1. Potter, “Funeral but Few Mourners.”
2. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 5, 886.
3. Potter, “Funeral but Few Mourners.”
4. Carter, Turning Point, 40.
5. Interview with Ted Maloof, July 25, 2017.
6. Interview with Jeh Johnson, February 16, 2018.
7. Conversation with Robert Hicks, August 29, 2018.
8. Interview with Ruth Abram, May 16, 2017.
9. Trippett, “The Walls Came Tumbling Down,” 101.
10. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 594.
11. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 421.
12. Interview of Morris Abram by Lorraine Nelson Spritzer, January 4, 1978, Georgia Government Documentation Project, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta.
13. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 247.
14. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 245–46.
15. Interview with Eric Yoffie, October 16, 2017.
16. Interview with Robert Hicks, December 1, 2017.
17. Abram Papers, box 41.
18. “White Liberals, Black Problems,” letter to the New York Review of Books, March 6, 1997.
19. Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, July 13, 1983, 17.
1. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 215–19.
2. Abram, The Day Is Short, 10.
3. This and the following three paragraphs are drawn from the following sources: Sparks, “Eden in the Grass”; Smith, “Georgia Yankees”; Sparks, “The Town Yanks and Rebs Built”; and Sheffield, “The Yankee-Reb City.”
4. Sheffield, “The Yankee-Reb City,” 21.
5. Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities-Fitzgerald, Georgia.
6. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 41–42.
7. Jane Abram to Morris Abram Jr., 1964, Abram Papers, box 91.
8. Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, 43; Ketz, “110 Years of Temple Beth El,” pamphlet, Abram Papers, box 79.
9. Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, 44, 46.
10. Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, 46, 48.
11. Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, 49.
12. Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, 50.
13. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 16; Abram, The Day Is Short, 13–14.
14. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 14; Abram, The Day Is Short, 13–15.
15. Interview with Lamar Perlis, May 31, 2018.
16. Interview with Janice Rothschild Blumberg, February 23, 2018.
17. Interview with Ruth Abram, May 16, 2017.
18. Abram, The Day Is Short, 15.
19. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 26.
20. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 221–22.
21. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 46.
22. Interview with Cecily Abram, February 16, 2018.
23. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 40.
24. Abram, “A Jewish Boy Growing Up in Rural Georgia.”
25. Letter to the Editor, American Jewish History, November 1983.
26. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 50.
27. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 68.
28. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 60.
29. Conversation with Eric Singer, January 18, 2018.
30. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 106.
31. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 221.
32. Fitzgerald Leader, 1954, Abram Papers, box 2.
33. Conversation with Penson Kaminsky, May 31, 2018.
34. Abram, The Day Is Short, 28.
35. Abram, The Day Is Short, 27, 29, 34–35.
36. Interview with Lamar Perlis, May 31, 2018.
37. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 125.
38. Abram, The Day Is Short, 37.
39. Abram, “The Southernness of Jimmy Carter.”
40. Morris Abram Oral History Interview 1, March 20, 1984, by Michael L. Gillette, internet copy, LBJ Library, Interview 1, 1–2.
41. Interview with Andrew Young, March 21, 2018.
42. Smith, “Morris Abram, Foe of Unfairness.”
43. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 12; vol. 2, 226.
44. AJC Oral History Project, 223; Abram, The Day Is Short, 48.
45. Evans, The Provincials, 96–97.
46. Abram, “A Jewish Boy Growing Up in Rural Georgia.”
47. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 91.
48. Abram, The Day Is Short, 17–18.
49. Conversation with Joshua Abram, June 21, 2018; AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 92.
50. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 1, 95–97.
1. “History of UGA,” University of Georgia, http://www.uga.edu/profile/history/.
2. Abram, The Day Is Short, 42.
3. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 260.
4. Abram, The Day Is Short, 43.
5. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 255; Abram, The Day Is Short, 44.
6. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 293; Abram, The Day Is Short, 53.
7. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 293–94.
8. Abram, The Day Is Short, 53–54. See also Abram, “Ethics and the New Medicine,” in which Abram discusses the limitations in medicine when his brother began his practice during the 1930s.
9. Abram, The Day Is Short, 46.
10. Abram, The Day Is Short, 52–53.
11. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 274.
12. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 274.
13. Conversation with Joshua Abram, June 22, 2018.
14. Abram, The Day Is Short, 55; AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 272.
15. Morris Abram to Bobby Troutman, October 11, 1939, Abram Papers, box 22.
16. Abram, The Day Is Short, 58.
17. Abram to Troutman, October 21, 1939.
18. Abram to Troutman, October 21, 1939.
19. Abram to Troutman, November 14, 1939.
20. Abram to Troutman, October 21, 1939; Abram, The Day Is Short, 60.
21. Abram to Troutman, February 16, 1940.
22. Interview with Janice Rothschild Blumberg, February 23, 2018.
23. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 279; Abram to Troutman, October 21, 1940.
24. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 279–81.
25. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 263.
26. Interview with Miles Alexander, July 19, 2018.
27. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 266.
28. Abram to Troutman, date unknown, 1940.
29. Abram to Troutman, 1940; Abram, The Day Is Short, 60–61; AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 774.
30. Abram, The Day Is Short, 51.
31. William Anderson, The Wild Man from Sugar Creek, 169.
32. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 4, 771.
33. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 4, 786.
34. Montgomery, “Bias Dread Sent Abram from Banking to Law.”
35. Abram to Troutman, October 21, 1940.
36. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 4, 771; Abram, The Day Is Short, 62.
37. Abram to Troutman, January 16, 1941.
38. Abram to Troutman, March 28, 1941.
39. Abram, The Day Is Short, 66.
40. Orlando Reporter-Star, January 4, 1944.
41. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 343–44.
42. Abram, The Day Is Short, 67.
43. Abram, The Day Is Short, 65–66.
44. Abram, The Day Is Short, 69–70.
45. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 296.
46. Interview with Ruth Abram, May 16, 2017
47. Abram, The Day Is Short, 71.
48. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 296.
49. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 298–99.
50. Abram, The Day Is Short, 74.
51. Abram, The Day Is Short, 75.
52. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 294–308.
53. Abram, The Day Is Short, 59.
54. Interview with Eric Block, May 21, 2018.
55. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 294. Jane Abram later underwent a conversion to Judaism.
1. Hugo Black lecture, University of Alabama Law School, March 30, 1977, Abram Papers, box 2.
2. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 4, 787.
3. Interview with Robert Hicks, December 1, 2018.
4. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 4, 788.
5. Interview with Andrew Young, March 21, 2018.
6. Abram, “What I Have Learned in Thirty Years.”
7. Amicus Brief in the case of Franklin v. Harper, Number 16759, Supreme Court of Georgia, Abram Papers, box 89.
8. Elbert Tuttle to Morris Abram, August 22, 1949, Abram Papers, box 89.
9. Ellis Arnall to Morris Abram, August 24, 1949, Abram Papers, box 89.
10. Rep. Grace Towns Hamilton to Senator Edward Kennedy, June 23, 1983, Abram Papers, box 91.
11. Hamilton to Kennedy, June 23, 1983.
12. Spritzer and Bergmark, Grace Towns Hamilton, 90.
13. Spritzer and Bergmark, Grace Towns Hamilton, 95.
14. Interview with Ted Maloof, July 25, 2017.
15. Interview with Miles Alexander, July 19, 2018.
16. Interview with Ted Maloof, July 25, 2017.
17. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 258.
18. Interview with Ted Maloof, July 25, 2017.
19. Interview with Ted Maloof, July 25, 2017.
20. Interview with Elliott Levitas, August 7, 2017.
21. Interview with Grace Pauley, July 18, 1974, interview G-0046. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007) http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/g-0046/g-0046.html.
22. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 402–3.
23. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 418.
24. Spritzer and Bergmark, Grace Towns Hamilton, 97.
25. Abram, The Day Is Short, 86.
26. Atlanta Journal, May 15, 1952.
27. Spencer, “Abram Invades Rockdale.”
28. Spencer, “Abram Invades Rockdale.”
29. Abram Papers, box 2.
30. Abram Papers, box 2.
31. Abram, “Your Stake in the County Unit Amendment.”
32. Abram, The Day Is Short, 89.
33. Abram, The Day Is Short, 90.
34. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 420.
35. Interview with Miles Alexander, July 17, 2017.
36. Talmadge, You and Segregation, 22–23.
37. McGill, “New York’s Southerner.”
38. Oral Argument of Morris Abram, Gray v. Sanders.
39. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 4, 419.
40. Martin, William Berry Hartsfield: Mayor of Atlanta, 137.
41. Interview with Joseph Lefkoff, September 27, 2017.
42. Interview with Joseph Lefkoff, September 27, 2017
43. Abram, The Day Is Short, 86–87.
44. Smith, “Moral but not Moralistic”; interview with Robert Hicks, December 1, 2017.
45. Interview with Joseph Lefkoff, September 27, 2017
46. Email from Joseph Lefkoff, December 9, 2017.
47. Letter from Morris Abram to Fred Orr, September 20, 1988, Abram Papers, box 82.
48. Interview with Ted Maloof, July 25, 2017.
49. Conversation with Joseph Lefkoff, August 21, 2018.
50. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 318–19.
51. Interview with Robert Hicks, December 1, 2017.
52. Interview with Ted Maloof, July 25, 2017.
53. Interview with Ruth Abram, May 16, 2017.
54. Transcript, Morris Abram Oral History Interview 1, March 20, 1984, LBJ Library, 7.
55. Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., vol. 5, 522.
56. Branch, Parting the Waters, 207, 353.
57. Oliphant and Wilkie, The Road to Camelot, 338.
58. Abram, The Day Is Short, 126.
59. Abram, The Day Is Short, 128.
60. Branch, Parting the Waters, 362; Coretta Scott King, My Life, 93.
61. Henderson, Ernest Vandiver, 124.
62. Branch, Parting the Waters, 376; Abram, The Day Is Short, 132.
63. Levingston, Kennedy, and King, 114; The president’s first choice was Paul Freund of Harvard Law School. Cox, Abram, and Carl McGowan were on the short list after Freund turned down the offer. Abram Chayes, recorded interview by Eugene Gordon, June 22, 1964, 6–7, John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program.
64. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 359.
65. “The Founding Moment,” U.S. Peace Corps, https://www.peacecorps.gov/about/history/founding-moment/.
66. “Peace Corps Role Hailed,” Tulsa Sunday World.
67. “Peace Corps Role Hailed,” Tulsa Sunday World.
68. Morris, “Buckley and Abram Clash in Spirited Emory Debate.”
69. “Buckley and Abram Collide in Liberal-Conservative Duel,” Atlanta Constitution, October 19, 1962.
1. Bulloch III and Gaddie, Georgia Politics in a State of Change, 135.
2. Spritzer, The Belle of Ashby Street, 89.
3. Spritzer, The Belle of Ashby Street, 89.
4. Colegrove v. Green, 328 U.S. 549 (1946).
5. Spritzer, The Belle of Ashby Street, 146.
6. Spritzer, The Belle of Ashby Street, 146.
7. Interview of Morris Abram by Lorraine Nelson Spritzer, January 4, 1978, Georgia Government Documentation Project, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta.
8. Spritzer, The Belle of Ashby Street, 147.
9. Interview of Morris Abram by Lorraine Nelson Spritzer, January 4, 1978, Georgia Government Documentation Project, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta.
10. Abram, The Day Is Short, 83.
11. South v. Peters, 339 U.S. 276 (1950).
12. South v. Peters, 339 U.S. 276 (1950).
13. South v. Peters, 339 U.S. 276 (1950); Smith, On Democracy’s Doorstep, 104.
14. Abram, “The County Unit System Is Unconstitutional,” 36–37.
15. Abram, “The County Unit System Is Unconstitutional,” 35.
16. Abram, “The County Unit System Is Unconstitutional,” 36.
17. Abram, The Day Is Short, 101.
18. Cox v. Peters, 208 Ga. 498 (1951).
19. Cox v. Peters, 208 Ga. 498 (1951).
20. 342 U.S. 936 (1952).
21. New Georgia Encyclopedia, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/william-b-hartsfield-1890–1971.
22. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 5, 862.
23. Interview of Morris Abram by Lorraine Nelson Spritzer, January 4, 1978, Georgia Government Documentation Project, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta.
24. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 5, 864.
25. Davis, “No Federal Issue, 5–4 Decision Says.”
26. Atlanta Constitution, “I’m Tired of Fighting, Mayor Says.”
27. Interview of Morris Abram by Lorraine Nelson Spritzer, January 4, 1978, Georgia Government Documentation Project, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta.
28. Abram, The Day Is Short, 103–4.
29. Abram, The Day Is Short, 104.
30. Lefkoff, “The Georgia County Unit Case.”
31. Interview of Morris Abram by Lorraine Nelson Spritzer, January 4, 1978, Georgia Government Documentation Project, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta.
32. Carter, Turning Point, 33.
33. Toombs v. Fortson, 205 F. Supp. 248 (N.D. Ga. 1962).
34. Carter, Turning Point, 38–40.
35. Abram, The Day Is Short, 106; AJC Oral History Project, vol. 5, 882–83.
36. Carter, Turning Point, 40.
37. Gray v. Sanders, Oral Argument, January 17, 1963, Part 2.
38. Archibald Cox to Morris Abram, December 21, 1962, Abram Papers, box 14.
39. Cox to Abram, January 4, 1963, Abram Papers, box 14.
40. Smith, On Democracy’s Doorstep, 107.
41. Ferris, “Attorney General Kennedy vs. Solicitor General Cox: The Formulation of the Federal Government’s Position in the Reapportionment Cases.”
42. Smith, On Democracy’s Doorstep, 107.
43. Interview with Joseph Lefkoff, September 27, 2017.
44. Henderson, Ernest Vandiver, Governor of Georgia, 167. At Abram’s request to Archibald Cox, Mayor Hartsfield was also sworn in that day. Archibald Cox to Morris Abram, January 1963, Abram Papers, box 14.
45. Gray v. Sanders, Oral Argument, January 17, 1963, Part 2.
46. Gray v. Sanders, Oral Argument, January 17, 1963, Part 2.
47. Gray v. Sanders, Oral Argument, January 17, 1963, Part 2.
48. Gray v. Sanders, Oral Argument, January 17, 1963, Part 2.
49. Tye, Robert Kennedy, The Making of a Liberal Icon, 166.
50. Gray v. Sanders, Oral Argument, January 17, 1963, Part 2.
51. Interview of Morris Abram by Lorraine Nelson Spritzer, January 4, 1978, Georgia Government Documentation Project, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta.
52. Abram letter to Time magazine, February 22, 1963.
53. Gray v. Sanders, Oral Argument, January 17, 1963, Part 2.
54. Gray v. Sanders, 372 U.S. 368 (1963).
1. Interview with Ruth Abram, May 16, 2017.
2. Interview with Ted Maloof, July 25, 2017.
3. LBJ Library Oral History Project, Interview 2, May 3, 1984.
4. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 364.
5. Interview with Robert Rifkind, May 15, 2018.
6. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 359.
7. Abram, The Day Is Short, 134.
8. Trippett, “The Walls Came Tumbling Down,” 43–44.
9. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 3–9.
10. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 104–05.
11. Interview with David Harris, May 2, 2017
12. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 368.
13. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 368.
14. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 111.
15. Loeffler, Rooted Cosmopolitans, 250–53.
16. Statement by Morris Abram, U.S. Member of the Sub-Commission for the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Abram Papers, box 92.
17. Statement by Morris Abram, U.S. Member of the Sub-Commission for the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Abram Papers, box 92.
18. Chernin, “Making Soviet Jews an Issue,” 35.
19. Statement by Morris Abram, U.S. Member of the Sub-Commission for the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Abram Papers, box 92.
20. Statement by Morris Abram, U.S. Member of the Sub-Commission for the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Abram Papers, box 92.
21. The Academy quietly withdrew the book from publication.
22. Statement by Morris Abram, U.S. Member of the Sub-Commission for the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Abram Papers, box 92.
23. State Department Press Release, March 25, 1965, Abram Papers, box 68.
24. Memorandum for the President from Secretary of State Dean Rusk, March 12, 1965, Abram Papers, box 68.
25. Loeffler, Rooted Cosmopolitans, 266.
26. Loeffler, Rooted Cosmopolitans, 267, 273; Feingold, Silent No More, 64n, 328–29.
27. Interview with David Harris, May 2, 2017; Abram, The Day Is Short, 151.
28. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 123.
29. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 126–27.
30. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 131; AJC News Release, Monday, June 1, 1964.
31. Abram, The Day Is Short, 144; Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 131.
32. Abram, The Day Is Short, 146.
33. AJC Press release, June 3, 1964.
34. Interview with Miles Alexander, July 17, 2017.
35. Letter from Abram to White House Assistant Lee White, September 2, 1965, Abram Papers, box 92.
36. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 132.
37. Interview with Steven Bayne, December 26, 2017.
38. Cushing to Abram, Abram Papers, box 92.
39. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 132–33.
40. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 26.
41. Interview with Steven Bayme, December 26, 2017.
42. Interview with Steven Bayme, December 26, 2017.
43. Abram, The Day Is Short, 149–50.
44. Interview with Steven Bayme, December 26, 2017.
45. Abram, The Day Is Short, 142.
46. The Field Foundation of Illinois, http://www.fieldfoundation.org/about/history.
47. Abram, The Day Is Short, 123–24.
48. American Jewish Committee, a conversation with Case, Kennedy, and Abram conducted by Herb Brubaker at WTTG Studios of Metromedia Television Network on Sunday May 15, 1966. Abram Papers, box 22.
49. Interview with Steven Bayme, December 26, 2017.
50. “Panel Selects Three for First Shield of Jerusalem Prizes,” New York Times.
51. Abram, “A Jewish Boy Growing Up in Rural Georgia.”
52. Interview with Steven Bayme, December 26, 2017.
1. Branch, Parting the Waters, 864.
2. Branch, Parting the Waters, 865.
3. “Sedition Trial, Americus, GA,” Civil Rights Digital Library, last modified April 25, 2019, http://crdl.usg.edu/events/sedition_trial_americus/.
4. Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, 307 U.S. 496 (1939); interview with Sidney Rosdeitcher, November 7, 2018.
5. Interview with Sidney Rosdeitcher, November 7, 2018.
6. Interview with Sidney Rosdeitcher, November 7, 2018.
7. Lewis, “American Lawyers Gideon’s Army,” 159.
8. Lewis, “American Lawyers Gideon’s Army,” 159.
9. Interview of Morris Abram by Lorraine Nelson Spritzer, January 4, 1978, Georgia Government Documentation Project, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta. Regarding Carter, a sympathetic biographer who served in his presidential administration later wrote that “feelings were so inflamed, and the pressure on all politicians to make ill-conceived pro-segregation comments so strong, that his very silence was itself a measure of courage.” Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 136.
10. Abram, The Day Is Short, 139–40.
11. Allen, Mayor: Notes on the Sixties, 104.
12. Allen, Mayor: Notes on the Sixties, 104–06.
13. Allen, Mayor: Notes on the Sixties, 133, 241.
14. The American Presidency Project.
15. The American Presidency Project.
16. Geary, Beyond Civil Rights, 76.
17. Memorandum to the President from the Vice President, September 1, 1965, Abram Papers, box 68.
18. Memorandum to the President from Lee White, September 28, 1965, Abram Papers, box 68. Both LaFollette and Burke Marshall had also been considered.
19. Califano, The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, 47–48.
20. McPherson, A Political Education, 344.
21. Weissman, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 90.
22. Weissman, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 92–93.
23. Geary, Beyond Civil Rights, 79.
24. Geary, Beyond Civil Rights, 80.
25. Moynihan, “The President and the Negro.”
26. Geary, Beyond Civil Rights, 149.
27. Weissman, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 108.
28. McPherson, A Political Education, 245.
29. Oral Interview with Morris Abram, LBJ Library, Interview 1, March 20, 1984.
30. LBJ Oral History Project, Interview 1.
31. LBJ Oral History Project, Interview 2, May 3, 1984.
32. Address by Morris B. Abram, co-chairman, at the Opening of the White House Conference “To Fulfill These Rights,” November 4, 1965, Abram Papers, box 90.
33. McPherson, A Political Education, 345.
34. LBJ Oral History; Otten, “Administration Hopes for Best in June Civil Rights Parley.”
35. Branch, Parting the Waters, 471.
36. Interview with John Lewis, December 12, 2017.
37. Abram, The Day Is Short, 154, 158.
38. Friedman, What Went Wrong, 209–10.
39. Friedman, What Went Wrong, 210–11.
40. Friedman, What Went Wrong, 214.
41. Friedman, What Went Wrong, 226.
42. Friedman, What Went Wrong, 220.
43. Friedman, What Went Wrong, 230.
44. Martin L. King Jr. to Morris Abram, September 20, 1967, Abram Papers, box 91. According to historian Murray Friedman, when King began to give his speech, he was jeered by a group of black militants, shouting “Kill Whitey.” And when an SCLC member tried to speak out against the resolution on Zionism, which was eventually dropped, his life was threatened. Friedman, What Went Wrong, 232–34.
45. King letter to Morris Abram.
46. King letter to Morris Abram.
47. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 178–79.
48. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 179–80.
49. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 180.
50. O’Neill, “City Hall”; Katcher, New York Post, October 25, 1967.
51. McColl, “In the Morris Chair.”
52. Witkin, “Democrats View a ‘68 Possibility.” New York Times, Oct 25, 1967.
53. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 232.
54. Abram, The Day Is Short, 165–67.
55. Friedman, What Went Wrong, 258–62.
56. Friedman, What Went Wrong, 263.
57. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 180.
1. Abram, The Day Is Short, 167.
2. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 22, 1968.
3. Abram Papers, box 92.
4. Interview with Kenneth Sweder, April 3, 2018.
5. Abram Sachar Brandeis University Presidential Papers, box 44.
6. Sachar Presidential Papers.
7. Giguere, “End Violence, Mrs. King Appeals”; Krasner, “Seventeen Months in the President’s Chair,” 45.
8. Interview with Kenneth Sweder, April 3, 2018.
9. Abram, The Day Is Short, 191.
10. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 5, 919.
11. Interview with David Squire, October 13, 2017.
12. Interview with Jacob Cohen, October 19, 2017.
13. Fripp and Jordan, “Brandeis Students Seize Hall.”
14. Kitch, “Building Taken by Blacks in Dispute with Brandeis.”
15. Abram, “Odyssey of a Southern Liberal.”
16. Interview with Jacob Cohen, October 19, 2017.
17. Krasner, “Seventeen Months in the President’s Chair,” 52.
18. Kitch, “Building Taken by Blacks in Dispute with Brandeis.”
19. Interview with Herbert Teitelbaum, May 9, 2017.
20. Interview with Ruth Abram, May 16, 2017.
21. Fellman Collection, Minutes of Faculty Meetings; Special Faculty meeting, January 8, 1969, box 1, Folder 16.
22. Interview with Gordon Fellman, September 28, 2017.
23. Roche, Sentenced to Life, 150.
24. Interview with Kenneth Sweder, April 3, 2018; Fenton, “Brandeis Quiet Despite Student Sit-In.” One journalist on the scene reportedly quipped that the incident demonstrated that “even the black students at Brandeis have Jewish mothers.”
25. Christian Science Monitor, “Abram Draws Faculty Praise.”
26. Fenton, “Negroes at Brandeis Seek New Talk on ‘Racist’ Issue.”
27. Gordon Fellman Collection, box 1, Ford Hall Occupation, Folder 5.
28. Abram, “Odyssey of a Southern Liberal.”
29. “The Justice,” January 14, 1969.
30. Fripp, “Brandeis Library Disrupted as Blacks Reject Afro Department Bid.”
31. Interview with Jacob Cohen, October 19, 2017.
32. Interview with Eric Yoffie, October 16, 2017.
33. Interview with Eric Yoffie, October 16, 2017.
34. Fellman Collection, box 1, Folder 17.
35. Interview with Jacob Cohen, October 19, 2017.
36. Interview with Morton Keller, September 27, 2017.
37. Interview with Gordon Fellman, September 28, 2017.
38. Abram, “The Eleven Days at Brandeis—as seen from the President’s Chair.”
39. Interview with Eric Yoffie, October 16, 2017.
40. Interview with Kenneth Sweder, April 3, 2018.
41. Krasner, “Seventeen Months in the President’s Chair,” 67.
42. Sachar Presidential Papers, box 44.
43. Abram, “Odyssey of a Southern Liberal”; Grossman, “College Protestors Didn’t Always Have Football Team Behind Them.”
44. Abram, “Odyssey of a Southern Liberal.”
45. Interview with David Squire, October 13, 2017.
46. Fellman Collection, FBI Files, box 1.
47. Krasner, “Seventeen Months in the President’s Chair,” 67–68.
48. Abram, The Day Is Short, 189.
49. Interview with David Squire, October 13, 2017.
50. Interview with Ruth Abram, May 16, 2017.
51. Interview with David Squire, October 13, 2017.
52. Abram, “Reflections on the University in the New Revolution.”
53. Interview with David Squire, October 13, 2017.
54. Interview with Eric Yoffie, October 16, 2017.
55. Interview with Kenneth Sweder, April 3, 2018.
56. Interview with Jacob Cohen, October 19, 2017.
57. Atlanta Constitution, “Morris Abram Quits Post at Brandeis, Studies Senate.”
58. Interview with Alfred Moses, April 5, 2017.
59. Interview with Robert Hicks, December 1, 2017.
60. Abram, The Day Is Short, 164.
61. Abram, The Day Is Short, 189.
1. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 349–50.
2. Interview with Ruth Abram, May 16, 2017.
3. Spritzer and Bergman, Grace Towns Hamilton, 218.
4. Interview with Hamilton Fish, May 18, 2018.
5. Conversation with Joshua Abram, June 22, 2018.
6. Interview with Hamilton Fish, May 18, 2018.
7. Interview with Hamilton Fish, May 18, 2018.
8. Interview with Hamilton Fish, May 18, 2018.
9. Conversation with Joshua Abram, June 22, 2018.
10. Maguire, On Shares: Ed Brown’s Story.
11. Interview with Hamilton Fish, May 18, 2017.
12. Interview with Hamilton Fish, May 18, 2017.
13. Interview with Hamilton Fish, May 18, 2017.
14. Interview with Ruth Abram, May 16, 2017.
15. Abram, The Day Is Short, 30.
16. Interview with Deborah Forman, June 9, 2017.
17. Interview with Joseph Lefkoff, September 27, 2017.
18. Interview with Jeh Johnson, February 26, 2017.
19. Conversation with Joshua Abram, June 22, 2018.
20. Conversation with Robert Hicks, August 29, 2018.
21. Interview with Michael Colson, April 26, 2018; Mulcahy, “A Brilliant and Caring Heart.”
22. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 356.
23. Abram, The Day Is Short, 203.
24. Handwritten letter to Morris Abram, October 25, 1983, Abram Papers, box 81.
25. Handwritten letter to Lewis Abram et al, December 24, 1985, Abram Papers, box 81.
26. Interview with Deborah Forman, June 9, 2017.
27. Interview with Michael Colson, April 26, 2018.
28. Forman, “A Good Friend Who Made the World a Better Place.”
29. Interview with Max Gitter, August 23, 2017.
30. Interview with Sidney Rosdeitcher, November 7, 2017.
31. Interview with Mark Levin, May 23, 2017.
32. Interview with Mark Levin, May 23, 2017.
33. Interview with Jonathan Tepperman, May 10, 2018.
34. Interview with Jonathan Tepperman, May 10, 2018.
35. Interview with Jonathan Tepperman, May 10, 2018.
36. Interview with Jonathan Tepperman, May 10, 2018.
37. Lazar, “Abram: An Outsider Who Served Four Presidents May Serve Bush.”
38. Abram, “What I Have Learned in Thirty Years.”
1. Interview with Jacob Cohen, October 19, 2017.
2. Knowles, “Abram Eligibility Is Held in Dispute”; Ronan, “Abram Abandons Race for Senate.”
3. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 444–45.
4. Goldstein, “The Law Firm that Stars in Court.”
5. Hoffman, Lions of the Eighties, 152–54.
6. Interview with Sidney Rosdeitcher, November 7, 2017.
7. Rifkind actually outlasted Abram at the firm, working right up to the year of his death. Pace, “Simon Rifkind, Celebrated Lawyer, Dies at 94.”
8. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 439.
9. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 617.
10. Denniston, “Super Lawyer, Bad Book.”
11. Interview with Jeh Johnson, February 26, 2017.
12. Abram, The Day Is Short, 95.
13. Interview with Max Gitter, August 23, 2017. The case, on behalf of Western Union, was the first important one Abram argued after joining the Heyman law firm. Abram, The Day Is Short, 98–99.
14. Gitter interview; Michael Kramer, “Son of Bob vs. Son of Jerry.”
15. Interview with Sidney Rosdeitcher, November 7, 2017.
16. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 235–37.
17. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 242, 244.
18. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 2, 243.
19. Abram, “The Challenge of the Courtroom.”
20. Auerbach, “Don’t Call Us, We’ll Call You.”
21. Interview with Robert Destro, February 13, 2018.
22. Interview with Alan Dershowitz, March 22, 2018.
23. Interview with Robert Rifkind, May 15, 2018.
24. “Judge: Bias a ‘No-No’ in Partner Promotion,” 613–14.
25. Interview with Robert Rifkind, May 15, 2018.
26. Interview with Robert Destro, February 13, 2018.
27. Abram, “Living with Leukemia,” 160.
28. Interview with Robert Hicks, December 1, 2017.
29. Interview with Robert Hicks, December 1, 2017.
30. Lerner, “The Patient Who Tried to Cure His Own Cancer,” 11.
31. Abram, “Living with Leukemia,” 162.
32. Abram, “Living with Leukemia,” 162–63.
33. Abram, “Living with Leukemia,” 165.
34. Abram, “Ethics and the New Medicine,” 94.
35. Abram, The Day Is Short, 205.
36. Abram, “Living with Leukemia,” 166; Abram, The Day Is Short, 217.
37. New York Times, “Acute Leukemia Most Malignant, Is Usually Fatal, Authorities Say.”
38. Abram, “Living with Leukemia,” 168.
39. Abram, “Living with Leukemia,” 169–70.
40. Gupte, “Noted Lawyer Free of Symptoms Four Years After Getting Leukemia.”
41. Lerner, “The Patient Who Tried to Cure His Own Cancer,” 13.
42. “Stein Tells Jews Not to Be Paranoid About Probes of Jewish-Owned Nursing Homes,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency; Abram, The Day Is Short, 227, 237.
43. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 457–8; Abram, The Day Is Short, 227.
44. Auletta, Hard Feelings, location 3330.
45. Auletta, Hard Feelings, location 3358; Abram, The Day Is Short, 232–33.
46. Auletta, Hard Feelings, location 3358–68.
47. Abram, The Day Is Short, 234.
48. Abram, The Day Is Short, 235.
49. Auletta, Hard Feelings, location 3407–36; Abram, The Day Is Short, 236.
50. Hess, “Moreland Report Cites Rockefeller”; New York Times, “Moreland Panel’s Record.”
51. Abram Papers, box 2.
52. Peters and Woolley, “The American Presidency Project.”
53. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Office of Staff Secretary.
54. Abram, “Ethics and the New Medicine,” 68.
55. Abram, “Ethics and the New Medicine,” 68; Peters and Woolley, “The American Presidency Project.”
56. The President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and in Biomedical and Behavioral Research.
57. The President’s Commissions, 2001–2009; Former Bioethics Commissions, https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/pastcommissions/index.html.
58. Abram, “Ethics and the New Medicine,” 68, 100.
1. Interview with Vernon Jordan, May 5, 2017.
2. Vernon Jordan to Morris Abram, June 22, 1970, Abram Papers, box 10.
3. Interview with Vernon Jordan, May 5, 2017.
4. Gasman, Envisioning Black Colleges, 134.
5. Gasman, Envisioning Black Colleges, 135–36.
6. Interview with David Harris, May 2, 2017.
7. Abram, “What I Have Learned in Thirty Years.”
8. Abram, “What I Have Learned in Thirty Years.”
9. Abram, “What I Have Learned in Thirty Years.”
10. Interview with Norman Podhoretz, June 21, 2017.
11. Abram, The Day Is Short, 248.
12. Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 197.
13. Letter from Abram to Governor Carter, January 14, 1971, Abram Papers, box 8.
14. Jimmy Carter to Morris Abram, December 21, 1974, Abram Papers, box 8.
15. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 625–26.
16. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 626.
17. “Jimmy Carter’s Big Breakthrough.” Time, May 10, 1976.
18. Abram, “Carter and Baptists.”
19. Abram, “Carter and Baptists.”
20. Abram, “The Southernness of Jimmy Carter.”
21. Abram, Memorandum to Jimmy Carter during 1976 campaign Subject: “How to Space Yourself from Ford,” Abram Papers, box 8.
22. Abram to Carter.
23. Interview with Vernon Jordan, May 5, 2017.
24. Letter from Morris Abram to President Carter, “Why Portions of the American Jewish Community are Concerned with the Present Posture of U.S./Israel/Arab Relations,” July 5, 1977, cited in Strieff, “Jimmy Carter and the Domestic Politics of Arab-Israeli Diplomacy 1977–80,” 80.
25. Abram, The Day Is Short, 252–53.
26. Abram, The Day Is Short, 254.
27. Gershman, “The World According to Andrew Young.”
28. Gershman, “The World According to Andrew Young.”
29. Abram, Typewritten speech at Columbia University, December 7, 1978, Abram Papers, box 2.
30. Time Magazine, “The Fall of Andy Young.”
31. Abram, Typewritten op-ed submitted to the New York Times, Abram Papers, box 91. The piece eventually ran in the Atlanta Constitution on October 30, 1979 under the title “On Fighting Anti-Semitism.”
32. Abram, “On Fighting Anti-Semitism.”
33. Abram, The Day Is Short, 257–58.
34. Abram Papers, box 8.
35. Leon, “Stars Shine in Alzheimer Gala.”
36. Abram to Elliott Abrams, October 20, 1980; Abram to Richard Allen, October 21, 1980, box 54.
37. Dodson, “Beating the Odds,” 13.
38. Abram, The Day Is Short, 262–63; Leon, “Stars Shine in Alzheimer Gala.”
39. Carter, The Shame of Southern Politics, xvi.
40. Abram, The Day Is Short, 268.
1. Abram, “The Odyssey of a Southern Liberal.”
2. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 1978.
3. Abram, “Odyssey of a Southern Liberal.”
4. Abram, “Odyssey of a Southern Liberal.”
5. “Liberalism and the Jews.”
6. “Liberalism and the Jews.”
7. “Liberalism and the Jews.”
8. Sawyer, “Senate Panel Starts Hearings on Constitutionality of Affirmative Action.”
9. Abram, “Skewing Affirmative Action’s Purpose.”
10. Abram, “Misguided Black Political Strategy.”
11. Abram, “Misguided Black Political Strategy.”
12. Abram Papers, box 95.
13. Abram to Norman Redlich, April 16, 1981, Abram Papers, box 74.
14. Luevano v. Campbell, 93 F.R.D. 68 (D.D.C. 1981).
15. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, http://www.usccr.gov/about/index.php.
16. Williams, “Beyond the Lunch Counter Victories.”
17. Williams, “Beyond the Lunch Counter Victories.”
18. Interview with Linda Chavez, December 12, 2017.
19. Clines, “Reagan Chooses Three for Civil Rights Panel.”
20. Interview with Marshall Breger, May 8, 2018.
21. Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, July 13, 1983, 10.
22. Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, July 13, 1983, 17; Georgia Senator Sam Nunn also submitted a letter in support of Abram’s nomination, which can be found on page 15.
23. Kahlenberg, Tough Liberal, 240–41, 245.
24. Kahlenberg, Tough Liberal, 243.
25. Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, July 13, 1983, 33.
26. Interview with Linda Chavez, December 12, 2017.
27. Williams, “Middle Ground on Civil Rights.”
28. Interview with Robert Destro, February 13, 2018.
29. Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, July 13, 1983, 132.
30. Letter from Grace Towns Hamilton to Senator Edward Kennedy, June 23, 1983, Abram Papers, box 91.
31. Gailey, “Leaders of Rights Coalition Call for Rejection of Three Reagan Nominees.”
32. Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, July 13, 1983, 130.
33. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, August 30, 1983.
34. Douglas, “Black and Jewish Leaders Call for New Harmony.”
35. Gailey, “Leaders of Rights Coalition Call for Rejection of Three Reagan Nominees.”
36. Nathan Perlmutter to Ralph Neas, May 27, 1983, Abram Papers, box 42.
37. Abram, “What Is a Civil Right?,” 52.
38. Gailey, “Leaders of Rights Coalition Call for Rejection of Three Reagan Nominees.”
39. Bond, “Who Helped King get out of Jail?”
40. Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, July 13, 1983, 42.
41. Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, July 13, 1983, 109–10.
42. Lardner, “Compromise Apparently Reconstitutes Civil Rights Commission.”
43. Kurtz, “Rights Panel’s Critics Try to put it out of Business.”
44. Interview with Linda Chavez, December 12, 2017.
45. Interview with Linda Chavez, December 12, 2017.
46. Interview with Linda Chavez, December 12, 2017.
47. Interview with Robert Destro, February 13, 2018.
48. Abram, “Against Comparable Worth.”
49. Abram, “Against Comparable Worth.”
50. Schroeder and Snowe, “Comparable Worth is the American Way.”
51. Pear, “Civil Rights Agency Splits in Debate on Narrowing Definition of Equality.”
52. Abram, “Against Goals and Timetables in Hiring and Recruitment.”
53. Abram, “Against Goals and Timetables in Hiring and Recruitment.”
54. New York Times, “The Dispute over Affirmative Action.”
55. Pear, “Civil Rights Agency Splits in Debate on Narrowing Definition of Equality.”
56. Abram, “What Constitutes a Civil Right?,” 52.
57. Abram, “What Constitutes a Civil Right?,” 54.
58. Abram, “What Constitutes a Civil Right?,” 54.
59. Abram, “What Constitutes a Civil Right?,” 60.
60. Mariano, “New York and NAACP Agree on Racial Quotas for Housing.”
61. Goodman, “Dispute over Housing Quotas at Starrett City: Complex Mix of Principle and Politics.”
62. Mariano, “New York and NAACP Agree on Racial Quotas for Housing.”
63. Morris Abram to Hon. William Bradford Reynolds, June 19, 1984, Abram Papers, box 77.
64. Reynolds to Abram, July 10, 1984, box 77.
65. Paul, Weiss Office Memorandum, June 16, 1988, Abram Papers, box 77.
66. Morley, “Double Reverse Discrimination,” 16; Village Voice, January 3, 1984.
67. Abram, “Affirmative Action: Fair Shakers and Social Engineers,” 1312, 1326.
68. Abram, “Affirmative Action: Fair Shakers and Social Engineers,” 1314.
69. Abram, “Affirmative Action: Fair Shakers and Social Engineers,” 1315.
70. Abram, “Affirmative Action: Fair Shakers and Social Engineers,” 1318–19.
71. Abram, “Affirmative Action: Fair Shakers and Social Engineers,” 1321–23.
72. Abram, “Affirmative Action: Fair Shakers and Social Engineers,” 1326.
73. Morris Abram to President Ronald Reagan, Abram Papers, box 41.
74. Abram Papers, box 104.
1. Hoffman, “How We Freed Soviet Jewry.”
2. Beckerman, When They Come for Us We’ll Be Gone, 515–16, 527.
3. Abram, The Day Is Short, 76, 141.
4. Forman, “Jewish Leader Says Summit Must Address Human Rights.”
5. Forman, “Jewish Leader Says Summit Must Address Human Rights.”
6. Interview with Richard Schifter, June 5, 2017.
7. Lazin, The Struggle for Soviet Jewry in American Politics, 28–29.
8. Golden, O Powerful Western Star, 170–71.
9. Chernin, A Second Exodus, 2–3.
10. Interview with Shulamit Bahat, June 6, 2017.
11. Beckerman, When They Come for Us We’ll be Gone, 279.
12. Interview with Malcolm Hoenlein, May 10, 2017.
13. Interview with Jerry Goodman, May 15, 2017.
14. Interview with Jerry Goodman, May 15, 2017.
15. Interview with Mark Talisman, July 13, 2017.
16. Altshuler, From Exodus to Freedom, 75–77.
17. Interview with Mark Levin, May 23, 2017.
18. Interview with Mark Levin, May 23, 2017.
19. Interview with George Shultz, May 26, 2017.
20. Daily Journal, October 28, 1988.
21. Fred Lazin, “We Are Not One: American Jews, Israel, and the Struggle for Soviet Jewry.”
22. Interview with Herbert Teitelbaum, May 9, 2017.
23. Interview with Jerry Goodman, May 15, 2017.
24. “The American Bar and the Soviet Bear—an Exchange.”
25. “The American Bar and the Soviet Bear—an Exchange.” The Executive Director of the National Jewish Community Relations Council claimed it was his organization that had prodded NCSJ into action prior to Reykjavik. Lazin, Struggle, 247.
26. Beckerman, When They Come for Us We’ll Be Gone, 513–16.
27. Shipler, “Two Say Soviet Plans to let Jews Leave in Larger Numbers.”
28. Lazin, Struggle, 222.
29. Lazin, Struggle, 214. It was the Bronfman-Abram mission that led to Josef Mendelevich’s outburst at the Solidarity Day rally in New York that May. Feingold, Silent No More, 271.
30. Interview with David Harris, May 2, 2017.
31. Morris Abram to President Ronald Reagan, April 9, 1984, box 61.
32. Abram, “Don’t be Misled by the Bitburg Trip.”
33. Interview with Abraham Foxman, May 16, 2017.
34. Interview with Abraham Foxman, May 16, 2017.
35. Interview with Billy Keyserling, May 25, 2017.
36. Interview with Malcolm Hoenlein, May 10, 2017.
37. Interview with Malcolm Hoenlein, May 10, 2017.
38. Interview with Malcolm Hoenlein, May 10, 2017.
39. Conversation with Mark Talisman, July 13, 2017.
40. Interview with Malcolm Hoenlein, May 10, 2017.
41. Conversation with Mark Talisman, July 13, 2017.
42. Interview with Alan Dershowitz, March 22, 2018.
43. Shipp, “ABA Maintains an Agreement with Soviet Lawyers’ Group.”
44. Dershowitz, Chutzpah, 264–65.
45. Abram, “For Ties with Soviet Lawyers.”
46. “The American Bar and the Soviet Bear—an Exchange.”
47. Altshuler, From Exodus to Freedom, 84–85.
48. The Advocates, “Should the United States Support ‘Self-Determination’?”
49. The Advocates, “Should the United States Support ‘Self-Determination’?” Abram’s other expert witness was Ben Nitay (now Benjamin Netanyahu) of the Boston Consulting Group.
50. Margolick, “Those Against Bequest to Attack PLO Aims”; Shenon, “Settlement Reached on Bequest to PLO.”
51. Interview with Malcolm Hoenlein, May 10, 2017.
52. Interview with Jerry Goodman, May 15, 2017.
53. Greenberg, “U.S. Jewish Leaders Walk Tightrope on Pollard Case.”
54. Frankel, “U.S. Jews Press Israel on Pollard.”
55. “1987 Mission to Jerusalem.” Typewritten report of the Conference of Presidents in the wake of the Pollard case, March 17–22, 1987, Abram Papers, box 66.
56. Email from Malcolm Hoenlein, June 22, 2017.
57. Interview with Max Gitter, August 23, 2017.
1. Romano, “The President and His Parties.”
2. Nomination of Morris Berthold Abram To Be United States Representative to the European Office of the United Nations, February 2, 1989, Public Papers of the Presidents, The American Presidency Project; “Abram Officially Named US Envoy to UN in Geneva,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 5, 1989.
3. Abram Papers, box 73.
4. Typewritten speech at Columbia University, December 7, 1978, Abram Papers, box 2.
5. Release from the Ad Hoc Group on the United Nations, March 16, 1982, Abram Papers, box 73; Nossiter, “Private US Group Says UN Sometimes Heightens World Tensions.”
6. Interview with David Schwarz, April 10, 2018.
7. “The Treatment of Israel by the United Nations,” Hearing Before the House Committee on International Relations,” July 14, 1999, 34.
8. Interview with Anne Patterson, April 23, 2018.
9. Interview with David Schwarz, April 10, 2018; interview with Anne Patterson, April 23, 2018.
10. Morris Abram to Dr. Christiana Nichols, January 31, 1991, Abram Papers, box 91.
11. “The United Nations Office in Geneva and the Role of the U.S. Mission,” Memorandum from Morris Abram, U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations and Other International Organizations to the State Department Transition Team, December 16, 1992, Abram Papers, box 91.
12. Maariv Style Supplement, “Romantic Encounter in Geneva.”
13. Interview with Max Gitter, August 23, 2017.
14. Abram, “The United Nations, the United States, and International Human Rights,” 114.
15. Abram, “The United Nations, the United States, and International Human Rights,” 115.
16. Abram, “The United Nations, the United States, and International Human Rights,” 117–18.
17. Abram, “The United Nations, the United States, and International Human Rights,” 118–19.
18. Abram, “The United Nations, the United States, and International Human Rights,” 122.
19. Abram, “The United Nations, the United States, and International Human Rights,” 122–23.
20. Interview with David Harris, May 2, 2017.
21. Interview with Eric Block, May 21, 2018.
22. Interview with Jonathan Cohen, April 20, 2018.
23. Interview with Jonathan Cohen, April 20, 2018.
24. Interview with Anne Patterson, April 23, 2018.
25. Interview with Jonathan Tepperman, May 10, 2018.
26. Interview with Jonathan Tepperman, May 10, 2018.
27. Lewis, “A First at UN, a Panel Condemns Anti-Semitism”; New York Post, “A Condemnation Long Overdue,” March 10, 1994; Flash Report from the United Nations Watch, “The United Nations Has Finally Condemned Anti-Semitism,” Abram Papers, box 22.
28. Interview with Michael Colson, April 26, 2018.
29. Interview with Jonathan Tepperman, May 10, 2018.
30. Interview with Hannah Gaywood, May 17, 2018.
31. “Dear Friend” letter from the Chairman, UN Watch, May 1, 1995, Abram Papers, box 22.
32. Interview with Michael Colson, April 26, 2018.
33. Interview with Hannah Gaywood, May 17, 2018; interview with Michael Colson, April 26, 2018.
34. Interview with Michael Colson, April 26, 2018.
35. Interview with Michael Colson, April 26, 2018.
36. Interview with Eric Block, May 21, 2018.
37. Interview with Eric Block, May 21, 2018.
38. Interview with Michael Colson, April 26, 2018.
39. Interview with Jonathan Cohen, April 20, 2018.
40. Interview with Bruce Ramer, January 10, 2018.
41. Interview with Felice Gaer, September 17, 2018.
42. Interview with Jonathan Cohen, April 20, 2018.
43. Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong, 337.
44. Interview with David Harris, May 2, 2017.
45. Interview with Bruna Molina, July 3, 2018.
46. Abram, “A House Divided Can’t Stand; A House United Will Stand.”
47. Memorandum to the Secretary General from Gillian Martin Sorensen.
48. UN Watch Press Release, “Kofi Annan Honors UN Watch Founder Morris Abram.”
49. Interview with Bruna Molina, July 3, 2018.
1. Mulcahy, “A Brilliant Intellect and Caring Heart.”
2. Interview with Jonathan Tepperman, May 10, 2018.
3. Moose, George. “Remarks.”
4. Interview with David Harris, May 2, 2017.
5. Hearings before the Committee on Judiciary, July 13, 1983; interview with Alfred Moses, April 5, 2017.
6. Abram, The Day Is Short, 149–50.
7. Interview with Jacob Cohen, October 19, 2017.
8. Interview with Jacob Cohen, October 19, 2017.
9. Interview with Norman Podhoretz, June 21, 2017.
10. Moose, George. “Remarks.”
11. Abram, Typewritten Text of Remarks, May 1, 1975, Abram Papers, box 2.
12. Morris Abram to Ruth Abram, March 30, 1999, Abram Papers, box 104.
13. Abram, “What I Have Learned in Thirty Years.”
14. Abram, “What I have Learned in Thirty Years.”
15. Magida, “Morris Abram, a Confusion of Labels.”
16. Goldberg, “Questions of Life.”
17. Morris Abram to Morris Abram Jr., February 2, 2000, Abram Papers, box 104.
18. Interview with Michael Colson, April 26, 2017.
19. AJC Oral History Project, vol. 3, 619.
20. Abram Papers, box 2.
21. Morris Abram to Richard Allen, October 21, 1980, Abram Papers, box 54.
22. Abram, “Is Strict Separation Too Strict?,” 32–34.
23. Abram, “In Pursuit of Justice.”
24. Abram, “A Jewish Boy Growing Up in Rural Georgia.”
25. Abram, “A Jewish Boy Growing Up in Rural Georgia.”
26. Abram Papers, box 91.
27. Conversation with Max Green, October 9, 2017.
28. Interview with Bruna Molina, July 3, 2018.
29. Interview with Anne Patterson, April 23, 2018.
30. Interview with Jonathan Cohen, April 20, 2018.
31. I am grateful to Robert Hicks for calling my attention to Lewis’s address and its connection to Abram’s quest.
32. Interview with Eric Block, May 21, 2018.
33. Interview with Jonathan Tepperman, May 10, 2018.
34. Interview with Vernon Jordan, May 5, 2017.
35. Interview with John Lewis, December 13, 2017
36. Interview with Bruna Molina July 3, 2018.
37. Gupte, “Noted Lawyer Free of Symptoms Four Years After Getting Leukemia.”