulation and hirsutism in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001): 1626–32.

Azziz, R., and Gay, F. “The treatment of hyperandrogenism with oral contraceptives.” Semin Reprod Endocrinol 7 (1989): 246–54.

Beigi, A., Sobhi, A., and Zarrinkoub, F. “Finasteride versus cyproterone acetate-estrogen regimens in the treatment of hirsutism.” Int J Gynaecol Obstet 87 (2004): 29–33.

Burkman, R. T., Jr. “The role of oral contraceptives in the treatment of hyperandrogenic disorders.” Am J Med 98 (1995): (Suppl 5A), 130S-36S.

Cusan, L., Dupont, A., Gomez, J. L., et al. “Comparison of flutamide and spironolactone in the treatment of hirsutism.” Fertil Steril 61 (1994): 281–87.

Fruzetti, F. “Treatment of hirsutism.” In Azziz, R., Nestler, J. E., and Dewailly, D., eds. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997, 787–97.

Futterweit, W., Dunaif, A., Yeh, H. C., and Kingley, P. “The prevalence of hyperandrogenism in 109 consecutive female patients with diffuse alopecia.” J Am Acad Dermatol 19 (1988): 831–36.

Kelly, C. J., and Gordon, D. “The effect of metformin on hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome.” Eur J Endocrinol 147 (2002): 217–21.

Lucky, A. “Hormonal correlates of acne and hirsutism.” Am J Med 98 (1995): (Suppl 1A), 89S-94S.

Nestler, J. E., and Jakubowicz, D. J. “Lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome respond to insulin reduction with decreases in ovarian P450cl7 alpha activity and serum androgens.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 (1997): 4057–79.

Pazoz, F., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., and Balsa, J. “Prospective randomized study comparing the long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist triptorelin, flutamide, and cyproterone acetate with an oral contraceptive, in the treatment of hirsutism.” Fertil Steril 71 (1999): 122–28.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. “The evaluation and treatment of androgen excess.” Fertil Steril 82 (2004): (Suppl 1), S173–80.

Redmond, G. P. “Treatment of androgenic disorders.” In Redmond, G. P., ed. Androgenic Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1995, 279–99.

Slayden, S. M., and Azziz, R. “The role of androgen excess in acne.” In Azziz, R., Nestler, J. E., and Dewailly D., eds. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Philadelphia: Lippencott-Raven, 1997, 131–40.

Souter I, Sanchez, L. A., Perez, M., Bartolucci, A. A., and Azziz, R. “The prevalence of androgen excess among patients with minimal unwanted hair growth.” Am J Obstet Gynecol 191 (2004): 1914–20.

Speroff, I., Glass, R. H., and Kase, N. G. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, pp. 1097–148.

Tartagni, M, Schonauer, M. M., Cicinelli, E., et al. “Intermittent low-dose finasteride is as effective as daily administration for the treatment of hirsute women.” Fertil Steril 82 (2004): 752–55.

Waldorf, H. A. “Optimizing laser hair removal.” Cosmetic Dermatol 15 (2002): 53–57.

WHO Technical Support Series. Recent Advances in Medically Assisted Conception. Number 820. 1992, 1–111.

Wong, I. L., Morris, R. S., Chang, L., et al. “A prospective randomized trial comparing finasteride to spironolactone in the treatment of hirsute women.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80 (1995): 233–38.

Yemisci, A., Gorgulu, A., and Piskin, S. “Effects and side-effects of spironolactone therapy in women with acne.” J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19 (2005): 163–66.

Zinaman, M. J., Clegg, E. D., Brown, C. C., O’Connor, J., and Clegg, E. D. “Estimates of human fertility and pregnancy loss.” Fertil Steril 65 (1996): 503–9.

CHAPTER 12: THE EMOTIONAL IMPACT OF PCOS

Bart, J. H., Catalan, J., Cherry, C. A., and Day, A. “Psychological morbidity in women referred for the treatment of hirsutism.” J Psychosomatic Res 37 (1993): 615–19.

Brown, A. J. “Depression and insulin resistance: applications to polycystic ovary syndrome.” Clin Obstet Gynecol 47 (2004): 592–96.

Bruce-Jones, W., Zolese, G., and White, P. “Polycystic ovary syndrome and psychiatric morbidity.” J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 14 (1993): 111–16.

Coffey, S., and Mason, H. “The effect of polycystic ovary syndrome on health-related quality of life.” Gynecol Endocrinol 17 (2004): 379–86.

Cronin, L., Guyatt, G., Griffith, L., Wong, E., Azziz, R., Futterweit, W., Cook, D., and Dunaif, A. “Development of a health-related quality-of-life questionnaire (PCOSQ) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998): 1976–87.

Eggers, S., and Kirchengast, S. “The polycystic ovary syndrome: a medical condition but also an important psychosocial problem.” Coll Anthropol 25 (2001): 673–85.

Elsenbruch, S., Hahn, S., Kowalsky, D., et al. “Quality of life, psychosocial well-being, and sexual satisfaction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 (2003): 5801–7.

Forde, E. S., et al. “Social relationships and cardiovascular disease risk factors: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III.” Prevent Med 30 (2000): 83–92.

Frasure-Smith, N., and Lesperance, F. “Coronary artery disease, depression and social support: only the beginning.” Eur Heart J 21 (2000): 1043–45.

Gallo, J. J., and Coyne, J. C. “The challenge of depression in late life.” JAMA 284 (2000): 1570–72.

Glaser, R., et al. “Stress induced modulation of the immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.” Psychosom Med 54 (1992): 22–29.

Guyatt, G., Weaver, B., Cronin, L., Dooley, J. A., and Azziz, R. “Health-related quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, a self-administered questionnaire, was validated.” J Clin Epidemiol 57 (2004): 1279–87.

Helminen, A., et al. “Carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged men: relation to conjugal circumstances and social support.” Scand J Soc Med 23 (1995): 167–72.

Himelein, M. J. “Learning to love the one you’re with: PCOS and body image.” In Thatcher, S. S. PCOS: The Hidden Epidemic. Indianapolis: Perspectives Press, 2000, pp. 163–78.

Horsten, M., et al. “Depressive symptoms and lack of social integration in relation to prognosis of CHD in middle-aged women: the Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study.” Eur Heart J 21 (2000): 1072–80.

Idler, E., and Kasl, F. “Religion among disabled and non-disabled persons, II: attendance at religious services as a predictor of a course of disability.” J Gerontol Ser. D Psychol Sci Soc Sci 52 (1997): S306–16.

Institute of Medicine, Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral and Societal Influences. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press, 2001.

Kitzinger, G., and Willmott, J. “‘The thief of womanhood’: women’s experience of polycystic ovarian syndrome.” Soc Science Med 54 (2002): 349–61.

Lepore, S. J., et al. “Social support lowers cardiovascular reactivity in an acute stressor.” Psychosom Med 55 (1993): 518–24.

Rasgon, N. L., Rao, R. C, Hwang, S., et al. “Depression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and biochemical correlates.” J Affect Disord 74 (2003): 299–304.

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Sonino, N., Fava, G. A., Mani, E., Belluardo, P., and Boscaro, M. “Quality of life in hirsute women.” Postgrad Med J 69 (1993): 186–89.

Trent, M. E., Rich, M., Austin, S. B., et al. “Quality of life in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156 (2002): 556–60.

Weiner, C. L., Primeau, M., and Ehrmann, D. A. “Androgens and mood dysfunction in women: comparison of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome to healthy controls.” Psychosom Med 66 (2004): 356–62.