The following list contains some of the many sources I’ve used to write this book. It is also intended to provide you with more in-depth information on the drugs I’ve discussed. A number of Internet sources are ongoing and reliable, offering detailed and up-to-date information on most of the drugs that continue to play a role in modern medicine. These include: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov); Mayo Clinic (mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DrugHerbindex); Medline Plus (www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html); and PubMed Health (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/s/drugs_and_supplements). The compilation of the best or most significant drugs is highly subjective. I welcome your comments about any significant or interesting drug that might be included in future editions of this book at mcgeraldweb@gmail.com.
General Reading and Sources
Brecher, E. M., and Editors of Consumer Reports, Licit & Illicit Drugs: The Consumer Union Report on Narcotics, Stimulants, Depressants, Inhalants, Hallucinogens, and Marijuana—Including Caffeine, Nicotine, and Alcohol. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972. [Brecher, 1972]
Brunton, L. L., Lazo, J. S., Parker, K.L, eds., Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. [Bruton, Lazo, 2006]
DiPalma, J. R., ed., Drill’s Pharmacology in Medicine, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971. DiPalma, 1971]
Drill, V. A., Pharmacology in Medicine, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954. [Drill, 1954]
Emsley, J., Elements of Murder, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Gerald, M. C., Pharmacology: An Introduction to Drugs, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981.
Goodman, L. S., Gilman, A., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, New York: Macmillan, 1955. [Goodman, Gilman, 1955]
Hart, C. L., Ksir, C., Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
Osol, A., Farrar, G. E., Pratt, R., eds., The Dispensary of the United States of America, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1960. [Osol, Farrar, 1960]
Sneader, W., Drug Discovery: A History, West Sussex, England: John Wiley, 2005.
Sollmann, T., A Manual of Pharmacology, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1942. [Sollmann, 1942]
Tyler, V. E., Brady, L. R., Robbers, J. E., Pharmacognosy, Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988.
Wikipedia Encyclopedia, wikipedia org.
Herbs, c. 60,000 BCE
Mathison, R. R., The Eternal Search: The Story of Man and His Drugs, New York: G.P. Putnam, 1958.
Reader’s Digest Magic and Medicine of Plants, Pleasantville, NY: The Reader’s Digest Association, 1986.
Alcohol, c. 10,000 BCE
Forney, R. B., Harger, R. N., “The Alcohols,” in DiPalma, 1971.
Zernig, G., et al., eds., Handbook of Alcoholism. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000.
Alchemy, c. 5000 BCE
Morris, R., The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table, Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2003.
Cannabis, c. 3000 BCE
Booth, M., Cannabis: A History, New York: Macmillan, 2005.
Tea, c. 2737 BCE
Bennett, B. A., Bealer, B. K., The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World’s Most Popular Drug, New York: Routledge, 2001.
Opium, c. 2500 BCE
Gutstein, H. B., Huda, A., “Opioid Analgesics,” in Brunton, Lazo, 2006.
Herz, A., ed., Opioids I. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 104/I and 104/II. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
Smith and Ebers Papyri, c. 1550 BCE
Bryan, C. P., tinyurl.com/24v2mox.
Rauwolfia, c. 500 BCE
Patil, P. N., Gulati, O. D., Balaraman, R., Topics in the History of Pharmacology. Gujarat, India: B.S. Shah, 2009.
Hemlock, 399 BCE
Brickhouse, T. C., Smith, N. D., eds., The Trial and Execution of Socrates, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Mandrake, c. 200 BCE
www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mandrake_(plant).
Osol, Farrar, 1960.
Theriac of Mithridates, c. 65 BCE
Mayor, A., The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.
Materia Medica, c. 60
nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy/abchomeopathy.com/matmed.htm.
Colchicine, c. 70
MayoClinic, tinyurl.com/2ug88rq.
Coffee, c. 800
Bennett, B. A., Bealer, B. K., The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World’s Most Popular Drug, New York: Routledge, 2001.
Garattini, S., ed., Caffeine, Coffee, and Health, New York: Raven Press, 1993.
Arsenic, 1250
Whorton, J. C., The Arsenic Century: How Victorian Britain Was Poisoned at Home, Work, and Play, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Witches’ Flying Ointments, 1456
Murray, M. A., The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921.
Szasz, T. S., Ceremonial Chemistry: The Ritual Persecution of Drugs, Addicts, and Pushers, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2003.
Coca, 1532
Brecher, 1972.
Belladonna, 1542
Botanical.com, tinyurl.com/2cg4pl. Osol, A., Farrar, 1960.
Antimonials, 1602
Osol, A., Farrar, 1960.
Patent Medicines, 1623
American Medical Association, Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery, Reprinted, with Additions and Modifications from The Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago: American Medical Association Press, 1912.
Young, J. H., The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America Before Federal Regulation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Cinchona Bark, 1639
Oaks Jr., S. C., Violaine, S. M., et al., eds., Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1991.
Ergot, 1670
Dale, H. H., Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3: 1; 1963.
Laudanum, 1676
Brecher, 1972.
Ferrous Sulfate, 1681
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, tinyurl.com/43sbl52.
Ipecac, 1682
National Capital Poison Center, poison.org/prepared/ipecac.asp.
Hydrogen Cyanide, 1704
Goodman, Gilman, 1955.
Clinical Testing of Drugs, 1753
Bourgeois, F. T., Murthy, S., Mandl, K. D., Annals of Internal Medicine 153: 158; 2010.
Oates, J. A., “The Science of Drug Therapy,” in Brunton, Lazo, 2006.
Aconite, 1762
Osol, A., Farrar, 1960.
Tetrodotoxin, 1774
Medscape Reference, tinyurl.com/36jvnzhreference.com/browse/Tetrodotoxin.
Digitalis, 1775
Goodman, Gilman, 1955.
Sollmann, 1942.
Calomel, 1793
Swiderski, R. M., Calomel in America: Mercurial Panacea, War, Song and Ghosts, Boca Raton, FL: BrownWalker Press, 2009.
Smallpox Vaccine, 1796
Koplow, D. A., Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
Homeopathic Medicine, 1796
Barrett, S., tinyurl.com/54sad. NaturalNews, tinyurl.com/295dvvv.
NCCAM Clearinghouse, nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy/.
Absinthe, 1797
Hulsman, M., et al., International Journal of Epidemiology 36: 738; 2007.
Lachenmeier, D. W., Nathan-Maister, D., Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 56: 3073; 2008.
Alkaloids, 1806
Hesse, M., Alkaloids: Nature’s Curse or Blessing? Zürich: Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2002.
Robinson, T., Scientific American 201: 113; 1959.
Morphine, 1806
Gutstein, H. B., Huda, A., “Opioid Analgesics,” in Brunton, Lazo, 2006.
Huxtable, R. J., Schwarz, S.K.W., Molecular Interventions 1: 189; 2001.
Strychnine, 1818
Sollmann, 1942.
Caffeine, 1819
Bennett, B. A., Bealer, B. K., The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World’s Most Popular Drug, New York: Routledge, 2001.
Fredholm, B. B., et al., Pharmacological Reviews 51: 83; 1999.
Quinine, 1820
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, tinyurl.com/2797rs5.
Oaks Jr., S. C., Violaine, S. M., et al., eds., Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1991.
Atropine, 1831
RxMed, tinyurl.com/38anxlqdrugs.com/ppa/atropine.html.
Codeine, 1832
Gasche, Y., Youssef, D., Fathi, M., New England Journal of Medicine 351: 2827, 2002.
Gutstein, H. B., Huda A, “Opioid Analgesics,” in Brunton, Lazo 2006.
Medical Marijuana, 1839
Joy, J. E., Watson Jr., S. J., Benson Jr., J. A., eds., Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1999.
ProCon, medicalmarijuana.procon.org.
Nitrous Oxide, 1844
Orth, O. S., “General Anesthetics II: Gaseous Agents,” in Drill, 1954.
Robinson, V., Victory Over Pain: A History of Anesthesia, New York: Henry Schuman, 1946.
Ether, 1846
Orth, O. S., “General Anesthetics I: Volatile Agents,” in Drill, 1954.
Robinson, V., Victory Over Pain: A History of Anesthesia, New York: Henry Schuman, 1946.
Chloroform, 1847
Orth, O. S., “General Anesthetics I: Volatile Agents,” in Drill, 1954.
Robinson, V., Victory Over Pain: A History of Anesthesia, New York: Henry Schuman, 1946.
Curare, 1850
McIntyre, A. R., Curare: Its History, Nature, and Clinical Use, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947.
Bromides, 1857
Goodman, Gilman, 1955.
Phenol, 1867
McDonnell, G., Russell, A. D., Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12: 147; 1999.
Chloral Hydrate, 1869
RxList. “Noctec,” rxlist.com/noctec-drug.htm.
Digitoxin, 1875
Chen, K. K., Kovaríková, A., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 56: 1535; 1967.
Koch-Weser, J., Schechter, P. J., Life Sciences 22: 1361; 1978.
Physostigmine, 1875
Goodman, Gilman 1955.
Rodin, F. H., American Journal of Ophthalmology 30: 19; 1947.
Nitroglycerin, 1879
Elkayam, U., Annals of Internal Medicine 114: 667; 1991.
Fant, K., Alfred Nobel: A Biography, New York: Arcade Publishing, 1993.
Parker, J. D., Parker, J. O., New England Journal of Medicine 338: 520; 1998.
Scopolamine, 1881
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, tinyurl.com/38mb2zr.
medicinenet.com/motion_sickness/article.htm.
Paraldehyde, 1882
Drugs.com, tinyurl.com/2v7ut2g.
Cocaine, 1884
Brecher, 1972.
Kahn, E. J., The Big Drink: The Story of Coca-Cola, New York: Random House, 1960.
Petersen, R. C., Stillman, R. C., eds., Cocaine: 1977, (NIDA Research Monograph 13). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1977.
Theophylline, 1888
eMedTV, tinyurl.com/2d68mnv.
Mescaline, 1897
Brecher, 1972.
Heroin, 1898
Askwith, R., opioids.com/heroin/heroinhistory.html.
Brecher, 1972.
Aspirin, 1899
Andermann, A.A.J., tinyurl.com/3af5zr5.
Jeffreys, D., Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug, New York: Bloomsbury, 2004.
Sneader, W., British Medical Journal 321 (7276): 1591; 2000.
Epinephrine/Adrenaline, 1901
Cannon, W. B., The Way of an Investigator: A Scientist’s Experience in Medical Research, New York: W.W. Norton, 1945.
Goodman, Gilman, 1955.
Phenolphthalein, 1902
Drill, 1954.
Goodman, Gilman, 1955.
Barbital, 1903
López-Muñoz, F., Ucha-Udabe, R., Alamo, C., Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 1: 329; 2005.
Maynert, E. W., “Sedatives and Hypnotics II. Barbiturates,” in Drill, 1971.
Atoxyl, 1905
Steverding, D., parasitesandvectors.com/content/2/1/29.
Time Magazine, tinyurl.com/36s744y.
Novocain, 1905
Carpenter, R. L., and Mackey, D. C., “Local Anesthetics,” in Clinical Anesthesia, Barash, P. G., Cullen, B. F., Stoelting, R. K., eds., Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1992.
Fortunato, P. M., tinyurl.com/2e5ctrs.
Drug Receptors, 1905
Pruell, C. R., Maehle, A. H., Halliwell, R. F., A Short History of the Drug Receptor Concept, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906
Young, J. H., The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America Before Federal Regulation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1906
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, tinyurl.com/63pa6xk.
Young, J. H., The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America Before Federal Regulation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Oxytocin, 1909
Lee, H J., MacBeth, A. H., et al., Progress in Neurobiology 88: 127; 2009.
Salvarsan, 1910
Nobelprize.org, tinyurl.com/37kgefa.
Phenobarbital, 1912
Aviado, D. M., Krantz and Carr’s Pharmacological Principles of Medical Practice, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1972.
Quinidine, 1912
Grace, A. A., Camm, A. J., New England Journal of Medicine 338: 35; 1998.
Thyroxine, 1914
Braverman, L. E., Utiger, R. D., eds., Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid, New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
Norman, J., tinyurl.com/4nctkau
Heparin, 1916
Marcum, J. A., jhmas.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/1/37.
Neurotransmitters, 1920
Rubin, R. P., Pharmacological Reviews 59: 289; 2007.
Westfall, T. C., Westfall, D. P., “Neurotransmission: the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Nervous Systems,” in Brunton, Lazo, 2006.
Merbaphen, 1920
Vogl, A., Diuretic Therapy, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1953.
Carbon Tetrachloride, 1921
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, tinyurl.com/3y537v3.
Recknagel, R. O., Pharmacological Reviews 19: 145; 1967.
Insulin, 1921
LeRoith, D., Taylor, S. I., Oleksky, J. M., eds., Diabetes Mellitus: A Fundamental and Clinical Text, Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.
Pickup, J. C., Williams, J., eds., Textbook of Diabetes, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
Hexylresorcinol, 1924
Osol, Farrar, 1960.
Ergotamine and Ergonovine, 1925
Goodman, Gilman, 1955.
Ruzicka, L., jstor.org/pss/769674.
Insulin Shock Therapy, 1927
American Experience, tinyurl.com/2gyu3wy.
Sabbatini, R.M.E., tinyurl.com/2b37gsz.
Thimerosal, 1927
Parker, S. K., et al., Pediatrics 114: 793; 2004.
Specter, M., The New Yorker, May 30, 2011, p. 80.
Penicillin, 1928
Mandell, G. L., Bennett, J. E., Dolin, R., eds., Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
Petri Jr., W. A., “Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Other B-Lactam Antibiotics,” in Brunton, Lazo, 2006.
Nembutal and Seconal, 1928
Lacey, M., tinyurl.com/5fbyes.
Estrone and Estrogen, 1929
Loose, D. S., Stancel, G. M., “Estrogens and Progestins,” in Brunton, Lazo, 2006.
Watkins, E. S., The Estrogen Elixir: A History of Hormone Replacement Therapy in America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
Amphetamine, 1932
Brecher, 1972.
Hart, C. L., Ksir, C., Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
Progesterone and Progestin, 1933
Djerassi, C., This Man’s Pill: Reflections on the 50th Birthday of the Pill, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
MayoClinic, tinyurl.com/2bza87t.
Dinitrophenol, 1933
Sollmann, 1942.
Thiopental, 1934
Lasson, K., tinyurl.com/6pwxal.
Tubocurarine, 1935
McIntyre, A. R., “Curare and Related Compounds,” in Drill, 1954.
Prontosil, 1935
Kiefer, D.M., tinyurl.com/25qyxh2.
Time Magazine, tinyurl.com/25q4lsv.
Testosterone, 1935
Bagatelle, C. J., Bremmer, W. J., New England Journal of Medicine 334: 707; 1996.
Neostigmine and Pyridostigmine, 1935
Golomb, B. A., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 4295; 2008.
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/6aughxn.
Tabun and Sarin, 1936
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, bt.cdc.gov/agent/sarin/basics/facts.asp.
Romano, J. A., Lukey, B. J., Salem, H., eds., Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008.
Sulfanilamide, 1936
Goodman, Gilman, 1955.
WW2 U.S. Medical Research Centre, med-dept.com/sulfa.php#mil.
Dapsone, 1937
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/93bcd.
World Health Organization, who.int/lep/en/.
Diethylstilbestrol, 1938
Giusti, R. M., Iwamoto, K., Hatch, E. E., annals.org/content/122/10/778.full.
National Cancer Institute, cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/DES.
Dilantin, 1938
Rowland, L. P., The Legacy of Tracy J. Putnam and H. Houston Merritt: Basic Neurology in the United States, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 1938
Dunn, J. H., Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Chicago: Clearinghouse Press, 1938.
Martin, B., tinyurl.com/29a6wdd.
DDT, 1939
Ecobichon, D. J., “Toxic Effects of Pesticides, “ in Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Klaassen, C.D., ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Lear, L., Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature, New York: Henry Hoyten, 1997.
Percorten, 1939
Dallek, R., Atlantic Monthly, December 2002, 49.
Warfarin, 1940
PubMed Health , tinyurl.com/2vwxjrk.
Wardrop, D., Keeling, D., British Journal of Haematology 141: 757; 2008.
Premarin, 1941
Watkins, E. S., The Estrogen Elixir: A History of Hormone Replacement Therapy in America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
Nitrogen Mustard, 1942
Hirsch, J., Journal of the American Medical Association 296: 1518; 2006.
LSD, 1943
Cooper, J. R., Bloom, F. E., Roth, R. H., The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Hoffer, A., Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 6: 183; 1965.
Khatchadourian, R., The New Yorker, December 17, 2012.
Streptomycin, 1944
Rom, W. N., Gray, S. M., eds., Tuberculosis, Boston: Little Brown, 1996.
Neo-Antergan, 1944
Dale, H. H., Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3: 1; 1963.
Methamphetamine, 1944
National Institute on Drug Abuse, tinyurl.com/3qp4t2d.
Fluoride, 1945
American Public Health Association, tinyurl.com/6yk4vvj.
Jones, S., Burt, B. A., Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83(9): 670; 2005.
Benadryl, 1946
Rocha e Silva, M., ed., Histamine and Anti- Histamines: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 18, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1966.
Rocha e Silva, M., ed., Histamine II and Anti-Histaminics: Chemistry, Metabolism and Physiological and Pharmacological Actions: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 18, Part 2, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1978.
Radioiodine, 1946
Braverman, L. E., Utiger, R. D., eds., Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid, New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
Saha, G. P., Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004.
Methadone, 1947
O’Brien, C. P., Jaffe, J. H., eds., Addictive States, New York: Raven Press, 1992.
Drug Metabolism, 1947
Bachmann, C., Bickel, M. H., Drug Metabolism Reviews 16: 185; 1985-86.
Conti, A., Bickel, M .H., Drug Metabolism Reviews 6: 1; 1977.
Chloroquine, 1947
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/malaria/traveldoctor.co.uk/malaria.htm.
Amethopterin and Methotrexate, 1947
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/44se6t.
Tetracyclines, 1948
Merck, merck.com/mmpe/sec14/ch170/ch170o.html.
Tredwin, C. J., Scully, C., Bagan-Sebastian, J. V., Journal of Dental Research 84: 596; 2005.
Xylocaine, 1948
Carpenter, R. L., and Mackey, D. C., “Local Anesthetics,” in Clinical Anesthesia, Barash, P. G., Cullen, B. F., Stoelting, R. K., eds., Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1992.
Lithium, 1949
Cade, J. F., “The Story of Lithium,” in Discoveries in Biological Psychiatry, Ayd, F. J., Blackwell, B., eds., Baltimore: Ayd Medical Communications, 1970.
Chloramphenicol, 1949
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/3ewbqzu.
Cortisone, 1949
Marks, H. M., Bulletin of the History of Medicine 66(3): 419; 1992.
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/2as6ksb
Succinylcholine, 1951
Kalow W., Pharmacogenetics: Heredity and the Response to Drugs, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1962.
Isoniazid, 1951
Kalow, W., Pharmacogenetics: Heredity and the Response to Drugs, Philadelphia: W.S. Saunders, 1962.
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/3jxsgr9.
Malathion, 1951
EXTOXNET, tinyurl.com/o3p6ob.
Phenergan, 1951
Popik, B., tinyurl.com/23f7ydk.
Supreme Court of the United States Blog, tinyurl.com/3wk5ptw.
Benemid, 1951
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/6yyn47s.
Chlorpromazine, 1952
Baldessarini, R. J., Tarazi, F. I., “Pharmacotherapy of Psychosis and Mania,” in Brunton, Lazo, 2006.
Muñoz, L., Alamo, C., et al., Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 17: 113; 2005.
Rosenbloom, M., The Journal of the American Medical Association 287: 1860; 2002.
Reserpine, 1952
Domino, E. F., “Antipsychotics: Phenothiazines, Thioxanthines, Butyrophenones, and Rauwolfia Alkaloids,” in DiPalma, 1971.
Osol, Farrar, 1960.
Iproniazid, 1952
Rees, L., Benaim, S., tinyurl.com/4xz72z5.
Erythromycin, 1952
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/3kqax56.
Diamox, 1952
Forwand, S. A., Landowne, M., et al., New England Journal of Medicine 279: 839; 1968.
traveldoctor.co.uk/altitude.htm.
Acetaminophen/Paracetamol, 1953
Thomas, S. H., Pharmacology & Therapeutics 60: 91; 1993.
PubMed Health, tinyurl.com/22lx2mr.
Mercaptopurine, 1953
MIT, web.mit.edu/invent/iow/elion2.html.
Nobel Prize, tinyurl.com/24fwor5.
Nystatin, 1954
Hildick-Smith, G., “Chemotherapy of Fungal Infections,” in DiPalma, 1971.
Polio Vaccine, 1954
Plotkin, S. A., Orenstein, W. A., Offit, P. A., eds., Vaccines, New York: Saunders Elsevier, 2008.
Meprobamate, 1955
Greenblatt, D. J., Shader, R. I., American Journal of Psychiatry 127: 1297; 1971.
Ramchandani, D., López-Muñoz, F., Alamo, C., Psychiatric Quarterly 77: 43; 2006.
Placebos, 1955
Beecher, H. K., The Journal of the American Medical Association 159: 1602; 1955.
Moerman, D. E., Meaning, Medicine and the “Placebo Effect,” New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Shapiro, A. K., Shapiro, E., The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
Ritalin, 1955
Fisher, B. C., ed., Attention Deficit Disorder, New York: Informa Healthcare USA, 2007.
Dianabol, 1956
Kochakian, C. D., Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2000.
Amphotericin B, 1956
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/44gnnb5.
Orinase, 1957
Hurley, D., Diabetes Rising: How a Rare Disease Became a Modern Pandemic, and What To Do About It, New York: Kaplan Publishing, 2010.
Schwartz T.B., Meinert C.L., Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 47(4): 564; 2004.
Thalidomide, 1957
Little, B. B., Drugs and Pregnancy: A Handbook, London: Hodder Arnold, 2006.
Rogers, J. M., Kavlock, R. J, “Developmental Toxicology,” in Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Klaassen, C.D., ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Tofranil and Elavil, 1957
Schatzberg, A. F., Nemeroff, C. B., eds., The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1998.
Grieseofulvin, 1958
MayoClinic, tinyurl.com/3qg5uas.
Glucophage, 1958
PubMed Health, tinyurl.com/29wvoa9.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, Lancet 352 (9131): 854; 1998.
Diuril, 1958
Ernst, M. E., Moser, M., New England Journal of Medicine, 361: 2153; 2009.
Greene, J. A., Bulletin of the History of Medicine 79: 749; 2005.
Haldol, 1958
Ayd Jr., F. J., www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1019142.
Baldessarini, R. J., Tarazi, F. I., “Pharmacotherapy of Psychosis and Mania,” in Brunton, Lazo, 2006.
Vinca Alkaloids, 1958
Duffin, J., Pharmacy in History 44 (2): 64; (3): 105; 2002.
Dextromethorphan, 1958
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/4fbsgmg.
Flagyl, 1959
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/67dxxvf.
Librium, 1960
MedlinePlus, tinyurl.com/3hqzeog.
Woods, J. H., Katz, J. L., Winger, G., Pharmacological Reviews 44: 151; 1992.
Enovid, 1960
MayoClinic, tinyurl.com/ds9dq.
Watkins, E. S., On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950–1970, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
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