With the death of the last Neanderthal, it might reasonably be expected that the traumatic influence which Neanderthals exerted over human evolution for so many thousands of years had finally come to an end. Never again should humans fear the dark, the murky shadows of the forest, or a wide-eyed stranger. Unfortunately, it did not happen like that. The pervasive influence that Neanderthals had exerted over humanity was far from over. Even though we were now alone, the worst was yet to come.