1. Hoover to Connelly, September 12, 1945, Harry S. Truman Library, President's Secretary's Files (Subject File), “FBI-Atomic Bomb,” box 167.
2. Hoover to Lyon, September 18, 1945, U.S. National Archives [hereafter nara], RG 59, 861.20242/9-1845. Hoover also sent another letter to the White House on that day, most of which is blacked out, but it probably contained the same information.
3. Hoover to Lyon, September 24, 1945, Central Intelligence Agency, Igor Gouzenko File.
4. The literature on the Alger Hiss case is vast. The best-known account is that of Allen Weinstein, Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York: Random House, 1978). Revised edition, 1997. The office of Special Political Affairs was created at the State Department specifically for dealing with United Nations issues. After Hiss became the director of spa in March 1945, he reported directly to Secretary of State Edward Stettinius.
5. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 34.
6. For a thorough study of Krivitsky's life as a defector, see Gary Kern, A Death in Washington: Walter C. Krivitsky and the Stalin Terror (New York: Enigma Books, 2003). Kern leaves open the question as to whether Krivitsky killed himself or was murdered.
7. Richard J. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (London: John Murray, 2001), p. 96.
8. FBI Gouzenko file, 100-342972-37.
9. The two British services were formed in the early twentieth century out of sections five and six of British Military Intelligence (hence the mi designations). Their functions were not entirely separate, which caused some friction. MI5 was in charge of security and counterintelligence at home, but it also had similar responsibilities for British territory abroad. And MI6, while primarily concerned with intelligence gathering abroad, had its own counterintelligence department, section 5.
10. Bower, The Perfect English Spy, p. 66.
11. David Stafford, Camp X (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1986), p. 259.
12. As quoted in Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), p. 781.
13. James Littleton, Target Nation: Canada and the Western Intelligence Network (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1982), p. 16; Bower, The Perfect English Spy, p. 78. Roger Hollis of MI5 counted at least eight “crypto communists” among Labour mps.
14. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), p. 1096.
15. Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 45.
16. Fuchs had been recruited by the GRU in 1941 in London. By 1944, he was handed over from the GRU to the NKVD. See the Russian website www.agentura.ru/dosie/gru/imperia/atomspy, “atomnyi shpionazh,” pp. 6-9. Also see David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), chapter four.
17. The newly released files on the Gouzenko case from the National Archives in Britain are filled with reports to and from Philby. See the National Archives [hereafter TNA], KV 2/1419-KV 2/1424.
18. Soviet intelligence archives are not open to researchers, but many of their documents have been published in Russian, along with memoirs of former intelligence officers. Another important new source of materials on Gouzenko are the John Sawatsky Papers, recently donated to the University of Regina Library. The papers consist of interviews with people who knew Gouzenko personally. Although significant portions of these interviews were published as a book, John Sawatsky, Gouzenko: The Untold Story (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1984), the unpublished portions provide fascinating new details about Gouzenko's life.
1. See Gouzenko's autobiography, The Iron Curtain (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1948); and Igor Gouzenko, “I Was Inside Stalin's Spy Ring,” Cosmopolitan, February 1947.
2. Gouzenko's daughter Evelyn Wilson spoke about her parents at a conference in Ottawa, April 14, 2004.
3. Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, pp. 50-69. Also see Gouzenko's testimony at the preliminary hearing for Fred Rose, March 22, 1946, pp. 1-26 in the Library and Archives Canada [hereafter lac], MG 30, A 94, vol. 45, file 3155. The acronym GRU stands for Glavnoye Razvedyvatel’noe Upravlenie.
4. “Atomnyi shpionazh”; Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, pp. 119-224; The Report of the Royal Commission to Investigate the Facts Relating to and the Circumstances Surrounding the Communication, by Public Officials and Other Persons in Positions of Trust of Secret and Confidential Information to Agents of a Foreign Power, June 1946 [Hereafter RC Report] (Ottawa: Edmond Cloutier, 1946), pp. 11-18.
5. “The Canadian Case in Retrospect,” MI5 report, TNA, KV 2/1424.
6. Merrily Weisbord, The Strangest Dream: Canadian Communists, the Spy Trials and the Cold War (Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1994), p. 119.
7. As told to this author by two former Canadian diplomats who were in Ottawa at the time.
8. Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, p. 182.
9. Weisbord, The Strangest Dream, p. 134.
10. LAC, RG 33/62, volume 16, exhibits 576-578. The host of the Russians was Gerald Woods.
11. See TNA, KV 2/1424, “The Canadian Case in Retrospect.”
12. Gordon Lunan, The Making of a Spy: A Political Odyssey (Montreal: Robert Davies, 1995), pp. 95-96.
13. Littleton, Target Nation, p. 20.
14. See his memoirs: Vitalii Pavlov, Operatsiia “sneg,” Polveka vo vneshnei razvedke KGB (Moscow, 1996), pp. 44-55.
15. Ibid., pp. 66-87.
16. Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, p. 205.
17. Ibid., p. 204.
18. Ibid., p. 188.
19. Ibid., p. 201; Gouzenko, “I Was Inside Stalin's Spy Ring,” p. 85.
20. John Sawatsky Papers, University of Regina Archives, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Bill McMurty, October 20, 1983.
21. Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, p. 215.
22. Ibid., pp. 203-219.
23. Ibid.
24. Transcript of Gouzenko's testimony before the Royal Commission, LAC, RG 33/62, vol. 1, book one, February 13-22, 1946, pp. 370-371; 393-394; Also see TNA, KV 2/1419, report on Corby and a bsc (British Security Coordination) Report, dated September 1945, where it is stated that “without question, he [Gouzenko] was afraid of being liquidated.” LAC, MG 26, J4, vol. 417.
25. Mikhail Mil'shtein, “Pobeg Guzenko,” Sovershenno sekretno, no. 3, 1995, pp. 24-25.
26. Ibid.
27. In could be that Zabotin did not want either Romanov or Gouzenko going back early because they might “spill the beans” to headquarters about some of the things he did or said in unguarded moments.
28. Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, pp. 218-219.
29. See Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945–1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), pp. 43-46, for a discussion of Canadian and British participation in the Allied bomb project.
30. Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, pp. 215; 222.
31. TNA, KV 2/1423, report from Major G.H. Leggett, Intelligence Bureau, Advance H.Q., Control Commission for Germany, June 17, 1946.
32. Ibid.
33. RC Report, p. 384.
34. Ibid., p. 135.
35. Ibid., p. 124.
36. Ibid., p. 145.
37. Ibid., pp. 142-143.
38. Ibid., pp. 135; 145-146.
39. Lunan, The Making of a Spy, p. 148.
40. Dmitrii Prokhorov, “Istoriia Allana Meia,” February 26, 2001, www.agentura.press/2001/mey.txt.
41. Atomnyi shpionazh, p. 15; Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, p. 237. Gouzenko says that May handed over reports on atomic research several months before Hiroshima, but the GRU does not appear to have passed on his reports until July 1945. See RC Report, pp. 452-458.
42. Prokhorov, “Istoriia.”
43. As quoted inwww.agentura.ru/dosie/gru/imperia/atomspy.
44. RC Report, p. 452.
45. Sawatsky Papers, 85-26, box 1, Interview with Mrs. Gouzenko, March 17, 1984.
46. RC Report, p. 641; LAC, RG 33/32, Gouzenko testimony, pp. 120-121; February 13, p. 77, pp. 118.
47. Gouzenko, “I Was Inside Stalin's Spy Ring,” p. 164.
48. The documents from Gouzenko were copied as exhibits for the Royal Commission on Espionage that investigated the Gouzenko case in 1946. For a list of the documents, see LAC, RG 33/62 Microfilm T- 1368. Copies of the exhibits themselves are scattered throughout the Royal Commission records, but can be located in the index to the massive Royal Commission files.
49. LAC, MG 30 (Cohen Papers), series A94, vol. 45, file 3156; Author's interview with William Kelly, Ottawa, November 16, 2001.
50. The fact that Gouzenko had been recalled because he was in trouble was also covered up. In a signed statement to the RCMP, which was later published, Gouzenko said that he defected because he was attracted by Canada's democratic system of government and disgusted by the “double-faced politics of the Soviet government.” RC Report, pp. 637-648. The statement was signed on October 10, 1945.
51. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 2, Interview with Ken Parks, December 27, 1983.
52. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 21-25; Gouzenko statement of October 10, 1945, “account of steps taken on Sept. 5th, 6th, and 7th.” CSIS files and microfilm C274152, LAC.
53. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 26-40; Gouzenko statement.
54. LAC, MG 26, J4, vol. 390, file 32; Testimony by Gouzenko and his neighbors, Mr. and Mrs. Harold Main and Mrs. Frances Elliott, before the Royal Commission on Espionage, LAC, RG 33/62, vol. 1, book 1, February 13-22, 1946, pp. 379-446.
55. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Harold Main, March 8, 1984.
56. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 44-47.
57. “Preventative Medicine,” Time magazine, January 7, 1946.
58. LAC, William MacKenzie King Diary [hereafter WMK Diary], Aug. 25, 1945.
59. WMK Diary, Sept. 6, 1945.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. See the memoirs of the British High Commissioner to Canada: Malcolm MacDonald, People & Places: Random Reminiscences of the Rt. Hon. Malcolm MacDonald (London: Collins, 1969), p. 188. Also see the memoirs of RCMP intelligence branch chief (and later commissioner) Charles Rivett-Carnac, Pursuit in the Wilderness (Boston: Little Brown, 1965), pp. 306-307; H. Montgomery Hyde, The Quiet Canadian: The Secret Service Story of Sir William Stephenson (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1962), pp. 229-232; and Stafford, Camp X, p. 258-259. The story that Stephenson was the mysterious intelligence officer in Ottawa that night is also repeated in William Stevenson, Intrepid's Last Case (New York: Random House, 1983), pp. 51-55.
63. Stafford, Camp X, p. 258. Hyde, The Quiet Canadian, pp. 229-232. According to Hyde, Stephenson “seldom left his New York headquarters, except to fly to Washington . . . or to cross the Atlantic to report progress to the prime minister and the various departments represented by the B.S.C.” (p. 4)
64. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 2, interview with George Glazebrook, February 29, 1984.
65. See John Bryden, Best-Kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War (Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1993), pp. 267-275 and Mark Kristmanson, Plateaus of Freedom: Nationality, Culture, and State Security in Canada, 1940–1960 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 143-173 for the speculation on Menzies.
66. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram for Sir Alexander Cadogan from Malcolm MacDonald, dated September 10, 1945.
67. For Gouzenko's statement mentioning Mrs. Bourke, see LAC MG26, J4, vol. 390, file 32.
68. On the Elliotts, see Kristmanson, Plateaus of Freedom, pp. 168-170 and an interview with their former son-in-law: Sawatsky papers, 84-38, box 2, interview with M.J. Sumpton, undated. Sumpton said that his father-in- law, Mr. Elliott, was particularly angry that all the neighbors had to be quiet for the rest of their lives, when Gouzenko was allowed to write a book and magazine articles telling his version of events.
69. LAC, MG 26, J4, vol. 390, file 32. On this version, the person editing the statement earmarked this portion to be omitted.
70. See Athan Theoharis, Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counterintelligence but Promoted the Politics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), pp. 50-53. In fact, the FBI seems to have backed out of this arrangement and left Kravchenko on his own after a series of interviews with him.
71. Interviews with William Kelly, Ottawa, November 16, 2001, and Dan Mulvenna (by telephone to Leesburg, Virginia), February 4, 2005. Neither Kelly, who was eventually to become deputy commissioner of the RCMP, nor Mulvenna worked on the Gouzenko case until after the defection, however.
72. Transcript of interview with Lt-Gen. Vitalii Pavlov, conducted in Moscow on September 29, 2001, by Svetlana Chervonnaya and passed on to this author. Also see Pavlov, Operatsiia “sneg,” p. 75. Pavlov wrote: “I do not believe the widely spread myth that Gouzenko made the decision to defect independently.”
73. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 7, interview with John McCulloch, October 5, 1983.
74. WMK Diary, September 7, 1945.
75. “Soviet Espionage in Canada,” Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Intelligence Branch, Ottawa, November 1945, p. 1.
76. LAC, RG 33/62, vol. 1, p. 526. Rivett-Carnac presented a totally different (and false) picture in his memoirs. According to Rivett-Carnac: “his [Gouzenko's] manner was composed as he took his place in the hard-bottomed chair. His eyes flickered to Leopold for a moment and then came back to mine. . . . He told us his story, how he'd left the Soviet Embassy two evenings before; that he knew that there were a number of spies operating against the interests of Canada. . . . It was breathtaking to hear him.” Rivett-Carnac, Pursuit in the Wilderness, p. 311. He was clearly covering up Gouzenko's crazed state as part of an effort to protect the defector's image.
77. LAC, RG 13, A-2, vol. 2121, file 150262. The existence of this secret Order-in-Council, which was never acted upon, has never been acknowledged by the Canadian government.
1. Transcript of interviews by Svetlana Chervonnaya with Lt. Gen. Vitalii Pavlov, Moscow, Nov. 14 and 19, 1997; Sept. 29, 2001.
2. Mil'shtein, “Pobeg Guzenko.”
3. LAC, RG 25, vol. 2620, file 50242-40, vol. 1.
4. Ibid.
5. J.L. Granatstein, The Ottawa Men: The Civil Service Mandarins, 1935–1947 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 92-95. Also see J.L. Granatstein, A Man of Influence: Norman A. Robertson and Canadian Statecraft, 1929–68 (Toronto: Deneau Publishers, 1981).
6. The Guy Liddell Diaries, Volume I: 1939–1942, ed. by Nigel West (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 268.
7. Granatstein, A Man of Influence, p. 174.
8. NAC, RG 13, series A2, vol. 2119, file 149685.
9. CSIS files, RCMP 45 D-1226–45 J-1226. The date of the RCMP's letters to the provincial departments and to Hoover was September 15, 1945.
10. I.A. Aggeeva, “Kanada i nachalo kholodnoi voiny: Delo Guzenko v sovetsko-kanadskikh otnosheniiakh,” p. 8, citing Zarubin's secret diary: Dnevnik Zarubina G.N. Sekretno, AVP RF, fond 99, Opis 17, papka 7.
11. Venona decrypt, no. 46a, September 17, 1945, Moscow to London: www.nsa.gov/docs/venona.
12. Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files: The Secret Life of the Master Spy-KGB Archives Revealed (New York: Little, Brown and Company: 1994), p. 239.
13. S.J. Hamrick, Deceiving the Deceivers: Kim Philby, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 143.
14. Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Storm Birds: Soviet Post-War Defectors (New York: Henry Holt, 1989), pp. 48-56.
15. Pavlov, Operatsiia “sneg,” p. 75. Zarubin had the same family name as Georgii Zarubin, Soviet ambassador to Canada, but they were not related.
16. Weisbord, The Strangest Dream, p. 141.
17. Lunan, Making of a Spy, p. 153.
18. Ibid., p. 155.
19. Sawatsky Papers, 85-26, box 1, interview with Mrs. Gouzenko, March 12, 1981.
20. Ibid.
21. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 50-57.
22. Steve Hewitt, “Royal Canadian Mounted Spy: The Secret Life of John Leopold/Jack Esselwein,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 15, no. 1, Spring 2000.
23. LAC, MG 26, vol. 329, file 3495, memorandum from W.J. Turnbull, July 6, 1942. According to Leopold's obituary in the Ottawa Citizen: “He regarded life with eternal good cheer except when communism was mentioned. On that he was deadly serious. It was a menace to which he dedicated his life.” As cited in Hewitt, p. 159. When Leopold was promoted to head the intelligence branch of the RCMP Criminal Investigation Division, Rivett-Carnac was made chief of that division, still supervising the Gouzenko case.
24. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 52-62.
25. Stafford, Camp X, pp. 264-267; British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940–1945, Introduction by Nigel West (New York: Fromm International, 1999), pp. 423-425.
26. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, p. 60.
27. Ibid., p. 62.
28. CSIS (Canadian Security and Intelligence Service) Gouzenko file, 000116.
29. C.W. Harvison, The Horsemen (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967), p. 149.
30. Rivett-Carnac, Pursuit in the Wilderness, p. 307.
31. J.L. Granatstein and David Stafford, Spy Wars: Espionage and Canada from Gouzenko to Glasnost (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990), p. 58; Stafford, Camp X, p. 260. As MI5's Guy Liddell expressed it during a visit to Ottawa in 1942, “The RCMP are very well equipped to deal with Communism, but not very well equipped to deal with counterespionage. They are essentially a police force employing police methods.” The Guy Liddell Diaries, p. 267.
32. See LAC, MG 26, vol. 329, file 3495; FBI Gouzenko File (foipa no. 0944835-001), memorandum from Tamm to the Director, September 10, 1945; memorandum from Ladd to Tamm, September 10, 1945; Lamphere, FBI–KGB War, p. 67.
33. CSIS Gouzenko, 000067, letter dated September 13, 1945; FBI Gouzenko memorandum Ladd to Director, November 2, 1945.
34. Lamphere, The FBI–KGB War, p. 127; Kim Philby, My Silent War (New York: Grove Press, 1968), p. 160; and Kristmanson, Plateaus of Freedom, p. 101. Also see LAC, RG 32, acc. 85-86/096, box 39, Peter Michael Dwyer.
35. Stafford, Camp X, pp. 262-265; Peter Wright, Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer (London: Stoddart Publishing Co., 1987), p. 345. On MI5's concerns about messages going through sis (MI6), see TNA, KV 2/1425, telegrams dated September 20 and 22, 1945. The FBI was also receiving at least some of the reports from New York.
36. The classic, but half fictional biography of Stephenson is: William Stevenson, A Man Called Intrepid: The Secret War (New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1976). More accurate is H. Montgomery Hyde, The Quiet Canadian: The Secret Service Story of Sir William Stephenson (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1962). Also see Timothy Naftali, “Intrepid's Last Deception: Documenting the Career of Sir William Stephenson,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 8, July 1993, 70-99; and http://william-stephenson.biography.ms.
37. The Guy Liddell Diaries, pp. 248-249.
38. Ibid; and TNA, KV 2/1419, letter from the director of British Government Code and Cipher School, dated September 21, 1945; Lamphere, FBI–KGB War, pp. 80-81.
39. Stafford, Camp X, pp. 262-265.
40. Bower, The Perfect English Spy, pp. 54-55.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., p. 80; TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram from Macdonald to Cadogan.
43. Brook-Shepherd, The Stormbirds, p. 30.
44. Bower, The Perfect English Spy, p. 80.
45. Granatstein and Stafford, Spy Wars, pp. 59-68. On Gouzenko's unhappiness over Hollis's reports, interview with Gouzenko's daughter, Evelyn Wilson, Toronto, December 12, 2002. On the suggestion of bringing Gouzenko to England, see TNA Gouzenko file, KV 2/1420, note accompanying first revision of report on Corby case. On his second meeting, KV 2/1423, telegram no. 762, dated May 23, 1946. No report is available on what happened at the meeting.
46. R. MacGregor Dawson, William Lyon Mackenzie King: A Political Biography, vol. 2 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963), p. 3.
47. “Preventative Medicine.”
48. WMK Diary, September 23, 1945.
49. For a description of Menzies, see Kerns, A Death in Washington, p. 247.
50. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-27.
51. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-32, memorandum dated September 13, 1945, to Tamm, Ladd, and Tolson.
52. CSIS Gouzenko, C293177, September 23, 1945.
53. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-51, memorandum from Ladd to Hoover, October 29, 1945; 100-342972-130, Ladd to Hoover, May 27, 1947.
54. Harry S. Truman Library, Papers of Harry S. Truman. President's Secretary's files. “Soviet Espionage Activities,” October 19, 1945.
55. FBI, foipa no. 0944835-001, the date and much of the report is blacked out.
56. Rivett-Carnac, Pursuit in the Wilderness, p. 315.
57. Harvison, The Horsemen, p. 150.
58. CSIS Gouzenko, 000132, letter dated October 11, 1945.
59. CSIS Gouzenko, 000332, letter dated November 11, 1945.
60. LAC, RG 25, vol. 2620, N-1, interview with Gusenko [sic], Memo I, n.d.
61. Ibid.
62. “Soviet Espionage in Canada,” Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Intelligence Branch, November 1945.
63. CSIS Gouzenko, 000126, letter from McClellan, dated October 10, 1945.
64. CSIS Gouzenko, 000332, letter dated November 2, 1945; Sawatsky, Gouzenko, p. 64.
65. Rivett-Carnac, Pursuit in the Wilderness, p. 317. Rivett-Carnac notes that “my wife began to have serious doubts about my behavior. I could of course tell her nothing.” In fact, his wife knew about the defector, passing the information on to her friend Ruth Fordyce, in the autumn of 1945. Interview with Ms. Fordyce, November 2001.
66. TNA KV 2/1420, “Note Accompanying First Revision of Report on Corby Case,” September 25, 1945.
67. WMK Diary, private memorandum, September 10, 1945.
68. CSIS Gouzenko, 000068, letter from RCMP commissioner Wood, dated September 15, 1945. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 5, interview with Cecil Bayfield, July 3, (no year given). Bayfield erroneously gives the date of the flight as October 6.
69. RC Report, pp. 453-454.
70. TNA, KV 2/1419, unsigned report (presumably from British intelligence), dated September 24, 1945.
71. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram from Capt. G. Liddell.
72. WMK Diary, September 24, 1945.
73. WMK Diary, September 25 and 26, 1945.
74. CSIS Gouzenko, 000094, letter dated September 27, 1945.
1. WMK Diary, dictated on October 1, 1945.
2. Harry S. Truman Library, Papers of Harry S. Truman. President's Secretary's Files.
3. WMK Diary, October 1, 1945.
4. LAC, RG 25, 2620, Box 2620, N-1 (temp), letter from Pearson to Hume Wrong, dated October 1, 1945.
5. See John English, Shadow of Heaven: The Life of Lester Pearson, Volume One: 1987–1948 (London: Vintage, 1990), p. 269.
6. See note 12 below.
7. English, Shadow of Heaven, pp. 282-283; David McCullough, Truman (New York: Touchstone, 1992), pp. 751-754.
8. Letter from Pearson to Wrong, October 1, 1945.
9. WMK Diary, October 1, 1945.
10. FBI Hiss file, 101-2668, sec. 02-284.
11. WMK Diary, October 1, 1945.
12. LAC, MG 26, J1, vol. 389, p. 349871.
13. WMK Diary, October 1, 1945.
14. English, Shadow of Heaven, p. 244; Gordon Robertson, Memoirs of a Very Civil Servant: Mackenzie King to Pierre Trudeau (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000), p. 51.
15. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram dated October 1, 1945.
16. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram dated October 2, 1945.
17. See Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, p. 41.
18. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram dated October 6, 1945.
19. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram, dated October 10, 1945; CSIS Gouzenko 000099, letter dated October 3, 1945; and CSIS Gouzenko 000110, telegram dated October 5, 1945. Hoover's response to Wood was that the FBI had no legal grounds for arrests of spy suspects in the United States either. CSIS Gouzenko 000122, telegram dated October 9, 1945.
20. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram, dated October 1, 1945; WMK Diary entry for October 7, 1945.
21. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram, October 7, 1945; Borovik, The Philby Files, p. 239.
22. WMK Diary, October 7, 1945.
23. WMK Diary, October 11, 1945; Also see, for “C”'s efforts to pressure Bevin and Attlee and Attlee's response, Kristmanson, Plateaus of Freedom, pp. 153-154.
24. TNA, KV 2/1425, letter to Prime Minister Attlee from Ernest Bevin, October 27, 1945.
25. WMK Diary, October 26, 1945.
26. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram dated October 19, 1945.
27. Ibid.
28. Robert J. Lamphere and Tom Shachtman, The FBI-KGB War: A Special Agent's Story (New York: Random House, 1986), p. 35.
29. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram to Hollis, dated October 31, 1945.
30. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram from Hollis, dated November 2, 1945.
31. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram dated November 7, 1945.
32. LAC, RG 25, box 2620, N-1 (temp), for a copy of the draft agreement.
33. Ibid.
34. CSIS Gouzenko file, no. 000122; list of reports, transcript 000008.
35. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegrams dated November 14–21, 1945; FBI Gouzenko file, 100-342972-86, memorandum from Hoover to Tolson, Ladd, Tamm, and Carson, November 30, 1945.
36. See Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, p. 47; and Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 157.
37. Harry S. Truman, Year of Decisions: 1945 (New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1955), p. 477.
38. Harry S. Truman Library, Papers of Harry S. Truman. President's Secretary's Files.
39. Ibid.
40. FBI Bentley file, 134-435-174, letter to FBI Director from sac, Los Angeles, dated July 28, 1955. There are two recent biographies of Bentley: Kathryn S. Olmstead, Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002) and Lauren Kessler, Clever Girl: Elizabeth Bentley: the Spy Who Ushered in the McCarthy Era (New York: HarperCollins, 2003).
41. FBI Silvermaster, 65-56402-8. In checking Bentley's information out further, the FBI learned that Belfrage “had a very unsavoury reputation, that he was reputedly assigned the responsibility, while working for the British Security Coordination in New York City, of handling ‘FBI and London reports.’” (Memorandum from Ladd to Hoover, November 26, 1945.) In late November the FBI furnished Stephenson with the additional information on Belfrage that it had collected.
42. For the text of Philby's message see Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 238-239.
43. A telegram to MI6 sent via New York on November 19 gives details of the Bentley case, which Philby would have seen. See TNA, 2/1425. For the November 20 message, see Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – the Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 104-108. Weinstein and Vassiliev also say that the draft text of Mackenzie King's prepared statement to give publicly at the time of the arrests in Canada was given to Stalin himself from nkgb Chief Vsevold Merkulov. As I have written elsewhere, The Haunted Wood must be used with caution. It is based on summaries and translations by Vassiliev, a former KGB officer, of selected documents in the Russian Foreign Intelligence Archives in Moscow (as part of a financial agreement with the publisher). Because no photocopies of the original documents ever left the Russian archives, it has been impossible for anyone else to check their authenticity or the accuracy of the translations and summaries. Nonetheless, judging from the content, the messages about Philby that the authors cite seem credible.
44. FBI Silvermaster, 65-56402-581, vol. 24.
45. FBI Silvermaster, 65-56402, vol. 6-220.
46. Ibid.
47. FBI Silvermaster, 65-56402, 37, undated memorandum, mainly blacked out.
48. On Donald Hiss and Acheson, see McCullough, Truman, p. 179.
49. FBI Silvermaster, 65-56402-26.
50. FBI Silvermaster, 65-56402-94.
51. FBI Silvermaster, 65-56402-94.
52. Letter to FBI director Hoover, March 28, 1946, FBI Silvermaster 65- 56402-31.
53. See Theoharis, Chasing Spies, pp. 42-43.
54. R. Bruce Craig, Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter White Case (Lawrence, Kansas: The University of Kansas Press, 2004), p. 69.
55. Craig, Treasonable Doubt, p. 71.
56. FBI Silvermaster, 65-56402-306.
57. Weinstein and Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood, pp. 106-107; Pavlov, Operatsiia “sneg,” pp. 73-74.
58. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-86; LAC, RG 25, vol. 2620, N-1.
59. LAC, RG 25, vol. 2620, files 50242-40 and N-1.
60. LAC, RG 25, vol. 2620, King's plan also reached the FBI's representatives in Ottawa, prompting a telephone call to headquarters. FBI Gouzenko, memorandum to Tamm from Ladd, December 3, 1945.
61. TNA, 2/1425-120103, telegram dated December 2, 1945.
62. The diary was dictated by King and then later transcribed. When the volumes were assembled after King's death in 1950, the one for November 10–December 31, 1945, was missing. LAC, MG 26, J17, vol. 9.
63. LAC, RG 25, vol. 2629, N-1.
64. Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, p. 53.
65. As quoted in Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 156. Groves was informed about Gouzenko's allegations against May around September 14, 1945. The British, not knowing what May had passed on to the Soviets, were worried that Groves would object to his being allowed to fly back to Britain. On September 14, Sir Alexander Cadogan, British undersecretary for foreign affairs, sent a telegram to Lord Halifax, his ambassador to the United States, saying: “Should he [GROVES] raise violent objection could not High Commissioner Canada . . . arrange for plane to be detained 24 hours pending further urgent consideration here?” TNA, KV 2/1425.
1. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 65-66.
2. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with George Mackay, November 3, 1983.
3. LAC, RG 13, series a-2, vol. 2121, file 150262, E.K. Williams, “The Corby Case,” December 7, 1945.
4. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram from New York, dated December 15, 1945.
5. Prokhorov, “Istoriia Allana Meia”; Pavlov, Operatsiia “sneg,” pp. 73-74.
6. Mil'shtein, “Pobeg Guzenko”; “Atomnyi shpionazh,” p. 19.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. “Atomnyi shpionazh”; Vladimir Lota, “Khorosho, chto ne pos-mertno,” Sovershenno sekretno, no. 6, 1999.
10. LAC, MG 26, J4, vol. 390, microfilm no. 1552, C272270; D. Prokhorov and O. Lemekhov, Perebezhchiki: Zaochno rasstreliany (Moscow, 2001) p. 132.
11. Perebezhchiki, p. 131-132; Interview with Evelyn Gouzenko (telephone), February 12, 2002. Interestingly, although Gouzenko says in his book that his father died in the Civil War, shortly after Gouzenko was born, his criminal file cited in Perebezhchiki says that his father, Sergei Davydovich Gouzenko, was living in Kiev before World War II.
12. Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, p. 12.
13. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-113, 119. Both memorandums were in response to telephone calls, presumably with Canadian authorities.
14. WMK Diary, February 1, 1946.
15. Transcripts of Pearson's broadcasts about the Gouzenko affair are available in Personal Papers of Drew Pearson, Box G-182, 1, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
16. The commission was officially called the Royal Commission to Investigate the Disclosures of Secret and Confidential Information to Unauthorized Persons, but it was referred to as the Royal Commission on Espionage.
17. WMK Diary, Tuesday, February 5, 1946, p. 107. Also see his entry for Feb. 4: “this business has become known to too many people. The President's office, the Secretary of State's office, the F.B.I., etc.”
18. This was suggested in an internal FBI memorandum, citing a source (blacked out in the file) who claimed to have talked with Pearson about the leak. See FBI Gouzenko, 342972-125.
19. As quoted in Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 159; on Truman and Byrnes also see McCullough, Truman, pp. 278-280.
20. Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Personal Papers of Drew Pearson: folder Hoover, J. Edgar; Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 216.
21. TNA, KV 2/1015, no. 984 from New York, January 10, 1946. Sir William Stephenson actually took partial credit for the leak in a statement made some forty years later, claiming that he had consulted with Hoover and a White House official and that the three had agreed that Pearson should be told about the Corby case. As others have pointed out, however, Stephenson's claim (if accurately quoted) is questionable, mainly because he and Hoover did not get along. See Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, p. 60.
22. FBI Gouzenko, 342972-139, memorandum from D.M. Ladd to Hoover, dated February 13, 1946.
23. Lamphere, The FBI–KGB War, p. 41.
24. LAC, RG 25, vol. 2620, file N1, note from Canadian intelligence attaché Tommy Stone.
25. TNA, KV 2/1423, letter to Hollis from J.A. Cimperman, dated October 9, 1946.
26. TNA, KV 2/1015, telegram no. 122 sent through the bsc in New York. Although the telegram was unsigned, as most were, it seems to have been sent by Dwyer.
27. The Washington Post, February 16, 1946.
28. See www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/part1.htm; and FBI Silvermaster, 65-56403.
29. Craig, Treasonable Doubt, p. 246.
30. This telegram and the story behind it was unearthed in Canada's National Archives by Mark Kristmanson and described in his book Plateaus of Freedom, pp. 126-132, 264-266, citing LAC, RG 25, vol. 8561, file 50303-40, part 1.1. Kristmanson was not supposed to see these files because they are still top secret, but an archivist gave them to him by mistake.
31. Lamphere, The FBI–KGB War, p. 127.
32. Director to Tolson, Tamm, and Ladd, February 21, 1946, FBI, 65- 56402-497.
33. The Mackenzie King Records, p. 134.
34. See, for example, James Barros, “Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White: The Canadian Connection,” Orbis, vol. 21, no. 3, 1977. Barros had obviously not seen the archival material that shows that the Canadians were getting the reports on “Lady Corby” or the originals of King's diary.
35. WMK Diary, February 15, 1945.
36. Ibid. Pavlov recalls this meeting in his memoirs, Operatsiia “sneg,” pp. 84-85, but he places it wrongly in the summer of 1946, shortly before he was recalled back to Moscow.
37. WMK Diary, February 20, 1946.
38. As reported in the Ottawa Citizen, February 21, 1946.
39. Pravda, February 24, 1946; Tass statement as reported by the Canadian Chargés d’Affaires, Moscow, March 3, 1946, LAC, MG 26, J4, vol. 390, no. 274734-274-735 (microfilm no. H1552).
40. WMK Diary, February 22, 1946.
41. See Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, p. 58.
42. RC Report, p. 650.
43. One of the suspects, Fred Poland, had reportedly seen Vitalii Pavlov on several occasions after the defection, but Pavlov was from the NKVD and Poland was accused of spying for the GRU. Given that Pavlov socialized with many people in Ottawa, these meetings could have been innocent, especially since Pavlov was aware of the changed circumstances since Gouzenko departed and was on his guard.
44. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram 165, February 19, 1946.
45. www.rcespionage.com: “The Royal Commission on Espionage.”
46. Lunan, The Making of a Spy, p. 11.
47. Harvison, The Horsemen, p. 157.
48. Lunan, The Making of a Spy, pp. 21-29; 162-167; Weisbord, The Strangest Dream, p. 148.
49. Lunan, The Making of a Spy, pp. 140-148; author's interview with Lunan, Hawkesbury, Ontario, August 2, 2003.
50. Ibid.
51. Harvison, The Horsemen, p. 161.
52. TNA, KV 2/1421, top secret telegram no. 163, February 18, 1946.
53. TNA, KV 2/1421, top secret telegram no. 180, February 20, 1946; no. 186, February 21, 1946. These telegrams, all unsigned, were probably from Peter Dwyer.
54. RC Report, p. 671.
55. As quoted in Weisbord, The Strangest Dream, p. 149.
56. LAC, RG 25, box 2620, N-1, memorandum from Hume Wrong, dated February 17, 1946.
57. June Callwood, Emma: A True Story of Treason (New York: Beaufort Books, 1984), pp. 85-118.
58. RC Report, pp. 495-504.
59. Ibid., Callwood, Emma, pp. 85-118.
60. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 201 via New York, February 23, 1946.
61. LAC, MG 30, C421, Vol. 19/15, J. King Gordon Papers, Report of a Fact-finding Committee, Ottawa Civil Liberties Association, 1946.
62. Callwood, Emma, pp. 163-194.
1. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram 324, March 8, 1946.
2. TNA, KV 2/1426, telegram no. 140, February 14, 1946.
3. TNA, KV 2/1427.
4. LAC, RG 33/62, Transcripts of the hearings of the Royal Commission, February 14, 1946, pp. 146-147.
5. Ibid.
6. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram no. 181, February 18, 1946.
7. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram no. 161 of February 18, 1946; telegram 178 of February 20, 1946.
8. RC Report, pp. 651-655.
9. LAC, RG 25, series A-12, vol. 2081, file, AR 13/13, pt. 1. Letter from Robertson to Pearson, October 29, 1946.
10. Granatstein, A Man of Influence, p. 174-175.
11. LAC, RG 33/62, Transcripts of the hearings of the Royal Commission, February 26, 1946.
12. RC Report, p. 254.
13. RC Report, pp. 227-260.
14. RC Report, p. 217, glossed over this stage of “Ernst's” employment, claiming that no proper translation could be made because the paper had been torn. But in his testimony before the commission (which was kept secret), Gouzenko made it clear that the words were all there and that this translation was accurate. See transcript of Royal Commission testimonies, Gouzenko, p. 143.
15. LAC, MG 30, J.L. Cohen papers, file 3155, “The King vs. Eric George Adams,” pp. 20-29.
16. M.H. Fyfe, “Some Aspects of the Report of the Royal Commission on Espionage,” The Canadian Bar Review, vol. xxiv, 1946, p. 778.
17. Report of a Fact-Finding Committee, 1946, LAC, MG 26, J4, vol. 329, file 3495.
18. Lunan, The Making of a Spy, p. 176.
19. Harvison, The Horseman, p. 162; Lunan, The Making of a Spy, p. 182. Harvison does not come right out and say that he was advising the commission, but he acknowledges that he was in contact with them and even lunched with the commission's counsel Williams.
20. Letter dated February 28, 1946, nara, 861.20242/2-2846 citing the Ottawa Journal.
21. WMK Diary, February 27, 1946; Globe and Mail, February 27, 1946.
22. Ibid.
23. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram dated March 2, 1946.
24. RC Report, pp. 693-696.
25. LAC, MG 26, N1, vol. 13.
26. Ibid.
27. LAC, MG 26, N1, vol. 13.
28. WMK Diary, March 3, 1946.
29. WMK Diary, March 5, 1946.
30. Ibid.
31. Jenkins, Churchill, pp. 812-813.
32. TNA, KV 2/1421, dated February 19, 1946.
33. LAC, RG 25, vol. 2620, file N-1.
34. TNA, KV 2/1426, report dated February 25, 1946.
35. TNA, KV 2/1422, memorandum dated March 1, 1946.
36. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 260, March 2, 1946.
37. TNA, KV 2/1411, telegram no. 502, March 3, 1946.
38. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram 280, March 2, 1946.
39. The New York Times March 5, 1946; Weisbord, The Strangest Dream, p. 153.
40. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 321, March 8, 1946.
41. As cited in Dominique Clement, “The Royal Commission on Espionage, 1946–8: A Case Study in the Mobilization of the Post-wwii Civil Liberties Movement in Canada,” p. 8, January 1, 2003, at www.circ.jmellon.com/history/gouzenko.
42. The Toronto Daily Star, March 8, 1946.
43. On CASCW and the RCMP, see Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 84-91.
44. RC Report, p. 406.
45. RC Report, pp. 377-409 (quotations, p. 378, 406); TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 196, February 22, 1946; no. 324, March 8, 1946.
46. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegrams 229 of February 27 and 240 of February 28, 1946; RC Report, pp. 319-353.
47. Toronto Daily Star, March 16, 1946.
48. Callwood, Emma, p. 168.
49. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram no. 164, Feb. 18, 1946; KV 2/1422, telegram 306, March 5, 1946; RC Report, p. 701.
50. RC Report, p. 292.
51. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram 242, February 28, 1946.
52. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 335, March 9, 1946.
53. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 338, March 11, 1946; RC Report, p. 702.
54. LAC, John Diefenbaker Papers, 1940–1956 Series, vol. 82. Letter from Shugar to Diefenbaker, dated July 21, 1946.
55. Callwood, Emma, p. 212.
56. Telephone interview with Dr. Shugar, May 2005, and e-mail correspondence.
57. TNA, KV 2/1422, draft of telegram no. 555, March 13, 1946. The telegram was drafted by the director of public prosecutions and sent to Philby for his perusal.
58. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 444, March 28, 1946, for Hollis from Cussen.
59. nara, Record Group 59, 861.20241/52241.
60. Ibid.
61. LAC, RG 25, box 2620, N-1 (temporary).
62. LAC, RG 24, file 6265-94/6265-25, reel C 11672.
63. The Guardian (London), January 27, 2003.
1. Toronto Daily Star, March 15, 1946.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. LAC, AH 2003/00019 (CSIS Fred Rose files), parts 9 and 10.
5. LAC, RG 25, A-12, vol. 2081, File AR/13/13, pt. 1. Reports from the press analysis section, the Canadian Embassy.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid; Gregg Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence and Edward Teller (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 159.
8. Jessica Wang, American Science in an Age of Anxiety: Scientists, Anti-communism and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 21.
9. Wang, American Science, p. 44.
10. LAC, RG 25, A-12, vol. 2081, File AR 13/13, pt. 1. Reports from press analysis section, the Canadian Embassy, special report no. 29, supplement no. 15.
11. Clement, “The Royal Commission on Espionage,” p. 9.
12. TNA, KV 2/1015, RCMP report dated December 27, 1928.
13. TNA, KV 2/1015, Letter to the RCMP dated August 1, 1930, from the ship's interpreter.
14. Venona Decrypt, telegram no. 1328, New York to Moscow, August 12, 1943.
15. Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, p. 209.
16. FBI Silvermaster, 65-56402-8, office memorandum on informant “Gregory.”
17. Ibid. Bentley embellished her story about Rose and the Canadians over the years. In 1951, she told HUAC that in 1939 she was already acting as a “post office box for Canadians, such as Fred Rose.” HUAC Hearings. House of Representatives. Eighty-Second Congress, First Session, October 11, 1951.
18. FBI Silvermaster, 65-564402-8.
19. www.agentura.ru/dosie/gru/imperia/atomspy, p. 12; Vladimir Lot, “Kliuch ot Ada,” Sovershenno sekretno, August 1999.
20. Lamphere, FBI–KGB War, p. 22.
21. The New York Journal, December 3–5, 1945.
22. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram dated December 4, 1945.
23. TNA, KV 2/1015, telegram dated March 21, 1946.
24. Ibid.
25. As cited in Lunan, Making of a Spy, p. 191.
26. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 92-93.
27. As quoted in Lunan, Making of a Spy, 192.
28. Callwood, Emma, p. 202.
29. LAC, MG 30, series A94, vol. 45, Rose preliminary hearing.
30. Ibid.
31. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram dated March 22, 1946.
32. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, p. 95 citing Merrily Weisbord.
33. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram dated March 22, 1946.
34. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-30, memorandum dated March 25, 1946.
35. LAC, RG 25, a-12, vol. 2081, file AR/3/13, pt. 1. Report from the press analysis section, the Canadian Embassy, March 26–28, 1946.
36. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram to MI6 dated March 22, 1946.
37. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-354; 100-342972-355; memorandums dated March 28, 1946.
38. Report from press analysis section, March 26-28.
39. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-30, memorandum from Ladd to Hoover, March 29, 1946.
40. Ibid., memorandum from Ladd to Hoover, April 1, 1946.
41. Copy of a letter from Wood to the U.S. Secretary of State, June 12, 1946, nara, HUAC files, folder on Gouzenko.
42. Winnipeg Tribune, March 19, 1946.
43. WMK Diary, March 18, 1946.
44. King's speech to House of Commons, March 18, 1946. Hansard, March 1946, p. 56.
45. WMK Diary, March 19, 1946.
46. WMK Diary, March 23, 1946.
47. AVP RF (Foreign Affairs Archives of the Russian Federation), Fond 012, Opis 7, delo no. 286. As cited in Aggeeva, “Kanada i nachalo kholodnoi voiny,” p. 32.
48. LAC, MG26, J4, vol. 390, micr. no. 1552, C272270; C274500.
49. Venona decrypt, telegram no. 76, Moscow to Canberra (and elsewhere), April 7, 1946. The telegram was signed “Petrov,” which the Americans assumed was Beria, but Beria had relinquished his post as head of the NKVD three months earlier.
50. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegrams dated February 2 and 4, 1946; KV 2/1422, telegram dated March 25, 1946; KV 2/1423, telegram dated March 29, 1946.
51. Venona decrypt, telegram no. 76.
52. See Amy Knight, Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 132-140; 176-229.
53. WMK Diary, March 21, 1946.
54. As cited in Callwood, Emma, p. 174.
55. As cited in Paul Dufour, “‘Eggheads’ and Espionage: The Gouzenko Affair in Canada,” Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 16, nos. 3-4, Fall- Winter, 1981, p. 193.
56. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram no. 163, 164, February 18, 1946; telegram 178 of February 20, 1946.
57. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 7, interview with Wes Harvison, December 27, 1983.
58. As cited in Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 70-71.
59. CSIS Gouzenko, 004589-004609; RC Report, pp. 153-160.
60. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram dated March 1, 1946.
61. Callwood, Emma, p. 206.
62. RC Report, pp. 138-140.
63. RC Report, p. 143; CSIS Gouzenko, 000496 (from Gouzenko documents given as evidence).
64. Lunan, Making of a Spy, p. 145.
65. “The Princeton Mathematics Community in the 1930s,” Transcript no. 18 (PMC 18), The Trustees of Princeton University, 1985.
66. LAC RG 33/62, transcripts of the Royal Commission Hearings, March 22, 27, and 28, 1946; TNA, KV 2/1423, telegram dated March 29, 1946.
67. Dufour “‘Eggheads’ and Espionage,” pp. 190–191. Given the assumption of guilt by association that became widespread after the spy scare began, it is not surprising that the accusations against Halperin tainted others. The FBI cast a net of suspicion over those who had signed the petition in support of Halperin, requesting, in 1950, a copy for the use of the American Loyalty Review Board, which investigated federal employees. After getting permission from the Liberal government, the RCMP duly complied, with the admonition that the document be used with discretion. See Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 104-105.
68. RC Report, addendum dated June 18, 1947.
69. Wang, American Science, pp. 96-98.
70. Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 103-106; www.nyas.org/about/newsDetails.asp?newsID=122&year=1999.
71. Clement, “The Royal Commission on Espionage,” pp. 14-15.
1. TNA, KV 2/1423, report on the trial by a witness from Britain's Special Branch.
2. Harvison, The Horsemen, pp. 164-165. Harvison was in the courtroom. The transcript of the Rose trial is unavailable.
3. LAC, AH 2003/00019 (CSIS Fred Rose files), vol. 4161, box 25, letter dated July 9, 1946.
4. Weisbord, The Strangest Dream, pp. 164-169.
5. Lunan, Making of a Spy, p. 191.
6. LAC, MG 30, series A94, vol. 45, file 3156.
7. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 2, interview with Vera Rosenbluth, April 17, 1984.
8. Judith A. Alexander, “Agatha Chapman (1907–1963),” www.yorku.ca/cwen/chapman.htm.
9. Sidney Shallet, “How the Russians Spied on Their Allies,” The Saturday Evening Post, January 23, 1947.
10. TNA, KV 2/1423, unsigned memorandum, “Appendix I.”
11. WMK Diary, July 12, 1946; LAC, MG 26, J4, vol. 390, Microfilm H- 1552, C 274505.
12. Ibid.
13. Pavlov, Operatsiia “sneg,” pp. 84-85. Pavlov says he attended the July 1946 meeting with King, but he apparently confused this meeting with the one he and Belokhvostikov had with King in February 1946.
14. Montreal Star, July 23, 1946.
15. Pavlov, Operatsiia “sneg,” p. 86.
16. Ibid., p. 88.
17. Ibid., pp. 91-93. The chief of Foreign Intelligence, now part of the MGB, was Pavel Fitin.
18. Pravda, August 3, 1946. English translation in TNA, KV 2/1423.
19. Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War, p. 40.
20. WMK Diary, August 14, 1946.
21. Newton, The Cambridge Spies, pp. 95-96; Bower, The Perfect English Spy, pp. 94-95.
22. nara, U.S. Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, S.3437. Fuchs Case, 882012-359-383; Bower, Ibid; Lamphere, The KGB–FBI War, pp. 133-136.
23. West, Mortal Crimes, p. 133.
24. RC Report, pp, 97-105.
25. “Atomnyi shpionazh,” p. 15.
26. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-1664, memorandum to Hoover, January 26, 1949; 100-342972-1748, memorandum from Whitson, February 28, 1949.
27. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-1164, memorandum to the Director from Ladd, January 16, 1949; 1666, memorandum to Ladd, January 31, 1949; 1668, from the Attorney General to Hoover, January 28, 1949; 1733, memorandum to Ladd, March 1, 1949; 100-342972-1689.
28. Harry S. Truman Library, RG 118, Grand Jury Testimony in Alger Hiss case, February 1, 1949.
29. Ibid.
30. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-1808.
31. Royal Canadian Mounted Police, “Soviet Espionage in Canada,” p. 43.
32. RC Report, pp. 481-493.
33. Ibid; Littleton, Target Nation, p. 21; Montreal Gazette, April 12, 1949.
34. Papers of Arthur Steinberg, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA, response to questionnaire of a loyalty review board, 1964.
35. RC Report, pp. 396-397.
36. Telephone interview with Dr. Steinberg, January 30, 2002; also see exhibit 182 of the Royal Commission investigation, a letter from Steinberg to “Nicholls,” dated July 17, 1944, and apparently found by the RCMP in one of the offices at McGill. See LAC, RG 33/62, Microfilm no. 3425.
37. RC Report, p. 491.
38. Original transcript of commission hearings: RG 33/62, vol. 1, book 1, pp. 314-316; RC Report, pp. 491-492.
39. CSIS Fred Rose, AH 2003/00014, vol. 4162, box 123.
40. As reproduced by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, December 1, 1953, NARA, RG 46, Name file, Arthur Steinberg.
41. “Soviet Espionage in Canada,” RCMP, November 1945, p. 44.
42. Papers of Arthur Steinberg.
43. RC Report, p. 493.
44. Papers of Arthur Steinberg, letter to Dr. S. Farber, December 1953. Unfortunately, Steinberg's FBI file is unavailable. The FBI messages on Steinberg cited here are from the Gouzenko file.
45. nara, RG 46, Arthur Steinberg file; papers of Arthur Steinberg.
46. Papers of Arthur Steinberg, letter from Dave Rife, dated April 21, 1948.
47. Telephone interview with Dr. Steinberg, January 30, 2002.
48. nara, RG 46, SISS name file, Arthur Steinberg.
49. HUAC Investigative Name Files, Arthur Steinberg, memo dated July 12, 1950, from Owens to Russell.
50. Ibid.
51. See Mike Marqusee, “Patriot Acts,” The Nation, December 13, 2004; and a recent biography of McCarran: Michael J. Ybarra, Washington Gone Crazy: Senator Pat McCarran and the Great American Communist Hunt (Hanover, NH: Steerforth Press, 2004).
52. nara, RG 46, Records of the U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Arthur Steinberg name file; Transcript of the interview: nara, RG 46, Records of the U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, vol. 32.
53. Steinberg Personal Papers, letter to Dr. Farber, December 11, 1953; U.S. National Archives, RG 46, Arthur Steinberg name file.
54. Steinberg Personal Papers, letter to Dr. Mayo; letter from Mayo to Steinberg; letter to Ephraim Martin.
55. Wang, American Science in an Age of Anxiety, pp. 280-281.
56. Steinberg Personal Papers, draft of letter, undated, to Mrs. Hobby.
57. Ibid., draft of letter, undated, but apparently sent in April 1954.
58. LAC, MG 26, N1, vol. 33, Gouzenko I, 1953-54, pt. 1, #D1-35A, Department of Justice, Transcript of the Proceedings of a meeting held on January 4, 1954.
59. Interview with Dr. Steinberg, January 30, 2002.
1. Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 161-206; Sawatsky, Men in the Shadows, pp. 116-125.
2. Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, p. 197.
3. David McCullough, Truman, pp. 552-553.
4. See Craig, Treasonable Doubt, pp. 68-79; Theoharis, Chasing Spies, pp. 114-120.
5. Ibid.
6. Craig, Treasonable Doubt, pp. 43-58.
7. See letters to the FBI Director from the New York office, dated May 14, 1942 and March 26, 1946 (available on the website www.algerhiss.com). The 1946 letter observes that Chambers “recalled that after 1937 he was of course no longer actively associated with the Communist Party . . . and had lost all contact with Alger Hiss and the only information that he has concerning him is that which has appeared in various newspapers.”
8. FBI Hiss, 101-2668, sec. 02-52.
9. Belmont to Ladd, November 23, 1953, FBI Hiss, 100-342972-2022.
10. LAC, RG 2, vol. 54, file 1-40-3; MG 26, N-1, vol. 33, file Gouzenko, I 1953-54, pt. 2 #D 1-35a.
11. Royal Canadian Mounted Police Supplement “J.” Corby case – Testimony Before United States Senate Subcommittee.
12. LAC, MG 26, N-1, vol. 33, file Gouzenko I, 1953-54, pt. 2 #D 1-35a.
13. Toronto Daily Star, October 27, 1953; Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 124-129.
14. LAC, MG 26, N-1, vol. 33, file Gouzenko I, 1953-54, pt, 2 #D 1-35a. Pearson statement before the House of Commons, November 17, 1953; memorandum for Pearson, November 25, 1953. Also see Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 125-126.
15. Ibid., memorandum for Pearson, November 28, 1953.
16. Toronto Telegram, November 22, 1953.
17. FBI Pearson, 65-60356-35.
18. FBI Pearson, 65-60356-25.
19. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Robert Morris, February 22, 1984.
20. FBI Elizabeth Bentley, 134-435-69; Kessler, Clever Girl; and Olmstead, Red Spy Queen.
21. Transcript of Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate, Washington, D.C., August 14, 1951, vol. 96, reproduced in James Barros, No Sense of Evil: Espionage, the Case of Herbert Norman (Toronto: Deneau, 1986), pp. 185-192.
22. FBI Pearson, 65-60356-14.
23. FBI Pearson, 65-60356-11; 65-60356-14.
24. FBI Pearson, 65-60356-35.
25. See a message from the Canadian ambassador to the United States, Heeney, to Pearson, dated November 17, 1953, LAC, MG 26, N1, vol. 33, Gouzenko, I, 1953-54, part 2, #D1-35A.
26. LAC, MG 26, N1, vol. 33, Gouzenko I 1953-54, part 1, #D1-35A, Press Conference-L.B. Pearson-November 21, 1953.
27. The information on Bentley's charges and the Grand Jury request is in the FBI's file on Sise: 100-364301-S. Letter from Sise to Pearson, September 13, 1948. LAC, MG 30, D187, vol. 7, file 27 (Hazen Sise). Sise by this time had left the public service.
28. LAC, MG 26, N-1, vol. 33, file Gouzenko I, 1953-54, pr. 2 #D 1-35a, message from Heeney to Pearson, dated November 19, 1953. In the meantime, the FBI and the U.S. Attorney General, as part of an attack on former president Truman for being soft on communism, dredged up the Harry Dexter White case and mentioned publicly Canada's alleged warning about White to the FBI. Much to the annoyance of J. Edgar Hoover, Pearson told the Canadian Parliament that no member of the Canadian government ever warned the FBI about White.
29. LAC, MG 26-N1, vol. 33, Gouzenko, I 1953-54, part 2 #D 1-35A.
30. Times-Herald, November 25, 1953.
31. Counterattack: Facts to Combat Communism, November 27, 1953, vol. 7, no. 48.
32. See Kessler, Clever Girl, pp. 276-78.
33. WMK Diary, July 16, 1946.
34. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 99-107; Archives of Ontario, F1322, MV7494, Joseph Sedgwick Fonds, Transcript of the Investigation for Discovery of Igor Gouzenko.
35. The Montreal Gazette, April 1, 1947.
36. TNA, KV 2/1419, Letter from Wood to Sillitoe, December 13, 1946.
37. Pat MacAdam, “The Cipher Clerk Who Knew Too Much,” Ottawa Citizen, February 13, 2000.
38. LAC, MG 26L, vol. 99, file E-14-G, letters dated May 1 and May 7, 1951.
39. Transcript of the Investigation for Discovery of Igor Gouzenko, pp. 35-36.
40. Gouzenko's daughter Evelyn was unaware of what Krysac meant until after her mother died. Interview with Evelyn Wilson, Toronto, December 12, 2002.
41. LAC, RG 2, vol. 54, file 1-40-3, Letter from Wood to Ilsley, January 20, 1948, referring also to an earlier letter.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 112-113.
45. Ibid., p. 118; interview with Evelyn Wilson, December 12, 2002.
46. Transcript of the Investigation for Discovery, p. 22.
47. The Toronto Daily Star, October 30, 1953; Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp.121-123.
48. Transcript of Gouzenko testimony, January 1954, LAC, MG 26, N1, vol. 33, Gouzenko I, 1953-54, pt. 1, #D 1-35A, p. 10.
49. Ibid., p. 67.
50. Ibid., pp. 74-78.
51. Drew Pearson, Diaries, 1949–59, ed. by Tyler Abell (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974), p. 296.
52. Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum, Personal Papers of Drew Pearson, “Television Interviews from 1954,” interview with Gouzenko.
53. The Washington Post, January 7, 1954; Toronto Daily Star, January 4, 1946; New York Times, January 6, 1954; April 14, 1954.
1. Intelligence Department of the Red Army in Ottawa, p. 30
2. Peter Wright, Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 345.
3. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram to RCMP from Captain Liddell, September 23, 1945.
4. CSIS Gouzenko, transcript 000009, interview 2, October 29, 1945.
5. In fact, a message reprinted from Russian archival files shows that Philby reported to the NKVD in the mid-1940s that the local MI6 representative in the Soviet Union had a source in Moscow who was code-named “Temny.” See West, The Crown Jewels, p. 315. If it were not for the fact that Gouzenko's “Elli” was a GRU agent with a Russian background, this piece of information would point us straight to Philby as the Elli suspect.
6. Genrikh Borovik, author of The Philby Files mistakenly assumes that Gouzenko was referring to Philby but this is because Borovik thought Gouzenko mentioned an NKVD agent in British Intelligence, rather than someone from the GRU.
7. Transcript of 1954 Gouzenko interview, pp. 63-64. In the copy of the transcript the name of the organization to which the individual belonged is blackened out, but it is clear from the context that Gouzenko is talking about “Elli.” In fact, Gouzenko said nothing to the Royal Commission beyond that there was an agent named Elli in Britain, but the commission probably had access to his statements made in earlier interviews. See LAC, RG 33/62, vol. 1, book 1, p. 230.
8. Transcript of 1954 interview, pp. 62-63.
9. Bower, The Perfect English Spy, pp. 296-329; Wright, Spycatcher, pp. 344-346.
10. Ibid., Wright claims that Gouzenko talked about a spy in MI5 from the very beginning, in 1945, but that was not the case.
11. Wright, Ibid.
12. Kristmanson, Plateaus of Freedom, pp. 123-124.
13. Bower, The Perfect English Spy, p. 354.
14. Lamphere, The FBI–KGB War, p. 244.
15. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 217-223.
16. “kgb Connections,” cbc, June 8, 1981; Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 217- 223. Gouzenko apparently met Chapman Pincher, author of the explosive and largely discredited book Too Secret Too Long (1984) on more than one occasion. Pincher was a strong proponent of the theory that Hollis was a mole, and he probably had little trouble persuading Gouzenko to agree with him.
17. Lamphere, The FBI–KGB War, pp. 132-137.
18. Ibid., p. 238.
19. Borovik, The Philby Files, p. 266.
20. nara, s. 3437, Fuchs Case, 882012-379.
21. Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 413-414; also, p. 487, n 24.
22. For an illuminating and informative study of Norman's life and career, see Roger Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough:The Life and Death of Herbert Norman (Vancouver/Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre, 1986). Also see Reg Whitaker, “Return to the Crucible,” The Canadian Forum, November 1986, pp. 11-28.
23. See Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough, pp. 55-65, for a discussion of Norman's time at Cambridge, based on interviews and a careful examination of all the sources. For a dissenting view, see Barros, No Sense of Evil, pp. 6-11. When questioned by the RCMP in 1952 as to whether he had ever been a member of the Communist Party, Norman replied “No, I considered myself very close to it for about a year, but I didn't accept any posts or responsibilities.” CSIS Norman file.
24. Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough, pp. 65-78.
25. See The Washington Post, April 19, 1957, for the full story on Walsh.
26. Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough, pp. 80-81.
27. Ibid.; Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes, pp. 244-245.
28. Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough, pp. 172-200.
29. CSIS Norman, RCMP report, dated October 17, 1950.
30. Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough, pp. 148-168.
31. See FBI reports, dated October 16, 1946, and March 11, 1947, from Boston. In FBI Norman.
32. See Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough, pp. 206-208.
33. Ibid., p. 208.
34. CSIS Norman, undated secret RCMP report: “The Norman Case: Some Factors and Considerations.”
35. CSIS Norman.
36. LAC, RG 33/62, vol. 2, book 10, p. 5063, April 26, 1946. When mentioning this episode in an earlier testimony before the Royal Commission (February 16, 1945), Gouzenko had been less specific, but he nonetheless made it clear that he thought that the Norman in question was Norman Freed. Interestingly, only the February testimony has been cited by historians, who apparently have not realized that Gouzenko had more to say about “Norman” when he appeared before the Royal Commission again in April.
37. CSIS Norman, “E.H. Norman: Summary of the Case,” top secret, 23 pages, undated; interview with Lt.-Gen. Vitalii Pavlov, Moscow, Sept. 29, 2001.
38. Secret memorandum, dated October 24, 1950, CSIS Norman.
39. The report is in CSIS Norman.
40. FBI Norman, 100-346993-24.
41. See FBI Norman, memorandum from Boardman to Belmont, April 12, 1957; memorandum, Belmont to Roach, April 16, 1957; memorandum to the Attorney General, to the Director, April 26, 1957.
42. Ybarra, Washington Gone Crazy, p. 547. Also see Theoharis, Chasing Spies, pp. 210-223. The Norman case illustrated this point. On August 7, 1951, someone from the McCarran Committee called the FBI with a request for background information on Norman. FBI Norman, memorandum from Laughlin to Ladd, August 7, 1951.
43. In a March 12, 1957, SISS hearing, for example, SISS counsel Robert Morris stressed that Wittfogel was “a distinguished professor” and referred to his academic career as if to say that his scholarship enhanced his credibility as a witness. No such reverence for scholarly accomplishments was shown toward Norman.
44. FBI Norman, file, memorandum from Laughlin to Ladd, August 23, 1951. Laughlin reports that “no information was found in Bureau files indicating that Norman had ever attended Columbia University.”
45. FBI Norman, 100-346993.
46. CSIS Norman, “Egerton Herbert Norman: Brief of Information and Investigation,” undated; “E.H. Norman: Summary of Case.”
47. CSIS Norman, “Summary of the Case,” undated.
48. “The Suez Crisis,” Canada World View, issue 6, Winter 1999, www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/CanadaMagazine; Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough, pp. 273-289.
49. Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough, p. 289.
50. Ibid., p. 174; 387, note 3.
51. Barros, No Sense of Evil, pp. 108-110.
52. FBI Norman, mimeographed copy of Emmerson testimony before SISS, March 21, 1957.
53. FBI Norman, memorandum from Roach to Belmont, April 11, 1957.
54. Bowen, No Sense of Evil, pp. 318-319.
55. FBI Norman, 346993-98; 346993-107; Ottawa Citizen, April 11, 1957; Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough, pp. 324-327.
56. Ibid., RG 46, E.H. Norman file, Box 235.
57. FBI Norman, 100-346993.
58. nara, RG 46, Country Files-Canada, Canada 1951–1967. Note dated April 18, 1957.
59. FBI Norman, memorandum from Legat, Ottawa to Director, April 12, 1957.
60. Pearson's comments are in the CSIS Norman file.
61. Globe and Mail, April 20, 1957.
62. Montreal Gazette, April 15, 1957.
63. nara, RG 46, E.H. Norman file, Box 235.
64. As cited in Ybarra, Washington Gone Crazy, p. 656.
65. RCMP files, Kilgour to Leger, April 10, 1957, as cited in Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough, p. 305.
1. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 7, interview with Lloyd Tararyn, April 19, 1984.
2. cbc Archives (www.cbc.ca), program dated March 11, 1966.
3. As one observer of the Canadian legal scene expressed it: “Stringent libel laws may have made sense five hundred years ago, when British royalty wanted to stop the nobility from duelling by giving them a legal remedy against character slurs. But we don't live in the time of Henry vii any longer.” Jeffrey Shallit, “It's Time to Reform Canadian Libel Law,” http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~shallit/libel3.html.
4. Archives of Ontario, Joseph Sedgwick Fonds, Transcript of Investigation for Discovery, Frazer, p. 45.
5. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 2, interviews with Lloyd Tataryn and Frank Rasky.
6. Ibid., interview with Tataryn; Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 245-251. The apology appeared on April 26, 1982.
7. Sawatsky Papers, interview with June Callwood, February 26, 1984.
8. The Toronto Star, April 11, 1982.
9. On the Sawatsky libel case, see the observations of Gouzenko's attorney: John D. Holding, Q.C., “Reflections on Igor Gouzenko,” The Advocates Society Journal, October 1985, p. 7.
10. The oral history, cited earlier, is Sawatsky's Gouzenko: The Untold Story. Sawatsky donated the complete set of interviews, used here, to the University of Regina Archives.
11. The Toronto Daily Star, June 25, 1954.
12. The New York Times, July 18, 1954.
13. George Broadway, “My Interview With Igor Gouzenko,” LAC, MG 26, N1, vol. 33, Gouzenko I, 1953–54, part 1, D1-35A.
14. The New York Times, July 18, 1954.
15. Igor Gouzenko, “The Writers in My Life and Work,” The New York Times, December 12, 1954.
16. Broadway, “My Interview with Igor Gouzenko.”
17. The New York Times, July 18, 1954.
18. Ibid.
19. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 4, interview with Anna Gouzenko, March 17, 1984.
20. Ibid., interview with Anna Gouzenko, March 16, 1984.
21. Ibid., interview with Anna Gouzenko, March 17, 1984.
22. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 6, interview with Don Fast, November 4, 1983.
23. Ibid.
24. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 5, interview with Peggy Blackstock, February 22, 1984.
25. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Osler, February 11, 1984.
26. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 186-187.
27. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Del Maulsby.
28. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with George Burnett, January 11, 1984.
29. Author's interview with Evelyn Wilson, Toronto, December 12, 2002.
30. The Globe and Mail, September 14, 2002, p. F3.
31. John D. Holding, Q.C., “Reflections on Igor Gouzenko,” The Advocates Society Journal, October 1985, p. 7.
32. The Globe and Mail, September 14, 2002; author's interview with Evelyn Wilson, Toronto, December 12, 2002. The city of Ottawa erected a plaque honoring Gouzenko in June 2003 and the government of Canada in April 2004.
33. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 2, interview with John Picton, January 9, 1984.
34. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 124-137.
35. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 6, interview with Robert Glasgow, February 16, 1984.
36. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Gary Marcuse, December 5, 1983.
37. “Recent Interview of J.K. Thomas, Editor of the New World Illustrated, with Igor Gouzenko,” April 1947, nara, RG 59, 861.20242/4- 1447.
38. Sawatsky Papers, 85-26, box 2, interview with Igor Gouzenko by James Dubro, April 4, 1981.
39. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Bill McMurty, October 20, 1983.
40. Author's telephone interview with Dan Mulvenna, February 4, 2005.
41. The New York Times, October 7, 1957.
42. Sawatsky Papers, box 2, interview with Peter Worthington, October 19, 1983.
43. Similar to Gouzenko was Anatolii Golitsyn, who defected to the United States in 1961. According to one source: “His paranoia that the KGB had penetrated every nook and cranny of the Western intelligence edifice was so intense that he suspected any CIA or MI6 official who spoke his own language to be working for his own service.” Brooks- Shepard, The Stormbirds, p. 204.
44. The Toronto Daily Star, June 7, 1968.
45. Sawatsky Papers, box 2, interview with Val Sears, February 22, 1984.
46. Ibid.
47. The Toronto Star, April 11, 1982.
48. Interview with Daniel Stoffman, March 6, 1984, Sawatsky Papers, 84- 38, box 2.
49. Sawatsky Papers, interview with Frank Rasky, October 15, 1983.
50. Sawatsky Papers, interview with Bill McMurty.
51. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 254-266.
52. Anna affirmed this, noting that the news of his defection was in all the newspapers and was the talk of the Soviet Embassy: “his example was one of the decisive points for us, that it's possible to do.” Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 4, interview with Anna Gouzenko, March 12, 1984.
53. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 474.
54. Gary Kern, “First Son of Kravchenko,” Johnson's Russia List (www.cdi.org/Russia.Johnson), August 13, 2001.
55. Evelyn Gouzenko, speaking at the National Library of Canada, April 16, 2004.
56. For detailed accounts of the history of both the GRU and the KGB, see the Russian websitewww.agentura.ru:. Also see Amy Knight, The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1988).
57. The dramatic defection in 1954 of Soviet Foreign Intelligence officers Vladimir and Evgenia Petrov in Australia contributed further to the crisis atmosphere.
58. Pavlov, Operatsiia “sneg,” pp. 96-97. Also see A.I. Kolpakidi and D.L. Prokhorov, Imperiia GRU: Ocherki istorii Rossiiskoi voennoi razvedki (Moscow, “OLMA,” 1999).
59. As cited in Knight, The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union, p. 283.
60. Nigel West, “Treason Still Shadows J.R. Oppenheimer,” Insight Magazine, October 9, 2002, www.insightmag.com/news.
1. Bower, A Perfect English Spy, p. 370.
2. Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 218. As cited in Kerns, A Death in Washington, p. 267.
3. Philby, My Silent War, p. 174.
4. Reg Whitaker, “Return to the Crucible,” p. 16.
5. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 7, interview with Jim Littleton, April 4, 1984.
6. “McCarthyism at Harvard,” The New York Review of Books, February 10, 2005, pp. 42-43, letter to the editor from Robert N. Bellah.
7. Venona No. 1822, March 30, 1945. Another supposedly major source of new evidence against Alger Hiss that appeared in the 1990s was The Haunted Wood by Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev. The authors reproduce parts of messages that were sent back and forth between the United States and Moscow by the Russian Foreign Intelligence agency in the prewar and war period. In certain messages Hiss is supposedly discussed in a way that incriminates him. But Hiss's name appears in brackets. According to a Russian press officer who was involved with the book deal: “if you want to be correct, don't rely much on The Haunted Wood. . . . When they put this or that name in Venona documents in square brackets, it's the mere guess of the co-authors. Whether they are right or not, we do not comment. And it concerns all the cases of square brackets in this book. . . . Mr. Vassiliev worked in our press service just here in Moscow, but, if he's honest, he will surely tell you that he never met the name of Alger Hiss in the context of some cooperation with some special services of the Soviet Union.” As cited in John Lowenthal, “Venona and Alger Hiss,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 15, no. 3, autumn 2000, p. 116.
8. FBI memorandum from Belmont to Boardman, February 1, 1956, as cited in Lowenthal, “Venona and Alger Hiss,” p. 112. Also see a memorandum from Ladd to Belmont, May 15, 1950, FBI Venona file, which discusses the difficulties of identifying the persons behind the code names. John Lowenthal in “Venona and Alger Hiss” does a good job of casting doubt on the theory that “Ales” was Alger Hiss. For an opposing view, and there are many, see Eduard Mark, “Who Was ‘Venona's Ales’?” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 18, no. 3, autumn 2003, pp. 45-72.
9. In fact, the Venona messages that have been released include one cable with an open reference to Hiss, a cable sent by the head of GRU operations in North America, Pavel Mikhailov (“Molière”): Venona no. 1579, September 28, 1943. Mikhailov, it will be recalled, was dispatched hastily back to Moscow after the Gouzenko defection. In this cable Mikhailov refers in passing to someone “from the State Department by the name of Hiss.” It appears from the reference that Hiss was unknown to Mikhailov and was not a GRU spy because otherwise he would have had a cover name. This message has been conveniently ignored, or explained as a fluke, by the historians who have decided that Hiss is guilty.
10. The name Ferris, for example, was transliterated from Russian as Ferns, resulting in the mistaken identity of an unfortunate Canadian civil servant named Henry Ferns as a possible spy, while the reference was to a scientist named Ferris. See Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 107-109.
11. See, for example, Thomas Powers, “The Plot Thickens,” The New York Review of Books, May 11, 2000. Powers opines that the Venona documents and those from the Russian archives have “illuminated and sometimes even definitively settled many old controversies about the guilt or innocence of people accused during the 1950s of having spied for the Soviet Union.”
12. Interview with Dan Mulvenna, February 4, 2005.
13. This is convincingly demonstrated in Craig, Treasonable Doubt.
14. Sheila Kerr, “Investigating Soviet Espionage and Subversion: The Case of Donald Maclean,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 17, no. 1, spring 2002, p. 112.