Chapter XV “ON TO MEXICO”
1. USG to Robert E. Lee, Apr. 7 and Apr. 8, 1865, and Lee to USG, Apr. 7, 1865, in Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 2:625–26.
2. Theodore Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, ed. George R. Agassiz (Boston, 1922), p. 354; Robert E. Lee to USG, Apr. 8, 1865, in USG, Memoirs, 2:627. See also ibid., p. 483; Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York, 1897), pp. 462–63; Bruce Catton, Grant Takes Command (Boston, 1969), p. 459.
3. USG to Robert E. Lee, Apr. 9, 1865, in USG, Memoirs, 2:627. See also Porter, Campaigning, p. 464.
4. Porter, Campaigning, pp. 464–66.
5. Ibid., pp. 466–68.
6. Ibid.
7. Charles Marshall, An Aide-de-Camp of Lee, ed. Frederick Maurice (Boston, 1927), p. 273; USG, Memoirs, 2:589.
8. Marshall, loyal to Lee’s impeccable manners, contends that Lee did indeed remember Grant.—Marshall, Aide-de-Camp of Lee, p. 267.
9. USG, Memoirs, 2:492. See also Marshall, Aide-de-Camp of Lee, pp. 267–74; William Swinton, Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac (New York, 1866), p. 619.
10. USG, Memoirs, 2:495, 489. See also Marshall, Aide-de-Camp of Lee, p. 272.
11. USG, Memoirs, 2:498, 507; Porter, Campaigning, p. 493.
12. Gideon Welles, manuscript account of the period of Lincoln’s death, Huntington Library (HL). See also Glyndon G. Van Deusen, William Henry Seward (New York, 1967), pp. 411–12.
13. Gideon Welles, Diary, ed. by Howard K. Beale, assisted by Alan W. Brownsword, 3 vols. (New York, 1960), Apr. 10 and Apr. 13, 1865, 2:278, 280.
14. Ibid., Apr. 7 and Apr. 14, 1865, 2:276, 280–83.
15. Ibid., Apr. 14, 1865, 2:280–83.
16. Ibid.
17. USG, Memoirs, 2:508; Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), pp. 154–55; John Russell Young, Around the World with General Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1879), 2:356.
18. Charles E. Bolles, “General Grant and the News of Mr. Lincoln’s Death,” in “Memoranda on the Life of Lincoln,” Century Magazine 40 (June 1890):309–10. See also Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 156.
19. Catton, Grant Takes Command, pp. 475–76; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 155–56.
20. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 155–56.
21. Ibid., pp. 156–57; Young, Around the World, 2:356; John Matthews, quoted in Louis J. Weichmann, A True History of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and of the Conspiracy of 1865 (New York, 1975), pp. 139–41.
22. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 145–57; Weichmann, True History of the Assassination; Ben Perley Poore and O. H. Tiffany, Life of U. S. Grant (Philadelphia, 1885), p. 255.
23. USG, Memoirs, 2:509. See also Welles, Diary, Apr. 15 and Apr. 16, 1865, 2:287–91.
24. Gideon Welles, manuscript account of the period of Lincoln’s death. HL.
25. Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York, 1962), p. 406.
26. William T. Sherman to U. S. Grant, Apr. 28, 1865, in William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 2 vols. (New York, 1875), 2:365–67; Herman Melville, “The Martyr,” in Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, ed. Sidney Kaplan (Gainesville, 1960), pp. 141–42. See also O. O. Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, 2 vols. (New York, 1907), 2:155–56.
27. USG, Memoirs, 2:516. See also Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, p. 405; Welles, Diary, Apr. 21, 1865, 2:293–95.
28. USG, Memoirs, 2:516–17; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:358.
29. William T. Sherman to John A. Rawlins, May 22, 1865, HL.
30. New York Times, May 26, 1865.
Chapter XVI AFTER THE WAR
1. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), p. 157. See also New York Times, May 5, 1865; USG to Julia D. Grant, May 6, 1865, Huntington Library (HL).
2. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 157.
3. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, May 21, 1865, U.S. Grant Papers, Illinois State Historical Society (ISHS). See also Galena Gazette, June 6, 1865.
4. New York Times, June 8, 1865.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., June 9, 1865.
10. John Jay Cisco, quoted in George T. Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton H. Thomas, 4 vols. (New York, 1952), June 1, 1864, 3:453.
11. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 162; Strong, Diary, Nov. 18, 1865, 4:50; New York Times, July 6, 1865. See also Galena Gazette, June 13 and June 20, 1865.
12. Galena Gazette, Aug. 19, 1865. See also William S. McFeely, Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen (New York, 1970), p. 109; Galena Centennial Newspaper (facsimile of an 1865 edition).
13. Joe Bascom to Henry Bascom, Sept. 21, 1865, Galena Public Library.
14. Joe Bascom to Henry Bascom, Aug. 29, 1865, Galena Public Library; Galena Gazette, June 20, 1865.
15. Mary Louise Williams to [no name], [Oct. 3, 1865?], Cincinnati Historical Society.
16. Ibid.
17. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Oct. 8, 1865, U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS; Charles Sumner, in Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 1st sess., pt. 1, p. 79, Dec. 19, 1865.
18. Gideon Welles, Diary, ed. by Howard K. Beale, assisted by Alan W. Brownsword, 3 vols. (New York, 1960), Dec. 15, 1865, 2:396–97.
19. New York Times, Dec. 11, 1865; the report is reprinted in Walter L. Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial, 1865–1906, 2 vols. (Cleveland, 1906–7), 1:51–53.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid. See also New York Times, Dec. 21, 1865.
26. Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York, 1962).
27. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 2:551–53.
28. Ben Perley Poore and O. H. Tiffany, Life of U. S. Grant (Philadelphia, 1885), pp. 258–59; Jacob Gunn, in conversation with the writer, Apr. 28, 1969.
29. James A. Garfield, The Diary of James A. Garfield, ed. Harry J. Brown and Frederick D. Williams, 3 vols. (East Lansing, Mich., 1967–73), Dec. 8, 1875, 3:197. See also New York Times, Mar. 7 and Mar. 9, 1866.
30. New York Times, Mar. 7 and Mar. 9, 1866. See also The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, III., 1967–), 5:103n.
31. New York Times, Apr. 6 and Apr. 7, 1866; Welles, Diary, Apr. 6, 1866, 2:477–78.
32. Welles, Diary, Apr. 6, 1866, 2:477–78; New York Times, Apr. 7, 1866.
Chapter XVII THE RISING MAN
1. New York Times, Aug. 7 and Aug. 8, 1866.
2. Ibid., Aug. 20 and Aug. 19, 1866.
3. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Aug. 16, 1866, U. S. Grant Papers, Illinois State Historical Society (ISHS).
4. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 31, 1866, from Albany, and Aug. 31, 1866, from Auburn, U. S. Grant Papers, Library of Congress (LC). See also New York Times, Sept. 1, 1866.
5. USG to Julia D. Grant, Sept. 4, 1866, U. S. Grant Papers, LC.
6. James Harrison Wilson to Orville E. Babcock, Sept. 11, 1866, Babcock Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago.
7. Ibid.
8. Chicago Republican, quoted in Army and Navy Journal, Sept. 22, 1866, p. 71.
9. USG to Julia D. Grant, Sept. 9, 1866, U. S. Grant Papers, LC; Daniel Ammen, The Old Navy and the New…with an Appendix of Personal Letters from General Grant (Philadelphia, 1891), p. 427.
10. USG to William T. Sherman, Oct. 15, 1866, W. T. Sherman Papers, LC. See also Sherman to Andrew Johnson, Feb. 11, 1866, ibid.; Daniel Butterfield to USG, Feb. 15, 1866, U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS; USG to Daniel Butterfield, Feb. 17, 1866, ibid.
11. Edwin M. Stanton to William Pitt Fessenden, Oct. 25, 1866, Huntington Library (HL); John Sherman to William T. Sherman, Oct. 26, 1866, W. T. Sherman Papers, LC.
12. Orville E. Babcock to Annie Campbell, Oct. 10 and Oct. 15, 1866, Babcock Papers, Newberry Library.
13. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Oct. 23, 1866, U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS. See also Washburne to Orville H. Browning, Oct. 8, 1866, Browning Papers, ISHS; USG to Browning, Oct. 16, 1866, ibid.
14. Baltimore Sun, Oct. 20–Nov. 9, 1866; New York Times, Oct. 24–Nov. 9, 1866.
15. Baltimore Sun, Oct. 20–Nov. 9, 1866; New York Times, Oct. 24–Nov. 9, 1866.
16. Baltimore Sun, Oct. 20–Nov. 9, 1866; New York Times, Oct. 24–Nov. 9, 1866.
17. USG to Andrew Johnson, draft of letter, Oct. 24, 1866, U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS.
18. Baltimore Sun, Nov. 1–3, 1866.
19. Ibid., Nov. 4–9, 1866.
20. Ibid., Nov. 6, 1866.
21. Ibid., Nov. 7, 1866.
22. Gideon Welles, Diary, ed. by Howard K. Beale, assisted by Alan W. Brownsword, 3 vols. (New York, 1960), Nov. 17, 1866, 2:621.
23. USG to Daniel Ammen, Nov. 6, 1866, in Ammen, Old Navy, p. 533.
24. Welles, Diary, Dec. 24, 1866, 2:646.
25. Ibid., Jan. 4, 1867, 3:4–5.
26. New York Times, Jan. 10, 1867, cited in Welles, Diary, Jan. 10, 1867, 3:15; Washington Star, Jan. 8, 1867.
27. William T. Sherman to E. O. C. Ord, Dec. 26, 1865, W. T. Sherman Papers, Missouri Historical Society.
28. Welles, Diary, Feb. 15, 1867, 3:42. See also O. O. Howard to Edwin M. Stanton, Jan. 19, 1867, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
29. Welles, Diary, Feb. 16, 1867, 3:46.
30. Ibid., June 24, 1867, 3:118.
31. George W. Childs, Recollections (Philadelphia, 1890), p. 103. See also Welles, Diary, July 26, 1867, 3:140.
32. USG to Andrew Johnson, Aug. 1, 1867, LC; “Act Regulating the Tenure of Certain Civil Offices,” March 2, 1867, U.S. Statutes at Large, vol. 14, p. 430.
33. USG to Andrew Johnson, Aug. 1, 1867, LC; Welles, Diary, Aug. 2, 1867, 3:155.
34. Thaddeus Stevens, quoted in the New York Times, May 7, 1866.
35. William B. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant, Politician (New York, 1935), p. 88; John Lothrop Motley to his wife, Aug. 14, 1867, in The Correspondence of John Lothrop Motley, ed. George William Curtis, 3 vols. (New York, 1900), 2:283.
36. USG to Julia D. Grant, Aug. 5, 1867, LC.
37. John W. Forney, Anecdotes of Public Men, 2 vols. (New York, 1873–81), 1:288.
38. David Davis to J. M. Carlisle, July 29, 1867, HL; Forney, Anecdotes, 1:289.
39. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), p. 203; Forney, Anecdotes, 1:287.
40. Forney, Anecdotes, 1:287; William T. Sherman to I. H. Wilson, Oct. 18, 1867, W. T. Sherman Papers, Missouri Historical Society.
41. William T. Sherman to USG, Jan. 27, 1868, W. T. Sherman Papers, LC.
42. Robert C. Schenck to his daughter, Jan. 11, 1868, Schenck Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Library, Fremont, Ohio. See also Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., pt. 1, p. 456, Jan. 11, 1868.
43. William T. Sherman to USG, Jan. 27, 1868, W. T. Sherman Papers, LC.
44. Ibid.
45. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 166. See also Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., pt. 1, p. 473, Jan. 13, 1868.
46. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 166.
47. Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York, 1962), pp. 569–70.
48. Welles, Diary, Jan. 14, 1868, 3:261.
49. Ibid.
50. William T. Sherman to USG, Jan. 27, 1868, W. T. Sherman Papers, LC.
51. William T. Sherman to Andrew Johnson, Jan. 31, 1868, HL. See also New York Times, Feb. 5, 1868.
52. New York Times, Feb. 5, 1868. See also Welles, Diary, Feb. 4–8, 1868, 3:269–75.
53. John M. Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army (New York, 1897), pp. 406–20.
54. Schofield, Forty-six Years, pp. 406–20; Welles, Diary, June 8, 1868, 3:380; George P. Brock-way, “Toward a Political Interpretation of the Impeachment Trial of Andrew Johnson,” unpublished article, pp. 7–12.
Chapter XVIII THE PRESIDENT AND HIS CABINET
1. James Harrison Wilson to Frederick Tracy Dent, Mar. 4, 1868, Dent Papers, Morris Library, Southern Illinois University (SIU); USG to Charles W. Ford, Mar. 15 and Mar. 18, 1868, U. S. Grant Papers, Library of Congress (LC). See also New York Herald, May 2, 1868. Wilson had competitors; on June 20, 1868, the New York Times carried an advertisement for “The Cheapest Book Since the War: Coppee’s Life of Grant: A Military Biography.”
2. New York Herald, Mar. 12 and Mar. 14, 1868.
3. USG to Charles W. Ford, May 15, 1868, LC; Robert C. Schenck to his daughter, May 11, 1868, Schenck Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Library, Fremont, Ohio; New York Times, May 16, 1868.
4. New York Herald, May 19, 1868. See also New York Times, May 19, 1868.
5. New York Herald, May 21, 1868.
6. New York Herald, May 22, 1868. See also Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Hawley, Joseph R.”
7. Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York, 1962), p. 607.
8. New York Herald, May 30, 1868.
9. Ibid., June 6, 1868. See also ibid., June 7, 1868.
10. Ibid., July 2, 1868. See also ibid., Aug. 12, 1868.
11. Ibid., Aug. 14 and June 20, 1868; Charles H. Coleman, in The Election of 1868: The Democratic Effort to Regain Control (New York, 1933), p. 89, states that no Texas delegation was on the floor in Chicago. George T. Ruby was presumably a member of an unrecognized delegation. There were at least twelve black delegates to the convention.
12. Coleman, Election of 1868; William Gillette, The Right to Vote: Politics and the Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment (Baltimore, 1965), pp. 24, 26, 27, 47, 48n., 80, 105, 156; Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States of America during the Period of Reconstruction (Washington, D.C., 1880), pp. 327–34, 374, 429, 450; Svend Petersen, A Statistical History of the American Presidential Elections (New York, 1963).
13. George S. Boutwell, The Lawyer, the Statesman and the Soldier (New York, 1887), pp. 170–71.
14. Coleman, Election of 1868, pp. 187–245.
15. William T. Sherman to USG, June 7, 1868, Huntington Library (HL); USG to Sherman, June 12, 1868, ibid. See also Sherman to USG, June 24, 1868, ibid.; New York Times, July 31, 1868.
16. New York Times, July 31, 1868; Orville E. Babcock to Annie C. Babcock, Aug. 21, 1868, Babcock Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago; New York Times, July 28, 1868.
17. New York Times, July 28, 1868.
18. Ibid., Aug. 14, 1868.
19. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Sept. 23, 1868, U. S. Grant Papers, Illinois State Historical Society (ISHS); New York Times, Oct. 6, 1868.
20. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman (New York, 1975), pp. 16–17.
21. William E. Chandler to Robert C. Schenck, Oct. 9, 1868, Schenck Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Library; Chandler to Elihu B. Washburne, Oct. 19, 1868, Washburne Papers, LC.
22. William E. Chandler to Elihu B. Washburne, Oct. 19, 1868, Washburne Papers, LC; James G. Blaine to Washburne, Oct. 14, 1868, ibid.
23. “Reminiscences of Delia B. Sheffield,” Washington Historical Quarterly 15 (Jan. 1924):62.
24. “Captain Grant of the Black Marines,” in Irwin Silber, comp., Songs America Voted By (Harrisburg, Pa., 1971), p. 101; Francis H. Smith to Elihu B. Washburne, Nov. 8, 1868, Washburne Papers, LC.
25. J. D. Lee to [no name], Nov. [3 and 4], 1868, Washburne Papers, LC. See also Anson Stager to Elihu B. Washburne, Oct. 4, 1868, ibid.; Galena Gazette, Nov. 5, 1868; Petersen, A Statistical History, p. 41.
26. USG to J. Russell Jones, Nov. 4, 1868, U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS; New York Herald, June 20, 1868; New York Times, June 20, Dec. 28, and Dec. 29, 1868.
27. New York Herald, Jan. 2, 1869.
28. Ibid.
29. Orville H. Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, ed. Theodore C. Pease and James G. Randall, 2 vols. (Springfield, III., 1925–33), Jan. 30, 1869, 2:237. See also New York Herald, Feb. 2 and Feb. 4, 1869.
30. New York Herald, Feb. 8, Feb. 24, and Mar. 1, 1869.
31. Gideon Welles, Diary, ed. by Howard K. Beale, assisted by Alan W. Brownsword, 3 vols. (New York, 1960), Mar. 4, 1869, 3:540–41. See also New York Times, Mar. 3, 1869; New York Herald, Mar. 5, 1869; Browning, Diary, Mar. 4, 1869, 2:243.
32. New York Herald, Mar. 5, 1869; New York Times, Mar. 5, 1869.
33. Jesse R. Grant to Frederick Tracy Dent, Feb. 4, 1869, Dent Papers, Morris Library, SIU.
34. New York Herald, Mar. 5, 1869.
35. Ibid.; USG, first inaugural address, Mar. 4, 1869, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1896–99), 7:6–8. See also New York Times, Mar. 5, 1869.
36. USG, first inaugural address, Mar. 4, 1869, in Richardson, Messages, 7:6–8.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. New York Herald, Mar. 5, 1869; New York Times, Mar. 5, 1869.
40. New York Herald, Mar. 5 and Mar. 6, 1869; New York Times, Mar. 5 and Mar. 6, 1869.
41. George T. Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton H. Thomas, 4 vols. (New York, 1952), Mar. 3, 1869, 4:242.
42. Henry Adams to Charles Milnes Gaskell, Apr. 19, 1869, in Letters of Henry Adams, ed. Worthington C. Ford, 2 vols. (Boston, 1930), 1:156; Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Feb. 3, 1869, ibid., 1:152; Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Boston, 1918), p. 262; New York Herald, Mar. 6, 1869. See also Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Feb. 23, 1869, in Letters, 1:152.
43. New York Herald, Mar. 6, 1869.
44. Joseph Medill to Elihu B. Washburne, Mar. 5, 1869, Washburne Papers, LC. See also New York Herald, Mar. 6, 1869.
45. New York Herald, Mar. 6, 1869. See also Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Stewart, Alexander Turney.”
46. New York Herald, Mar. 6, 1869.
47. John Burroughs interview with Hamlin Garland, ca. 1890, typescript, Doheny Library, University of Southern California.
48. New York Herald, Mar. 7. 1869; Laws of the United States of America from the 4th of March, 1789, to the 4th of March, 1815, 5 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1915), 1:644; Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3 vols. (New York, 1907–8), 3:305.
49. Schurz, Reminiscences, 3:305–6. See also USG to the Senate of the United States, Mar. 6, 1869, in Richardson, Messages, 7:8–9; George H. Stuart, The Life of George H. Stuart, ed. Robert E. Thompson (Philadelphia, 1890).
50. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Mar. 11, 1869, U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS; Welles, Diary, Mar. 5, 1869, 3:543.
51. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Oct. 8, 1865, U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS; Schurz, Reminiscences, 3:305.
52. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), p. 188.
53. Hamilton Fish, Diary, Nov. 3, 1869, Fish Papers, LC.
54. USG to Hamilton Fish, Mar. 10, 1869, in Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration, rev. ed., 2 vols. (New York. 1957), 1:112.
55. James Burke Chapin, “Hamilton Fish and American Expansion” (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1971), pp. 26–27.
56. Henry Adams to Charles Frances Adams, Jr., Mar. 11, 1869, in Letters of Henry Adams, 1:152. See also David Ames Wells to T. H. Dudley, Feb. 13, 1869, HL.
57. Jacob Dolson Cox, “How Judge Hoar Ceased to Be Attorney-General,” Atlantic Monthly 76 (Aug. 1895):164.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Ben Perley Poore and O. H. Tiffany, Life of U. S. Grant (Philadelphia, 1885), p. 157.
61. George W. Childs, “Mr. Childs’ Recollections,” in Frank A. Burr, A New, Original and Authentic Record of the Life and Deeds of General U. S. Grant (Boston, 1885), pp. 977–78. The painting, now at West Point, is reproduced in The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, ed. John Y. Simon, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, Ill., 1967–), 1:14.
62. Adams, Education, p. 265.
63. New York Herald, Mar. 6, 1869.
64. Welles, Diary, Mar. 5, 1869, 3:544.
65. Horace White to Elihu B. Washburne, Mar. 11, 1869, Washburne Papers, LC. See also New York Herald, Mar. 6–11, 1869.
66. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 173.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. New York Herald, Mar. 11, 1869.
Chapter XIX ORIGINAL OCCUPANTS OF THIS LAND
1. USG, first inaugural address, Mar. 4, 1869, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1896–99), 7:6–8.
2. Clarence King, Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada (Boston, 1872), pp. 39–40.
3. Ibid.; George H. Stuart, The Life of George H. Stuart, ed. Robert E. Thompson (Philadelphia, 1890), p. 239.
4. King, Mountaineering, p. 292.
5. Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Policy in Crisis: Christian Reformers and the Indian, 1865–1900 (Norman, Okla., 1976), pp. 11–12.
6. Ibid., pp. 21–22; USG to William T. Sherman, Mar. 2, 1868, ibid., p. 23.
7. Robert M. Utley, “The Celebrated Peace Policy of General Grant,” North Dakota History 20 (July 1953): 121.
8. Arthur C. Parker, The Life of General Ely S. Parker (Buffalo, Buffalo Historical Society, 1919), pp. 77, 89; Lewis Henry Morgan, League of the HO-DÉ-NO-SAU-NEE, Iroquois (Rochester, N.Y., 1851). A thoroughly researched new biography of Parker is needed.
9. Parker, Life, p. 39.
10. Henry E. Fritz, The Movement for Indian Assimilation, 1860–1890 (Philadelphia, 1963).
11. Robert Winston Mardock, The Reformers and the American Indian (Columbia, Mo., 1971), pp. 57–58.
12. Stuart, Life, p. 240.
13. Henry B. Whipple, quoted in Elsie Mitchell Rushmore, The Indian Policy during Grant’s Administrations (Jamaica, N.Y., 1914), p. 26.
14. Lawrie Tatum, Our Red Brothers and the Peace Policy of President Ulysses S. Grant (1899; reprint ed., Lincoln. Nebr., 1970).
15. Mardock, Reformers and the American Indian, p. 130; Robert G. Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West (Norman, Okla., 1956), p. 278.
16. USG to George H. Stuart, July 22, 1871, in Mardock, Reformers and the American Indian, p. 106. See also Investigation into Indian Affairs, 41st Cong., 3d sess., House Report 39 (serial set 1464).
17. Parker, Life, pp. 221–23.
18. Ibid., p. 155.
19. John M. Blum et al., The National Experience (New York, 1963), p. 399.
20. Prucha, American Indian Policy, p. 403. See also Helen Hunt Jackson, Century of Dishonor (New York, 1881); Bernard W. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian (Williamsburg, Va., 1973).
21. USG to Julia D. Grant, Mar. 19, 1853, in John Y. Simon, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 8 vols. to date (Carbondale, Ill., 1967–), 1:294–96.
22. New York Herald, May 26, June 2, June 6, and June 7, 1870.
23. New York Herald, June 7, 1870.
Chapter XX A FRIDAY AND A FRIEND
1. Gold Panic Investigation, 41st Cong., 2d sess., House Report 31 (serial set 1436), pp. 168–69.
2. Walter T. K. Nugent, The Money Question during Reconstruction (New York, 1967).
3. Gold Panic Investigation, pp. 37, 171, 176.
4. Ibid., pp. 152–55, 242–46.
5. Ibid., pp. 171–72, 152–53.
6. Ibid., p. 152. See also ibid., pp. 243–44.
7. Ibid., p. 153.
8. Ibid., pp. 154, 437–44.
9. Ibid., p. 173. See also Whisky Frauds, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Miscellaneous Doc. 186 (serial set 1706), pp. 369, 421–37.
10. Gold Panic Investigation, p. 155.
11. Ibid., pp. 444, 174. See also ibid., pp. 230–33, 444–49.
12. Ibid., pp. 444–45.
13. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), p. 182.
14. Gould and Corbin recollected the letter in almost precisely the same words: GOULD: “‘Tell your husband,’ or ‘Tell Mr. Corbin, that my husband is very much annoyed by your speculations. You must close them as quick as you can.’ “—Gold Panic Investigation, p. 157. CORBIN: “Tell your husband [or tell Mr. Corbin] that my husband is very much annoyed by your speculations, and you must close them as quick as you can!”—Gold Panic Investigation, p. 252 (phrase in brackets included in the testimony). Julia Grant, many years later, recalled that she wrote, “The General says, if you have any influence with your husband, tell him to have nothing whatever to do with ——- [her deletion in her manuscript]. If he does, he will be ruined, for come what may, he (your brother) will do his duty to the country and the trusts in his keeping.” She added, “I signed ‘Sis.’” The parenthetical “your brother” suggests that she was reconstructing, not simply remembering.—Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 182.
15. Gold Panic Investigation, pp. 174–75.
16. Ibid., p. 251.
17. Ibid., pp. 252, 156.
18. Ibid., p. 159.
19. Ibid., p. 256.
20. Ibid., pp. 256, 342–63.
21. New York Herald, Sept. 1 and Sept. 8, 1869.
22. Ibid., Sept. 7, 1869. See also ibid., Sept. 2 and Sept. 6, 1869.
23. Ibid., Sept. 7, 1869.
24. Ibid., Sept. 7, 1869. See also ibid., Sept. 5, Sept. 6, and Sept. 8, 1869.
25. Ibid., Sept. 8, 1869.
26. Ibid.
Chapter XXI ENGLAND AND SANTO DOMINGO
1. Adrian Cook, The Alabama Claims: American Politics and Anglo-American Relations, 1865–1872 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1975), p. 89.
2. Hamilton Fish, Diary, Jan. 8, 1870, Fish Papers, Library of Congress.
3. Edward Thornton to Lord Clarendon, Jan. [?], 1870, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library; Fish, Diary, Jan. 11, 1870.
4. Benjamin Moran to Adam Badeau, Jan. 29, 1870, Huntington Library (HL). See also Moran to Badeau, Feb. 12, Feb. 21, Feb. 24, Apr. 21, and Apr. 23, 1870, ibid.
5. New York Herald, Jan. 2, 1870. See also Sumner Welles, Naboth’s Vineyard: The Dominican Republic, 1844–1924, 2 vols. (New York, 1928), 1:67.
6. Orville E. Babcock passport, Babcock Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago; Babcock to Annie C. Babcock, July 31, 1869, ibid. See also Fish, Diary, Apr. 6, 1869.
7. Copy of the Navy Department order to the Tuscora, Aug. 23, 1869, Babcock Papers, Newberry Library. See also Orville E. Babcock to “Sir,” Sept. 4, 1869, ibid.
8. Orville E. Babcock to William L. Cazneau, [Sept. 1869], ibid.
9. Benjamin Moran to Adam Badeau, Dec. 22, 1869, HL.
10. J. C. Bancroft Davis, in David Herbert Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York, 1970), p. 435; Edward L. Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 4 vols. (Boston, 1877–93), 4:439.
11. John W. Forney to Orville E. Babcock, June 6, 1870, Babcock Papers, Newberry Library; Donald, Sumner, p. 436.
12. J. C. Bancroft Davis to Orville E. Babcock, Feb. 28, 1870, Babcock Papers, Newberry Library. See also Raymond H. Perry to Babcock, Jan. 20, 1870, ibid.; Perry to P. Soulier, Jan. 22, 1870, ibid.
13. Davis Hatch, 41st Cong., 2d sess., Senate Report 234 (serial set 1409), pp. i–xlvii, 1–268.
14. Charles Sumner to Orville E. Babcock, Mar. 10, 1870, Babcock Papers, Newberry Library; Edward Thornton to Lord Clarendon, Mar. 22 and Apr. 5, 1870, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library. See also Fish, Diary, Apr. 4, 1870.
15. Fish, Diary, Apr. 29, 1870; Edward Thornton to Lord Clarendon, May 17, 1870, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library. See also F. M. Kelley to Orville E. Babcock, Apr. 14 and May 4, 1870, Babcock Papers, Newberry Library.
16. Fish, Diary, May 6 and May 14, 1870.
17. Raymond H. Perry, in Fish, Diary, June 1, 1870; Davis Hatch, p. 209.
18. Jesse R. Grant, In the Days of My Father, General Grant (New York, 1925), p. 136; Edward Thornton to Lord Clarendon, June 14, 1870, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library.
19. Fish, Diary, June 13, 1870.
20. Ibid., June 25, 1870.
21. Davis Hatch, pp. 210–11.
22. Jesse R. Grant, In the Days of My Father, p. 137; Adelbert Ames to Benjamin F. Butler, June 28, 1870, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College; Ames to Blanche Butler, June 28, 1870, ibid.
23. Fish, Diary, July 1, 1870; Edward Thornton to Edmund Hammond, Aug. 1, 1870, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library.
24. Fish, Diary, July 1, 1870.
25. Ibid., June 27, July 14, 1870; Edward Thornton to Edmund Hammond, July 19, 1870, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library; Hamilton Fish to Lyman Trumbull, Aug. 5, 1870, Trumbull Papers, Illinois State Historical Society (ISHS).
26. Fish, Diary, Oct. 21, 1870. See also Edwards Pierrepont to Julia D. Grant, Nov. 7, 1870, William R. Rowley Papers, ISHS.
27. Max Woodhull to Robert C. Schenck, Oct. 31, 1870, Schenck Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Library, Fremont, Ohio.
28. Fish, Diary, Dec. 2, 1870; Max Woodhull to Robert C. Schenck, Dec. 3, 1870, Schenck Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Library.
29. Fish, Diary, Dec. 4, 1870.
30. Ibid., Dec. 20, 1870.
31. Harris Fahnestock to Robert C. Schenck, Jan. 13, 1871, Schenck Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Library. See also Edwards Pierrepont to Schenck, Dec. 16, 1870, ibid.; Moses H. Grinnell to Schenck, Dec. 19, 1870, ibid.; Schenck demand note for $25,000 payable to Jay Cooke, Dec. 27, 1870, ibid.; Jay Cooke to Schenck, Feb. 10, 1871, ibid.
32. Fish, Diary, Jan. 2, 1871.
33. USG, State of the Union address, December 5, 1870, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1896–99), 6:99–100.
34. Lyman Trumbull to William Jayne, Nov. 18, 1870, Jayne Papers, ISHS.
35. Congressional Globe, 41st Cong., 3d sess., pt. 1, pp. 217–18, Dec. 21, 1870; Fish, Diary, Dec. 23, 1870.
36. Congressional Globe, 41st Cong., 3d sess., pt. 1, pp. 227–30, Dec. 21, 1870.
37. Pierce, Sumner, 4:437, 441.
38. Congressional Globe, 41st Cong., 3d sess., pt. 1, pp. 227–30, Dec. 21, 1870.
39. Edward Thornton to Lord Granville, Dec. 20, 1870, and Jan. 10, 1871, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library.
40. Edward Thornton to Lord Granville, Feb. 14, 1871, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library. See also Cook, Alabama Claims, pp. 158–59.
41. Fish, Diary, Apr. 8, 1871; John Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, 3 vols. (London, 1903), 2:402; Andrew Lang, Life, Letters, and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote, First Earl of Iddesleigh (Edinburgh, 1891), p. 232. See also Edward Thornton to Lord Granville, Apr. 2, 1872, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library.
42. Lang, Northcote, pp. 232, 240.
43. Ibid., p. 241.
44. Fish, Diary, May 8, 1871.
45. Edward Thornton to Lord Granville, Feb. 6 and Feb. 20, 1872, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library; Thornton to Edmund Hammond, July 2, 1872, ibid.
46. Cook, Alabama Claims, p. 244.
Chapter XXII DEMOCRACY
1. James Russell Lowell to Leslie Stephen, Mar. 25, 1870, in Martin Duberman, James Russell Lowell (Boston, 1966), p. 232; Moorfield Storey and Edward W. Emerson, Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar: A Memoir (Boston, 1911), pp. 203, 230.
2. “Mr. Hosea Biglow’s Speech in March Meeting” (Apr. 5, 1866), in James Russell Lowell, The Poetical Works of James Russell Lowell, ed. Marjorie R. Kaufman (Boston, 1978), pp. 278, 280.
3. Ibid., pp. 280–81.
4. Ibid., p. 284.
5. Adelbert Ames to Blanche Butler, June 1, 1870, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College.
6. Adelbert Ames to Blanche Butler, Apr. 29, 1870, ibid.
7. Adelbert Ames to Blanche Butler, May 21 and June 18, 1870, ibid.
8. Blanche Ames Ames, Adelbert Ames, 1835–1933: General, Senator, Governor (North Easton, Mass., 1964).
9. Adelbert Ames to Blanche Butler, Apr. 26, 1870, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection.
10. Adelbert Ames to Blanche Butler, Apr. 27, 1870, ibid.
11. Adelbert Ames to Blanche Butler, June 19, 1870, ibid.
12. Adelbert Ames to Blanche Butler, June 1, 1870, ibid.
13. Adelbert Ames to Blanche Butler, June 17, 1870, ibid.
14. Adelbert Ames to Blanche Butler, June 15, 1870, ibid.
15. Jacob Dolson Cox, “How Judge Hoar Ceased to be Attorney-General,” Atlantic Monthly 76 (Aug. 1895): 169.
16. Ibid., p. 169.
17. Ibid., pp. 169–70.
18. Ibid., p. 170. See also Hans L. Trefousse, Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast (New York, 1957), p. 248.
19. Cox, “Judge Hoar,” p. 170.
20. Ibid., p. 171.
21. Obituary notice in The Dartmouth, 4th series, 2 (Feb. 25, 1881):259–60.
22. George S. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years in Public Affairs, 2 vols. (New York, 1902), 2:252; “Act to Enforce the Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment…,” April 20, 1871, U.S. Statutes at Large, vol. 17, p. 13.
23. Amos T. Akerman to Foster Blodgett, July [?], 1871, Akerman Papers, Alderman Library, University of Virginia; Akerman to Garnet Andrews (Washington, Georgia), July 31, 1871, ibid.
24. Amos T. Akerman to USG, Aug. 5, 1871, ibid.; Akerman to Benjamin F. Butler, Aug. 9, 1871, ibid.
25. Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (New York, 1971), pp. 402–8.
26. Amos T. Akerman to J. H. H. Wilcox, Aug. 16, 1871, Akerman Papers, Alderman Library.
27. Amos T. Akerman to E. P. Jackson, Aug. 18, 1871, ibid.
28. Amos T. Akerman to George S. Boutwell, Aug. 23, 1871, ibid.; Akerman to W. E. Walker (Trenton, N.J.), Sept. 8, 1871, ibid.; Akerman to R. A. Hill (Oxford, Miss.), Sept. 12, 1871, ibid.
29. Amos T. Akerman to B. D. Silliman, Nov. 9, 1871, ibid.
30. Amos T. Akerman to Lewis W. Merrill, Nov. 9, 1871, ibid.; New York Tribune, Nov. 13, 1871, in Trelease, White Terror, pp. 369–70; Akerman to A. H. Terry, Nov. 18, 1871, in Trelease, White Terror, pp. 402–3.
31. Amos T. Akerman to O. O. Howard, Nov. 9, 1871, Akerman Papers, Alderman Library.
32. Amos T. Akerman to Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, Nov. 13, 1871, ibid.
33. Amos T. Akerman to Henry McNeal Turner, Nov. 16, 1871, ibid.
34. Amos T. Akerman to Benjamin Conley, Dec. 28, 1871, ibid. See also New York Times, Dec. 12, Dec. 13, Dec. 14, and Dec. 15, 1871; New York Sun, Dec. 1871.
35. Amos T. Akerman to Benjamin Conley, Dec. 28, 1871, Akerman Papers, Alderman Library; Akerman to Lewis W. Merrill, Jan. 8, 1872, ibid.; Akerman to “My dear Sir,” Jan. 1, 1872, ibid.
36. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, May 16, 1871, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection.
37. Ibid.
38. New National Era, Jan. 6 and Jan. 19, 1871. See also New York Times, May 28, 1870.
39. Israel Smith to James Webster Smith, July 3, 1870, in New National Era, July 20, 1870. See also O. O. Howard to James Webster Smith, July 14, 1870, O. O. Howard Papers, Bowdoin College Library; Howard to the editor of the New York Tribune, July 8, 1870, ibid.; New National Era, Aug. 13, 1874; Washington Evening Star, July 1, 1870.
40. James Webster Smith to David Clark, June 29, 1870, in New National Era, July 14, 1870.
41. New National Era, Jan. 26, 1871; unidentified clipping, O. O. Howard Papers, Bowdoin College Library.
42. USG to William Worth Belknap, cited without date in Illinois Guardian, Aug. 14, 1872, clipping in O. O. Howard Papers, Bowdoin College Library. See also New National Era, Jan. 26, 1871; Blanche B. Ames to Sarah Butler, Sept. [?], 1870, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection.
43. James Webster Smith to David Clark, June 29, 1871, O. O. Howard Papers, Bowdoin College Library. For the circumstances of the court-martial, see New York Times, July 15, Oct. 21, and Oct. 24, 1870; New National Era, Aug. 6 and Aug. 17, 1874.
44. Transcript of the court-martial of James Webster Smith, Oct. 21–24, 1870, together with the report of Joseph Holt to William Worth Belknap, Nov. 20, 1870, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
45. Ibid.
46. David Clark to O. O. Howard, June 21, 1871, O. O. Howard Papers, Bowdoin College Library. See also New York Tribune, June 14, 1871; O. O. Howard to David Clark, Jan. 27, 1871, O. O. Howard Papers, Bowdoin College Library (Howard wrote of “John Tappan” but it is likely he meant Lewis).
47. Peter S. Michie, “Caste at West Point,” North Atlantic Review 130 (June 1880):609–11; New York Times, Aug. 12, 1874. See also Nancy Ledogar and Andrea Roschke, “Cadet Smith at West Point” (seminar paper, Mount Holyoke College, 1977); Walter Scott Dillard, “The United States Military Academy, 1865–1900: The Uncertain Years” (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1972), ch. 8.
48. O. O. Howard to David Clark, June 24, 1871, O. O. Howard Papers, Bowdoin College Library; David Clark to O. O. Howard, July 1, 1871, ibid.
Chapter XXIII GREATNESS
1. Carl Schurz to Jacob Dolson Cox, April 4, 1871, in Carl Schurz, Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz, sel. and ed. Frederic Bancroft, 6 vols. (New York, 1913), 2:255. See also James Schouler, History of the Reconstruction Period, 1865–1877 (New York, 1913), p. 218.
2. William Makepeace Thayer, From Tannery to the White House: The Life of Ulysses S. Grant (Boston, 1887).
3. Edward Thornton to Edmund Hammond, Aug. 6, 1872, Thornton Papers, Bodleian Library; George W. Childs, Recollections (Philadelphia, 1890), p. 75; James A. Garfield, The Diary of James A. Garfield, ed. Harry J. Brown and Frederick D. Williams, 3 vols. (East Lansing, Mich., 1967–73), Oct. 19, 1872, 2:104; New York Herald, Nov. 7, 1872.
4. Benjamin Helm Bristow to John Marshall Harlan, Dec. 4, 1872, Bristow Papers, Library of Congress (LC).
5. Ibid. See also Ross A. Webb, Benjamin Helm Bristow: Border State Politician (Lexington, Ky., 1969), p. 115.
6. Benjamin Helm Bristow to John Marshall Harlan, Dec. 4, 1872, Bristow Papers, LC; Susan B. Anthony, Diary, June 18, 1873, Anthony Papers, LC.
7. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), pp. 193–94.
8. Noah H. Swayne to Benjamin Helm Bristow, Sept. 15, 1873, Bristow Papers, LC.
9. Ibid.
10. C. H. Hill to Benjamin Helm Bristow, Sept. 20, 1873, ibid.; Hamilton Fish, Diary, Sept. 30, 1873, Fish Papers, LC.
11. Fish, Diary, Dec. 1, 1873.
12. Edwards Pierrepont to Benjamin Helm Bristow, Dec. 2, 1873, Bristow Papers, LC.
13. J. W. Stevenson to Benjamin Helm Bristow, Dec. 12, 1873, ibid.; C. H. Hill to Bristow, Dec. 19, 1873, ibid. See also Fish, Diary, Dec. 30, 1873.
14. C. H. Hill to Benjamin Helm Bristow, Dec. 13 and Dec. 19, 1873, Bristow Papers, LC.
15. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 194; David Davis to Benjamin Helm Bristow, Jan. 6, 1874, Bristow Papers, LC; Fish, Diary, Dec. 30, 1873.
16. Fish, Diary, Dec. 30, 1873, and Jan. 25, 1874. See also Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration, rev. ed., 2 vols. (New York, 1957), 2:663.
17. Nation, Jan. 22, 1874, in Nevins, Fish, 2:664; J. W. Stevenson to Benjamin Helm Bristow, Jan. 9, 1874, Bristow Papers, LC; C. H. Hill to Bristow, Jan. 10, 1874. ibid.
18. David Davis to Benjamin Helm Bristow, Jan. 13, 1874, Bristow Papers, LC. See also draft of message withdrawing the Cushing nomination, Babcock Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago; Fish, Diary, Jan. 16, 1874.
19. Noah H. Swayne to B. H. Bristow, Jan. 20, 1874, Bristow Papers, LC.
20. USG, fifth annual message, Dec. 1, 1873, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1896–99), 7:244.
21. Ibid., pp. 286–87.
22. Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879 (Princeton, 1964), pp. 241–43.
23. Ibid.
24. George T. Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton H. Thomas, 4 vols. (New York, 1952), June 8, 1874, 4:528. See also Unger, Greenback Era, p. 243; Sanborn and Other Contracts, 43d Cong., 1st sess., House Exec. Doc. 132, Feb. 16, 1874 (serial set 1808).
25. USG to Nathaniel Carlin, Oct. 27, 1873, Huntington Library (HL). See also Charles W. Ford to “whom it may concern,” July 1, 1873, HL.
26. USG to Nathaniel Carlin, Nov. 28, 1873, ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. USG to John F. Long, July 20, 1874, ibid.
29. USG to Nathaniel Carlin, Dec. 26, 1874, ibid. See also USG to John F. Long, Nov. 29, 1874, ibid.
30. John F. Long to Nathaniel Carlin, Oct. 13, 1875, ibid.
Chapter XXIV WEDDING AND WHISKEY
1. Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, Baron Redesdale, Memories, 2 vols. (London, 1915), 2:516; New York Herald, May 22, 1874.
2. Juliette M. Babbitt, “Nellie Grant Sartoris and Her Children,” Midland Monthly 7 (Feb. 1897), 99–102.
3. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, July 24, 1875, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College; Henry James to Alice James, May 19, [1879], in The Letters of Henry James, ed. Leon Edel, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1974–75), 2:233–34.
4. New York World, Sept. 5, 1885.
5. Julia D. Grant to USG, May 22, 1875, U. S. Grant Papers, Library of Congress (LC); USG to Julia D. Grant, May 22, 1875, ibid.
6. James A. Garfield, The Diary of James A. Garfield, ed. Harry J. Brown and Frederick D. Williams, 3 vols. (East Lansing, Mich., 1967–73), 3:6; H. V. Boynton, “The Whiskey Ring,” North American Review 123 (Oct. 1876):282. See also William S. McFeely, “Ulysses S. Grant, 1869–1877,” in C. Vann Woodward, ed., Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct (New York, 1974), p. 136.
7. For an account of these events by one of the participants, see John McDonald, Secrets of the Great Whiskey Ring; and Eighteen Months in the Penitentiary, Containing a Complete Exposure of the Illicit Whisky Frauds Culminating in 1875…to Which Is Added the Author’s Remarkable Experiences While a Convict…(St. Louis, 1880).
8. Bluford Wilson, in Whisky Frauds, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Miscellaneous Doc. 186 (serial set 1706), p. 355.
9. McDonald, Secrets of the Great Whiskey Ring, p. 140; Bluford Wilson, in Whisky Frauds, pp. 356–58.
10. Benjamin Helm Bristow, in Whisky Frauds, pp. 322–28; Marc Bloch, Strange Defeat (New York, 1968), p. 26.
11. Bluford Wilson, in Whisky Frauds, p. 355.
12. Hamilton Fish, Diary, May 22, 1875, Fish Papers, LC.
13. James Harrison Wilson interview with Hamlin Garland, ca. 1890, typescript, Doheny Library, University of Southern California.
14. Ibid.
15. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Oct. 7, 1878, U. S. Grant Papers, Illinois State Historical Society; James Harrison Wilson interview with Hamlin Garland.
16. Bluford Wilson in Whisky Frauds, p. 359. See also Horace Porter, ibid., p. 542.
17. Bluford Wilson, ibid., p. 357. See also Fish, Diary, July 20 and July 21, 1875.
18. Bluford Wilson to John B. Henderson, Sept. 26, 1875, in Whisky Frauds, p. 550.
19. Edwards Pierrepont, ibid., pp. 2–3. The dating of the telegrams in the transcript of the congressional investigation is confusing; since Pierrepont was testifying in March 1876, the date of October 19, 1876, on one of the telegrams is obviously in error; others also appear misdated with respect to year. In the Bristow Papers in the Library of Congress, pencil copies of three of them are dated October 25, 27, and 28, 1873, suggesting that the conspirators were on guard two years before the prosecutions.
20. Edwards Pierrepont, in Whisky Frauds, p. 3.
21. Charles S. Bell, ibid., p. 123. See also Zachariah Chandler to Bell, Jan. 5, 1876, ibid., p. 113.
22. Fish, Diary, Dec. 21, 1875.
23. Charles S. Bell, in Whisky Frauds, p. 126. See also Elias W. Fox, ibid., pp. 335–43.
24. Bluford Wilson, ibid., p. 366.
25. Fish, Diary, Feb. 8, 1876.
26. Charles S. Bell, in Whisky Frauds, p. 114. See also Zachariah Chandler to Bell, Feb. 16, 1876, ibid., p. 117.
27. Fish, Diary, Mar. 1, 1876; Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration, rev. ed., 2 vols. (New York, 1957), 2:803.
28. Bluford Wilson, in Whisky Frauds, p. 373.
29. USG, message to Congress, Jan. 13, 1875, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1896–99), 7:307–8.
30. Ibid., pp. 308, 312.
31. Marshall Jewell to L. C. Fairchild, Dec. 28, 1874, in William B. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant, Politician (New York, 1935), p. 353.
32. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Sept. 2, 1875, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection. See also Vernon Lane Wharton, The Negro in Mississippi, 1865–1890 (New York, 1965), pp. 181–98.
33. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Sept. 2, 1875, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection.
34. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Sept. 3, 1875, ibid.
35. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Sept. 5, 1875, ibid. See also Helen Griffith, Dauntless in Mississippi: The Life of Sarah A. Dickey, 1838–1904 (South Hadley, Mass., 1965).
36. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Sept. 6, 1875, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection.
37. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Sept. 6 and Sept. 7, 1875, ibid.
38. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Sept. 10 and Sept. 17, 1875, ibid.
39. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Sept. 22 and Sept. 23, 1875, ibid.
40. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Sept. 26 and Oct. 4, 1875, ibid.
41. Griffith, Dauntless in Mississippi, p. 86; Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Oct. 8, 1875, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection.
42. Blanche B. Ames to Adelbert Ames, Oct. 10, 1875, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection. See also Benjamin F. Butler to Adelbert Ames, Oct. 11, 1875, ibid.; John R. Lynch, The Facts of Reconstruction (New York, 1968), p. 151; Julius Eric Thompson, “Hiram R. Revels, 1827–1901: A Biography” (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1973).
43. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Oct. 12, 1875, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection.
44. Griffith, Dauntless in Mississippi, pp. 84–85; Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Oct. 15, 1875, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection.
45. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Oct. 28, 1875, Ames Papers, Sophia Smith Collection.
46. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Oct. 28 and Oct. 30, 1875, ibid.
47. Adelbert Ames to Blanche B. Ames, Nov. 4, 1875, ibid.
Chapter XXV WAIFS
1. James A. Garfield, The Diary of James A. Garfield, ed. Harry J. Brown and Frederick D. Williams, 3 vols. (East Lansing, Mich., 1967–73), January 2, 1876, 3:208; Rebecca Latimer Felton, Country Life in Georgia in the Days of My Youth (Atlanta, 1919), p. 133. See also Benjamin Brown French, Diary, Jan. 1, 1870, Library of Congress (LC).
2. Felton, Country Life, p. 133; New York Tribune, Mar. 3, 1876.
3. New York Tribune, Mar. 6, 1876.
4. New York Times, Oct. 15, 1890. There is no biography of Belknap, and the available information about him and his wives is sketchy.
5. New York Times, Oct. 15, 1890.
6. Malfeasance of W. W. Belknap, Late Secretary of War, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Report 186, Mar. 2, 1876 (serial set 1708).
7. Malfeasance of W. W. Belknap, pp. 3, 4. The full investigation (with explicit testimony), the articles of impeachment, and the report of the Senate trial of William Worth Belknap are in Malfeasance of W. W. Belknap (cited in note 6); Impeachment of W. W. Belknap, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Report 222, Mar. 8, 1876 (serial set 1708); Impeachment of William W. Belknap, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Report 345, Mar. 30, 1876 (serial set 1709); Report of the House Managers on the Impeachment of W. W. Belknap, Late Secretary of War, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Report 791, Aug. 2, 1876 (serial set 1713); “Proceedings in the Senate…Trial of William W. Belknap,” Congressional Record, 44th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 14, pt. 7.
8. Robert C. Schenck to his daughter, July 27, 1870, Schenck Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Library, Fremont, Ohio.
9. Hamilton Fish, Diary, Nov. 28, 1871, Fish Papers, LC; Emma Mine Investigation, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Report 579, May 25, 1876 (serial set 1711).
10. Garfield, Diary, April 26, 1875, 3:67–68; Surveys in the Territory of Wyoming, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Report 794, Aug. 2, 1876 (serial set 1714).
11. Benjamin Helm Bristow, in Surveys in the Territory of Wyoming, pp. 1, 2, 26.
12. Ibid., p. 4; Hamilton Fish, Diary, Apr. 29, 1875.
13. USG to Silas Reed, Aug. 7, 1875, in Surveys in the Territory of Wyoming, p. 4.
14. Investigations of the Navy Department, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Report 784, July 22, 1876 (serial set 1712); Deposits of Money by the Secretary of the Navy, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Report 789, Aug. 1, 1876 (serial set 1713); Kittery Navy Yard, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House Report 790, Aug. 1, 1876 (serial set 1713).
15. Investigations of the Navy Department, p. 159.
16. New York Tribune, Mar. 4, Mar. 6, and Mar. 9, 1876.
17. Ross A. Webb, Benjamin Helm Bristow: Border State Politician (Lexington, Ky., 1969), pp. 223–25; Garfield, Diary, Mar. 3, 1876, 3:243–44.
18. Garfield, Diary, Mar. 2, 1876, 3:242–43.
19. Fish, Diary, Mar. 3–4, 1876.
20. New York Tribune, Mar. 4, Mar. 6, and Mar. 9, 1876; USG to C. C. Augur, Sept. 15, 1867, Augur Papers, Illinois State Historical Society; Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), pp. 189–92.
21. Report of the House Managers on the Impeachment of W. W. Belknap, House Report 791, Aug. 2, 1876.
22. William T. Sherman to John M. Schofield (reporting order to Gillem), Apr. 13, 1873, in Modoc War, 43d Cong., 1st sess., House Exec. Doc. 122, Jan. 4, 1874 (serial set 1607), p. 77; Alfred H. Lowe et al. to USG, July 12, 1873, in Modoc War, p. 310; USG, second inaugural address, Mar. 4, 1873, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1896–99), 7:222. See also New York Times, Apr. 16, 1873, in Robert G. Ahearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West (Norman, Okla., 1956), p. 301.
23. James C. Olson, Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem (Lincoln, Nebr., 1965), pp. 171–75.
24. Ibid., pp. 175–89; Edgar I. Stewart, Custer’s Luck (Norman, Okla., 1955), pp. 125–37.
25. Philip H. Sheridan to Alfred H. Terry, Nov. 9, 1875, Sheridan Papers, LC. The writer is indebted to Fred Nicklason for this citation.
26. Philip H. Sheridan to William T. Sherman, May 22, 1876, in Ahearn, Sherman and the Settlement of the West, p. 310. See also O. O. Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, 2 vols. (New York, 1907), 2:468–85.
27. Daniel H. Chamberlain to USG, July 22, 1876, in Slaughter of American Citizens at Hamburgh, S.C., 44th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 95, Aug. 1, 1876 (serial set 1664), p. 4; USG to Chamberlain, July 26, 1873, ibid., p. 6.
28. Webb, Benjamin Helm Bristow, p. 240.
29. Ibid., pp. 250–51; Fish, Diary, June 20, 1876.
30. USG, State of the Union message, Dec. 5, 1876, in Richardson, Messages, 7:399.
31. Ibid., pp. 399–400.
32. Ibid., p. 400.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., p. 401.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., p. 402.
37. Ibid., p. 410.
38. Ibid., pp. 410–11.
39. Ibid., p. 412.
40. Ibid., p. 413.
41. Julia Grant Cantacuzene, My Life Here and There (New York, 1921), p. 7.
42. George W. Childs, Recollections (Philadelphia, 1890), p. 76.
43. Ibid., p. 77.
44. Ibid., p. 78.
45. C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (Boston, 1951), p. 108.
46. Ibid., p. 112; Childs, Recollections, p. 78.
47. Childs, Recollections, p. 80.
48. Woodward, Reunion and Reaction, p. 151.
49. Childs, Recollections, p. 81; New York Herald, Mar. 3, 1877. See also New York Herald, Mar. 4, 1877.
50. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 197. See also Daniel Ammen, The Old Navy and the New…with an Appendix of Personal Letters from General Grant (Philadelphia, 1891), p. 519.
51. Garfield, Diary, Mar. 5, 1877, 3:453–54.
52. New York Herald, Mar. 25, 1877; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 196–97.
Chapter XXVI AROUND THE WORLD
1. John Russell Young, Around the World with General Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1879), 1:409–10, and passim for the remainder of the chapter.
2. USG to Jesse R. Grant, May 9, 1877, U. S. Grant Papers, Missouri Historical Society; New York Herald, May 17, 1877. See also New York Herald, May 4 and May 15. 1877.
3. J. F. Packard, Grant’s Tour around the World (Cincinnati, 1880), p. 108. This is one of several interesting pirate pieces; it contains a few things not in Young. See also Times (London), May 29 and May 30, 1877.
4. Times (London), May 31, 1877; Morning Post (London), June 1, 1877.
5. Times (London), June 4, 1877. See also Times (London), June 2, 1877; Young, Around the World, 1:19–20; duke of Wellington to the writer, May 23, 1979; Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, Baron Redesdale, Memories, 2 vols. (London, 1915), 2:612.
6. Packard, Grant’s Tour, pp. 57–63; Times (London), June 22, 1877; Morning Post (London), June 22, 1877.
7. Morning Post (London), June 22, 1877.
8. G. E. Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, 6 vols. (London, 1920), 6:168. See also Anthony Trollope to Donald Currie, June 8, 1877, in B. A. Booth, ed., The Letters of Anthony Trollope (London, 1951), p. 372; Times (London), June 19 and June 21, 1877.
9. Times (London), June 16, 1877.
10. Ibid., June 4, 1877; USG to George W. Childs, June 10, 1877, in Packard, Grant’s Tour, pp. 64–65.
11. Times (London), June 16, 1877.
12. USG to George W. Childs, June 10, 1877, in Packard. Grant’s Tour, pp. 64–65.
13. Henry James to Alice James, May 19, [1879], in The Letters of Henry James, ed. Leon Edel, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1974–75), 2:233. See also Juliette M. Babbitt, “Nellie Grant Sartoris and Her Children,” Midland Monthly 7 (Feb. 1897), pp. 99–102.
14. Elizabeth Longford, Queen Victoria: Born to Succeed (New York, 1965), p. 420. See also Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), pp. 206–8; Adam Badeau, Grant in Peace: From Appomattox to Mount McGregor (Hartford, Conn., 1887), pp. 282–89; Times (London), June 27 and June 29, 1877; Morning Post (London), June 28, 1877.
15. Jesse R. Grant, In the Days of My Father, General Grant (New York, 1925), p. 228; Longford, Queen Victoria, p. 420.
16. Badeau, Grant in Peace, p. 288.
17. USG to Ulysses S. Grant, Jr., July 2, 1877, Huntington Library. See also USG to Elihu B. Washburne, June 9, 1877, U. S. Grant Papers, Illinois State Historical Society (ISHS).
18. Packard, Grant’s Tour, pp. 107–8.
19. Newcastle Daily Chronicle, Sept. 24, 1877, in Young, Around the World, 1:90–91.
20. Ibid., pp. 94–95, 98.
21. Ibid., 100–101.
22. John Russell Young, Diary, Oct. 29, 1877, Young Papers, Library of Congress (LC). See also Dossier 149793, 
“Grant, Président de la République des États-Unis,” Préfecture de Police, Paris; Young, Diary, Oct. 31, 1877.
23. Young, Around the World, 1:156; Dossier 149793, “Grant,”; Dossier “Valentino” 
Préfecture de Police, Paris; Young, Around the World, 1:162.
24. Young, Around the World, 1:169, 175.
25. Ibid., pp. 193, 188.
26. Ibid., pp. 218–19.
27. Ibid., pp. 256, 274.
28. Ibid., p. 334.
29. Ibid., pp. 346, 354, 362.
30. Ibid., pp. 366, 368.
31. Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York, 1962), p. 163.
32. Young, Around the World, 1:469.
33. Martin Duberman, James Russell Lowell (Boston, 1966), p. 293.
34. Young, Around the World, 1:413–14.
35. Ibid., p. 415.
36. Ibid., pp. 416–17.
37. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 246.
38. Young, Around the World, 1:592, 593, 599.
39. Ibid., p. 611; Lord Lytton to John Morley, quoted in Mary Lutyens, The Lyttons in India (London, 1979), p. 150. On the physical and psychological aspects of Grant’s drinking, Solomon Cohen, M.D., to the writer, Dec. 12, 1979.
40. Young, Around the World, 2:138.
41. USG to John Russell Young, Mar. 4, 1879, Young Papers, LC.
42. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Apr. 4, 1879, U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS; Young, Around the World, 2:316–18.
43. Julia Grant Cantacuzene, My Life Here and There (New York, 1921), p. 166; Young, Around the World, 2:372. See also “Report on the Famine in the Northern Provinces of China,” (Hugh Fraser to the Earl of Derby) presented to the Houses of Parliament, written by W. F. Mayers, Chinese Secretary. This can be found in reports of American consular officials, Jan. 8–Oct. 4, 1878, Microcopy M92, Roll 49, National Archives, Washington, D.C. The American consuls reported on the famine with its “mortality that will be considered appalling by European standards.” The report continued, “Were it not for the possession of improved weapons” mobs of starving people might have caused a severe political disturbance. The maps the consuls sent home indicate the Grants passed through the region of the famine; no comments are made on the coincidence of their visit.
44. Young, Around the World, 2:528–30.
45. USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Apr. 4, 1879, U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS; Packard, Grant’s Tour, p. 827.
46. O. O. Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, 2 vols. (New York, 1907), 2:480; Young, Diary, Sept. 26, 1879, Young Papers, LC; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 311.
47. Ben Perley Poore and O. H. Tiffany, Life of General Grant (Philadelphia, 1885), pp. 458–59.
Chapter XXVII GRANT & WARD
1. William B. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant, Politician (New York, 1935), p. 432.
2. John Russell Young, Diary, June 30, 1878, Young Papers, Library of Congress (LC); USG to Elihu B. Washburne, Oct. 7 and Dec. 24, 1878, U. S. Grant Papers, Illinois State Historical Society (ISHS); Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant, p. 433.
3. USG to Adam Badeau, Aug. 25, 1879, in Adam Badeau, Grant in Peace: From Appomattox to Mount McGregor (Hartford, Conn., 1887), p. 518.
4. Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain (New York, 1968), p. 260; Badeau, Grant in Peace, p. 14. See also Samuel L. Clemens, The Autobiography of Mark Twain, ed. Charles Neider (New York, 1959), pp. 241–45.
5. Kaplan, Mr. Clemens, pp. 261–62, 263.
6. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant, p. 435; T. L. Crowder, typescript [1880], U. S. Grant Papers, ISHS.
7. Crowder, typescript.
8. Badeau, Grant in Peace, p. 320; Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975), p. 321. See also Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant, pp. 321–33, 438.
9. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 321.
10. Ibid., pp. 321–22; Galena Gazette, June 8, 1880.
11. USG to Nellie G. Sartoris, June 27, 1880, U. S. Grant Papers, Chicago Historical Society; Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 321.
12. USG to James A. Garfield, Aug. 5, 1880, Garfield Papers, LC.
13. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 322. See also USG to James A. Garfield, Sept. 19, 1880, Garfield Papers, LC; USG to Edwards Pierrepont, Sept. 10, 1880, U. S. Grant Papers, LC; USG to Julia D. Grant, Oct. 25, 1880, ibid.
14. USG to James A. Garfield, Sept. 19 and Nov. 11, 1880, Garfield Papers, LC.
15. USG to James A. Garfield, Jan. 26, 1881, ibid. See also USG to Garfield, Feb. 6, 1881, ibid.
16. USG to James A. Garfield, Apr. 24, 1881, ibid.
17. Ibid.; James A. Garfield to USG, May 15, 1881, Garfield Papers, LC.
18. Ben Perley Poore and O. H. Tiffany, Life of U. S. Grant (Philadelphia, 1885), p. 483.
19. David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867–1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958), p. 181.
20. Ibid., p. 150.
21. Osgood Hardy, “Ulysses S. Grant, President of the Mexican Southern Railroad,” Pacific Historical Review 24 (1955):111–20.
22. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, pp. 322–23.
23. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress, p. 164.
24. Ibid., pp. 171–77.
25. Ibid., p. 181.
26. Karen A. Wendell, “Grant & Ward: The Anatomy of a Fraud” (seminar paper, History Department, Smith College, Apr. 1977).
27. Ibid.
28. Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant, p. 446.
29. Ibid., p. 447.
30. C. W. Moulton to William T. Sherman, May 9, 1884, W. T. Sherman Papers, LC.
31. Hugh McCulloch, Men and Measures of Half a Century (New York, 1889), p. 360.
32. Wendell, “Grant & Ward,” p. 15A.
33. C. W. Moulton to William T. Sherman, May 9, 1884, W. T. Sherman Papers, LC.
34. Julia D. Grant, Memoirs, p. 328.
35. Thomas M. Pitkin, The Captain Departs: Ulysses S. Grant’s Last Campaign (Carbondale, Ill., 1973), p. 10.
36. Ibid., p. 12; Clemens, Autobiography of Mark Twain, p. 239.
Chapter XXVIII TO WRITE A BOOK TO BE A MAN
1. George H. Stuart, The Life of George H. Stuart, ed. Robert E. Thompson (Philadelphia, 1890), pp. 312–13, 313n.
2. USG to Vivian Sartoris, Sept. 7, 1884, U. S. Grant Papers, Chicago Historical Society.
3. Thomas M. Pitkin, The Captain Departs: Ulysses S. Grant’s Last Campaign (Carbondale, III., 1973), p. 24; Pitkin’s book is an excellent treatment of Grant’s death, and this account is largely drawn from it. On the course of Grant’s illness, Solomon Cohen, M.D., to the writer, Jan. 8, 1980.
4. USG to Adam Badeau, Oct. 8, 1884, in Adam Badeau, Grant in Peace: From Appomattox to Mount McGregor (Hartford Conn., 1887), p. 565.
5. Badeau, Grant in Peace, p. 240; Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Boston, 1918), pp. 263–64. See also correspondence between Adam Badeau and Benjamin Moran, Huntington Library.
6. Adams, Education, p. 264.
7. USG to John Russell Young, [Nov. 1884?], Young Papers, Library of Congress (LC).
8. USG to Vivian Sartoris, Sept. 7, 1884, U. S. Grant Papers, Chicago Historical Society; Pitkin, Captain Departs, pp. 15–16.
9. Samuel L. Clemens, The Autobiography of Mark Twain, ed. Charles Neider (New York, 1959), p. 237.
10. Ibid., pp. 237–39.
11. Ibid., p. 240.
12. USG to Nellie G. Sartoris, Nov. 18, 1884, U.S. Grant Papers, Chicago Historical Society.
13. USG to Nellie G. Sartoris, Feb. 16, 1885, U. S. Grant Papers, Chicago Historical Society; Julia D. Grant to Mrs. W. S. Hillyer, Feb. 18, 1885, U. S. Grant Papers, Illinois State Historical Society (ISHS); Pitkin, Captain Departs, p. 26. See also William H. Vanderbilt to Julia D. Grant, Jan. 10, 1885, clipping in Francis Springer scrapbook, ISHS; Julia D. Grant to William H. Vanderbilt, Jan. 11, 1885, Grant Family Papers, Morris Library, Southern Illinois University (SIU).
14. Pitkin, Captain Departs, pp. 33–34.
15. Solomon Cohen, M.D., to the writer, Jan. 8, 1980.
16. Frederick D. Grant to A. D. Worthington, Mar. 2, 1885, Grant Family Papers, Morris Library, SIU; Clemens, Autobiography, p. 241.
17. William T. Sherman to J. E. Tourtelotte, Mar. 4, 1885, W. T. Sherman Papers, Missouri Historical Society; William T. Sherman to Sherman Moulton, Apr. 12, 1886, Huntington Library.
18. USG to John H. Douglas, June 17, 1885, U. S. Grant Papers, LC.
19. New York World, Apr. 19, 1885; New York Tribune, May 6, 1885; New York Sun, May 6, 1885. See also Pitkin, Captain Departs, pp. 37–38.
20. USG to Adam Badeau, May 5, 1885, in Pitkin, Captain Departs, p. 41. See also ibid., passim.
21. Ibid., p. 57.
22. Ibid., p. 56.
23. New York Tribune, Apr. 26, 1885, in Pitkin, Captain Departs, p. 58.
24. Pitkin, Captain Departs, p. 63.
25. Ibid., p. 61.
26. Ibid., p. 65; Robert Penn Warren, The Legacy of the Civil War (New York, 1961), p. 86.
27. The manuscript of the Personal Memoirs is on reels 5 and 6, U. S. Grant Papers, LC.
28. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, 2 vols. (New York, 1885–86), 2:542, 543, 544.
29. Ibid., pp. 546–47.
30. Ibid., pp. 549–50.
31. Ibid., p. 551.
32. Ibid., pp. 552, 553.
33. Ibid., p. 553; R. C. Townsend, “Sherwood Anderson: Trying to Be a Man,” in Trying to Be a Man, forthcoming.
34. USG, Memoirs, 2:553.
35. The pages, with Grant’s alterations, are in a salesman’s dummy book for the Personal Memoirs at the Huntington Library.
36. USG to John H. Douglas, July 10, 1885, in Pitkin, Captain Departs, p. 84; manuscript of the Personal Memoirs, reel 6, U. S. Grant Papers, LC; USG to Frederick D. Grant, [no date], in Pitkin, Captain Departs, p. 86.
37. USG to John H. Douglas, July 14, 1885, in Pitkin, Captain Departs, p. 87.
38. USG to John H. Douglas, [July ? 1885], Grant Papers, LC.
39. Julia Grant Cantacuzene, My Life Here and There (New York, 1921), p. 53. See also John H. Douglas, “Record of the Last Days of the Magnanimous Soldier U. S. Grant,” John Hancock Douglas Papers, LC, published in the Appendix of Pitkin, Captain Departs, pp. 133–39.
EPILOGUE
1. Julia D. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, ed. John Y. Simon (New York, 1975).
2. New York Times, Dec. 15, 1902. See also ibid., Dec. 16, Dec. 18, Dec. 21, and Dec. 27, 1902.
3. Ibid.
4. John Russell Young, Diary, Apr. 27, 1897, Young Papers, Library of Congress.
5. New York Times, Dec. 26 and Dec. 21, 1902.
6. Ibid., Nov. 11, 1909, Sept. 27, 1929; Jane Grant de MaCarty, in conversation with the writer, Aug. 16, 1974.
7. Frank Hatch Jones to N. H. Beauregard, Jan. 19, 1915, Missouri Historical Society.
8. New York Times, June 9, 1934. See also ibid., July 2, 1924.
9. Edward M. House, Diary, Jan. 10, 1913, Yale University Library; the writer is indebted to Wilton B. Fowler for this citation. See also New York Times, June 9, 1934.
10. For a favorable view of Grant during the war see Bruce Catton, Grant Moves South (Boston, 1960), and Grant Takes Command (Boston, 1969). For early and excellent statements of the revised view of post-Civil War politics see the essays in H. Wayne Morgan, ed., The Gilded Age: A Reappraisal, rev. ed. (Syracuse, 1963).