1. Frederick G. Lieb, “Enright Believes ‘Frat’ Is Wrong,” New York Sun, February 2, 1917.
2. “Spring Is with Us and the Baseball Gossip Trots Along,” Toronto World, March 9, 1917.
1. “Baseball Again Is Booming Preparedness,” Washington Herald, February 24, 1917.
2. W. O. M’Geehan, In All Fairness, New York Tribune, March 5, 1917.
3. Frederick G. Lieb, “Shaw’s Circuit Hit First of Season,” New York Sun, February 28, 1917.
4. Frederick G. Lieb, “Rain Halts Yanks’ Work at Ball Park,” New York Sun, March 3, 1917.
5. “Yanks Will Use Broomsticks When Guns Don’t Appear,” Syracuse Journal, February 27, 1917.
6. Frederick G. Lieb, “Huston’s Regiment Begins Military Drill at Macon,” New York Sun, March 7, 1917.
7. William B. Hanna, “Yankees Start Military Work,” New York Herald, March 7, 1917.
8. “Yankees Enjoy First Military Drill at Macon,” New York World, March 7, 1917.
9. “Yankees Enjoy.”
10. Steinberg and Spatz, The Colonel and Hug, 49.
11. Lieb, “Enright Believes.”
12. Steinberg and Spatz, The Colonel and Hug, 112.
13. Murdock, Ban Johnson, 119.
14. Bozeman Bulger, “Players Enthusiastic over Plan to Give Them Military Drills in Camp,” New York World, February 10, 1917.
15. W. J. Macbeth, “Ball Players Will Train at ‘Camps’ as Grenade Throwers,” New York Tribune, February 9, 1917. Macbeth also mentioned ex-pitcher Ed Ruelbach, formerly of the Cubs, Dodgers, Braves, and Brooklyn Tip-Tops, who had a plan to introduce hand grenade training at the Braves’ spring camp in Florida.
16. “Ban Patriotic after Vacation at Dover Hall,” New York Tribune, February 9, 1917. Although Huston is generally credited as the father of baseball’s preparedness plan, the Washington Post claimed he had adapted a plan originated by Senators manager Clark Griffith in 1916 during America’s border crisis with Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. An unnamed Post writer that summer overheard “a little confab on the subject between Manager Griffith and Capt. Huston. It was this fanning bee that probably led to Huston, with the aid of the United States government, putting thoroughly into effect Griffith’s idea.” “Griffith Conceived the Idea of Military Training for Ball Players,” Washington Post, March 5, 1917.
17. W. J. Macbeth, “Capt. Huston Plans Military Training for Ball Players,” New York Tribune, February 10, 1917.
18. Bulger, “Players Enthusiastic over Plan.” New York World, February 10, 1917.
19. “Interest Centers on Yanks’ Military Training,” Norwich Bulletin, March 9, 1917.
20. “Huston’s Military Plans for Players Adopted by League,” New York Tribune, February 10, 1917.
21. “Six Enlist Here,” Racine Journal-News, April 20, 1916.
22. Sports of All Sorts, Chicago Day Book, February 28, 1917.
23. “Get Your Seat for ’17 Series!” Chicago Tribune, March 2, 1917.
24. Morris Miller, Sport Snap Shots, Janesville Daily Gazette, March 1, 1917.
25. “‘Assemble’ Order Brings Trouble,” Chicago Tribune, March 11, 1917.
26. Edward T. Collins, “Eddie Collins Tells Benefits of Army Drill,” Chicago Tribune, April 15, 1917.
27. Sports of All Sorts, Warren Times, March 19, 1917.
28. “Practice Grenade Throwing,” Racine Journal-News, March 21, 1917.
29. W. S. Smiley, “White Sox Drill Sergeant Speaks for Military Training,” Sporting News, April 12, 1917.
30. Bozeman Bulger, “Military Discipline Proving Wonderful Help to Players,” New York World, March 15, 1917.
31. Smiley, “White Sox Drill Sergeant.”
32. Collins, “Eddie Collins Tells Benefits.”
33. “Military Drill Not Wanted by Tigers,” New York Sun, March 21, 1917.
34. “Military Drills Not Harmful, Tuthill Says,” Brownsville Herald, April 20, 1917.
35. “Lee Fohl Enters Positive Denial,” New London Day, March 24, 1917.
36. “Neglect of Officials Caused Superbas to Miss Drilling,” Brooklyn Eagle, March 21, 1917.
37. “Manager Robinson Not Raising the Dodgers to Soldiers,” New York World, March 20, 1917.
38. “No Military Drill for Robby’s Team,” New York Times, March 20, 1917.
39. Thomas Rice, “Proper Spirit Is Displayed,” Brooklyn Eagle, March 21, 1917. The columnist wrote under the byline “Rice.”
40. “Ball Players and Military Training,” Janesville Daily Gazette, March 30, 1917.
41. “Prize for Drill Is Offered,” Boston Post, March 7, 1917.
42. “Military Training at Camps No Joke,” Sporting Life, March 17, 1917.
43. Grantland Rice, “Yankees as Soldiers Captivate Inspector,” New York Tribune, March 21, 1917.
44. Thomas Rice, “Proper Spirit Is Displayed.”
45. “Mack Takes Military Training for His Players Seriously and Will Continue Drilling at Park,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, April 4, 1917.
46. Frederick G. Lieb, “Yankees Begin Local Season with Red Sox,” New York Sun, April 11, 1917.
1. Bozeman Bulger, “Major League Baseball, with Military Trimmings, Served Up to Fans To-Day,” New York World, April 11, 1917.
2. Bozeman Bulger, “Red Sox Beat Yanks, but Latter Displayed Great Form in Drilling,” New York World, April 12, 1917.
3. Grantland Rice, The Sportlight, New York Tribune, April 12, 1917.
4. “The Athletics Had the Breaks, but They Came on Walter Johnson’s Curve Ball,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, April 12, 1917.
5. “Wickland’s Drive Wins Opener for Indians,” Huntington Press, April 12, 1917.
6. I. E. Sanborn, “27,000 See Sox Drop Opener to Browns, 6–2,” Chicago Tribune, April 20, 1917.
7. Smiley, “White Sox Drill Sergeant.”
8. “Recruiting Station for Ebbets Field,” New York Sun, April 12, 1917.
9. Many modern biographers view the White Sox owner as no worse than other magnates of the era. “The accepted wisdom that Comiskey was a notably tight-fisted team owner is erroneous, thoroughly refuted by actual player salary data now readily available.” Lamb, Black Sox in the Courtroom, 7.
10. “Griffith’s Plan Is to Help Soldiers in Camp,” Washington Herald, April 22, 1917.
11. “Far Off Jolo the Latest to Respond to Bat and Ball Fund,” New York Herald, December 16, 1917.
12. Denman Thompson, “Griffmen Find Batting Eye and Climb a Notch in Race,” Washington Star, April 22, 1917.
13. “Base Ball Assured,” Washington Star, April 8, 1917.
14. “Base Ball Assured.”
15. Consider one Minor circuit as a case in point. The Ohio State League began in 1908 when four clubs broke away from the Ohio-Pennsylvania League to join two others in forming the new six-team circuit. The Class D league never comprised more than eight teams, yet it placed franchises in eighteen cities over nine seasons. The “Staters” endured fires, floods, scandals, controversies, recessions, occasional successes, and frequent failures. The circuit collapsed in 1916 with games still in progress, yet was fairly typical for a Minor League in the early twentieth century.
16. “Military Training Compulsory in A.A.,” Tulsa World, April 11, 1917.
17. “Military Training,” San Antonio Light, April 29, 1917.
18. “Foreign War Will Not Stop Game in Three-I,” Sporting News, April 12, 1917.
19. “Virginia League Disbands,” Washington Star, May 17, 1917.
20. “Interstate League Meeting Is Being Held at Bradford,” Warren Mirror, May 3, 1917.
21. “Georgia-Alabama League Disbands for the Season,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, May 24, 1917.
22. Bruce Copeland, “O’Hara Talks about Life in the Trenches,” Pittsburgh Press, April 21, 1918.
23. “Former Giants Goes to Bat against the Kaiser,” 51.
24. “Our Own Billy O’Hara Is Awarded the Military Cross,” Toronto World, October 24, 1916.
25. J. B. Sheridan, “Learn the Underhand Throw in Baseball, If You Want to Be a Good Bomb Hurler,” Ogden Standard, March 31, 1917.
26. “He’s Bossing More Millionaires than Anyone Else in U.S.,” Bismarck Daily Tribune, September 5, 1915.
27. “Former Giants Enlist in Army,” Binghamton Press, May 4, 1917.
28. Grantland Rice, The Sportlight, New York Tribune, June 6, 1917.
29. Westbrook Pegler, Fair Enough, Reading Eagle, February 8, 1961.
30. Ed McGrath, “‘Hank’ Gowdy Joins Colors,” Boston Post, June 2, 1917.
31. “‘Hank’ Gowdy First Big Leaguer to Enlist,” Columbus Citizen, June 2, 1917.
32. “Gowdy Goes Home to Enlist in Army,” Boston Globe, June 2, 1917.
33. “Shanks Holds Place in Ranks of Sluggers,” Washington Post, June 6, 1917.
34. “Big Doings Booked at Shibe Park Today,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, June 5, 1917.
35. “Sox Compress Year’s Thrills in 6–3 Victory,” Chicago Tribune, June 6, 1917.
36. W. O. McGeehan, “Rally in Ninth Wins for Yanks,” New York Tribune, June 5, 1917.
37. McGeehan, “Rally in Ninth.”
38. “Tener Protests Tax on Baseball,” Washington Times, May 10, 1917.
39. “Fans Would Pay Tax; Magnates Satisfied,” Washington Times, May 11, 1917.
40. “N.C. Base Ball League Disbands,” High Point Review, June 6, 1917.
41. “Goes Out of Business,” Corsicana Semi-Weekly Light, June 8, 1917.
42. “Minor Leagues Will Pull Through, Says Ed Barrow,” New York World, June 1, 1917.
43. “Minor Leagues Will Pull Through.”
44. “13 Minor Leagues Asked to Suspend Baseball Season,” Bisbee Review, June 15, 1917.
45. “Aye, ’Twas a Mighty Hard Year on Baseball Magnates; Many Flivved,” Seattle Star, October 6, 1917.
46. “Minor Players to Get Their Full Pay,” Washington Herald, July 3, 1917.
47. “Northern League May Quit,” Oakland Tribune, July 3, 1917.
48. “Dixie League Suspends, and Moultrie Won Pennant,” Thomasville Times Enterprise, July 5, 1917.
49. Welly’s Corner, Harrisburg Telegraph, July 9, 1917.
50. “New York State League Has Hard Luck Trying to Make Ends Meet,” El Paso Herald, July 24, 1917.
51. “Tearney Blames War,” Arizona Republican, Phoenix, July 9, 1917.
52. Edward Hill’s Column, Seattle Star, July 16, 1917.
53. “N.W. Players Flocking to Ship League,” Tacoma Times, July 28, 1917.
54. “C. A. Disbands for Season,” Daily Gate City, August 9, 1917.
55. Foster, Spalding’s Official Base Ball Guide, 1918, 6.
1. Christy Mathewson, “What Will Draft Do to Baseball?” Boston Globe, July 1, 1917.
2. “To Hank Gowdy,” Pittsburgh Press, June 29, 1917.
3. Ohl, “Buckeyes in the Rainbow,” 32.
4. “Hank Gowdy Now Color Sergeant of Regiment,” Boston Globe, July 30, 1917.
5. Cheseldine, Ohio in the Rainbow, 51.
6. “Baseball Again Is Booming Preparedness,” Washington Herald, February 24, 1917.
7. “No Game, but Braves Line Up before a New Drill Master,” Boston Globe, April 14, 1917.
8. “Best Ball Player of Army Drill Master of Red Sox,” Boston Post, June 17, 1917.
9. Edward F. Martin, “Red Sox Buy Liberty Bonds and Drill Some,” Boston Globe, June 8, 1917.
10. “Echoes of the Game,” Boston Globe, July 4, 1917.
11. Paul H. Shannon, “Red Sox Duck Military Drill,” Boston Globe, August 25, 1917.
12. “Barry and Lane Enroll as Yeomen,” Boston Globe, July 29, 1917.
13. “Barry Now Yeoman in Naval Reserve,” Washington Times, July 29, 1917.
14. “Johnson Urges Ball Players to Go to War,” Fort Wayne News, July 28, 1917.
15. John Alcock, “Favor for Game at White House Cheers Majors,” Chicago Tribune, August 4, 1917.
16. “Ebbets Says Service in War Is Sure to Ruin Many Good Ball Players,” Syracuse Journal, August 2, 1917.
17. “Players Do Not Take Very Kindly to Ban Johnson’s Plan to Do Away with the Coming World’s Series,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, July 31, 1917.
18. “Tener Changes Mind; He Agrees to Calling Off World’s Series,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, July 28, 1917.
19. “President Saves Ball Schedules to End of Season,” Washington Times, August 3, 1917.
20. “President Saves Ball Schedules.”
21. “Ebbets Says Service in War Is Sure.”
22. Sport Chatter, Bismarck Tribune, August 6, 1917.
23. “Country Is First—Mack,” Seattle Star, August 9, 1917.
24. Yockelson, Forty-Seven Days, 42.
25. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, 1:30.
26. Sport Gossip, Cedar Rapids Gazette, August 27, 1917.
27. Denman Thompson, “Griffith’s Team Put through Competitive Drill at Chicago,” Washington Star, August 24, 1917.
28. Huhn, The Sizzler, 66.
29. “Big Ban Johnson Is Quite Liberal,” New London Day, September 19, 1917.
30. T. L. Huston, “Cap Huston Issues Solemn Warning to All Baseball Folk,” New York World, March 24, 1918.
31. “Browns Take Prize for Military Drill,” New York Sun, August 28, 1917.
32. Lombard, “The Days at Plattsburg,” 593.
33. Dayton Stoddart, “Eddie Grant of Harvard Working for Commission in the Army,” Ogden Standard, July 14, 1917.
34. “Our Standard Bearer,” Grant Post News, May 1940, 3.
35. Christy Mathewson, “Trouble Ahead for White Sox,” Boston Globe, August 26, 1917.
36. “Regiments at Plattsburg to Be Sent Afield for Real Training in War Duty,” New York Herald, July 15, 1917.
37. Adler, History of the Seventy-Seventh Division, 139.
38. Mathewson, “Trouble Ahead for White Sox.”
39. Capt. Howard Y. Williams, foreword to Davies, Twentieth Engineers, France.
40. Christy Mathewson, “Matty Wants Chicago to Win,” Boston Globe, September 2, 1917.
41. W. J. Macbeth, “Captain Huston Writes to Friends from France,” New York Tribune, October 21, 1917.
42. Sport Gossip, Cedar Rapids Gazette, August 27, 1917.
43. “Selection for National Army Proceeds Slowly,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, August 7, 1917.
44. “Here’s What Three Ball Stars Would Like to Do If They Went to War,” Eau Claire Leader, July 10, 1917.
45. Denman Thompson, “Griffith May Take Teams Abroad to Play in France,” Washington Star, August 6, 1917.
46. “Pershing’s Letter,” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 26, 1917.
47. Denman Thompson, “Griffith Formulates Plan to Raise Another Big Fund,” Washington Star, July 18, 1917.
48. Thompson, “Griffith May Take Teams Abroad to Play in France.”
49. Denman Thompson, “League Pennant May Depend on Play of Griffith’s Team,” Washington Star, August 26, 1917.
50. Thompson, “League Pennant May Depend.”
51. “Jim Scott Admitted to Presidio Camp,” Bakersfield Californian, September 12, 1917.
52. “Scott Loses Big Money to Serve with U.S. Army,” Tacoma Times, September 20, 1917.
53. “Gabby Street, War Hero, Visits Here,” Washington Star, February 5, 1919.
54. “Gabby Street, War Hero, Visits Here.”
55. “Walter Johnson Given Big Cut in Salary for Season,” Washington Herald, January 13, 1918.
56. Louis Dougher, “Griff Presents Outfits to Drafted Contingent,” Washington Times, September 22, 1917.
57. Louis Dougher, “Carrigan and Larry in Rumors about Yankees,” Washington Times, September 23, 1917
58. Dougher, “Griff Presents.”
59. Edward F. Marin, “Soldiers and Sailors Have Big Time at Double-header,” Boston Globe, October 3, 1917.
60. “$30,000 Worth of Baseball Material Sent Abroad,” New York Herald, December 16, 1917.
61. “Sammies to Get World Series News,” Berkeley Gazette, October 4, 1917.
62. “Scotty Can’t Even Watch Scoreboard,” Tacoma Times, October 9, 1917.
63. Irwin S. Cobb, “Hank Gets Another Watch,” Pittsburgh Press, October 11, 1917.
64. Damon Runyon, “Gowdy’s Latest Accomplishment One of Most Spectacular in Baseball Game,” Kingston Freeman, November 30, 1917.
65. “World’s Series Notes,” Chicago Tribune, October 14, 1917.
66. “Sox Beat Giants Again before 15,000 Soldiers of Rainbow Division,” New York World, October 17, 1917.
67. “Cleveland Team to Play for Entertainment of Soldiers,” Sporting News, October 18, 1917.
68. “Indians Defeats Soldiers 19 to 7,” Racine Journal-News, November 1, 1917.
69. “Scott Does His Bit and Is Rewarded by Comiskey,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, November 15, 1917.
1. Joe Vila, “Ban Johnson Says He Will Join the Army,” Pittsburgh Press, October 10, 1917.
2. “Johnson Going to Trenches,” Milwaukee Journal, October 17, 1917.
3. “Johnson May Enlist,” New York Sun, October 11, 1917.
4. “Ban Johnson Volunteers,” New York Times, October 23, 1917.
5. “Ban Johnson Will Not Go to France,” Washington Herald, November 1, 1917.
6. “‘Johnson Will Go When Yankees Reach Berlin,’” New York Sun, July 21, 1918.
7. “McCormick Writes League President,” Christian Science Monitor, November 3, 1917.
8. “Four Boston Red Sox Now Naval Reserves,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, November 20, 1917.
9. “A Pinch Hitter in Khaki,” Stars and Stripes, February 8, 1918.
10. Pegler, Fair Enough, Reading Eagle, February 8, 1961.
11. Cheseldine, Ohio in the Rainbow, 87, 76.
12. “Cadore of Superbas Leads Draft Quota Off to Camp Upton,” Brooklyn Eagle, October 8, 1917.
13. Sportsman, Live Tips and Topics, Boston Globe, August 28, 1917.
14. “Four Boston Red Sox.”
15. “Three Brave Yeomen from Boston Town,” Sporting News, December 13, 1917.
16. “Baseball Merger Rumored,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, October 18, 1917.
17. Frederick G. Lieb, “New Quasi-Major League Assured,” New York Sun, October 24, 1917.
18. “Sure of a Third Major League,” Ogden Standard, November 6, 1917.
19. “War May Close New York League,” Washington Herald, November 4, 1917.
20. “A. A. Scrap Which Threatened Split Is Now Adjusted,” Arizona Republican, Phoenix, November 13, 1917.
21. “Johnson Shocks Fans with His Plan for Exempting Games’ Stars,” New York World, November 22, 1917.
22. Murdock, Ban Johnson, 123.
23. “Johnson vs. Griffith,” Washington Times, November 22, 1917.
24. “Johnson Shocks Fans.”
25. Frederick G. Lieb, “Ban Johnson Touched Off a Hornet’s Nest with His Plea for the Wholesale Exemptions for Baseball Players,” New York Sun, November 23, 1917. Tener privately wired to Pittsburgh owner Barney Dreyfuss: “If the president of the American League is quoted correctly he has put baseball in danger and seriously jeopardized the reputation and business interests of all concerned by offending every patriotic citizen and supporter of the game. The National League should be a unit in declining to ask for discrimination in favor of its business or its players.” Tener to Dreyfuss, telegram, November 22, 1917, Herrmann Papers, box 112, folder 26.
26. Lieb, “Ban Johnson Touched Off.”
27. “Strike Three?” Chicago Tribune, November 22, 1917.
28. Dan Daniel, High Lights and Shadows in All Spheres of Sport, New York Sun, November 23, 1917.
29. Frederick G. Lieb, “Fans Continue to Criticize Johnson,” New York Sun, November 24, 1917.
30. Lieb, “Ban Johnson Touched Off.”
31. “Barrow Says Johnson Has Been Manhandled,” Washington Times, November 26, 1917.
32. Lieb, “Ban Johnson Touched Off.”
33. “Mack Defends Ban Johnson on Exemption Issue,” Syracuse Herald, November 25, 1917.
34. Huston, “Cap Huston Issues.”
35. George S. Robbins, “Crisis Reached in Games Says Robbins,” Sporting News, November 29, 1917.
36. “National League Calls Upon Its Players to Join the Colors,” New York Times, December 19, 1917.
37. “Johnson Shocks Fans.”
38. “Barrow Resigns as League Head,” New York Sun, December 13, 1917.
39. The Reach Official American League Base Ball Guide for 1918, 155.
40. “Minor Moguls Meet to Change Baseball Map; May Suspend Next Year,” Harrisburg Telegraph, November 13, 1917.
41. High Lights and Shadows in All Spheres of Sport, without customary “Daniel” byline, New York Sun, November 17, 1917.
42. The Reach Official American League Base Ball Guide for 1918, 8.
43. Foster, Spalding’s Official Base Ball Guide, 1918, 6.
44. Grantland Rice, Sportlight, New York Tribune, December 29, 1917.
45. Cincinnati Enquirer, quoted in The Reach Official American League Base Ball Guide for 1918, 10.
1. “A. L. Player Limit Abolished for 1918,” Washington Star, January 20, 1918.
2. “Eddie Ainsmith, on a Visit Home, Tells of Henry’s Going to A’s,” Washington Times, January 28, 1918.
3. “Spring Training Squads Reduced,” Ogden Standard, January 21, 1918.
4. Frederick G. Lieb, “League Swamped with Ball Players,” New York Sun, January 25, 1918.
5. “Central League Dies,” Daily Gate City, March 16, 1918.
6. “Major League Service Flag Carries 76 Stars,” Chicago Eagle, March 16, 1918. Less than two months later, according to Louis Heilbroner, publisher of The Baseball Blue Book, the number had risen to 137. Press release, Herrmann Papers, box 113, folder 1.
7. “Scott’s Work in Army Pleases Comiskey,” Albany Journal, July 8, 1918.
8. J. B. Sheridan, “Professional Athletes Not in Best Odor for Patriotism,” Ogden Standard, July 6, 1918.
9. “Cardinals’ Ex-captain Qualifies as Marksman,” Boston Globe, March 10, 1918.
10. “Wants to Fight,” Graham Guardian, March 15, 1918.
11. “Dots Miller Back with Hard Luck Tale and a Grouch,” New York Tribune, April 22, 1919. A comic tale circulated after the war about Miller’s exchange with a general who questioned him about his incomplete mess kit:
“Do you know that you are shy a knife?” the general demanded.
“Never use one, sir.”
“Don’t you ever eat meat?”
“Yes, sir, but I never get a piece big enough to cut.”
J. C. Kofoed, “Little Stories of the Stars,” Sporting News, November 25, 1920.
12. “To Marvin Goodwin,” Baseball By-Plays, Sporting News, December 27, 1917.
13. “Shafer Learning to Be an Aviator,” Pittsburgh Press, August 13, 1918. Shafer actually made his “perfumed notes” remark following the 1912 season, then played one more year for John McGraw.
14. “Giants Toy with Aviators,” New York Times, March 30, 1918.
15. “Crack Big League Battery Working for Uncle Sam,” Brooklyn Eagle, January 11, 1918.
16. “Fred Toney Uses His Brains on the Ball Field Only—He Has Bases Full and Uncle Sam Up,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, December 24, 1917.
17. “Pitcher Toney, Charged with Violating Draft Act, Is Arrested,” Albany Journal, December 24, 1917.
18. “How about Fred Toney?” Tacoma Times, January 3, 1918.
19. Adler, History of the Seventy-Seventh Division, 23.
20. Yockelson, Forty-Seven Days, 258.
21. Rubin, The Last of the Doughboys, 72–73.
22. Joe Dooley, “Hank Gowdy Tells Dooley about World War,” New York World-Telegram, August 3, 1937.
23. “Americans Hold Captured Trenches; Ten More Receive French War Cross,” New York World, Friday, March 15, 1918.
24. “Hank Gowdy, Baseball’s Hero, Bats .300 in France,” Sporting News, February 28, 1918.
25. “No Military Training for Baseball Players,” New York Tribune, March 13, 1918. Visiting French troops called the Blue Devils, however, caused a sensation when they marched into the Polo Grounds for a May 2 game between the Yankees and Athletics. “Then came the files of marching men in blue, guns lifted to a high position on their shoulders, slim, wicked looking bayonets flashing in the sunlight, swagger, confident men who had looked death in the face time and again and lived to tell of it, the elite of the defenders of France. Players and spectators took off their hats to do them honor, the stadium rang with cheers as hearty as any that greeted a home run in a world series.” “Wild Balls Fail to Daunt Blue Devils,” New York Sun, May 3, 1918.
26. “‘Veterans’ at Camp Upton Are All New York City Boys, and All Eager for Action,” New York World, March 4, 1918.
27. W. J. Macbeth, In All Fairness, New York Tribune, July 15, 1918.
28. Rice, The Tumult and the Shouting, 89–90.
29. “Rises Fast in His New Profession,” Sporting News, December 20, 1917.
30. Rice, The Tumult and the Shouting, 93.
31. Louis Lee Arms, Facts and Fancies, New York Tribune, May 10, 1918.
32. T. L. Huston, “Cap Huston Issues Solemn Warning to All Baseball Folk,” New York World, March 24, 1918.
33. Huston, “Cap Huston Issues.”
34. Huston, “Cap Huston Issues.”
35. Thomas Rice, “Huston’s Warning Due to Christie,” Brooklyn Eagle, March 24, 1918.
36. Dan Daniel, High Lights and Shadows in All Spheres of Sport, New York Sun, March 25, 1918.
37. W. J. Macbeth, In All Fairness, New York Tribune, March 25, 1918.
38. Dan Daniel, High Lights and Shadows in All Spheres of Sport, New York Sun, March 26, 1918.
39. “Insurrecto Attacks Prove Boomerangs,” Sporting News, January 8, 1920.
40. Hugh S. Fullerton, “Baseball Season’s Outlook as Fullerton Views It,” New York World, April 15, 1918.
41. Louis Lee Arms, “4 Major League Clubs Will Quit, Says Official,” New York Tribune, March 27, 1918. Giants president Harry Hempstead replied that no one on his staff had the authority to make statements “regarding the ability of any club in this league or any competitor as to whether they will last through the season or not. Every sign points to at least as good a year as last.” Harry N. Hempstead, “Giants’ President Predicts Good Baseball Year,” New York Tribune, March 28, 1918.
42. “Syracuse Clubs Sends Contracts to Seventeen Players for 1918,” Syracuse Herald, March 3, 1918.
43. W. J. Macbeth, “Buffalo and Binghamton in New League,” New York Tribune, April 5, 1918.
44. “New International Circuit Completed,” New York Sun, April 5, 1918.
45. “Says Minor Leagues Will Be Hit Hard,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, April 8, 1918.
1. “Germans Hurled to Death by Thousands without Gain,” Boston Globe, April 15, 1918.
2. Gilbert, The First World War, 404.
3. “It Was Good Headwork to Start the Season When the Teuton Push Was ‘Flivving,’” Philadelphia Public Ledger, April 16, 1918.
4. Edward F. Martin, “A 7 to 1 Victory,” Boston Globe, April 16, 1918.
5. Sportsman, Live Tips and Topics, Boston Globe, April 16, 1918.
6. Denman Thompson, “Huge Crowd Refutes Theory That Base Ball Here Is Dead,” Washington Star, April 16, 1918.
7. “Liberty Bond Drive a Big Card at Season’s Opening,” Washington Herald, April 16, 1918.
8. John A. Dugan, “Yanks’ Artillery Hammer Way through Griffs’ Line,” Washington Herald, April 16, 1918.
9. “Flyer Plunges to Death,” Silver Lake Record, June 6, 1918.
10. Finkel, “Pete Alexander,” SABR BioProject.
11. “Alex Surprised by Classification in List of Army Men,” La Crosse Tribune and Leader-Press, January 18, 1918.
12. “Alex Must Serve in Army, Says Board,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, April 17, 1918.
13. “Toney Is Charged with Evading Law,” Washington Star, April 7, 1918.
14. “Toney Storming Cincinnati in Effort to Get into Play,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, April 23, 1918.
15. Joe Vila, “May Save Baseball from Certain Death,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 25, 1918.
16. Hugh S. Fullerton, “Cubs’ Sensational Work Due to Their Pitchers,” New York World, May 6, 1918.
17. Charles A. Taylor, “Fred Toney’s Out-Curves Baffle New York Batters,” New York Tribune, May 17, 1918.
18. “Matty Gets Free Training for Reds,” New York Times, February 25, 1918.
19. “Many Stars Refuse to Sign Contracts,” Stars and Stripes, March 1, 1918.
20. “Soldiers in France Calling for Matty,” New York Times, April 25, 1918.
21. “Come On, Matty,” Stars and Stripes, May 10, 1918.
22. “Baseball Outfits for French Front,” New York Times, March 16, 1918.
23. “144,000 Baseball Bats on Way Here for Army Recreation in France,” New York Telegram, March 14, 1918.
24. “Soldiers in France Calling for Matty.”
25. “Matty Has Not Refused,” New York Times, May 5, 1918.
26. Fullerton, “Cubs’ Sensational Work.”
27. Thomas Rice, “Rickey and Mathewson Enter Chemical Warfare Service,” Brooklyn Eagle, August 24, 1918.
28. “Matty’s Call Is Cancelled,” Sporting News, July 4, 1918.
29. J. G. Taylor Spink, Looping the Loop, Sporting News, May 21, 1942.
30. “Evers Prefers Going to France before Baseball,” Syracuse Journal, June 6, 1918.
31. “Eastern Shipyards Signing Major and Minor Leagues,” Oakland Tribune, May 19, 1918.
32. “Steel League Causes Worry to Magnates of the Majors,” El Paso Herald, June 5, 1918.
33. “What If the Big Leagues Do Bust Up When We Have C. Schwab!” Harrisburg Telegraph, July 13, 1918.
34. Bat Wright, Sports of All Sorts, Troy Times, June 21, 1918.
35. Lewis Lee Arms, “Huggins Sounds Warning of ‘Ship Building’ Menace to Game,” New York Tribune, May 15, 1918.
36. “Huggins Wants to Know about ‘Shipbuilders,’” New York Tribune, May 16, 1918.
37. Lane, “A Rising Menace to the National Game,” 372.
38. “Hurler Tesreau Has Jumped Giants Team,” Jamestown Journal, July 26, 1918.
39. Bancroft to Herrmann, June 6, 1918, Herrmann Papers, box 113, folder 1. The Minor Leagues also objected to the industrial leagues’ recruiting. “We have been annoyed constantly, ever since our season opened, by men representing the Steel League tampering with our players. They have taken 10 or 12,” complained Thomas Hickey, president of the American Association. Quoted in letter, John A. Heydler to J. H. Ward, June 10, 1918, Herrmann Papers, box 113, folder 1.
40. Dan Daniel, High Lights and Shadows in All Spheres of Sport, New York Sun, June 26, 1918.
41. “Watching for Scout,” Montreal Gazette, July 20, 1918.
42. Daniel, High Lights and Shadows, June 26, 1918.
43. “Joe Jackson Must Resign in Two Weeks,” Washington Times, May 13, 1918.
44. James S. Carolan, “Joe Jackson Quits Sox to Help Build Ships,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, May 14, 1918.
45. Louis A. Dougher, “Ban Johnson Opposes Players’ Plan for Escaping Duty under Draft Law,” Washington Times, May 17, 1918.
46. “Ban Johnson Opposes.”
47. “Caught on the Fly,” Sporting News, October 3, 1918.
48. Louis Lee Arms, Facts and Fancies, New York Tribune, May 19, 1918.
49. “Griffs Get Shipyard Jobs,” Washington Star, August 21, 1918.
50. Louis A. Dougher, “Yankees Proud of Those Who Joined Colors; Don’t Mention Rest,” Washington Times, July 2, 1918.
51. George S. Robbins, “Desertions Rouse Old Roman’s Anger,” Sporting News, June 20, 1917.
52. “White Sox Lose Two More Players; Will Build Ships,” Albany Journal, June 13, 1918.
53. J. B. Sheridan, “Professional Athletes Not in Best Odor for Patriotism,” Ogden Standard, July 6, 1918.
54. Editorial, “Ship Yard Gates Closing,” Sporting News, July 18, 1918.
55. Baseball By-plays, Sporting News, August 22, 1918.
56. Thomas S. Rice, “Class Will Ascend Like Cream to Top,” Sporting News, June 27, 1918.
57. “Shipyard Players Do Not Camouflage,” Sporting News, August 8, 1918.
58. “Shipyard Players on Same Footing as Other Workers,” New York Tribune, August 15, 1918.
59. Vila, “May Save Baseball from Certain Death.”
60. Louis Dougher, “Uncle Sam Gets Monroe after His Leaping,” Washington Times, July 25, 1918.
61. “Steel Leaguers Not Slackers,” Harrisburg Telegraph, May 31, 1918.
62. “More Defense for Jackson,” Sporting News, May 30, 1918.
63. Frederick G. Lieb, “Baseball Back on Its Former Plane,” New York Sun, April 20, 1919.
64. Quoted in “There Would Be Many,” Kokomo Tribune, July 8, 1918.
1. “‘Work or Fight,’ Choice Given Men within Draft Age,” Washington Star, May 23, 1918.
2. “‘Work or Fight,’ Choice Given.” A bucket shop was a type of stock brokerage operated from a drugstore, hotel, or cafe—essentially, a betting shop, where often the supposed trades were never made.
3. “Every Man of Draft Age Must Work or Fight by July, Declares Provost Marshal,” New York World, May 23, 1918.
4. “Crowder Mandate Strikes at Leagues,” New York Sun, May 24, 1918.
5. “What Officials Say about New Crowder Order,” New York Tribune, May 24, 1918.
6. “Base Ball Men Are Aroused by the Proposal to Compel Players to Work or Fight,” Washington Star, May 23, 1918.
7. “Virginia League Off to Its ’18 Campaign,” Washington Times, May 23, 1918.
8. Louis Lee Arms, “Professional Sports Hard Hit by Command to Work or Fight,” New York Tribune, May 24, 1918.
9. W. W. Flannery, “Blue Ridge Gives Up Ghost,” Sporting News, June 20, 1918.
10. “Blue Ridge to Quit,” Washington Star, June 13, 1918.
11. “More Trouble for Majors,” El Paso Herald, July 6, 1918.
12. “Army Baseball Killed the Southern League,” Bridgeport Times, July 6, 1918.
13. Daniel, High Lights and Shadows, June 26, 1918.
14. G. W. Krick, Fort Worth Record, quoted in Scribbled by Scribes, Sporting News, July 18, 1918.
15. “Season Is Failure,” Salem Capital Journal, July 3, 1918
16. Wants No ‘Liberty League,’” Topeka State Journal, July 8, 1918.
17. “Coast League Baseball Quits Until after War; Last Game Tomorrow,” Ogden Standard, July 13, 1918.
18. W. D. B., “Darmody’s Distress Causes Coast to Quit,” Sporting News, July 18, 1918.
19. “Coast League Baseball Quits.”
20. “More Than 800 Baseball Players from Minor League Clubs Answer Call to Colors; Flaherty Listed,” Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, July 12, 1918. Louis Heilbroner reported 423 known Minor League players in the service on May 10, 1918. Devising a formula based on Major League statistics alone, and factoring in the Minor Leagues that had folded or suspended operations, he calculated “not less than 1,100 professional ball players with the Colors.” Press release, Herrmann Papers, box 113, folder 1.
21. “Crowder’s Message to Men of 21,” New York Tribune, June 5, 1918.
22. “Notice to All Major League Clubs,” National Commission, July 2, 1918. Herrmann Papers, box 113, folder 1.
23. “Status of Hornsby Credit to League,” Washington Herald, July 26, 1918.
24. “Parnham May Be Center of Baseball’s Important Case in ‘Work or Fight’ Rule,” Toledo News-Bee, July 5, 1917.
25. Denman Thompson, “Ruling on Ainsmith’s Appeal to End Work or Fight Doubt,” Washington Star, July 12, 1918.
26. Smythe, Pershing, 6.
27. Denman Thompson, “Holds Base Ball to Be Essential,” Washington Star, July 14, 1918.
28. Dougher, “Uncle Sam Gets Monroe.”
29. Dan Daniel, High Lights and Shadows in All Spheres of Sport, New York Sun, July 25, 1918.
30. Charles A. Taylor, “Cubs Increase Lead at Giants’ Expense,” New York Tribune, August 2, 1918.
31. “Giants Get One Hit from Vaughn Hippo,” New York Times, August 2, 1918.
32. Denman Thompson, “Ball Players and Magnates Entitled to Know Their Fate,” Washington Star, July 17, 1918.
33. “Statement of Secretary Baker Ruling Base Ball Non-essential,” Washington Star, July 20, 1918.
34. “Base Ball Ruled a Non-essential,” Washington Star, July 19, 1918.
35. Denman Thompson, “Continuation of Base Ball Is Up to League Directors,” Washington Star, July 20, 1918.
36. Dan Daniel, High Lights and Shadows in All Spheres of Sport, New York Sun, July 22, 1918.
37. Herrmann to Crowder, June 15, 1918, Herrmann Papers, box 112, folder 31.
38. W. J. Macbeth, “Baseball Dealt a Heavy Blow by Ruling of Secretary Baker,” New York Tribune, July 20, 1918.
39. Frederick G. Lieb, “Big Leagues May Soon Be a Memory,” New York Sun, July 20, 1918.
40. “Will Let President Decide Whether Parks Shall Close,” Washington Star, July 20, 1918.
41. Thompson, “Continuation of Base Ball.”
42. “Cleveland’s Owner First to Comply with Baker’s Work Fight Order; Will Close Up Park To-Morrow,” New York World, July 20, 1918. Boston owner Harry Frazee suggested an early shutdown for everyone. “If the president confirms Secretary Baker’s order of today I urgently suggest that we close our season after playing one hundred games and the winners in each league play nine games to decide world’s championship,” he wired Garry Herrmann. Frazee to Herrmann, telegram, July 20, 1918, Herrmann Papers, box 113, folder 1.
43. “Parks Must Close If Players in Draft Quit, Says Tener,” New York Tribune, July 20, 1918.
44. “Keep On, Says Ebbets,” Boston Post, July 20, 1918.
45. Rice, The Tumult and the Shouting, 93.
46. “Stars and Stripes Is Hauled Down with This Issue,” Stars and Stripes, June 13, 1919.
47. Grantland Rice, Setting the Pace, New York Sun, September 3, 1943. Hank Gowdy offered another version, which involved Captain Guy T. Viskniskki, the army paper’s editor and general manager: “He was disappointed with baseball’s showing in the war and said he planned to discontinue publishing news of baseball activity in the United States on that account. . . . I suggested to Capt. Vishiniski [sic] that even though he thought baseball hadn’t contributed the number of men he desired, the fact remained that there were a good many of us in service in France and that his plan to discontinue running baseball news would be a discrimination against us.” J. G. Taylor Spink, Looping the Loop, Sporting News, May 21, 1942.
48. “Editorial Staff Consists Wholly of Enlisted Men,” Stars and Stripes, February 7, 1919.
49. “The Sporting Page Goes Out,” Stars and Stripes, July 26, 1918.
50. “League Winds Up Today,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, July 20, 1918.
51. “Eastern League to Wind Up Tomorrow,” Boston Globe, July 20, 1918.
52. “Majors Will Benefit,” Topeka State Journal, July 13, 1918.
53. “A. A. Magnates Meet,” Washington Star, July 21, 1918.
54. “American Association Men to Hunt War Jobs,” Boston Globe, July 20, 1918.
55. Louis Lee Arms, “Major Leagues May Play Out Schedules,” New York Tribune, July 22, 1918.
56. “Tom M’Carthy after Major League Stars,” Washington Herald, August 6, 1918.
57. “Tom M’Carthy after Major League Stars.” Many ballplayers agreed with the argument, but turned instead to the industrial leagues. Various unnamed “prominent players” wrote to Bethlehem’s Harlan yard in Wilmington asking for work. “Many of the players believe that the ‘big leagues’ will not continue throughout the season, basing their opinions upon the Work or Fight Measure,” a company official reported. Letter, John L. Collyer to H. E. Lewis, June 12, 1918, Herrmann Papers, box 113, folder 1.
58. Sid C. Keener, “Walter Johnson Silent about Northern Offer,” Washington Times, July 26, 1918.
59. “Magnates Will Obtain Status,” Washington Herald, July 26, 1918.
60. “Baseball to Continue till September 1,” Washington Herald, July 27, 1918.
61. “Baseball Reprieve Granted by Baker,” New York Times, July 27, 1918
62. Louis A. Dougher, “Baseball Due to Strike Rocks as Two Leagues Fight about Series,” Washington Times, August 1, 1918.
63. “Owners Overrule Johnson Closing Plan,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 4, 1918.
64. “Owners Overrule.”
65. “McGraw Hands Out Praise to President Ban Johnson,” Washington Star, August 7, 1918.
66. “Big Leagues Vote to Start World’s Series Sept. 4,” New York Sun, August 4, 1918.
67. “Baker Formally Gives Sanction to Big Series,” New York Tribune, August 24, 1918.
68. “Baseball to Continue till September 1.”
69. “John K. Tener Resigns as President of the National Baseball League,” New York Tribune, August 7, 1918.
1. J. B. Sheridan, “Professional Athletes Not in Best Odor for Patriotism,” Ogden Standard, July 6, 1918.
2. “Could Gather Strong Team of ‘Has Beens,’” El Paso Herald, July 16, 1918.
3. Dan Daniel, High Lights and Shadows in All Spheres of Sport, New York Sun, May 28, 1918.
4. Frederick G. Lieb, “Lineups These Days Seen Like a Joke,” Sporting News, August 15, 1918.
5. Frederick G. Lieb, quoted by Dink Carroll, Playing the Field, Montreal Gazette, May 23, 1942.
6. “Sea Going Red Sox Prepare for Action,” Stars and Stripes, March 8, 1918.
7. Hugh S. Fullerton, “Cubs’ Sensational Work Due to Their Pitchers,” New York World, March 8, 1918.
8. Harry Frazee letter of January 23, 1918, “Correspondence concerning Red Sox Players at the Boston Navy Yard, 12/1917–02/1918,” National Archives, www.archives.gov.
9. “Not Enlisted for Baseball,” Sporting News, May 2, 1918.
10. “Jack Barry’s Baseball Team Is Disbanded,” New York Tribune, August 4, 1918.
11. “BANG!” Utica Herald-Dispatch, August 7, 1918.
12. Sport Penpoints, Waterloo Courier, July 17, 1918.
13. “Great Lakes Win Naval Baseball Title,” Waterloo Courier, August 6, 1918.
14. “Recognizing Rank and Experience,” Sporting News, September 26, 1918.
15. Sports item, no headline, Oakland Tribune, May 12, 1918.
16. “Would Go 2,000 Miles for Title,” Kokomo Tribune, October 7, 1918.
17. “Would Go 2,000 Miles for Title.”
18. Chubb, Regimental History, 11.
19. “Still One of the Big Guns,” Sporting News, May 9, 1918.
20. “Still One of the Big Guns.”
21. Foster, Spalding’s Official Base Ball Guide, 1918, 221.
22. “Dodgers Down Cubs Again as Pfeffer Twirls,” New York Tribune, July 20, 1918.
23. John V. Lawrence, New York Mail, quoted in “Ignored Navy Team to Play for Yanks,” Chicago Eagle, September 7, 1918.
24. “Shawkey Was There When the German Fleet ‘Kicked In,’” Albany Journal, December 19, 1918.
25. “Maranville Hailed as Real Warrior,” Sporting News, July 18, 1918.
26. Baseball By-Plays, Sporting News, July 18, 1918.
27. “Dodgers to Honor Cadore,” New York Times, June 8, 1918.
28. Bruce Copeland, “Polo Grounds Meet Proves Athletics’ Help to Soldiers and Sailors,” New York World, May 27, 1918.
29. “Former Yankee on Mound for Fort Slocum,” New York Tribune, May 27, 1918.
30. Copeland, “Polo Grounds Meet.”
31. “U.S. Soldiers Play Baseball in Paris,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, April 12, 1918.
32. “Baseball League Blossoms Out in Paris,” Stars and Stripes, April 12, 1918.
33. “Touraine Circuit Is Real Big League,” Stars and Stripes, July 19, 1918.
34. “St. Sulpice Has Crack Colored Baseball Nine,” Stars and Stripes, April 25, 1919
35. “Bats and Gloves Being Made Here,” Stars and Stripes, June 21, 1918.
36. “Baseball Propaganda,” Times (London), August 30, 1918.
37. Raiguel, “The Fourth of July That Rang Round the World,” 119.
38. “The Ball Game,” Times (London), July 5, 1918.
39. “A Great Anglo-American Occasion: The Historic Baseball Match Attended by the King and Queen,” Illustrated London News, July 13, 1918.
1. Grantland Rice, The Sportlight, New York Sun, April 20, 1919.
2. Frederick G. Lieb, “Baker’s Approval Saves Big Series,” New York Sun, August 24, 1918.
3. “Yankees Win Final Game to Stay in First Division,” New York Times, September 3, 1918.
4. “Adios, Local Baseball!” New York Sun, September 4, 1918.
5. Denman Thompson, “Base Ball Season Receives Fine Send-off on Last Day,” Washington Star, September 3, 1918.
6. John A. Dugan, “‘Base Ball, Adieu!’ Says Washington,” Washington Herald, September 3, 1918.
7. “Toronto Takes Flag,” Washington Times, September 1, 1918.
8. Editorial, Toronto Daily Mail, August 14, 1918; reprinted in “A Canadian Viewpoint,” Washington Star, August 29, 1918.
9. “Baseball Superstar Casts His Lot with Devil Hounds,” Washington Herald, August 19, 1918.
10. “Tough on the Browns,” Washington Star, September 2, 1918.
11. W. J. Macbeth, “Players Save Baseball from Getting Black Eye by Placing Wishes of the Fans above Principle,” New York Tribune, September 11, 1918.
12. “No Baseball in Cleveland,” Chicago Eagle, September 7, 1918.
13. “Close Ebbets Field,” Washington Star, August 8, 1918.
14. “Park Storage Plans Indicate Absence of Baseball in 1919,” El Paso Herald, August 21, 1918.
15. “Farewell to Ebbets Field as Uncle Sam Takes It for Cold Storage Plant,” Chicago Eagle, September 14, 1918.
16. James Crusinberry, “White Sox Backstop Quickly Finds ‘Essential’ Work,” Chicago Tribune, September 15, 1918.
17. “Hendricks Going Across,” New York Times, November 5, 1918.
18. “Boston Owner against Plans,” Rock Island Argus, August 25, 1918.
19. “Arrangements for World Series Are Somewhat Changed,” Arizona Republican, August 25, 1918.
20. W. J. Macbeth, “Chicago Fans Rally to Baseball Classic,” New York Tribune, September 4, 1918.
21. “Register Sept. 12,” Rockingham Post-Dispatch, September 5, 1918.
22. Hugh S. Fullerton, “Near Capacity Crowd Indicated for Series Opening,” New York World, September 3, 1918.
23. “World’s Baseball Series Opens This Afternoon,” Maysville Public Ledger, September 4, 1918.
24. “Service Men ‘Over There’ Sure of ‘Series’ News,” New York Tribune, September 3, 1918.
25. Macbeth, “Chicago Fans Rally.”
26. W. J. Macbeth, “Baseball Stage Ready, with Poor Setting,” New York Tribune, September 3, 1918.
27. I. E. Sanborn, “Red Sox Player Hurt; Rain Gives Him Time for Repair,” Chicago Tribune, September 5, 1918.
28. James Crusinberry, “Clan of Scribes Hears the Call from Over There,” Chicago Tribune, September 5, 1918.
29. Charles J. Doyle, “Young Pirate Star Killed in Service,” Pittsburgh Gazette Times, September 5, 1918.
30. “First Gold Star,” Pittsburgh Gazette Times, September 5, 1918.
31. “He Died for You,” Anniston Star, September 7, 1918. Lt. Arthur Joquel, a flying instructor, former Minor League catcher, and St. Louis Browns prospect, was killed November 2 in another air crash, at Barron Field, Texas. “Another Gold Star in Baseball’s Flag,” Sporting News, November 14, 1918.
32. James Crusinberry, “All Primed to Yell but Precise Hurling Gives Fans No Chance,” Chicago Tribune, September 6, 1918.
33. “Boston Takes First World Series Contest in Brilliant Fashion,” Fairmont West Virginian, September 6, 1918.
34. James Crusinberry, “Cubs Even World’s Title Series by Beating Red Sox, 3 to 1,” Chicago Tribune, September 7, 1918.
35. “World’s Series Receipts,” Chicago Tribune, September 8, 1918.
36. “Players to Protest to Commission on Reduction of Purse,” Chicago Tribune, September 9, 1918.
37. “Players in World Series Uneasy over Meagre Receipts,” New York Times, September 9, 1918.
38. Edward F. Martin, “Players Seek More Cash,” Boston Globe, September 9, 1918.
39. I. E. Sanborn, “Tripling Ruth Makes Good; Red Sox Win Frantic Game,” Chicago Tribune, September 10, 1918.
40. Stout, The Selling of the Babe, 7. Accounts of the incident varied greatly. One front-page article described Ruth’s injury this way: “An iodine-painted finger on his pitching wing, which was bruised during some sugarhouse fun with [Boston pitcher] W. W. Kinney, bothered him constantly, causing the ball to shine and sail.” Edward F. Martin, “Sox Win on Wild Chuck to Merkle,” Boston Globe, September 10.
41. Macbeth, “Players Save Baseball.”
42. Macbeth, “Players Save Baseball.”
43. Robert Maxwell, “Fifth Game Nearly Was Shortest World Series Engagement on Record,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, September 11, 1918.
44. “Jangle over Money Retards Game Hour; Means Series’ Knell,” Chicago Tribune, September 11, 1918.
45. Macbeth, “Players Save Baseball.”
46. Macbeth, “Players Save Baseball.”
47. “Harry Hooper Saved Situation,” Boston Post, September 11, 1918.
48. “Wrangling Players Do Their Bit for Wounded,” Washington Times, September 11, 1918.
49. “‘For the Good of Baseball,’” Stars and Stripes, September 20, 1918.
50. “Jangle over Money.”
51. Macbeth, “Players Save Baseball.”
52. Editorial, “A Second Guess on the Strike,” Sporting News, September 19, 1918.
53. “Jangle over Money.”
54. I. E. Sanborn, “Cubs Grab Victory under Shadow of Dollar Sign, 3 to 0,” Chicago Tribune, September 11, 1918.
55. “Red Sox Beat Cubs 2 to 1 and Put World’s Series of 1918 to Their Credit,” New York Times, September 12, 1918.
56. “World’s Series Notes,” Chicago Tribune, September 12, 1918.
57. “Fans Glad Teams Will Go to Work,” Chicago Tribune, September 12, 1918.
58. “Club Owners Agree to Try to Increase Purse for Players,” Chicago Tribune, September 12, 1918.
59. “Red Sox Players Each Draw $1,108,” Chicago Tribune, September 13, 1918.
60. “Cub Boss Sends Thanks to Sox,” Chicago Tribune, September 15, 1918.
61. Sportsman, Live Tips and Topics, Boston Globe, September 13, 1918.
62. “Frazee Complains,” Washington Times, September 20, 1918.
63. One article had cited the percentage of farmers within Organized Baseball as an argument for exempting ballplayers from the work-or-fight order. “Large numbers of them are farmers who devote half their time to that business and direct the managements of their farms while playing ball.” “Parnham May Be Center of Baseball’s Important Case in ‘Work or Fight’ Rule,” Toledo News-Bee, July 5, 1917.
64. “‘Cap.’ Huston Says Suspension Will Be a Help to Baseball,” Brooklyn Eagle, October 22, 1918.
1. Edgar Wolfe as “Jim Nasium,” “Harlan Team Is Ship Yard Champ,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 29, 1918.
2. “Jackson’s Homers Defeat Standards,” New York Sun, September 15, 1918.
3. “Game for Service Title,” New York Times, August 25, 1918.
4. “Army Nine Tamed by Jeff Pfeffer,” New York Times, September 15, 1918.
5. “Fourth District Wins,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, September 6, 1918.
6. Caught on the Fly, Sporting News, October 3, 1918.
7. George Y. Henger, “Great Lake Team Disbanded,” Sporting News, October 17, 1918.
8. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, 2:327.
9. Harry Chapman, formerly a catcher with the Cubs, Reds, Browns, and St. Louis Terriers, died of pneumonia following influenza October 21 at a sanitarium in Missouri. A farmer, Chapman had entered the hospital for an operation to relieve an old baseball injury, not a war wound as is sometimes stated. “War’s End Clears Way for Settling Game’s Problems,” Sporting News, November 14, 1918.
10. “‘Cap.’ Huston Says Suspension Will Be a Help to Baseball,” Brooklyn Eagle, October 22, 1918.
11. Lawrence Perry, From the Field of Sport, New York Post, July 15, 1918. Gowdy later recalled that Douglas MacArthur, then a colonel in the Rainbow Division, had ignored his advice to carry a mask in a frequently gassed forest.
12. “Lank Hank Gowdy Grins as of Yore,” Stars and Stripes, August 23, 1918.
13. “Boston Red Sox Give Toast to Hank Gowdy,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, April 15, 1918.
14. “Same Old Johnny Evers Home from France,” Albany Journal, December 17, 1918. Gowdy had also chatted with Capt. T. L. Huston and Lt. Moose McCormick that spring when they drove over to visit him at regimental headquarters. Gowdy would later meet Col. Bozeman Bulger in Coblenz, Germany, after the armistice.
15. “Soldiers ‘Sore’ on Big Leagues,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, August 14, 1918.
16. Dan Daniel, High Lights and Shadows in All Spheres of Sport, New York Sun, August 14, 1918.
17. “Soldiers ‘Sore’ on Big Leagues.”
18. W. J. Macbeth, Dusting ’em Off, New York Tribune, November 7, 1918.
19. Hugh S. Fullerton, “Baseball Fighters Recite Experiences of Great Conflict,” Atlanta Constitution, May 6, 1919.
20. Harold C. Burr, “It Wasn’t Cricket, but McCormick’s Work at Wicket Fitted Him for Career as Game’s Greatest Pinch-Hitter,” Sporting News, May 27, 1943.
21. J. B. Sheridan, “Big Players Have Saved Baseball from Slackerdom,” Ogden Standard, November 10, 1918.
22. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, 2:90.
23. “Hugh Miller, Baseball’s Best Bet as War Hero, Writes,” Sporting News, December 12, 1918.
24. Congressional Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, and the Distinguished Service Medal, 375.
25. “Hail Hugh Miller, Hero with Marines,” Sporting News, June 27, 1918.
26. “Hugh Miller, Baseball’s Best Bet.”
27. Yockelson, Forty-Seven Days, 136–37.
28. “Negro Soldiers Are Praised for Their Work at Front,” Grand Forks Herald, February 8, 1919.
29. “Cadore, Dodger Hero, Returns from France,” Corning Leader, February 27, 1919.
30. George B. Underwood, “Gowdy Will Be among First and Alexander among Last Big Leaguers to Return, Says Lt. Cadore,” New York Sun, February 15, 1919.
31. Underwood, “Gowdy Will Be among First.”
32. Henry P. Edwards, “Big Days When Ball Players Come Home,” Sporting News, November 14, 1918.
33. “Brownie Burke Reaches Home after Long Service,” Billings Gazette, July 27, 1919.
34. “M’Adoo’s Nephew Severely Wounded,” New York Times, September 27, 1918.
35. “Capt. Bull, Crescent Man, Near Death as Shell Rips Coat,” Brooklyn Eagle, November 29, 1918.
36. “Same Old Johnny Evers.”
37. Baseball By-Plays, Sporting News, December 26, 1918.
38. “No Bomb-Proof Jobs for Cobb and Matty,” Boston Globe, September 9, 1918.
39. Louis Lee Arms, “Chemical Warfare Service Should Appeal to Fandom,” New York Tribune, September 8, 1918.
40. Louis Lee Arms, Facts and Fancies, New York Tribune, October 10, 1918.
41. Louis A. Dougher, Looking ’em Over, Washington Times, October 18, 1918.
42. Sisler, “Why I Enlisted in the Army,” 265.
43. “Matty in French Hospital,” Brooklyn Eagle, October 22, 1918.
44. Cobb and Stump, My Life in Baseball, 189–90.
45. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, 2:294.
46. Gilbert, The First World War, 470.
47. “Lieut. Col. Huston Back from France,” New York Times, January 3, 1919.
48. Harry T. Brundage, “Gabby Street, a Fighter All of His Life, Spurns Title of Miracle Man, but Career Shows He Deserves It,” Sporting News, October 2, 1930. Although a sergeant when discharged, Street was listed as a corporal in the regimental history.
49. “Gabby Street, War Hero, Visits Here,” Washington Star, February 5, 1919.
50. Coyne, “Ultimate Sacrifice,” 78.
51. Adler, History of the Seventy-Seventh Division, 8.
52. Adler, History of the Seventy-Seventh Division, 73.
53. Adler, History of the Seventy-Seventh Division, 75.
54. Damon Runyon, “Grant’s Grave Few Yards from Where He Fell,” Syracuse Herald, October 23, 1918, reprinted from New York American.
55. Woollcott, The Command Is Forward, 134–35; “Baseball Loses Big League Star in Greater Game,” Stars and Stripes, October 25, 1918.
56. “Army Chaplain Writes of Eddie Grant’s Last Charge; Buried in Cemetery Prepared by Germans,” Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, January 4, 1919.
57. Coyne, “Ultimate Sacrifice,” 80.
58. “Baseball’s First Gold Star Eddie Grant’s Bit for U.S.,” Utica Tribune, October 27, 1918.
59. “Williams Pitcher Killed,” New York Times, December 29, 1918.
60. “This Soldier Had Pneumonia,” Lockport Union-Sun and Journal, November 29, 1918.
61. “Inseparable in Life Were ‘Leo’ and ‘Matt,’ Lockport Union-Sun and Journal, December 11, 1918.
62. “Comrades Fell around Him,” Lockport Union-Sun and Journal, November 29, 1918.
63. “Inseparable in Life.”
64.“Corporal Leo Dolan Buried by Cataract City Man in France,” Lockport Union-Sun and Journal, December 18, 1918.
65. “Professional Baseball’s Roll of Honor,” 36.
66. “Tom Quinlan Is Out of Hospital,” Warren Chronicle, January 20, 1919.
67. Jack Veiock, “Jack Hendricks Is Back from France,” Utica Herald-Dispatch, December 21, 1918.
68. “Tom Quinlan Is Out of Hospital.”
69. Yockelson, Forty-Seven Days, 320.
1. Maranville, Run, Rabbit, Run, 41.
2. Rice, The Tumult and the Shouting, 95.
3. “Matty May Not Return to Reds,” New York Times, January 10, 1919.
4. Junius B. Wood, “Players Anxious to Get Back Home,” Washington Star, March 2, 1919.
5. “Baseball Battery Last to Shoot,” Sporting News, December 26, 1918.
6. “After firing every day at targets unknown to them, the gunners were allowed to pick targets of their own, and the last rounds of the regiment were in most cases fired by the Chiefs of Section.” Chubb, Regimental History, 47.
7. Thomas S. Rice, “Mitchell Has Hopes of Early Reporting,” Brooklyn Eagle, February 5, 1919.
8. “Send Greetings through Post,” Boston Post, December 25, 1918.
9. “Send Greetings through Post.”
10. “Giants and Pirates Sure of Baseball,” Washington Herald, November 22, 1918.
11. “Baseball or Not, That Is the Issue,” Sporting News, November 7, 1918.
12. Hugh S. Fullerton, “Reconstruction Period in Baseball Promises to Be Extremely Lively,” New York World, November 20, 1918.
13. “Baseball Sure to Be Back in Spring,” New York Times, December 5, 1918.
14. “National League to Discuss Plans for Resumption,” Schenectady Gazette, December 6, 1918.
15. “Rickey Willing to Serve Country; Anxious to Return to St. Louis,” New Castle News, December 14, 1918.
16. “Lieut. Col. Huston Back from France,” New York Times, January 3, 1919.
17. “Nation Assured Good Baseball,” Lockport Union-Sun and Journal, December 11, 1918.
18. “An Answer to Those Who Cry ‘Slacker’ at Players,” Sporting News, November 7, 1918.
19. Robert Edgren, “Ballplayers in Shipyards Haven’t Any ‘Snap Jobs,’” New York World, November 16, 1918.
20. “Major Kolnitz Former Player Defends Jackson,” New Castle News, February 6, 1919.
21. Bob Pigue, The Sporting Spotlight, Memphis News Scimitar, January 16, 1919.
22. “Times and Spirits Change,” Sporting News, January 2, 1919.
23. J. L. Ray, “‘I Am Lacking in Brains,’ Says Pitcher Fred Toney,” Pittsburgh Press, April 10, 1919.
24. Frederick G. Lieb, “Brooklyn Slides into League Lead,” New York Sun, May 5, 1919.
25. Frederick G. Lieb, “Benny Kauff Signs Up with the Giants,” New York Sun, January 4, 1919. Shawkey’s second wife, Marie “Tiger Lady” Lakjer, had shot her wealthy first husband in the head and successfully claimed self-defense. The pitcher enlisted after she refused to support his application for deferment. The couple divorced in June 1918 while the pitcher was on active duty. Shawkey’s nickname after the war was “Sailor Bob.” See Rice, “Bob Shawkey,” SABR BioProject, sabr.org/bioproject.
26. Lieb, “Benny Kauff Signs Up.”
27. “Christy Mathewson May Return to Scenes of Former Triumphs as Assistant to McGraw,” New York Times, February 18, 1919.
28. “Matty to Be Next Leader of Giants,” New York Times, March 8, 1919.
29. Rice, The Tumult and the Shouting, 96–97.
30. Rice, The Tumult and the Shouting, 97.
31. “Cleveland Player Badly Hurt When Truck Turns Over,” Stars and Stripes, April 25, 1919.
32. Charles J. Doyle, “Joe Harris Is Spectator at Polo Grounds,” Pittsburgh Gazette Times, May 27, 1919.
33. “Will Alex Be as Effective as in Past?” Pittsburgh Press, January 5, 1919.
34. “Minor League Outlook Bright, Says Farrell,” New York Sun, April 27, 1919.
35. Reach Guide 1920, 261.
36. “Cadore and Pfeffer Win Two for Uncle Wilbert,” New York Tribune, April 20, 1919.
37. Ed McGrath, “Braves Are Beaten by the Dodgers in Both Contests, Stallings’ Tribe Miscues,” Boston Post, April 20, 1919. Five other returned servicemen appeared in the doubleheader: Lew Malone and Ernie Kreuger of Brooklyn and Ray Powell, Dana Fillingim, and Joe Kelly of Boston.
38. James C. O’Leary, “Braves Beaten, 5–2, in the Opening Game,” Boston Globe, April 19, 1919.
39. McGrath, “Braves Are Beaten.”
40. “Cadore and Pfeffer Win Two.”
41. “Lieut. Joe Jenkins and Sergt. Aleck Meet Up in the Loop,” Chicago Tribune, April 23, 1919.
42. James Crusinberry, “One Hot Rally in Frigid Air Means Victory for Cubs, 5–1,” Chicago Tribune, April 25, 1919.
43. Roy Grove, “Grover Cleveland Alexander’s Ambition, Now That He’s a Cit Again, Is to Win 30 Games,” Bismarck Tribune, April 23, 1919.
44. Finkel, “Pete Alexander.”
45. James Crusinberry, “Alexander Shows He’s Great as Ever, but Reds Beat Him,” Chicago Tribune, May 10, 1919.
46. Skipper, Wicked Curve, 77.
47. Finkel, “Pete Alexander.”
48. W. J. Macbeth, “Star Catcher of the Braves Home Again,” New York Tribune, April 26, 1919.
49. “Hank Gowdy’s Day,” Boston Globe, May 24, 1919.
50. “‘Holy Cow,’ Shouts ‘Hammering Hank,’” Washington Times, May 25, 1919.
51. “Gowdy Back in Game; Helps Trim Reds, 4 to 1,” New York Tribune, May 25, 1919.
52. Ed McGrath, “Braves Celebrate Gowdy Day by Victory before Bumper Crowd of Fans,” Boston Post, May 25, 1919.
53. “Braves Celebrate Gowdy Day.”
1. “National League Gave More Than Half Its Men to War,” New York Tribune, December 2, 1918.
2. “Class 1 Draftees Sufficient to Match Kaiser’s Increment,” Washington Herald, May 22, 1918.
3. Hugh Fullerton, “Reconstruction Period in Baseball Promises to Be Extremely Lively,” New York World, November 20, 1918.
4. Many African American ballplayers, including Jess Hubbard, have yet to be added to SABR’s list of World War I veterans. The powerful Twenty-Fourth Infantry team, for example, gained the notice of New York newspapers while training for France at Camp Upton. Redding, a future Negro Leagues star, won twenty consecutive games for the New York Lincoln Stars in 1915. Others in the lineup had played for a dozen African American teams, including the Lincoln Giants, Chicago American Giants, and Brooklyn Royal Giants. “They are the best colored players in the business,” an army officer said. “Buffaloes Organize Fast Baseball Nine,” Brooklyn Eagle, May 23, 1918.
5. “National League Gave More.” The Remington Arms Union Metallic Cartridge Company had contacted the Cincinnati Reds, and perhaps other clubs, to inform players that Remington was hiring in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The employment manager made no mention of a company baseball team. Letter, Hermann Papers, box 113, folder 3.
6. “Service of Uncle Sam,” Chattanooga News, January 17, 1919.
7. “Prominent Players in France,” Spalding’s Official Base Ball Guide 1919, 229.
8. “Complete outfits for four teams were shipped from Washington today by the Clark Griffith ball and bat fund at the request of the Zionist organization of America. The outfits will be delivered to the Jewish legion for service in Palestine, composed of Jews from this country serving with the British army, who are below or above the draft age or are politically disqualified for service with the American Forces.” Spartanburg Herald, August 14, 1918.
9. Steinberg and Spatz, The Colonel and Hug, 198.
10. Rice, The Tumult and the Shouting, 97.
11. Jack Cuddy, “Keep Playing Ball Is Advice of ‘Sergeant,’” Uniontown Standard, August 26, 1943.
12. J. G. Taylor Spink, Looping the Loop, Sporting News, May 21, 1942.