Chapter 1 CROWDS AND FAMILIES
1. Newcastle Daily Chronicle, Sept. 24, 1877.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 1:17.
5. Matthew Grant, Diary, Connecticut State Library, Hartford, Conn. In this quotation, the spelling stands as written. This practice is followed in the remainder of the book; in general, sic has been omitted.
See also Roger Clap, Memoirs of Captain Roger Clap (Boston, 1731); Dorchester Town Records, Document 9 1880, in Fourth Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, 2d ed. (Boston, 1883), pp. 1, 6, 10, 12; T. M. Harris, “Chronological and Topographical Account of Dorchester,” in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 10 (Boston, 1804): 147–99, 154n.; Windsor Town Records, Connecticut State Library, typescript; Matthew Grant will, December 9, 1681, and inventory, January 10, 1681, Connecticut State Library.
6. Matthew Grant, Diary.
7. Edward Chauncey Marshall, The Ancestry of General Grant, and Their Contemporaries (New York, 1869); Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, ed., Burke’s Presidential Families of the United States of America (London, 1975), pp. 317–33.
8. Connecticut Historical Society Collections, vol. 9, Rolls of Connecticut Men in the French and Indian War, 1755–1762 (Hartford, Conn., 1903), pp. 77–78, 121–23, 132; Action of the Connecticut General Assembly, in “Colonial Wars,” manuscript roll, Connecticut State Library, vol. 6, item 98. See also “Vital Records,” Tolland, Conn.; “Colonial Wars,” vol. 5, part 2, pp. 285, 328.
9. USG, Memoirs, 1:18; Frank A. Burr, A New, Original and Authentic Record of the Life and Deeds of General U. S. Grant (Boston, 1885), p. 63.
Noah could have left Coventry and gone to New Hampshire to enlist and thus be the same Noah who went to war, but records in Lyme suggest that their Private Grant was, indeed, another person, a farmer and logger who moved to Enosburg, Vermont. There is a Noah Grant “Detached until January 1779” in Connecticut Historical Society Collections, vol. 12, Lists and Returns of Connecticut Men in the Revolution, 1775–1783 (Hartford, Conn., 1909), pp. 48, 132, but there is no record of this service in the Connecticut State Library or the National Archives—Dorothy W. Sears, Lyme Historians Inc., to the writer, April 27, 1975; Roll of the Militia Company in Lyme, 1776, Pay Roll, Receipt Roll, and Lists of Bedel’s Regiment (1775–1776), National Archives, Washington, D.C.
10. Land Records, Town of Coventry, Town Clerk’s Office, Coventry, Conn., vol. 8, p. 101. See also Land Grants, Town of Coventry, microfilm, Connecticut State Library; “Old Cemetery of North Coventry,” Town Clerk’s Office, Coventry, Conn., typescript; headstone, “Anna [Anne?] Richardson Grant,” cemetery, Grant Hill. Had Ulysses Grant’s grandfather been Captain Grant, the headstone most probably would have referred to her husband as “Captain” rather than “Mr.” Grant.
11. History of Portage County, Ohio (Chicago, 1885), pp. 420–21. Noah Grant is said to have learned the leather business in John Brown’s father’s tannery.
12. USG, Memoirs, 1:20; County Records, Maysville, Kentucky.
13. The History of Brown County, Ohio (Chicago, 1883), p. 266; Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio, 3 vols., with vols. 2 and 3 in one (Columbus, Ohio, 1889–91), 3:103.
14. Lloyd Lewis, Captain Sam Grant (Boston, 1950), pp. 27–28, 45, 48; clippings from the Georgetown, Ohio, Castigator, Cincinnati Historical Society.
15. Robert and Mary Belville to Samuel Simpson, Nov. 27, 1829, Cincinnati Historical Society; Mary Belville to Elizabeth Simpson, May 15, 1830, Cincinnati Historical Society; R. M. Griffith to Samuel Simpson, Jan. 30, 1830, Cincinnati Historical Society; USG to R. M. Griffith, Sept. 22, 1839, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, Ill., 1967–), 1:4–8.
16. New York Times, March 5, 1869.
17. Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio, 1:333.
18. USG to Jesse R. Grant, May 9, 1877, U. S. Grant Papers, Missouri Historical Society; New York Times, May 12, 1883.
19. USG, Memoirs, 1:26.
20. Ibid., p. 25. See also Lewis, Captain Sam Grant, p. 22.
21. USG, Memoirs, 1:29–30.
22. Ibid., pp. 27–29.
23. Ibid., p. 34.
Chapter II CADETSHIP AND COURTSHIP
1. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 1: 37–38. See also New York Times, July 24, 1885.
2. USG to R. M. Griffith, Sept. 22, 1839, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, III., 1967–), 1:4–8, 4n.; entry dated May 29, 1839, in “Descriptive Book of Candidates,” manuscript, United States Military Academy (USMA) Library. Grant himself never used more than “S.”; others converted the single letter to “Simpson.”
3. USG, Memoirs, 1:39; James Longstreet, interview in St. Louis Globe Democrat, July 24, 1885; USG, Memoirs, 1:38.
4. USG, Memoirs, 1:39; Stephen E. Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point (Baltimore, 1966), pp. 100–102.
5. USG to R. M. Griffith, Sept. 22, 1839, Papers, 1:4–8. See also James Lunsford Morrison, “The United States Military Academy, 1833–1866: Years of Progress and Turmoil” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1971), university microfilm 71–6230; USG, Memoirs, 1:39–40.
6. USG, Memoirs, 1:38. For a critique of West Point as an educational institution see Joseph Ellis and Robert Moore, School for Soldiers: West Point and the Profession of Arms (New York, 1974), pp. 12–13.
7. USG to R. M. Griffith, Sept. 22, 1839, Papers, 1:4–8; USG to Charles W. Ford, May 3, 1871, U. S. Grant Papers, Library of Congress. See also E. B. Strong to C. F. Smith, July 13, 1840, USMA Library; USG to C. F. Smith, undated, USMA Library; C. F. Smith to G. G. Waggam, July 16, 1840, USMA Library; J. G. Taylor to [the Superintendent], July 29, 1840, USMA Library; USG, Memoirs, 1:37–39.
8. USG, Memoirs, 1:39. See also USG to Carey & Hart, Mar. 31 and Apr. 8, 1843, Papers, 1:11.
9. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), p. 325. Legends have both Charles W. Eliot of Harvard and the younger Benjamin Silliman of Yale as the “old gentleman” of the evening. The story fits neither well; Julia Grant’s nameless bore was probably someone else.
10. USG to R. M. Griffith, Sept. 22, 1839, Papers, 1:4–8.
11. Eight pieces of Grant’s work are reproduced in Papers, 1:13–19.
12. USG, Memoirs, 1:40.
13. Ibid., p. 41.
14. Ibid., p. 44.
15. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 35–36.
16. Ibid., pp. 39, 34.
17. Ibid., p. 43.
18. Ibid., pp. 43, 41, 42.
19. Julia Grant Cantacuzene, My Life Here and There (New York, 1921), p. 165; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 35.
20. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 36, 46–47.
21. Ibid., pp. 46, 48; USG, Memoirs, 1:46–47.
22. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 49.
23. Ibid.
24. USG, Memoirs, 1:49–50.
25. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 50.
26. Jane Grant de MaCarty, in conversation with the writer, Aug. 16, 1974.
27. Ibid.
28. USG to Julia Dent, June 4, 1844, Papers, 1:23–27.
29. USG to Julia Dent, Jan. 12, 1845, ibid., p. 40.
30. USG to Julia Dent, July 11, 1845, ibid., pp. 50–51.
Chapter III THE MEXICAN WAR
1. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 1:170.
2. Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (New York, 1973).
3. James Longstreet interview with Hamlin Garland, ca. 1890, typescript, Doheny Library, University of Southern California. See also Frederick Merk, with Lois B. Merk, Slavery and the Annexation of Texas (New York, 1972); Karl Jack Bauer, The Mexican War, 1846–1848 (New York, 1974), pp. 32–43, photograph following p. 202; USG, Memoirs, 1:61–83; The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, III., 1967–), 1:53–76.
4. USG, Memoirs, 1:75–76.
5. Ibid., p. 68.
6. Ibid., p. 53.
7. Ibid., p. 56.
8. USG to Julia Dent, May 3, 1846, Papers, 1:83–84.
9. USG, Memoirs, 1:92, 94–95.
10. USG to Julia Dent, May 11, 1846, Papers, 1:84–87; Albert D. Richardson, A Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant (Hartford, Conn., 1902). p. 86; USG, Memoirs, 1:96.
11. USG, Memoirs, 1:98.
12. USG to Julia Dent, May 11, 1846, Papers, 1:87–89.
13. USG, Memoirs, 1:106.
14. Ibid., pp. 110–11, 111–12.
15. Bauer, Mexican War, pp. 85–102; USG, Memoirs, 1:112–17.
16. USG, Memoirs, 1:117. See also Bauer, Mexican War, pp. 99–101.
17. USG to Julia Dent, Oct. 3 and Oct. 20, 1846, Papers, 1:112–13, 114–16.
18. USG to Julia Dent, Oct. 3 and Nov. 7, 1846, ibid., pp. 112–13, 116–18.
19. USG to John W. Lowe, May 3, 1847, ibid., pp. 135–37. See also USG to Julia Dent, Dec. 27, 1846, ibid., pp. 118–20.
20. USG, Memoirs, 1:123.
21. Weigley, American Way of War, pp. 70–76.
22. USG, Memoirs, 1:119, 118.
23. Bauer, Mexican War, p. 272.
24. USG, Memoirs, 1:132, 133. See also Weigley, American Way of War, p. 75.
25. USG, Memoirs, 1:157–59, 172.
26. USG to John W. Lowe, June 26, 1846, Papers, 1:94–98; USG to Julia Dent, Oct. 3, 1846, ibid., pp. 112–13.
27. USG, Memoirs, 1:92–93.
28. Ibid., pp. 138, 139, 123, 136–37, 139.
29. Ibid., pp. 180–84; Simon Bolivar Buckner, “A Visit to Popocatepetl,” Putnam’s Weekly Magazine 1 (Apr. 1853):408–16.
30. USG, Memoirs, 1:183–84.
31. Ibid., p. 184.
32. USG to Julia Dent, Mar. 22, 1848. Papers, 153–54. See also Howard T. Fisher and Marion Hall Fisher, eds., Life in Mexico: The Letters of Fanny Calderón de la Barca (New York, 1966).
33. USG to Julia Dent, Jan. 9, 1848, Papers, 1:148–50.
34. Simon Bolivar Buckner interview with Hamlin Garland, ca. 1890, typescript, Doheny Library, University of Southern California. See also Papers, 1:xxxiii.
Chapter IV A SOLDIER BETWEEN WARS
1. USG to Julia Dent, Aug. 7, 1848, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, Ill., 1967–), 1:163–64.
2. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975). p. 56.
3. Ibid., p. 57. The grandmother, of whom Grant, too, was fond, was technically his step-grandmother. Sarah Hale Simpson was not Hannah’s mother, but John Simpson’s second wife.—Ibid., p. 64n.
4. Ibid., p. 58.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., pp. 59–61; USG to O. F. Winship, Feb. 23, 1849, Papers, 1:175–77.
8. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 59–60.
9. Ibid., pp. 60–61.
10. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 3, 1851, Papers, 1:222–24. See also Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 65–66.
11. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 65–66.
12. USG to Julia D. Grant, June 22, 1851, Paper, 1:211–12.
13. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 3 and Aug. 10, 1851, ibid., pp. 222–24, 224–25. See also Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 69–70.
14. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 3, 1851, Papers, 1:222–24; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 69; USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 3, 1851, Papers, 1:222–24.
15. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 71.
16. USG to Julia D. Grant, July 1, 1852, Papers, 1:242–44. See also USG sworn statement, June 27, 1848, ibid., pp. 162n.–163n.; USG to Julia D. Grant, June 20 and June 28, 1852, ibid., pp. 235–36, 239–41.
17. USG to Julia D. Grant, July 4, 1852, ibid., pp. 245–46.
18. Delia B. Sheffield, “Reminiscences of Delia B. Sheffield,” Washington Historical Quarterly 15 (Jan. 1924):49–62.
19. Sheffield, “Reminiscences,” pp. 52–53. Contract between Jose M. Saravia and USG, July 21, 1852, Papers, 1:249–50, 250n. See also Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 1:195–98; James Elderkin interview with Hamlin Garland, ca. 1890, typescript, Doheny Library, University of Southern California.
20. Sheffield, “Reminiscences,” pp. 52–55.
21. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 16 and Aug. 20, 1852, Papers, 1:254–56, 256–58; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 72.
22. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 30, 1852, and June 28, 1853, Papers, 1:258–60, 303–5; Sheffield, “Reminiscences,” pp. 59–61; John W. Emerson, “Grant’s Life in the West and His Mississippi Campaigns,” Midland Monthly, July 1897, pp. 3–9; Ripley’s “Believe It or Not,” 1974.
23. Emerson, “Grant’s Life in the West,” Midland Monthly, Aug. 1897, pp. 138–43.
24. USG to Julia D. Grant, July 15, 1852, Papers, 1:247–49.
25. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 72–75.
26. Ibid., p. 75; USG to Julia D. Grant, Sept. 19, 1852, Papers, 1:265–67.
27. USG to Julia D. Grant, Dec. 3, 1852, Jan. 3 and Mar. 31, 1853, Papers, 1:274–76, 279–81, 296–98.
28. USG to Julia D. Grant, June 28 and July 13, 1853, ibid., pp. 303–5, 305–7. See also USG to Julia D. Grant, June 15, 1853, ibid., pp. 301–2.
29. USG to Julia D. Grant, Jan. 3, 1853, ibid., pp. 279–81.
30. USG, letter of recommendation for Margaret Getz, July 19, 1853, ibid., p. 308.
31. USG to Julia D. Grant, Feb. 2, 1853 [1854], ibid., pp. 316–18.
32. USG to Julia D. Grant, Feb. 6 and Mar. 6, 1854, ibid., pp. 320–22, 322–24. “Quit and” is a guess at two words deleted at his descendants’ request.
33. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 20, 1852, and Mar. 6, 1854, ibid., pp. 256–58, 322–24.
34. USG to Julia D. Grant, Mar. 6, 1854, ibid., pp. 322–24. See also Ulysses S. Grant 3rd, Ulysses S. Grant, Warrior and Statesman (New York, 1969), p. 95.
35. USG, Memoirs, 1:209, 210; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 75; USG to Julia D. Grant, Mar. 6, 1854, Papers, 1:322–24. See also Bruce Catton’s introduction to Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 3.
36. Ulysses S. Grant 3rd, Ulysses S. Grant, p. 98; Hamlin Garland’s transcriptions of his interviews are in the Doheny Library, University of Southern California.
37. Papers, 1:328n.; USG to Samuel Cooper, Apr. 11, 1854 (twice), Papers, 1:328–29; James Elderkin interview with Hamlin Garland, ca. 1890, typescript, University of Southern California.
38. Andrew Ellison to Jefferson Davis, June 5, 1854, Papers, 1:330n.–331n.
39. Jefferson Davis to Jesse R. Grant, June 28, 1854, ibid. See also Davis to Andrew Ellison, June 7, 1854, ibid.; Jesse R. Grant to Davis, June 21, 1854, ibid.
40. Simon Bolivar Buckner interview with Hamlin Garland, typescript, ca. 1890, University of Southern California.
41. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 72; USG to Julia D. Grant, May 2, 1854, Papers, 1:332.
Chapter V GALENA
1. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), p. 76.
2. Ibid., p. 78. See also The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, Ill., 1967–), 1:335n.
3. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 78–79. See also Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 1:211.
4. USG to Jesse R. Grant, Dec. 28, 1856, Papers, 1:334–35; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 78.
5. USG to Jesse R. Grant, Dec. 28, 1856, and Feb. 7, 1857, Papers, 1:334–35, 336–37.
6. USG to Jesse R. Grant, Dec. 28, 1856, ibid., pp. 334–35. See also USG, Memoirs, 1:211; John W. Emerson, “Grant’s Life in the West and His Mississippi Campaigns,” Midland Monthly, Sept. 1897, p. 217.
7. USG to Jesse R. Grant, Feb. 7, 1857, Papers, 1:336–37, 337n.; USG to Mary Grant, Aug. 22, 1857, ibid., pp. 338–39. See also pawn ticket, Dec. 23, 1857, ibid., p. 339.
8. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 83; Emerson, “Grant’s Life in the West,” p. 213. See also USG to Jesse R. Grant, Oct. 1, 1858, Papers, 1:344; manumission order signed by USG, ibid., p. 347.
9. Emerson, “Grant’s Life in the West,” p. 214; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 85.
10. USG to Mary Grant, Mar. 21, 1858, Papers, 1:340–41.
11. USG to Mary Grant, Feb. 7, 1857, and Sept. 7, 1858, ibid., pp. 336–37, 343. See also USG to Jesse R. Grant, Mar. 12, 1859, ibid., pp. 345–46.
12. USG to Board of County Commissioners, Aug. 15, 1859, ibid., p. 348; USG to Jesse R. Grant, Aug. 20 and Sept. 23, 1859, ibid., pp. 350–51.
13. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 82. See also USG to Jesse R. Grant, Dec. 23, 1859, Papers, 1:352, 352n.
14. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 82; USG to Julia D. Grant, Mar. 14, 1860, Papers, 1:355–56.
15. USG to Julia D. Grant, Mar. 14, 1860, Papers, 1:355–56.
16. Hamlin Garland, Ulysses S. Grant: His Life and Character (New York, 1898), p. 148.
17. USG to Charles W. Ford, Dec. 10, 1860, U. S. Grant Papers, Library of Congress; Emerson, “Grant’s Life in the West,” Midland Monthly, Oct. 1897, pp. 316–25.
18. Lloyd Lewis, Captain Sam Grant (Boston, 1950), p. 376.
Chapter VI ESCAPING FROM THE ORDINARY
1. John W. Emerson, “Grant’s Life in the West and His Mississippi Campaigns,” Midland Monthly, Sept. 1897, p. 219, and Oct. 1897, p. 323.
2. Manumission order signed by USG, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, III., 1967–), 1:347.
3. USG to Jesse R. Grant, Sept. 23, 1859, ibid., pp. 351–52.
4. Albert D. Richardson, A Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant (Hartford, Conn., 1902), p. 167. See also Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York. 1885–86), 1:215.
5. USG to Charles W. Ford, Dec. 10, 1860, U. S. Grant Papers, Library of Congress.
6. Ibid.
7. USG to Frederick Dent, Apr. 19, 1861, Papers, 2:3–4.
8. USG to Julia D. Grant, May 1, 1861, ibid., pp. 15–16; USG to Jesse R. Grant, May 6, 1861, ibid., pp. 20–22.
9. USG to Julia D. Grant, May 6, 1861, ibid., pp. 23–24.
10. Augustus Louis Chetlain, Recollections of Seventy Years (Galena, III., 1899), pp. 69–71.
11. Ibid., p. 70; “How Grant Got to Know Rawlins,” Army and Navy Journal, Sept. 12, 1868, p. 53; USG, Memoirs, 1:231.
12. Augustus Louis Chetlain interview with Hamlin Garland, ca. 1890, typescript, Doheny Library, University of Southern California; USG to Jesse R. Grant, May 6, 1861, Papers, 2:20–22.
13. Chetlain interview with Garland.
14. Ibid.
15. USG to Jesse R. Grant, May 6, 1861, Papers, 2:20–22. See also USG to Lorenzo Thomas, May 24, 1861, ibid., pp. 35–36.
16. Chetlain interview with Garland; USG to Jesse R. Grant, May 30, 1861, Papers, 2:37.
17. USG to Julia D. Grant, June 17, 1861, Papers, 2:42–43, 43n.
Chapter VII WARRIORS
1. Adam Badeau, quoted in Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (New York, 1973), p. 150. See also “A Strategy of Annihilation: U. S. Grant and the Union,” ch. 7 in Weigley, American Way of War.
2. William T. Sherman to O. O. Howard, May 17, 1865, Howard Papers, Bowdoin College Library.
3. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 3, 1861, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, Ill., 1967–), 2:82–83.
4. USG to Julia D. Grant, June 26, 1861, ibid., pp. 49–51.
5. Lloyd Lewis, Captain Sam Grant (Boston, 1950), p. 430.
6. USG to Julia D. Grant, June 27, 1861, Papers, 2:52–53. See also USG to Julia D. Grant, June 26, 1861, ibid., pp. 49–51.
7. Philip Welshimer to his wife, June 25, 1861, ibid., p. 47n.; USG to Jesse R. Grant, July 13, 1861, ibid., pp. 66–67.
8. USG to Jesse R. Grant, July 13, 1861, ibid., pp. 66–67.
9. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), p. 92.
10. Ibid.; USG to Julia D. Grant, July 13, 1861, Papers, 2:69–70.
11. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 92; USG to Julia D. Grant, July 13 and July 19, 1861, Papers, 2:69–70, 72–73.
12. USG to Julia D. Grant, July 7, 1861, Papers, 2:59–60.
13. USG to Julia D. Grant, May 15, 1861, ibid., pp. 30–32. See also Kenneth P. Williams, Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War, 5 vols. (New York, 1949–59), 3:16–17; USG to Mary Grant, Apr. 29, 1861, Papers, 2:13–15; Papers, 2:29n.
14. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 1:249–50. See also Williams, Lincoln Finds a General, 3:42–43.
15. USG to Jesse R. Grant, Aug. 3, 1861, Papers, 2:80–81. See also John Y. Simon, “From Galena to Appomattox: Grant and Washburne,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 58 (Summer 1965): 165–89.
16. USG to Jesse R. Grant, Aug. 3, 1861, Papers, 2:80–81.
17. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 10, 1861, ibid., pp. 96–97; USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Sept. 3, 1861, ibid., pp. 182–83.
18. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 10, 1861, ibid., pp. 96–97.
19. USG to Jesse R. Grant, Aug. 3, 1861, ibid., pp. 80–81; USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 26 and Aug. 4, 1861, ibid., pp. 140–41, 84–85.
20. James Harrison Wilson, Life of John A. Rawlins (New York, 1916), p. 31.
21. “How Grant Got to Know Rawlins,” Army and Navy Journal, Sept. 12, 1868, p. 53.
22. Jacob Dolson Cox, “How Judge Hoar Ceased to Be Attorney-General,” Atlantic Monthly 76 (Aug. 1895):164.
23. Albert D. Richardson, A Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant (Hartford, Conn., 1902), p. 155; Papers, 2:142n.
24. Theodore Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, sel. and ed. George R. Agassiz (Boston, 1922), p. 81. See also Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York, 1897), p. 33; Papers, 6:294–96; Bruce Catton, Grant Moves South (Boston, 1960), p. 209.
25. Williams, Lincoln Finds a General, 3:37–42, 25.
26. USG to Julia D. Grant, Sept. 3, 1861, Papers, 2:180–81. See also Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 93.
27. Frontispiece, Papers, 2.
Chapter VIII BATTLES
1. USG to Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Sept. 5, 1861, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, Ill., 1967–), 2:189.
2. USG, “Proclamation to the Citizens of Paducah,” ibid., pp. 194–95. See also James Marshall-Cornwall, Grant as Military Commander (London, 1970), pp. 38–39; R. M. Kelly, “Holding Kentucky for the Union,” in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. R. U. Johnson and C. C. Buel, 4 vols. (New York, 1887–88), 1:373–92.
3. E. B. Long, with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 (New York, 1971), pp. 135–36; Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (Indianapolis, 1964); Kenneth P. Williams, Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War, 5 vols. (New York, 1949–59), 3:75–100; Marshall-Cornwall, Grant, pp. 40–44.
4. Chauncey McKeever to USG, Nov. 1, 1861, in United States War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C., 1880–1901), ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 267 (hereafter cited as Official Records of the Rebellion or OR). Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), p. 271; USG to R. J. Oglesby, Nov. 6, 1861, Papers, 3:123.
5. USG, Memoirs, 1:278–79. See also Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (New York, 1958–74), 1:149–52; USG, report of Nov. 17, 1861, OR, ser. 1, vol. 3, pp. 267–72.
6. Leonidas Polk to Jefferson Davis, Nov. 8, 1861, OR, ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 304.
7. USG, report of Nov. 17, 1861, OR, ser. 1, vol. 3, pp. 267–72.
8. Grant, Memoirs, 1:281.
9. USG to Julia D. Grant, Oct. 6, 1861, Papers, 3:23.
10. USG, testimony before the House Select Committee on Government Contracts, ibid., pp. 90–98; Elihu B. Washburne to Salmon P. Chase, Oct. 31, 1861, ibid., p. 98n.
11. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Nov. 20, 1861, ibid., pp. 204–7; Washburne to Abraham Lincoln, Nov. 23, 1861, ibid., p. 207n.
12. USG to Jesse R. Grant, Nov. 27, 1861, ibid., pp. 226–28.
13. USG to Mary Grant, Jan. 23, 1862, ibid., 4:96–97; Papers, 4:100n. See also USG to J. D. Kelton, Jan. 6, 1862, ibid., 3:375–76; USG, Memoirs, 1:287.
14. Samuel F. DuPont to Sophie DuPont, Apr. 29, 1862, in Samuel F. DuPont, A Selection of His Civil War Letters, ed. John D. Hayes, 3 vols. (Ithaca, N.Y., 1969), 2:20–22; U. S. Grant, Memoirs, 1:286–87.
15. USG, Memoirs, 1:287; Andrew Hull Foote to Henry W. Halleck, Jan. 28, 1862, Papers, 4:99n.; USG to Halleck, Jan. 28, 1862, ibid., p. 99; Henry W. Halleck to USG, Jan. 30, 1862, ibid., p. 104n.
16. Marshall-Cornwall, Grant, p. 56. See also maps of Henry and Donelson campaign in United States Military Academy, West Point, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, ed. Vincent J. Esposito, 2 vols. (New York, 1959), vol. 1, maps 25–30; Lew Wallace, Lew Wallace: An Autobiography, 2 vols. (New York, 1906), 1:365–81; W. H. L. Wallace to Ann Dickey Wallace, Feb. 7, 1862, Wallace-Dickey Family Papers, Illinois State Historical Society (ISHS).
17. George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, Feb. 7, 1862, in Marshall-Cornwall, Grant, p. 56; USG to Mary Grant, Feb. 9, 1862, Papers, 4:179–80.
18. Wallace, Autobiography, 1:376.
19. Ibid., p. 377.
20. Ibid., p. 378. See also W. H. L. Wallace to Ann Dickey Wallace, Feb. 11, 1862, Wallace-Dickey Family Papers.
21. Foote, Civil War, 1:201–4.
22. USG, Memoirs, 1:307; Wallace, Autobiography, 1:411–12.
23. Wallace, Autobiography, 1:421, 413, 421.
24. USG, Memoirs, 1:307–8.
25. West Point Atlas, vol. 1, map 29; USG, Memoirs, 1:308–10.
26. USG, Memoirs, 1:310–15.
27. Hamlin Garland, Grant: His Life and Character (New York, 1898), p. 192. (There is a slightly different version in Garland’s transcriptions of his interviews in the Doheny Library, University of Southern California.) See also USG, Memoirs, 1:312–13; Wallace, Autobiography, 1:427–32. The naval officer claimed he was suspended from active duty for two years for failing to take the prize for the Navy.
28. USG to Julia D. Grant, Feb. 16, 1862, Papers, 4:229–30; Charles A. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War (New York, 1899), pp. 10–14.
29. Wallace, Autobiography, 1:412.
30. USG to George W. Cullum, Feb. 28, 1862, Papers, 4:286–87.
31. Ibid.
32. Abraham Lincoln to Henry W. Halleck, Feb. 16, 1862, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–55), 5:135.
33. Henry W. Halleck to George B. McClellan, Feb. 17, 1862, OR, ser. 1, vol. 7, p. 628. See also Bruce Catton, Grant Moves South (Boston, 1960), p. 188.
34. USG to Julia D. Grant, Mar. 1, 1862, Papers, 4:305–6.
35. Henry W. Halleck to George B. McClellan, Mar. 3, 1862, OR, ser. 1, vol. 7, pp. 679–80; McClellan to Halleck, Mar. 3, 1862, ibid.; Halleck to McClellan, Mar. 4, 1862, Papers, 4:320n.; Halleck to USG, Mar. 4, 1862, ibid., p. 319n. See also Catton, Grant Moves South, p. 197.
36. USG to Julia D. Grant, Feb. 22, 1862, Papers, 4:271–73.
37. USG to Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote, Mar. 3, 1862, ibid., pp. 313–14; USG to Henry W. Halleck, Mar. 5, 1862, ibid., pp. 317–19.
38. USG to Julia D. Grant, Mar. 5, 1862, ibid., pp. 326–27.
39. USG to Charles F. Smith, Mar. 5, 1862 (thrice), ibid., pp. 321–24; USG to Julia D. Grant, Mar. 5, 1862, ibid., pp. 326–27; USG to Henry W. Halleck, Mar. 6, 1862, ibid., pp. 322n.–323n.
40. Henry W. Halleck to USG, Mar. 6, 1862, ibid., p. 331n.
41. USG to Henry W. Halleck, Mar. 7, 1862, ibid., p. 331. See also Andrew Hull Foote to Gideon Welles, Mar. 6, 1862, ibid., pp. 331n., 328n.–329n.; Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York, 1962), pp. 172–79; USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Mar. 22, 1862, Grant Papers, ISHS.
42. USG to John A. McClernand, Mar. 9, 1862, Papers, 4:338; McClernand et al. to USG, Mar. 9, 1862, ibid., p. 338n.; C. C. Marsh address to USG, Mar. 10, 1862, ibid., p. 376n.
43. Henry W. Halleck to USG, Mar. 6, 1862, ibid., pp. 353n.–354n.
44. Foote, Civil War, 1:318.
45. USG to Henry W. Halleck, Mar. 13, 1862, Papers, 4:353; Halleck to USG, Mar. 13, 1862, ibid., pp. 354n.–355n. See also USG to Halleck, Mar. 7 and Mar. 9, 1862, ibid., pp. 331, 334.
46. USG to Julia D. Grant, Feb. 22 and Feb. 24, 1862, ibid., pp. 271, 284.
Chapter IX SHILOH
1. Henry W. Halleck to USG, Mar. 13, 1862, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, Ill., 1967–), 4:353n.–355n.
2. Albert Sidney Johnston to Soldiers of the Army of the Mississippi, quoted in Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (New York, 1958–74), 1:327.
3. USG to Henry W. Halleck, Apr. 5, 1862, Official Records of the Rebellion (OR), ser. 1., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 89.
4. Foote, Civil War, 1:319–51.
5. John A. Rawlins to USG, Apr. 1, 1863, OR, ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 1, pp. 183–88; Lew Wallace to Edwin M. Stanton, July 18, 1863, ibid., pp. 188–89.
6. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 1:344–45.
7. Ibid., p. 349; USG to N. H. McLean, Apr. 9, 1862, OR, ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 1, pp. 108–11; Foote, Civil War, 1:346.
8. Howard C. Westwood to the writer, July 17, 1978; USG to Don Carlos Buell, Apr. 7, 1862, Papers, 5:20–21; Foote, Civil War, 1:327. See also Foote, Civil War, 1:350–51; USG, Memoirs, 1:368–69.
9. USG to N. H. McLean, Apr. 9, 1862, OR, ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 1, pp. 108–11; USG to Don Carlos Buell, Apr. 7, 1862, Papers, 5:20–21; Lew Wallace, Lew Wallace: An Autobiography, 2 vols. (New York, 1906), 2:570; Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Touched with Fire: Civil War Letters and Diary of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., 1861–1864, ed. Mark DeWolfe Howe (New York, 1969), p. 45.
10. John A. McClernand to Abraham Lincoln, OR, ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 1, pp. 113–14; Edwin M. Stanton to Henry W. Halleck, Apr. 23, 1862, Papers, 5:50n.–51n.; Wallace, Autobiography, 2:575–76; USG, Memoirs, 1:370.
11. USG, Memoirs, 1:374, 376; Wallace, Autobiography, 2:577. See also Don Carlos Buell to Adjutant General, United States Army, Aug. 1, 1862, OR, ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 1, pp. 672–77.
12. USG, Memoirs, 1:376; Wallace, Autobiography, 2:581. Quaker guns are logs that from a distance look like cannon.
13. Henry W. Halleck to Edwin M. Stanton, June 4, 1862, OR, ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 669; USG, Memoirs, 1:382.
14. William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 2 vols. (New York, 1875), 1:174.
15. O. O. Howard, “Grant at Chattanooga,” in Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, New York Commandry, Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion, 1st series (New York, 1891), p. 248.
16. Sherman, Memoirs, 1:255.
17. USG, Memoirs, 1:385; William T. Sherman to USG, June 6, 1862, Sherman, Memoirs, 1:256; USG to Elihu B. Washburne, July 22, 1862, Papers, 5:225–26.
18. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, June 19, 1862, Papers, 5:145–46, USG, Memoirs, 1:396.
19. Charles A. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War (New York, 1899), p. 15.
20. USG, Memoirs, 1:368. 397–98.
Chapter X VICKSBURG
1. Charles S. Hamilton to USG, Nov. 9, 1862, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, Ill., 1967–), 6:286n.
2. USG to Stephen A. Hurlbut, Nov. 9, 1862, Papers, 6:283.
3. James Harrison Wilson interview with Hamlin Garland, ca. 1890, typescript, Doheny Library, University of Southern California.
4. USG to Joseph D. Webster, Nov. 10, 1862, Papers, 6:283n.; Charles A. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War (New York, 1899), p. 18; USG to William T. Sherman, Dec. 5, 1862, Papers, 6:393–95.
5. John A. Rawlins, General Order, Dec. 17, 1862, in Bertram Wallace Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War (Philadelphia, 1951), pp. 122–26.
6. USG to Henry W. Halleck, 7:45 P.M., Nov. 9, 1862, Papers, 6:288; Halleck to USG, Nov. 10, 1862, ibid., p. 288n. See also James B. McPherson to USG, 8:30 A.M., Nov. 9, 1862, ibid., p. 284n; USG to McPherson, Nov. 9, 1862, ibid., p. 285n.; USG to Charles S. Hamilton, Nov. 9, 1862, ibid., p. 285.
7. USG, General Orders 6, Nov. 11, 1862, ibid., pp. 294–95.
8. Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (New York, 1958–74), 2:60–65.
9. Ibid., p. 71.
10. USG to “Commanding Officer Expedition down Mississippi,” quoted in Foote, 2:73; William T. Sherman to E. E. Sherman, Jan. 3, 1863, in Foote, 2:79.
11. USG to Henry W. Halleck, Nov. 15, 1862, Papers, 6:315. For the whole of this discussion of black refugees I am indebted to John Y. Simon’s perceptive compilation of material in Papers, 6:315n.–317n.
12. John A. Rawlins, Special Order 17, Nov. 13, 1862, and Special Field Order 4, Nov. 14, 1862, Papers, 6:315n.–316n.
13. James M. Tuttle to Edwin M. Stanton, Sept. 18, 1862, ibid., p. 317n.; David Davis to Abraham Lincoln, Oct. 14, 1862, ibid.
14. John Eaton, with Ethel Osgood Mason, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen (New York, 1907); William S. McFeely, Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen (New York, 1970).
15. Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen, pp. 30–31.
16. Dana, Recollections, pp. 17–19.
17. Ibid., pp. 21, 28–30.
18. United States Military Academy, West Point, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, ed. Vincent J. Esposito, 2 vols. (New York, 1959), vol. 1, map 103.
19. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 1:542–43.
20. Kenneth P. Williams, Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War, 5 vols. (New York, 1949–59), 4:379.
21. USG, Memoirs, 1:524–26; Foote, Civil War, 2:372–73. See also James Marshall-Cornwall, Grant as Military Commander (London, 1970), pp. 113–14.
22. Foote, Civil War, 2:385.
23. John A. McClernand, Order 72, May 30, 1863, in Official Records of the Rebellion (OR), ser. 1, vol. 24, pt. 1, pp. 159–61. See also William T. Sherman to John A. Rawlins, June 17, 1863, ibid., pp. 162–63; Foote, Civil War, 2:421–22; Williams, Lincoln Finds a General, 4:409.
24. Kenneth P. Williams has an extensive and sarcastic account of the Cadwallader story that suggests that it was entirely a fabrication. He closes his essay with an irrelevant reference to Grant’s courtesy to Lee at the McLean farmhouse and observes, “If the kindness that Grant habitually displayed during four bad years of war is not a precious part of the American heritage, we have lost all sense of values.”—Williams, Lincoln Finds a General, 4:51; see also in Williams, 4:439–50, 577–83. Benjamin P. Thomas has been criticized for not fully annotating his edition of the Cadwallader manuscript, Sylvanus Cadwallader, Three Years with Grant (New York, 1955). John Y. Simon discusses the incident in Papers, 8:322n.–325n. See also Foote, Civil War, 2:416–21.
25. Foote, Civil War, 2:417.
26. Cadwallader, Three Years with Grant, pp. 102–22.
27. Dana, Recollections, p. 83.
28. Ibid.
29. Foote, Civil War, 2:419; Cadwallader, Three Years with Grant, pp. 107, 109; Grant, Papers, 8:325n.
30. John A. Rawlins to USG, June 6, 1863, Papers, 8:322n.–323n.
31. Charles A. Dana to Edwin M. Stanton, July 13, 1863, in Dana, Recollections, p. 73.
32. William T. Sherman to John A. Rawlins, June 17, 1863, OR, ser. 1, vol. 24, pt. 1, pp. 159–63; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 2 vols. (New York, 1875), 1:356. See also Foote, Civil War, 2:421–22; Grant, Memoirs, 1:546–47.
33. USG to John A. McClernand, June 17, 1863, OR, ser. 1, vol. 24, pt. 1, p. 159; Foote, Civil War, 2:421–23.
34. Foote, Civil War, 2:608–12, 614; John C. Pemberton to USG, July 3, 1863, Papers, 8:455n.; USG to Pemberton, July 3, 1863, ibid., p. 455.
35. Ira Miltmore to his wife, July 4, 1863, Ira Miltmore Papers, Chicago Historical Society.
36. Theodore Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, sel. and ed. George R. Agassiz (Boston, 1922), p. 359.
37. Ibid.
Chapter XI CHATTANOOGA
1. Thomas Kilby Smith to his wife, Sept. 6, 1863, in Walter George Smith, Life and Letters of Thomas Kilby Smith (New York, 1898), pp. 328–29. See also Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 1:581; Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (New York, 1958–74), 2:774–75.
2. USG, Memoirs, 1:581.
3. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), pp. 121–23; USG, Memoirs, 1:504; Foote, Civil War, 2:784–85.
4. USG, Memoirs, 1:584. The decision to end the first volume at this point may not have been Grant’s. Discussions of the editing of the Memoirs suggest that the location of the break shifted as the manuscript reached completion.
5. Ibid., 2:18.
6. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 123.
7. Ibid.; USG, Memoirs, 2:18–20.
8. USG, Memoirs, 2:19, 26.
9. Ibid., pp. 24–26.
10. Ibid., p. 27; Harvey Reid to Sarah Reid, Oct. 21, 1863, Huntington Library.
11. O. O. Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, 2 vols. (New York, 1907), 1:460; O. O. Howard, “Grant at Chattanooga,” in Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, New York Commandry, Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion, 1st series (New York, 1891), p. 246.
12. Howard, Autobiography, 1:460.
13. Howard, “Grant at Chattanooga,” p. 247; Howard, Autobiography, 1:461. See also USG, Memoirs, 2:101–2.
14. Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York, 1897), p. 2.
15. Ibid., pp. 2, 5.
16. USG to Henry W. Halleck, Oct. 23, 1863, in Official Records of the Rebellion, ser. 1, vol. 31, pt. 1, p. 706.
17. Porter, Campaigning, pp. 6–7.
18. Ibid., p. 7.
19. William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 2 vols. (New York, 1875), 1:357–58.
20. Bruce Catton, Grant Takes Command (Boston, 1969), pp. 49–58.
21. Sherman, Memoirs, 1:361; John A. Rawlins to M. E. Hurlbut, Nov. 16, 1863, Rawlins Papers, Chicago Historical Society.
22. Catton, Grant Takes Command, p. 65.
23. Howard, “Grant at Chattanooga,” p. 250. See also Foote, Civil War, 2:834–69.
24. USG, Memoirs, 2:87.
25. Foote, Civil War, 2:862.
26. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 124.
27. USG, Memoirs, 2:102.
28. Ibid., pp. 42–43.
29. USG to William T. Sherman, Mar. 4, 1864, in Sherman, Memoirs, 1:398–99.
Chapter XII WASHINGTON AND THE WILDERNESS
1. Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York, 1897), pp. 21–22.
2. Theodore Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, sel. and ed. George R. Agassiz (Boston, 1922), p. 80.
3. Ibid.; Missouri Republican, January 30, 1864. See also Ben Perley Poore and O. H. Tiffany, Life of U. S. Grant (Philadelphia, 1885), p. 100; William Makepeace Thayer, From Tannery to the White House: The Life of Ulysses S. Grant (Boston, 1887), pp. 260–61.
4. Gideon Welles, Diary, ed. by Howard K. Beale, assisted by Alan W. Brownsword, 3 vols. (New York, 1960), Mar. 9, 1864, 1:538–39; Porter, Campaigning, pp. 18–19.
5. Welles, Diary, Mar. 9, 1864, 1:538–39. See also Thayer, Tannery to White House, p. 270.
6. Welles, Diary, Mar. 9, 1864, 1:538–39; Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 2:115.
7. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), p. 127.
8. USG to William T. Sherman, Mar. 4, 1864, in William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 2 vols. (New York, 1875), 1:398–99; Sherman to USG, Mar. 10, 1864, ibid., pp. 399–400.
9. William T. Sherman to USG, Mar. 10, 1864, ibid., pp. 399–400; USG, Memoirs, 2:146.
10. George Gordon Meade to M. S. Meade, Mar. 22, 1864, in George Meade, The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2 vols. (New York, 1913), 2:182.
11. USG to George Gordon Meade, Apr. 9, 1864, in USG, Memoirs, 2:135.
12. George Gordon Meade to M. S. Meade, Mar. 14, 1864, in Meade, Life and Letters, 2:177–78.
13. George Gordon Meade to M. S. Meade, Apr. 27 and Apr. 23, 1865, ibid., pp. 277, 275–76.
14. George Gordon Meade to M. S. Meade, Mar. 22, Mar. 29, and Apr. 24, 1864, ibid., pp. 182, 185, 191.
15. Charles A. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War (New York, 1899), p. 73; F. M. Pixley in the San Francisco Bulletin, quoted in the Galena Gazette, Sept. 27, 1864. See also Frederick Tracy Dent, Diary, June 4, 1864, Dent Papers, Morris Library, Southern Illinois University.
16. Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, p. 154. See also William E. Leuchtenberg, “The New Deal and the Analogue of War,” in John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and Everett Walters, Change and Continuity in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1964).
17. John A. Rawlins to James Harrison Wilson, Mar. 3, 1864, James Harrison Wilson Papers, Library of Congress.
18. Catton, Grant Takes Command (Boston, 1969), p. 107.
19. Ibid., pp. 107, 111–13; George T. Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton H. Thomas, 4 vols. (New York, 1952), June 1, 1864, 3:453.
20. Porter, Campaigning, p. 111.
21. Chicago Tribune, quoted in the Northwestern Gazette, July 5, 1864, and June 7, 1864.
22. USG to Julia D. Grant, May 2, 1864, U. S. Grant Papers, Library of Congress (LC); Herman Melville, “The Armies of the Wilderness,” in Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, ed. Sidney Kaplan (Gainesville, 1960), p. 99.
23. Melville, “The Armies of the Wilderness,” Battle-Pieces, p. 101; F. M. Pixley in the San Francisco Bulletin, quoted in the Galena Gazette, Sept. 27, 1864.
24. United States Military Academy, West Point, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, ed. Vincent J. Esposito, 2 vols. (New York, 1959), vol. 1, map 122. See also Catton, Grant Takes Command, p. 193.
25. Shelby Foote, The Civil War, 3 vols. (New York, 1958–74), 3:278–317.
26. Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, p. 105.
27. USG to Julia D. Grant, May 13, 1864, U. S. Grant Papers, LC; Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., to his parents, May 16, 1864, Touched with Fire: Civil War Letters and Diary of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., 1861–1864, ed. Mark DeWolfe Howe (New York, 1969), p. 121; Walt Whitman to his mother, May 13, 1864, in The Wound Dresser (New York, 1949), p. 182; Jedediah Hotchkis, diary entry for May 12, 1864, in Make Me a Map of the Valley (Dallas, 1969), p. 204.
28. James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States, 1850–1877, 7 vols. (New York, 1892–1906), 4:436; Strong, Diary, July 1, 1864, 3:463; Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–55), 7:374n.; Abraham Lincoln to F. A. Conkling, June 3, 1864, ibid., 7:374.
29. USG, Memoirs, 2:212; Rhodes, History of the United States, 4:469.
30. Rhodes, History of the United States, 4:469.
31. George Gordon Meade to M. S. Meade, June 4, 1864, in Meade, Life and Letters, 2:200; USG to Meade, June 3, 1864, in Grant, Memoirs, 2:272–73. See also Catton, Grant Takes Command, p. 265; Charles A. Dana to Edwin M. Stanton, June 3, 1864, in Official Records of the Rebellion (OR), ser. 1, vol. 36, pt. 1, pp. 87–88.
32. Catton, Grant Takes Command, p. 267. See also Martin T. McMahon, “Cold Harbor,” in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. R. U. Johnson and C. C. Buel, 4 vols. (New York, 1887–88), 4:213; William Fanar Smith, “The Eighteenth Corps at Cold Harbor,” ibid., 4:222; James Marshall-Cornwall, Grant as Military Commander (London, 1970), p. 177; William Swinton, Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac (New York, 1866), p. 481–92.
33. USG to Robert E. Lee and Lee to USG, June 5, June 6, and June 7, 1864, OR, ser. 1, vol. 36, pt. 3, pp. 600, 638–39, 666–67. See also Catton, Grant Takes Command, p. 267; Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, pp. 149–154; USG to Nellie Grant, June 4, 1864, in Catton, Grant Takes Command, p. 270; McMahon, “Cold Harbor,” in Battles and Leaders, 4:219.
34. USG to Edwin M. Stanton, July 22, 1865, OR, ser. 1, vol. 36, pt. 1, p. 22. See also USG to Henry W. Halleck, June 5, 1864, ibid., pp. 11–12.
35. Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, p. 154.
Chapter XIII PETERSBURG
1. Theodore Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, sel. and ed. George R. Agassiz (Boston, 1922), p. 166.
2. Ibid., p. 170.
3. USG to Henry W. Halleck, July 14, 1864, Huntington Library (HL). See also E. B. Long, with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 (New York, 1971), pp. 535–37.
4. USG to Edwin M. Stanton, July 20, 1864, HL. It is Grant’s hand that strikes “A. Lincoln” and replaces it with “E. M. Stanton.”
5. USG to William T. Sherman, Mar. 4, 1864, in William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 2 vols. (New York, 1875), 1:398–99; USG to Edwin M. Stanton, July 26, 1864, HL.
6. Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (New York, 1958–74), 3:531–38.
7. Foote, Civil War, 3:534.
8. Ibid., p. 535.
9. Ibid., p. 538.
10. USG to George Gordon Meade, Aug. 1, 1864, HL; Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 2:315; USG to Henry W. Halleck, Aug. 1, 1864, HL.
11. Abraham Lincoln, Aug. 19, 1864, in Long, Civil War Day by Day, pp. 557–58.
12. USG to Henry W. Halleck, Aug. 1, 1864, HL; Abraham Lincoln to USG, Aug. 3, 1864, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–55), 7:476; USG to Philip H. Sheridan, Aug. 26, 1864, in Official Records of the Rebellion (OR), ser. 1, vol. 43, pt. 1, p. 917.
13. USG to William T. Sherman, Aug. 7, 1864, HL.
14. USG to William T. Sherman, Aug. 9, 1864, HL.
15. USG to William T. Sherman, Aug. 9, 1864, HL; USG to Henry W. Halleck, Aug. 10, 1864, HL.
16. USG to Edwin M. Stanton, Aug. 11, 1864, HL; USG to Henry W. Halleck, Aug. 15, 1864, HL; USG to Philip H. Sheridan, Aug. 16, 1864, HL. See also George M. Frederickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York, 1965), pp. 66–91.
17. George H. Mellish to his mother, Dec. 14, 1864, HL.
18. Walt Whitman, penciled item dated June 25, 1863, in “Hospital Note-Book,” manuscript, HL.
19. USG to Philip H. Sheridan, Aug. 16 and Aug. 21, 1864, HL; USG to Abraham Lincoln, Aug. 17, 1864, HL; USG to Edwin M. Stanton, Aug. 21, 1864, HL.
20. USG to William T. Sherman, Aug. 18, 1864, HL; USG to Philip H. Sheridan, Aug. 26, 1864, HL.
21. USG to commander, Army of the Potomac, and all corps commanders, Sept. 2, 1864, HL.
22. USG to Edwin M. Stanton, Sept. 3, 1864, HL; USG to William T. Sherman, Sept. 4, 1864, HL.
23. USG to Henry W. Halleck, Sept. 21, 1864, HL.
24. USG, Memoirs, 2:332.
25. USG to Philip H. Sheridan, Sept. 22, 1864, HL. See also Long, Civil War Day by Day, p. 573.
26. USG to Philip H. Sheridan, Sept. 26, 1864, HL; USG to William T. Sherman, Sept. 26, 1864, HL; USG to Benjamin F. Butler, Sept. 27, 1864, HL; USG to Henry W. Halleck, Sept. 27, 1864 (twice), HL; USG to George Gordon Meade, Sept. 27, 1864, HL.
27. USG to William T. Sherman, Sept. 28, 1864, HL; USG to Edwin M. Stanton, Sept. 28, 1864, HL; USG to Henry W. Halleck, Sept. 28, 1864, HL.
28. USG to Joseph Barnes, Sept. 28, 1864, HL; USG to Benjamin F. Butler, Sept. 28, 1864, HL.
29. USG to Henry W. Halleck, Sept. 29, 1864, HL.
30. USG to Henry W. Halleck, Sept. 30, 1864, HL; USG to George Gordon Meade, Sept. 30, 1864, HL.
31. USG, Memoirs, 2:175–76.
32. USG to Edwin M. Stanton, Sept. 13, 1864, HL. Grant inserted (by asterisk) the sentence “Let them be undeceived” after he had crossed out an alternative insertion: “Undeceive them and you give a great triumph.”
33. USG to George Gordon Meade, Sept. 20, 1864, HL; USG to Edwin M. Stanton, Sept. 20, 1864, HL.
34. USG to Edwin M. Stanton, Oct. 20, 1864, HL. See also Philip H. Sheridan, Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan, 2 vols. (New York, 1888), 2:65–92.
35. USG to Henry W. Halleck, Oct. 21, 1864, HL.
36. USG to Edwin M. Stanton, Oct. 25 and Nov. 3, 1864, HL; Long, Civil War Day by Day, p. 592.
37. USG to Edwin M. Stanton, Nov. 9, 1864, HL; USG to Philip H. Sheridan, Nov. 10, 1864, HL.
38. USG to George H. Thomas, Nov. 15, 1864, HL; Thomas to USG in reply, OR, ser. 1, vol. 45, pt. 1, p. 895.
39. USG to George H. Thomas, Nov. 24, 1864, OR, ser. 1, vol. 45, pt. 1, p. 1014.
40. George H. Thomas to USG, Nov. 25, 1864, ibid., p. 1034.
41. USG to George H. Thomas, Nov. 27, 1864, ibid., p. 1083; Thomas to USG, Nov. 28, 1864, ibid., p. 1104. See also USG to Henry W. Halleck, Nov. 25, 1864, ibid., p. 1034.
42. George H. Thomas to USG, Dec. 1, 1864, ibid., pt. 2. p. 3; USG to Thomas, Dec. 2, 1864 (twice), ibid., p. 17.
43. USG to George H. Thomas, Dec. 5 and Dec. 6, 1864, ibid., pp. 55 and 70. See also Henry W. Halleck to USG, Dec. 5, 1864, ibid., p. 55; Halleck to Thomas, Dec. 9, 1864, ibid., p. 114; Thomas to Halleck, Dec. 6, 1864, ibid., p. 71.
44. USG to Edwin M. Stanton, Dec. 7, 1864, ibid., p. 84; USG to George H. Thomas, Dec. 8, 1864, ibid., p. 97; Henry W. Halleck to Thomas, Dec. 9, 1864, ibid., p. 114. See also Halleck to USG, Dec. 8, 1864, ibid., p. 96; USG to Halleck, Dec. 8, 1864, ibid., p. 96.
45. George H. Thomas to USG, Dec. 9, 1864, ibid., p. 115; USG to Thomas, Dec. 9, 1864, ibid., p. 115. See also draft of order, Dec. 9, 1864, ibid., p. 114.
46. USG to George H. Thomas, Dec. 11, 1864, ibid., p. 143. See also Thomas to Henry W. Halleck, Dec. 11, 1864, ibid.; Thomas to USG, Dec. 11, 1864, ibid.
47. George H. Thomas to F. L. Thomas, Dec. 15, 1864, ibid., p. 195.
48. USG to George H. Thomas, Dec. 15, 1864 (twice), ibid., p. 195; Thomas to Henry W. Halleck, Dec. 15, 1864, ibid., p. 194.
49. USG to George H. Thomas, Dec. 22, 1864, ibid., p. 307; Henry W. Halleck to Thomas, Dec. 31, 1864, ibid., p. 174.
50. USG to Julia D. Grant, Dec. 21, Dec. 22, and Dec. 26, 1864, U. S. Grant Papers, Library of Congress (LC).
51. USG to William T. Sherman, Dec. 18, 1864, in Sherman, Memoirs, 2:223–24.
52. William T. Sherman to USG, Dec. 24, 1864, ibid., pp. 224–26; USG to Julia D. Grant, Jan. 1, 1865, U. S. Grant Papers, LC.
53. USG to Julia D. Grant, Jan. 1, 1865, U. S. Grant Papers, LC.
Chapter XIV PEACE
1. Jubal A. Early, War Memoirs, ed. Frank E. Vandiver (Bloomington, Ind., 1960), pp. 389–95.
2. Jefferson Davis to Francis Preston Blair, Jan. 12, 1865, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, to vols. (Washington, D.C., 1896–99), 6:260–61.
3. Abraham Lincoln to Francis Preston Blair, Jan. 18, 1865, in Richardson, Messages, 6:261. All five participants in the peace conference wrote accounts of it. See William Henry Seward to Charles Francis Adams, Feb. 7, 1865, in George E. Baker, ed., The Works of William H. Seward, 5 vols. (New York, 1853–84), 5:171–75; Abraham Lincoln, in Richardson, Messages, 6:260–69, and Peace, 38th Cong., 2d sess., House Exec. Doc. 59, Feb. 10, 1865 (serial set 1229); Alexander H. Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War between the States, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1868–70), 2:576–630; Robert M. T. Hunter, “The Peace Commissions of 1865,” Southern Historical Society Papers 3 (Apr. 1877): 168–76; John A. Campbell, Reminiscences and Documents Relating to the Civil War during the Year 1865, pamphlet (Baltimore, 1886). The best modern account is Howard C. Westwood, “Lincoln and the Hampton Roads Peace Conference,” Lincoln Herald 81 (Winter 1979):243–56.
4. Alexander H. Stephens to Philadelphia Times, undated draft of letter, Stephens Papers, Library of Congress (LC), quoted in Westwood, “Lincoln and the Hampton Roads Peace Conference”; O. B. Wil[l]cox to J. G. Parke, Jan. 29, 1865, forwarded by E. O. C. Ord to Edwin M. Stanton, Jan. 29, 1865, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–55), 8:276; Stanton to Ord, Jan. 29 and Jan. 30, 1865, in Richardson, Messages, 6:262; Stanton to Ord, Jan. 30, 1865, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8:277; USG to Alexander H. Stephens, John A. Campbell, and Robert M. T. Hunter, Jan. 31, 1865, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8:279.
5. George Gordon Meade to M. S. Meade, Feb. 1, 1865, in George Meade, The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2 vols. (New York, 1913), 2:258–80; Stephens, Late War, 2:597. See also Richmond Sentinel, quoted in E. O. C. Ord to Edwin M. Stanton, Jan. 31, 1865, Official Records of the Rebellion (OR), ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 2, pp. 291–92.
6. Stephens, Late War, 2:597.
7. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 2:421; George Gordon Meade to M. S. Meade, Feb. 1, 1865, in Meade, Life and Letters, 2:258–60.
8. George Gordon Meade to M. S. Meade, Feb. 1, 1865, in Meade, Life and Letters, 2:258–60.
9. Ibid.
10. Grant, Memoirs, 2:421–23. See also Westwood, “Lincoln and the Hampton Roads Peace Conference.”
11. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), p. 138.
12. Hunter, “Peace Commissions,” p. 172; David Homer Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office (New York, 1907), pp. 126–29, 335–38. See also Campbell, Reminiscences.
13. Thomas T. Eckert to Abraham Lincoln, Feb. 1, 1865, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8:281.
14. Alexander H. Stephens, undated manuscript, Stephens Papers, LC (brought to the writer’s attention by Howard C. Westwood); Alexander H. Stephens, Robert M. T. Hunter, and John A. Campbell to USG, Feb. 1, 1865, OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 2, p. 342.
15. Alexander H. Stephens, undated manuscript, Stephens Papers, LC; Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, pp. 336–37; Thomas T. Eckert to Abraham Lincoln, Feb. 1, 1865, OR, ser, 1, vol. 46, pt. 2, p. 342. Bates quotes Eckert as saying he had been with Grant and reproved him in front of the Confederates. Stephens’s account, written closer to the occasion, has Grant alone with them and does not mention the general’s having been humiliated in their presence. In either case, they knew Eckert was trying to frustrate Grant’s efforts to bring about the peace conference.
16. USG to Edwin M. Stanton. Feb. 1, 1865, in Richardson, Messages, 6:266.
17. Alexander H. Stephens, undated manuscript, Stephens Papers, LC.
18. Alexander H. Stephens, John A. Campbell, and Robert M. T. Hunter to Thomas T. Eckert, Feb. 2, 1865, in Richardson, Messages, 6:268.
19. Westwood, “Lincoln and the Hampton Roads Peace Conference,” p. 15; Abraham Lincoln to USG, Feb. 2, 1865, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8:256; Lincoln to House of Representatives, Feb. 10, 1865, ibid., p. 282; Lincoln to William Henry Seward, Feb. 2, 1865, ibid., p. 256. See also Thomas T. Eckert to Edwin M. Stanton, Feb. 1, 1865, OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 2, pp. 341–42.
20. Stephens, undated manuscript, Stephens Papers, LC; Campbell, Reminiscences; Stephens, Late War, 2:610–13.
21. Campbell, Reminiscences; Stephens, Late War, 2:610–13.
22. Campbell, Reminiscences. See also Stephens, Late War, 2:610–13.
23. Stephens, Late War, 2:614, 615n.
24. Ibid., pp. 610–13.
25. Ibid., p. 619; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 137–38.
26. USG, Memoirs, 2:424.
27. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, Feb. 7, 1865, and May 2, 1865, in Worthington C. Ford, ed., A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), 2:252–53, 267–69.
28. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, Mar. 7, 1865, ibid., pp. 257–58.
29. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 141.
30. Gideon Welles, Diary, ed. by Howard K. Beale, assisted by Alan W. Brownsword, 3 vols. (New York, 1960), June 27, 1867, 3:121–22; USG to William T. Sherman, Feb. 7, 1865, W. T. Sherman Papers, LC.
31. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Feb. 23, 1865, U. S. Grant Papers, Illinois State Historical Society (ISHS); George H. Mellish to his mother, Feb. 11, 1865, Huntington Library (HL); USG to Washburne, Feb. 23, 1865, U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS; USG to Abraham Lincoln, Mar. 20, 1865, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8:367.
32. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 142.
33. Adam Badeau, Grant in Peace: From Appomattox to Mount McGregor (Hartford, Conn., 1887), p. 362; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 146–47.
34. William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 2 vols. (New York, 1875), 2:325.
35. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 150.
36. David Dixon Porter, “Account of Interview with Mr. Lincoln,” in Sherman, Memoirs, 2:328–31.
37. Ibid., p. 329.
38. C. C. Carpenter, “President Lincoln in Petersburg,” Century Magazine 40 (June 1890): 306–7.
39. Edward H. Ripley, “The Occupation of Richmond,” in Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, New York Commandry, Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion, 3d series (New York, 1907), pp. 476–77.
40. Ibid., pp. 479–81.
41. Herman Melville, “The Fall of Richmond,” in Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, ed. Sidney Kaplan (Gainesville, 1960), pp. 135–36; USG to Theodore S. Bowers, Apr. 3, 1865, HL; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 150.
42. Campbell, Reminiscences, p. 39.
43. Ibid., pp. 39–41.