My account of the incident in chapter 1 is based on conversations with Stanley Forman, Ted Landsmark, Jim Kelly, and Joseph Rakes as well as the reports published at the time in the Boston Globe, Boston Herald American, and Boston Phoenix. In addition, I have examined the newsreel footage of the assault as well as reports of the incident that aired on The Ten O’Clock News in Boston and ABC News nationally.
On Landsmark, see Thomas Farragher, “Image of an Era,” Boston Globe, April 1, 2001; “Profile: Ted Landsmark: The Unsung of Civil Rights,” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, February 1, 2000; John Koch, “Ted Landsmark: The Interview,” Boston Globe Magazine, March 7, 1999; Edward Zuckerman, “Beaten Up in Boston,” New Republic, May 22, 1976, 9–12; Brenda Payton, “ ‘I Was Just a Nigger They Were Trying to Kill,’ ” Boston Phoenix, April 13, 1976, 16. On Forman, see Ron Winslow, “The Big One,” Boston Magazine, June 1981, 114–19; 155–60; Michael Delaney and James Gordon, “Boston’s Stan the Man,” News Photographer, April 1979, 12–17; Karen Rothmyer, “Stanley Forman: Capturing Drama Through the Photographer’s Lens,” in Winning Pulitzers: 76 Stories Behind Some of the Best News Coverage of Our Time (1991); Yana Dlugy, “Shifting Gears: From Newspaper to Television,” News Photographer, July 1992, 13–17; Stanley Forman, “A Night’s Work,” News Photographer, January 1987, 50–52; Stanley Forman, “The Best Picture I Never Took,” Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University 52 (Summer 1998); Stanley Forman, “Chasing the Big One,” unpublished manuscript; Moment of Impact: Stories of the Pulitzer Prize Photographs (Haber Video, 1999). On Kelly, see Suzanne Perney, “Will the Real Jim Kelly Please Stand Up?” Boston Sunday Herald, December 4, 1988. Also see the brief account of the incident in J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (1985), 323–26, and Celia Wren, “Stars and Strife,” Smithsonian, April 2006, 21–22.
The story of Boston and busing, synthesized in chapter 2, has been the subject of numerous books. The best overarching portrait is provided by J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground. For a superb study of anti-busing, see Ronald P. Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (1991). Also useful is J. Michael Ross and William M. Berg, “I Respectfully Diasagree with the Judge’s Order”: The Boston School Desegregation Controversy (1981); Frank Levy, Northern Schools and Civil Rights: The Racial Imbalance Act of Massachusetts (1971); Alan Lupo, Liberty’s Chosen Home: The Politics of Violence in Boston (1977); George R. Metcalf, From Little Rock to Boston: The History of School Desegregation (1983); J. Brian Sheehan, The Boston School Integration Dispute: Social Change and Legal Maneuvers (1984); Jack Tager, Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence (2001); D. Garth Taylor, Public Opinion and Collective Action: The Boston School Desegregation Conflict (1986); Jeanne F. Theoharis, “ ‘We Saved the City’: Black Struggles for Educational Equality in Boston, 1960–1976,” Radical History Review 81 (Fall 2001): 61–93. Also see Susan E. Eaton, The Other Boston Busing Story: What’s Won and Lost Across the Boundary Line (2001). For accounts and reflections by participants, see Ione Malloy, Southie Won’t Go: A Teacher’s Diary of the Desegregation of South Boston High School (1986); William M. Bulger, While the Music Lasts: My Life in Politics (1996); Mel King, Chain of Change: Struggles for Black Community Development (1981); Michael Patrick MacDonald, All Souls: A Family Story from Southie (1999). Also see Judith F. Buncher, ed., The School Busing Controversy, 1970–75 (1975), and the two-reel microfilm clipping file on busing located at the Boston Public Library (microfilm/LC214.53.B67B38X).
On the history of Boston, see Robert J. Allison, A Short History of Boston (2004); Stephen Kendrick and Paul Kendrick, Sarah’s Long Walk: The Free Blacks of Boston and How Their Struggle for Equality Changed America (2004); James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, Black Bostonians: Family Life and Community Struggle in the Antebellum North ( 1979); Thomas H. O’Connor, South Boston, My Home Town: The History of an Ethnic Neighborhood (1988; new ed. 1994); Mark R. Schneider, Boston Confronts Jim Crow, 1890–1920 (1997) and “The Boston NAACP and the Decline of the Abolitionist Impulse,” Massachusetts Historical Review 1 (1999), www.historycooperative.org/journals/mhr/I/schneider.html; Glenn Stout and Richard Johnson, Red Sox Century (2000; rev. ed. 2005). A superb study of northern segregation is Davison M. Douglas, Jim Crow Moves North: The Battle over Northern School Segregation, 1865–1954 (2005). On the Supreme Court, see Michael J. Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (2004); James T. Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (2001); Bernard Schwartz, Swann’s Way: The School Busing Case and the Supreme Court (1986).
There is a vast literature on the history and theory of photography, which informs chapter 3. Essential works include John Berger, Ways of Seeing (1972); Henri Cartier-Bresson, The Mind’s Eye: Writings on Photography and Photographers (1999); Geoff Dyer, The Ongoing Moment (2005); Vicki Goldberg, The Power of Photography: How Photographs Changed Our Lives (1991); Vicki Goldberg and Robert Silberman, American Photography: A Century of Images (1999); James Guimond, American Photography and the American Dream (1991); Beaumont Newhall, ed., Photography: Essays and Images (1980); Susan Sontag, On Photography (1977) and Regarding the Pain of Others (2003); William Stott, Documentary Expression and Thirties America (1973); John Szarkowski, Looking at Photographs (1973); Alan Trachtenberg, Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans (1989). Most of the work focuses on documentary photographers and photojournalists. There is all too little writing on spot news photographers, and what there is examines combat photographers. See, for example, Susan D. Moeller, Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat (1989). Arthur Fellig (Weegee) is one of the few news photographers whose work is considered alongside the great documentary photographers. See Weegee’s New York: Photographs 1935–1960 (2006) and Naked City (1945; rpt. 2002).
On Joe Rosenthal’s photograph, see Karal Ann Marling and John Wetenhall, Iwo Jima: Monuments, Memories, and the American Hero (1991); Parker Bishop Albee Jr. and Keller Cushing Freeman, Shadow of Suribachi: Raising the Flags on Iwo Jima (1995); James Bradley and Ron Powers, Flags of Our Fathers (2000); Hal Buell, Uncommon Valor, Common Virtue: Iwo Jima and the Photograph That Captured America (2006). On Paul Revere and the Boston Massacre, see Clarence Brigham, Paul Revere’s Engravings (rev. ed. 1969); Hiller B. Zobel, The Boston Massacre (1970); Robert J. Allison, The Boston Massacre (2006). Studies of the iconography of crucifixion include Vladimir Gurewich, “Observations on the Iconography of the Wound in Christ’s Side, with Special Reference to Its Position,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 20 (1957): 358–62. In Everything That Rises: A Book of Convergences (2006), Lawrence Weschler examines visual echoes and connections.
The history of Old Glory, narrated in chapter 4, is addressed in Marc Leepson, Flag: An American Biography (2005); Robert E. Bonner, “Star-Spangled Sentiment,” Common-place 3 (January 2003), at www.commonplace.org; Michael Corcoran, For Which It Stands: An Anecdotal Biography of the American Flag (2002); William Rea Furlong and Byron McCandless, So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag (1981); Karal Ann Marling, Old Glory: Unfurling History (2004); George Henry Preble, Origin and History of the American Flag (1917); Mary Jane Driver Roland, Old Glory, the True Story (1918). Also see Thomas H. Pauly, “In Search of the ‘Spirit of ’76,’ ” American Quarterly 28 (Autumn 1976): 445–64. Robert Justin Goldstein is the authoritative scholar on the history of flag desecration. See his Saving Old Glory: The History of the American Flag Desecration Controversy (1995), Desecrating the American Flag: Key Documents of the Controversy from the Civil War to 1995 (1996), Burning the Flag: The Great 1989–1990 American Flag Desecration Controversy (1996), and Flag Burning and Free Speech: The Case of Texas v. Johnson (2000). On the flag and American art, see Laurie Adams, Art on Trial: From Whistler to Rothko (1976); Albert Boime, “Waving the Red Flag and Reconstituting Old Glory,” Smithsonian Studies in American Art 4 (1990): 2–25, and The Unveiling of the National Icons (1998); Steven C. Dubin, Arresting Images: Impolitic Art and Uncivil Actions (1992); Michael Kammen, Visual Shock (2006); and especially David Rubin, Old Glory: The American Flag in Contemporary Art (1994).
Like the first chapter, the final two chapters draw on interviews and coverage provided by local (Globe, Herald, Phoenix, South Boston Tribune) and national newspapers (New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune) and magazines (Time, Newsweek, New Republic, Nation, Harper’s, U.S. News and World Report). On the photographs of 9/11, see David Friend, Watching the World Change: The Stories Behind the Images of 9/11 (2006). Barry Bluestone and Mary Huff Stevenson, in The Boston Renaissance: Race, Space, and Economic Change in an American Metropolis (2000), discuss the demographic shifts in Boston over the past forty years. Susan Orlean, in “Letter from South Boston: The Outsiders,” New Yorker, July 26, 2004, 44–48, discusses the changes in South Boston. The literature on educational policy and resegregation is vast. I found especially helpful the reports by Gary Or-field and associates available at www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu. Also see Charles T. Clotfelter, After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation (2004); Jennifer L. Hochschild, The New American Dilemma: Liberal Democracy and School Desegregation (1984); John Jackson, Social Scientists for Social Justice: Making the Case Against Segregation (2001); Jonathan Kozol, The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America (2005); Charles J. Ogletree Jr., All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education (2004).
Finally, there are several other notable books that make a single photograph their focus: James Bradley and Ron Powers’s Flags of Our Fathers (2000), Denise Chong’s The Girl in the Picture: The Story of Kim Phuc, the Photograph, and the Vietnam War (2000), Paul Hendrickson’s Sons of Mississippi (2003), and Richard Raskin’s A Child at Gunpoint: A Case Study in the Life of a Photo (2004). Each work differs from the others in how it analyzes a riveting image and uses it to tell a broader story about Iwo Jima, the Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and the Holocaust, respectively. But each book focuses on an unforgettable photograph.