NOTES

It is difficult enough to write an accurate account of an individual’s life, but novelists can be particularly challenging. The fiction they write is often based on their lives, but the reverse is not necessarily true. Yet many authors freely use material from fiction as if it were an account of an event in the author’s life. In the case of Hemingway and Dos Passos this is a frequent occurrence. To give only one example, several biographers and writers describe a meeting on board the Berengaria in March 1937 between Dos Passos and Joseph P. Kennedy, who is described as the US ambassador to Great Britain. In fact, it would be another nine months before President Franklin Roosevelt would nominate Kennedy to serve as ambassador to the Court of St. James. In March 1937 Kennedy was in Washington being appointed to the Maritime Commission. The erroneous account comes from the fact that Dos Passos created such an encounter in his novel Century’s Ebb.

So in the rare instance, if a description of a place or event taken from Hemingway or Dos Passos fiction appears in this work, it does so only with confirmation from other sources as to its accuracy.

There is no lack of sources when it comes to Hemingway. His papers are extensive, and the scholarship devoted to him and his writings almost endless. But remarkably, after so many years of scholarship, the first complete biography of Er-nest Hemingway remains the best. Later works corrected errors, but Carlos Baker’s Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story is still the single-most authoritative and dependable work on the writer.

That said, the hero of Hemingway scholarship is Michael S. Reynolds, the author of a five-volume biography. Anyone who reads his books will be impressed by his diligence and the undeniable charm of his writing. The subsequent major biographies, listed here, are each valuable. In particular, the works of Philip Young and the later work by Kenneth S. Lynn offer helpful psychological approaches to this complicated man. The two books by Peter Griffin, Along with Youth: Hemingway, the Early Years and Less than a Treason: Hemingway in Paris, offered new material and were captivatingly well written. However, my research found the books to be factually unreliable at times.

Stephen Koch’s The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of José Robles is an intriguing book and enjoyable to read. His approach, however, lessens the book’s reliability when it comes to determining the facts of what happened in Spain in 1937.

The work of two scholars was also deeply helpful in understanding Dos Passos and Hemingway. Books and articles by Donald Pizer and Scott Donaldson provided enormously helpful accounts and analysis of the two men and the relationship between them.

Dos Passos was fortunate to have his life carefully reconstructed in two major even-handed biographies, each offering differing takes on his life. His letters, though not as voluminous as those of Hemingway, provide candid insights into his thinking and emotions. Hemingway’s letters make for fascinating reading, but as he gained fame it became increasingly clear that he knew others, aside from the recipient, would eventually read his letters.

I gained valuable insights that one can only obtain from spending time with a subject’s papers. I found this to be especially true in researching Hemingway. Portrayals of him in popular culture have reduced him into a stereotype when, as scholars well know, he is quite the enigmatic fellow. By the end of my visits to the Ernest Hemingway Collection at the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston I felt a closer and more sympathetic connection to him.

It’s hard to explain, but permit me an anecdote. A well-known journalist recounted how when he was a cub reporter in the 1950s, he wrote a piece with all kinds of flourishes about a divorce trial. The wife came into the small-town newspaper, flung the paper down on his desk, and asked the reporter how dare he use her misery for his own literary advancement. I’ve always thought of that woman when writing biographies.

Biographers must remain true to the story wherever it takes us, but we have an ethical obligation to remember we are writing stories about the lives of real people, their joys and sadness, their triumphs and failures, and their place in history. Touching and spending time with the papers that were once in Hemingway’s hands helped me in holding up that ethical obligation.

Writing about two highly documented lives creates choices in assembling endnotes. I have decided to design the notes for the ease of readers wanting to learn more. So whenever possible I include a reference to a published version of the material. Also, because the depositories of Hemingway and Dos Passos’s papers maintain detailed finding aids, I have dispensed with listing the box and file numbers.

The names of newspapers, archives, and the titles of books and persons cited frequently appear in abbreviated form in the endnotes. Readers wanting the full bibliographical information for these sources will find it here or in the bibliography.

Archival Collections of Repositories Cited

AAA&L American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, NY

CBPUL Carlos Baker collection of Ernest Hemingway. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library, Princeton, NJ

HEMJFK Ernest Hemingway Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, MA

JDPUVA John Dos Passos Collection, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA

RANRC Records of the American National Red Cross, National Archives, College Park, MD

RWBP Robert W. Bates, papers, private collection retained by family, Santa Barbara, CA

SIU Special Collections Research Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL

WDHPUL William Dodge Horne collection of Ernest Hemingway. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library, Princeton, NJ

WPP Waldo Peirce Papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC

Personal Names

AKM Arthur K. McComb

AVK Agnes von Kurowsky

EEC E. E. Cummings

EH Ernest Hemingway

EP Ezra Pound

EW Edmund Wilson

FSF F. Scott Fitzgerald

HR Hadley Richardson (This acronym is retained in the notes even after she married Hemingway.)

JDP John Dos Passos

JL John Lawson

KDP Katy Dos Passos

KS Katy Smith (This acronym is retained in the notes even after she married Dos Passos.)

MC Malcolm Cowley

MH Marcelline Hemingway

MP Max Perkins

WRM Walter Rumsey “Rummy” Marvin

Frequently Cited Books or Manuscripts

AMF Hemingway, Ernest. A Moveable Feast. New York: Scribner, 2009.

ATH Sanford, Marcelline Hemingway. At the Hemingways. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho Press, 1999. (Originally published in 1962.)

BSoL Stewart, Donald Ogden. By a Stroke of Luck: An Autobiography. New York: Paddington Press, 1975.

DPToLu Ludington, Townsend. Dos Passos: A Twentieth Century Odyssey. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1998. (Originally published in 1988.)

DPViCa Carr, Virginia. Dos Passos: A Life. New York: Doubleday, 1984.

ErHeARe Young, Philip. Ernest Hemingway: A Reconsideration. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1966.

EWSY Vaill, Amanda. Everybody Was So Young: Gerald and Sara Murphy, A Lost Generation Love Story. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1998.

FoCh Ludington, Townsend, ed. The Fourteenth Chronicle: Letters and Diaries of John Dos Passos. Boston: Gambit, 1973.

GeVo Hansen, Arlen J. Gentlemen Volunteers: The Story of American Ambulance Drivers in the Great War, August 1914–September 1918. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1996.

Hem30s Reynolds, Michael. Hemingway: The 1930s. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.

HemCaBa Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story. New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1969.

HemJaMe Mellow, James R. Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.

HemJeMe Meyers, Jeffrey. Hemingway: A Biography. Boston: Da Capo Press, 1998. (Originally published in 1985.)

HemKeLy Lynn, Kenneth Schuyler.. Hemingway. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987.

HemLtrs Spanier, Sandra, and Robert W. Trogdon, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway. 3 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011–2015.

HemPaYe Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway: The Paris Years. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.

HemSeLtrs Baker, Carlos, ed. Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917–1961. New York: Scribner, 1981.

HemTAH Reynolds, Michael, Hemingway: The American Homecoming. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992.

HemTPY Reynolds, Michael. The Paris Years. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1989.

HLW Villard, Henry S., and James Nagel. Hemingway in Love and War. New York: Hyperion, 1989.

HoFl Vaill, Amanda. Hotel Florida: Truth, Love, and Death in the Spanish Civil War. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014.

HTFMHem Sokoloff, Alice Hunt. Hadley: The First Mrs. Hemingway. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1973.

JDPCAKM Landsberg, Melvin. John Dos Passos’ Correspondence with Arthur K. McComb of “Learn to Sing the Carmagnole.” Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1991.

JDPR “John Dos Passos: The Art of Fiction No. 44.” Paris Review no. 46 (Spring 1969). www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4202/the-art-of-fiction-no-44-john-dos-passos.

PWE Diliberto, Gioia. Paris Without End: The True Story of Hemingway’s Wife. New York: HarperCollins, 2011. (Originally published in 1992.)

TTG Brian, Denis. The True Gen: An Intimate Portrait of Ernest Hemingway by Those Who Knew Him. New York: Grove Press, 1988.

TYH Reynolds, Michael. The Young Hemingway. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1986.

Works by Hemingway

ComShSt The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: The Finca Vigia Edition. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014.

DITA Death in the Afternoon. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1932.

DT Dateline: Toronto. New York: Scribner, 2002.

FTA A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner, 2014. (Originally published in 1929.)

iot1924 in our time: The 1924 Text. Edited by James Gifford. Victoria, BC: The Modernist Versions Press, 2015.

MoFe A Moveable Feast: The Restored Edition. New York: Scribner, 2003. (Originally published in 1964.)

NAS Nick Adams Stories. New York: Charles Scribner, 1972.

SAR The Sun Also Rises. New York: Scribner, 2006. (Originally published in 1926.)

ShStEH The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.

SoK The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. (Originally published in 1961.)

THaHN To Have and Have Not. New York: Scribner, 1987. (Originally published in 1937.)

ToS The Torrents of Spring. Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books, 1966. (Originally published in 1926.)

Works by Dos Passos

CeEb Century’s Ebb: The Thirteen Chronicle. Boston: Gambit, 1975.

FtC Facing the Chair: Story of the Americanization of Two Foreignborn Workmen. New York: Da Capo, 1970.

JBW Journeys Between Wars. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1938.

MT Manhattan Transfer. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1953. (Originally published in 1925.)

OMICUP One Man’s Initiation: 1917. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969.

TBT The Best Times: An Informal Memoir. New York: New American Library, 1966.

TS Three Soldiers. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1921.

TTiF The Theme Is Freedom. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1956.

Newspapers

BoGl Boston Globe

ChTr Chicago Tribune

LAT Los Angeles Times

NYT New York Times

NYTBR New York Times Book Review

WaPo Washington Post

Notes

Prologue

tentative fashion with a mild stammer: Malcolm Cowley, “John Dos Passos: 1896–1970.” Proceedings, AAA&L, 1971, 73.

“characteristic, worships the lovely creature”: WaPo, October 5, 1924, SM2.

“take away from you that was important”: Cowley, Exile’s Return, 102; HemPaYe, 236; Stein, What Are Masterpieces, 70.

Europe like crows to a cornfield: Eastman, Love and Revolution, 141; EH, “Living on a $1,000 a Year in Paris,” Toronto Star Weekly, February 4, 1922, reprinted in DT, 88. “Exchange,” noted Hemingway, “is a wonderful thing.” For more on Paris in the 1920s, see the masterful John Baxter, The Golden Moments of Paris: A Guide to the Paris of the 1920s (New York: Museyon, 2014).

students, artists, teachers, and tourists: NYT, May 11, 1924, XX10; Maxtone-Graham, Liners to the Sun, 55; Levenstein, Seductive Journey, 235.

“whom Ernest could really talk to”: TTG, 49.

not one that imitated another from the past: Reynolds, The Sun Also Rises, 6.

pursuit for a new means of expression: AMF, 22.

“not suffered for a cause but courted for itself”: Cowley, Exile’s Return, 41.

passengers had canceled their reservation: NYT, October 15, 1916, 1, 21, and October 14, 1916, 1.

“I was frantic to be gone”: TBT, 24.

named the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps: GeVo, 28. Hansen’s work is a remarkable account of the service of the drivers. Hansen died before the book was published, but his friends and family brought the work to publication.

France, 348 from Harvard alone: Hansen, Gentlemen Volunteers, vi.

“hook or crook,” he confided to a friend: JDP to AMcM, undated, 1916, DPViCa, 99.

son out of New York City’s harbor: JRDP to Mrs. Harris, undated, DPToLu, 6.

“many men’s feelings for their fathers”: FoCh, 6; TBT, 4.

childhood devoid of genuine family life: 1911 diary entry quoted in JDPCAKM, 1–2. It was a ruse so successful that later obituaries of the senior Dos Passos would refer to his first son, Louis, as his only child. For an example of an obituary that makes no mention of John Dos Passos the son, see Henry Wollman, “Memorial of John E. Dos Passos,” Yearbook (New York: New York County Lawyers’ Association: 1917), 276.

reading these in Latin, of course: TBT, 17; DPViCa, 56.

without finding the Dos Passos byline: The scholar Richard Layman assembled a fascinating collection of Dos Passos’s undergraduate writings, including a novel called Afterglow. Reading it, one can see the emergence of some of the themes and style found in his later professional writings. See Richard Layman, John Dos Passos: Afterglow and Other Undergraduate Writings (Detroit: Omnigraphics, 1990).

She died a few days later: DPViCa, 72.

made to remain in touch: DPViCa, 76–77; DPToLu, 67–68.

death now sparkled with renewal: JDP to WRM, August 28, 1915, FoCh, 24; JDP to WRM, November 12, 1915, JDPUVA.

an ample supply of alcohol: TBT, 23.

his studies, and full of life: “Dos did more in a week with more gusto than any of us,” recalled his friend Poore. “Yet when he came to see you it was never in haste to leave unless, the hour growing late, it were to carry you along with others to a French restaurant called the Bourse or an Italian one somewhere on Hanover street.” (DPToLu, 73).

“hating the Huns became a mania”: TBT, 23.

the great power of a writer: Sawyer-Lauçanno, E. E. Cummings, 85.

“The world was the war”: TBT, 25–26.

put the car in reverse: GeVo, 112–114.

an avant-garde dance recital: DPToLu, 122–123.

“no good will come out of Cambridge”: DPToLu, 123; JDP to AKM, date unclear, but internal evidence suggests his comments were written in May or June 1917, AAA&L.

bring American troops to war: OMICUP, 6; Bonsor, North Atlantic Seaway, 2:660.

troops were being called into battle: A third son, Quentin Roosevelt, was killed in the war. Thompson, Never Call Retreat, 190; Theodore Roosevelt to General John Pershing, May 20, 1917, reproduced in Walker, The Namesake, 72–73.

graduating from Harvard a year earlier: JDP to WRM, June 20, 1917, FoCh, 75.

seventeen-year-old son, Ernest: Description of the drive drawn from Morris Buske, “Dad, Are We There Yet?” Michigan History Magazine, March–April 1991, 17–26.

his graduation from high school: HemKeLy, 19; HemJeMe, 4.

visited frequently, and a pair of servants: HemJaMe, 18; HemCaBa, 7.

outside the New York Metropolitan Opera: HemCaBa, 8–9; HemJaMe, 9; HemJeMe, 6–7.

“he was tired and sleeping heavily”: EH, “Remembering Shooting-Flying,” Esquire, February 1935, 21 and 134.

“was maddeningly condescending”: HemJaMe, 36–37; HemJeMe, 16. Katy Smith was born October 26, 1894.

University of Chicago to the region’s students: Fenton, The Apprenticeship of Ernest Hemingway, 4.

literature was placed on narrative: Hemingway’s transcript, reproduced in Reynolds, Hemingway’s Reading; HemCaBa, 21.

after leaving Oak Park High: Rhodes, Old Testament Narratives, 13; ErHeARe, 173. At home he and his sister Marcelline entered a Bible reading competition. They failed to win but passed a detailed test (Hemingway, At the Hemingways, 134–135).

could quote Kipling passages verbatim: ApErHe, 6; HemKeLy, 61. See EH to Emily Goetzmann, July 13, 1916, HemLtrs, 1:33.

he wrote, “removed all the traces”: HemJaMe, 26–27.

heard of his writing ability from other students: Fenton, The Apprenticeship of Ernest Hemingway, 21.

“he unquestionably had ‘personality plus’”: HemJeMe, 18.

serve as soldiers and Red Cross nurses: HemCaBa, 28.

the course of his grisly battlefield work: HemJeMe, 1 and 22; HemJaMe, 35.

“we’re going to see the damn show through”: TBT, 48.

“were not strong enough to risk prison”: John Lawson, A Haystack in France, unpublished autobiography, SIU, 40A; TBT, 47.

make the world safe for democracy: TBT, 48. JDP to AKM, June 28, 1917, on board Chicago, AAA&L.

“picture out of a book of old fairy tales”: TBT, 48.

walking into a mystery melodrama: TBT, 49.

fire engines hurried up and down streets: JBW, 330–331.

“duty in our excitement at meeting”: JDP to WRM, July 12, 1917, FoCh, 88.

would soon be booming in his ears: DPViCa, 129–130; JDP to WRM, July 12, 1917, FoCh, 88. Dos Passos’s complaints, however, were muted when he learned he could have been drilling as a soldier. A letter from the States reported that his name had been among those drawn in the first draft lottery.

“literally stuffed with corpses”: Ellis, Eye-Deep in Hell, 48, 55, and 59. Other general descriptions of the trenches in this chapter are also drawn from this excellent book.

“of mustard gas in its early stages”: Ibid, 67.

“the comfortable stillness of night”: OMICUP, introduction, 11. It’s interesting that Dos Passos chose the term charnel. “Soldiers often referred to Verdun as a “charnel house,” according to Ousby, The Road to Verdun, 268.

fields or woods to lie about and read: OMICUP, introduction, 17.

“they are going to their deaths”: JDP to WRM, August 29, 1917, FoCh, 97.

abundance, anesthetized the men: TBT, 52; Barthas, Poilu, 174.

“is forming gradually in my mind”: DPToLu, 131. See also introduction by Dos Passos to the OMICUP; Diary, August 24, 1917, FoCh, 93–94.

razzed for their literary pretentiousness: Dark Forest, JDP told to his friend Arthur McComb, “seems to me confoundedly good.” JDP to AKM, September or October 1916, JDPCAKM, 26. TBT, 44–45; OMICUP, footnote, 18.

“scavenger crows,” said Dos Passos: JDPR.

white handkerchief draped from an epaulet: DPViCa, 134.

one location to another during the interludes: JDP to WRM, August 23, 1917, FoCh, 92; DPViCa, 136.

“groaned horribly,” said Dos Passos: TBT, 54.

“and laid it over the dugout”: Lawson, A Haystack, 41; DPViCa, 136–137.

“a more hellish experience”: TBT, 54; DP to AKM, August 27, 1917, AAA&L; JDP to WRM, August 23, 1917, FoCh, 92.

from the dorms of Choate and Harvard: DPViCa, 136.

their lights seemed like shooting stars: DPViCa, 137–138.

“possible to us, by putting words on paper”: Lawson, A Haystack, 41a.

list possessed by a gambler’s exhilaration: Diary, August 26, 1917, FoCh, 95.

“the aims of this ridiculous affair”: JDP to WRM, August 23, 1917, FoCh, 92.

being either freed or charged with treason: GeVo, 156–157.

“the resignation of despair”: FoCh, 98.

briefly considered fleeing to Spain: JDP to AKM, September 12, 1917, AAA&L; TBT, 56; JDP to Dudley Poore, August 25, 1917, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, CT.

and now Italy’s warfront awaited: George Buchanon Fife, “Section One, Italy: The Chronicle of an Eventful Run Through France,” 1, Box 881, folder 954.11/08, RANRC.

job on the Kansas City Star: HemCaBa, 32, and see in particular the notes on 570.

“edition,” an awestruck Hemingway said: “Lionel Moise was a great rewrite man.” HEMJFK.

Hemingway recalled years later: “Back to His First Field,” Kansas City Times, November 26, 1940, 1–2, reprinted in H. Bruccoli, Conversations with Ernest Hemingway, 21.

up with tales of his work: EH to Clarence Hemingway, October 25, 1917, HemLtrs, 1:54–55. EH to Hugh Walpole, April 14, 1927, HemLtrs, 3:227.

“finish paying for that home of yours”: EH, “At the End of the Ambulance Run,” Kansas City Star, January 20, 1918, 7C, reprinted in Bruccoli, Ernest Hemingway, Cub Reporter, 27.

let his father believe something not true: The clipping was included in EH to MH, January 8, 1918, HemLtrs 1:73–75. It is extremely unlikely that Hemingway wrote the article, according to researchers and a reporter who worked at the paper at the time. See Bruccoli, Ernest Hemingway, Cub Reporter, 21.

“war retains something of its old glamour”: Florczyk, Hemingway, The Red Cross, and the Great War, 6.

“any body after the war and not have been in it”: EH to Clarence and Grace Hall Hemingway, November 15, 1917, HemLtrs, 1:60–61; EH to Marceline Hemingway, HemLtrs, 1:58–59. Hemingway also told his family and friends that the army had rejected him because of his poor eyesight in his left eye. Yet he functioned fine as a reporter without glasses, and men with far worse vision were in uniform, including the bespectacled and future president Harry S Truman, who fooled the Kansas City draft board by memorizing the eye chart. There is no record of Hemingway trying to join the military, according to biographer Kenneth S. Lynn. In fact, he points to Truman’s service as an example of men who were willing to serve being able to do so despite poor eyesight. But some reports suggest that as many as one out of five men were classified unfit to serve in World War I because of poor eyesight. “During World War 1 military doctors were reportedly very rigid about vision, rejecting many recruits for defects that were correctible,” according to Segrave, Vision Aids in America, 26.

the new man at the adjacent desk: Theodore Brumback, “With Hemingway Before A Farewell to Arms,” Kansas City Star, December 6, 1936, reprinted in Bruccoli, Ernest Hemingway, Cub Reporter, 3–11.

Brumback’s plan could: According to biographer Kenneth S. Lynn, Hemingway was untruthful about trying to join the army and was likely put off by the prospect of trench warfare. See HemKeLy, 73. If he did have such reluctance, the idea of ambulance work that Brumback extolled may have been more appealing.

“non coms must salute us smartly”: HemKeLy, 73; EH to family, May 14, 1918, HemLtrs, 1:97.

reviewed by President Wilson: NYT, May 19, 1918, 8; EH to family, May 1918, HemLtrs, 1:101.

to restore familial calm: For more on this episode, see HemKeLy, 74–75.

cheated by the evasive maneuvers: Brumback, “With Hemingway Before A Farewell to Arms,” 8.

a large recessed statue of St. Luke: Several years later Ernest brought Hadley to see the statue that had not been repaired and instead was marked with a sign that dated the damage to May 30, 1918.

He got his wish: HemCaBa, 40.

many of whom were women: William Horne Chronology, WDHPUL.

“laid the thing on the stretcher”: Milford Baker Diary, CBPUL, also quoted in HemJaMe, 57. The comparison of Hemingway’s experience as a hunter and now facing human bodies was suggested to me by Carlos Baker’s work.

“Oh, Boy!!! I’m glad I’m in it”: EH to friend at Kansas City Star, June 9, 1919, HemLtrs, 1:112.

where wool had once been stored: Description of sites drawn from HemCaBa, 41.

along with large quantities of wine: Milford Baker Diary, CBPUL; HemCaBa, 41. JDP to Carlos Baker, January 13, 1965, and Carlos Baker to JDP, January 17, 1964, CBPUL. There was debate among Hemingway and Dos Passos scholars whether this meeting actually occurred. Several of Hemingway’s biographers concluded that Dos Passos had left the area by the time Hemingway arrived. But the diaries kept by Captain Robert Bates, which these authors did not consult, reveal that Dos Passos’s unit was kept past the end of its service, such that the two men were in the same place at the same time. Dos Passos’s own letters and diaries don’t prove that he was in Hemingway’s unit nor do they prove he could not have been there. Thus the late-in-life remembrances of Dos Passos, along with those of Sydney Fairbanks, who was present in Schio, cannot be dismissed as wishful thinking on the part of aging men. In fact, only a year prior to his death Dos Passos told a French filmmaker of his wartime meeting with Hemingway. See “John Dos Passos: La Collection des Archive du xxe siècle,” par Jean José Marchand (Paris: Edition Montparnasse, 2000).

while awaiting repairs in Milan: Reproduced in DPViCa, 142.

their memories until years later: DPToLu, 159.

and other irresistible distractions: JDP to WRM, December 9, 1917, FoCh, 105; TBT, 59.

“seen it every day of one’s life”: JDP, diary entry, November 28, 1917, FoCh, 103; DPViCa, 143. There are accounts of sailors witnessing a similar act at a bar in Subic Bay in the 1960s, but it also seems that Dos Passos’s ribald tale inspired accounts of the act in fiction, such as in Yuriy Tarnawsky’s Three Blondes and Death: A Novel (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993) and Nina Graboi’s One Foot in the Future: A Woman’s Spiritual Journey (Santa Cruz, CA: Aerial Press, 1991).

“tragedy of lust,” Dos Passos wrote: JDP, diary entry, December 7, 1917, FoCh, 103; JDP, diary entry, November 14, 1917, FoCh, 103. “Sexual relations ought to involve ‘a human relation,’ not be only a matter of a casual piece of tale,” DPToLu, 171.

“Graved inside of it, ‘Italy’”: NYT, December 17, 1917, 12, and January 4, 1918, 18; Independent, February 28, 1920, 319; American Poets’ Ambulances in Italy; Report of the Chairman to Contributors, to the General Committee, and to the Public, 1918 (copy in Library of Congress).

American troops were on their way: Box 44, Folder 041, American Poets, Ambulances in Italy, RANRC. Later, when an Austrian was captured and he saw the insignia denoting the Red Cross ambulance had been donated by poets, an officer told the prisoner, “So you see, you have the entire world against you, even the American poets.” Florczyk. Hemingway, the Red Cross, and the Great War, 2.

“distressed humanity is heir”: Translated from Italian newspaper of February 6, 1918; RANRC, Box 881, Folder 954.102, Commission to Italy W.W.I Officers Their Duties. “The newspapers tried to give the impression that our little Section I was the vanguard of a great American army,” Dos Passos wrote. TBT, 59.

“colossal asininity,” he wrote: JDP, diary entry, January 1, 1918, FoCh, 115–116; DPViCa, 143.

“that it isn’t done successful”: JDP, diary entry, January 21, 1918, FoCh, 129.

“cock against the rocks of fact”: DPToLu, 147; JDP, diary entry, January 28, 1918, FoCh, 134.

“the censor evidently didn’t notice me”: JDP to Mrs. Cummings, December 16, 1917, FoCh, 108.

but was forced to resign: DPViCa, 145.

“war—I mean modern war—is death”: FoCh, 151; the French and translated versions of the letter appear on pages 150–152.

“it is always in terms of admiration”: Bates, letter to “Dear Harry,” February 28, 1918, RWBP.

“I have no sympathy for him”: Robert W. Bates to Guy Lowell, attached to JDP to José Giner Pantoja, SIU.

together in the midst of the war: This dating of events was done by using Bates’s journal. RWBP; DPToLu, 154.

a black mark on his record: JDP to AKM, JDPCAKM, 101.

admissions as compounding the offense: TBT, 68–69.

Rendezvous des Mariners on the Île Saint-Louis: JDP to WRM, July 27, 1918, FoCh, 194.

“good time in a quiet mournful way”: JDP to AKM, undated, American Academy of Arts and Letters, quoted in DPViCa, 149; DP to WRM, July 27, 1918, FoCh, 194.

“what a bum prophet I was”: EH to Ruth Morrison, June or July 1918, HemLtrs, 1:113.

“I can’t find out where the war is”: HemCaBa, 42.

with soldiers in the trenches: EH to Ruth Morrison, June or July 1918, HemLtrs, 1:113–114; Brumback to Clarence and Grace Hall Hemingway, July 14, 1918, HemLtrs, 1:115.

a mortar’s slow, lofting arc: “The Voice of the Gun” by T. J. Slamon, The Cornhill Magazine, London, reprinted in the Lotus Magazine, October 1916. Many authors describing the wounding of Hemingway confuse the “chuh-chuh-chuh” sound he referred to in his novel A Farewell to Arms, wrongly assuming it is what he heard on the night he was wounded. It was not, as one author wrote, the sound “as it arched and descended.” Rather, the sound is only that of the mortar’s launch. I consulted with several military experts, and mortars do not make sound in flight.

first aid station close to the front: Over the years there has been considerable debate about Hemingway’s actions following the mortar explosion. The various Hemingway biographers have offered different versions of the events, some diminishing the possibility that Hemingway was wounded by a machine gun or was capable of carrying a wounded soldier to safety. The account offered here is based on some later discoveries, such as the X-ray of Hemingway’s leg. More important than each fact, I have let Hemingway tell as much of the story as possible because his view of events will shape his later writing and his exaggeration of what occurred demonstrates the fuzziness in his mind between reality and fiction.

being treated for war wounds: HLW, 224–225.

“valor medal for the act”: Theodore Brumback to Clarence and Grace Hall Hemingway, July 14, 1918, HemLtrs, 1:114–116.

whether he would keep them: The vast and unprecedented use of airborne projectiles delivering this death had also added a new word to the vocabulary. Within six months of the start of the war a British doctor had noted a similar traumatic neurosis appearing among three soldiers who had survived a blast. He called it shell shock. See Caroline Alexander, “The Shock of War,” Smithsonian, September 2010.

McKey’s death the previous month: Edward Michael McKey, a member of the canteen service, was killed on June 16, 1918, by an Austrian shell near the site where Hemingway was wounded. Hemingway certainly knew of the death, but he may not have known that Richard Cutts Fairfield was killed while on duty as an ambulance driver on the Italian front in late January.

“attention by American nurses”: HLW, 11; Theodore Brumback to Clarence and Grace Hall Hemingway, July 14, 1918, HemLtrs, 1:114–116.

“and played the Victrola”: HLW, 62.

“she radiated zest and energy”: Kert, The Hemingway Women, 53; HLW, 28.

for the remainder of his life: DPViCa, 149.

home for early August 1918: JDP to Jack Lawson, August 11, 1918, FoCh, 196; TBT, 70.

soldiers poured into the Paris hospital: Annual Report of the Surgeon General, U.S. Army, part I (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920), 3744.

“ambulance driver in disgrace,” he said: TBT, 71; OMICUP, 4. “When you are in wrong with the authorities always travel first class,” Dos Passos wrote in the 1968 edition of One Man’s Initiation.

“heard that summer on the Voie Sacrée”: TBT, 66. The ballad came from Robinson Crusoe, Jr., an extravagant and immensely popular 1916 Schubert Broadway production that was essentially a plot-free vehicle to showcase Al Jolson in his customary blackface.

At last things have come to pass: OMICUP, 45.

where the nose should have been: OMICUP, 54–55.

war destroyed everything of value: Rohrkemper, “Mr. Dos Passos’ War,” 41.

half buried in the mud of the ditches: OMICUP, 122.

“He won’t last long”: OMICUP, 124–125.

the angry members of the draft board: “I have but finished part four,” Dos Passos wrote to Lawson while on board the ship, August 18, 1918. FoCh, 197.

“Also, Mom I’m in love again”: EH to Grace Hall Hemingway, August 29, 1918, HemLtrs, 1:134. He quickly reassured his mother that it was not a repeat of the moment when he falsely claimed to be engaged.

“I don’t know how I’ll end up”: “The Lost Diary of Agnes von Kurowsky,” August 26, 1918, 72; August 27, 1918, HLW, 73.

“that was developing between them”: “The Lost Diary of Agnes von Kurowsky,” August 31, 1918, 74–75; September 7, 1918, HLW, 77.

horses at the racetrack of San Siro: Kert, The Hemingway Women, 58–59.

“haunted me so I could not stay in it”: AVK to EH, September 25, 1918, HLW, 92–93; AVK to EH, September 11, 1918, HLW, 78.

“go to sleep with your arm around me”: HemCaBa, 51; AVK to EH, October 16, 1918, HLW, 99.

“hold out your brawny arms”: AVK to EH, October 17, 1918, HLW, 101.

“any more—at least not to you”: AVK to EH, October 20–21, 1918, HLW, 106, and October 25, 1918, HLW, 113.

he would cease to love her: AVK to EH, October 17, 1918, HLW, 102–103.

so dear and necessary to me: AVK to EH, October 29, 1918, HLW, 119.

mustard and skin tinted yellow: HemCaBa, 53.

when she joined the Red Cross: AVK to EH, November 2, 1918, HLW, 124–125.

after the signing of an armistice: AVK to EH, November 4, 1918, HLW, 125; October 20–21, 1918, 105–106, and November 5–6, 1918, HLW, 126–127.

“I must try and not think of it”: AVK to EH, December 1, 1918, HLW, 135.

“So that shows I’ve changed some”: EH to MH, November 23, 1918, HemLtrs, 1:156–157.

by the shell of trench mortar: Unpublished manuscript, HEMJFK, quoted in HEMJaMe, 81. See also Benson, New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway, 142.

“looked at death, and really I know”: EH to family, November 18, 1918, HemLtrs, 1:146–148.

“I’m away from that Kid is wasted”: EH to William B. Smith, December 13, 1918, HemLtrs, 1:163–164.

in Genoa bound for home: AVK to EH, December 20, 1918, HLW, 145.

treasure trove of war stories: Manifest is available online from the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation records.

in the shoulder and right leg: The Sun, January 22, 1919, 8; New York Evening World, January 21, 1919, 3, and January 22, 19, 6.

leg of his journey home: HemCaBa, 56.

steps of the station toward the car: ATH, 176–177.

“who saw him in that light”: L. Hemingway, My Brother, Ernest Hemingway, 52–53.

we have been such dupes: OMICUP, 120–121.

the waxen look of death: OMICUP, 173–174.

enter the belly of the beast: JDP, diary, September 17, 1918, FoCh, 211.

“The band played on”: JDP, diary, September 30, 1918, FoCh, 212.

“stupidity hardly shared by animals”: JDP to WRM, October 20, 1918, FoCh, 226. In the letter Dos Passos talks at length about his views on sex, including the American disparaging hatred of prostitutes.

“here you are—drowned in it”: DPToLu, 169; JDP, diary, October 1, 1918, FoCh, 213.

“the windows there is no end”: JDP, diary, October 1, 1918, FoCh, 212.

beginning of Rome’s domination: JDP, diary, October 4, 1919, and October 1, 1918, FoCh, 217; DPViCa, 157–158.

Dos Passos was not yet free: JDP to WRM, January 22–25, 1919, FoCh, 242.

“forty-eight?” he wrote Rummy: JDP to WRM, March 17, 1919, FoCh, 244.

not issued revolvers to its men: Oak Parker (school newspaper), March 14, 1919. Quoted in TYH, 57.

side so he would not wake alone: EH to Arthur Mizener, June 2, 1950, HemSeLtrs, 697.

she was marrying another man: AVK to EH, March 7, 1919, HLW, 163–164. For a perceptive account of Hemingway’s breakup with Kurowsky, see Donaldson, “The Jilting of Ernest Hemingway.”

Ernest told her the news: ATH, 188.

“develop into some kind of writer”: L. Hemingway, My Brother, Ernest Hemingway, 60.

he had failed to die in battle: “The Woppian Way,” HEMJFK.

who promptly rejected them: The description “rapturous nostalgia” is taken from HemKeLy, 120.

asleep in the seat by his side: EH to Grace Quinlan, September 30, 1920, HemLtrs, 1:244.

shared campfires with shepherds: Dos Passos and his friend were likely to be walking along the Camino del Norte, one of the Camino de Santiago routes.

one of the finest months of his life: Sawyer-Lauçanno, E. E. Cummings: A Biography, 79; TBT, 79–80; JDP to Thomas P. Cope, September 1919, FoCh, 262.

documents to a disbelieving commander: “Gièvres may not have been hell but it made me understand the concept of limbo,” said Dos Passos, TBT, 78.

“I am a free man”: JDP to WRM, July 13, 1919, FoCh, 254.

“but it won’t come”: JDP to WRM, September 20, 1919, FoCh, 259.

help him get others published: JDP to Stewart Mitchell, December 8, 1919, FoCh, 271.

while at the French warfront: Two excellent scholarly articles helped guide my presentation of Three Soldiers in this chapter: Hughson, “Dos Passos’ World War”; and Rohrkemper, “Mr. Dos Passos’ War.”

merely an expendable cog: TS, 63.

the German had shot himself: TS, 149.

make their flesh tingle with it: TS, 22.

among the new-fallen leaves: TS, 188.

He would do as the others did: TS, 189.

This was his last run with the pack: TS, 211.

“becoming slaves again in their turn”: TS, 421.

the floor was littered with them: TS, 433.

“raw humanity,” he wrote Rummy: JDP to WRM, April 30, 1920, quoted in DPViCa, 171.

“the shackles close definitely”: JDP to Stewart Mitchell, February 17, 1920, FoCh, 281.

“it would never be worth while”: Hughson, “Dos Passos’s World War,” 53; TS, 269.

“smoke in social intercourse”: Eastman, Love and Revolution, 141.

“The publisher had other ideas”: TBT, 85.

“last part,” Dos Passos told a friend”: JDP to Stewart Mitchell, December 8, 1919, FoCh, 271.

“they goddamn pleased with it”: DPToLu, 176; TBT, 85.

“You order tea and find it’s gin”: JDP to JL, November 2, 1920, FoCh, 305.

“plenty of spare time to really write”: William D. Horne to EH, October 13, 1920, HemJaMe, 126.

she thought she might be in love: PWE, 15; HemLtrs, 1:249.

notice the woman who wore it: Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, no. 315 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1923), 63.

made Richardson more appealing: HTFMHem, 17.

“I’d do anything your eyes said”: PWE, 41; Hemingway’s Women, 88.

doubt remained in her mind: EH to Ursula Hemingway, December 1919, HemLtrs, 1:217.

“the nicest lover a person ever had”: PWE, 46; Kert, Hemingway’s Women, 88. The lack of a more substantial embrace set Richardson to worry and complain. Hemingway wrote, “I didn’t want to kiss you goodbye—that was the trouble—I wanted to kiss you good night—and there’s the difference. ‘couldn’t bear the thought of you going away when you were so very dear and necessary and pervading.” EH to HR, December 23, 1919, HemLtrs, 1:259.

“your litry name later on,” she said: PWE, 47; The society eventually went bankrupt. See Colston E. Warne, “The Co-operative Society of America—A Common Law Trust,” The University Journal of Business 1, no. 4 (August 1923): 373–392.

“certain look came into your eyes”: EH to HR, December 23, 1920, HemLtrs, 1:259; PWE, 78.

“keep close to me in every way”: PWE, 51.

replaced it with psychological insights: Ray Lewis White, “Introduction,” Sherwood Anderson’s Secret Love Letters: For Eleanor, a Letter a Day (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 4.

expectation of readers won them over: Rideout, Sherwood Anderson, 319.

five-month odyssey across Asia Minor: Howe, Sherwood Anderson, 132; JDP to Sherwood Anderson, January 7, 1922, FoCh, 345.

“goodbye to them,” he wrote Rummy: TBT, 112; JDP to WRM, January 10, 1922, FoCh, 347.

Dos Passos discovered he was famous: Dos Passos told his friend Robert Hillyer that it took three hot baths, four large meals, and a quart of pomade to restore himself after his ride across the desert. See JDP to Robert Hillyer, January 10, 1922, FoCh, 346.

their fears were well founded: NYT, October 2, 1921, 55.

“a seething mass of putridity”: NYT, October 9, 1921, 87, October 30, 1921, 89.

“have been sung instead of whined”: NYT, October 16, 1921, 37; “Harold Norman Denny,” Annals of Iowa 27 (1945), 165–166.

wrote one of the magazine’s editors: LAT, October 30, 1921, III30; NYT, October 23, 1921, 89; New Republic, October 5, 1921, 163.

“the food he had to abandon”: Anderson, Sherwood Anderson’s Memoirs, 473.

“Paris and Switzerland and Italy”: EH to KS, January 27, 1923, HemLtrs, 1:325.

woman resists the man’s advances: Sherwood Anderson to Gertrude Stein, December 3, 1921 quoted in HemJaMe, 149; HemCaBa, 87.

“Oh, Jim. Jim. Oh”: ComShSt, 62; ShStEH, 87.

had been so nice to him: AMF, 31.

“gained any degree of recognition”: EH, “The Mecca of Fakers,” Toronto Daily Star, March 25, 1922, reprinted in DT, 154–156; EH, “American Bohemians in Paris,” Toronto Star Weekly, March 25, 1922, reprinted in White, By-Line, 23–25; Reynolds points out Hemingway’s repeated use of satire in HemPaYe, 192.

remained skeletal at best: EH to Howell G. Jenkins, March 20, 1922, HemLtrs, 1:334; HemPaYe, 23.

the average American in 1922: DPViCa, 192; Statistics of Income from Returns of Net Income for 1922 (Washington, DC: U.S. Treasury Department, U.S Government Printing Office, 1925).

“business and government maintained”: ChTr, March 13, 1922, 10.

“I wrote it to get it off my chest”: LAT, May 21, 1922, III40.

“very small part of the truth”: NYT, May 29, 1922, 8.

a cozy affair in the 1920s: Lewis M. Dabney offers a number of insights into the friendship between Dos Passos and Wilson in his Edmund Wilson: A Life in Literature. Fascinatingly, Dabney’s mother was Crystal Ross, whom Dos Passos almost marries. See page 107 in Chapter 12 of this edition.

Dos Passos’s poems in Vanity Fair: TBT, 139.

he wanted to meet Dos Passos: FSF to EW, May 30, 1922; St. Paul Daily News, September 25, 1921.

with his fellow ambulance drivers: EH, “A Veteran Visits an Old Front,” Toronto Star, July 22, 1922, reprinted in DT, 176.

“You were inhibited about sex”: TBT, 127–130; Mary Jo Murphy, “Eyeing the Unreal Estate of Gatsby Esq.,” NYT, October 1, 2010, C35; Matthew J. Bruccoli, “A Literary Friendship,” NYT, November 7, 1976, L13.

“not the monster he has been pictured”: Toronto Star, June 24, 1922, quoted in HemJaMe, 184.

menstrual cycle on a calendar: EH to HR, November 28, 1922, HemLtrs, 1:373.

she said. “I could see that”: Alice Sokoloff interview Hadley Hemingway, quoted in PWE, 130. Unlike what he wrote in A Moveable Feast, Hemingway did not return immediately to Paris. One book claims Hemingway did return right away but uses Hemingway’s fiction to support the claim. See Lesley M. M. Blume, Everybody Behaves Badly: The True Story Behind Hemingway’s Masterpiece The Sun Also Rises (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016).

“3 years on the damn stuff”: EH to Edward J. O’Brien, May 21, 1923, HemLtrs, Vol. 2:20; EH to EP, January 23, 1923, HemLtrs, 2:6.

correspondents across the Atlantic: Harvard Alumni Bulletin, 25:52; NYT, August 29, 1922, 1. Much of the correspondence between Dos Passos and Crystal Ross are among the JDPUVA papers. Also see Ross Dabney, The Good Fight.

through Spain a few years earlier: DPToLu, 205–206; Sawyer-Lauçanno, E. E. Cummings, 188.

Italian resort in the Southern Alps: HemPaYe, 120.

would be used to buy alcohol: ComShSt, 136–137.

“dimensions I was trying to put in them”: EH, AMF, 23.

“now that you have Hadley”: HemKeLy, 190.

join the soldier in the United States: iot1924, 14–15.

Giverny to the west of Paris: Crystal Ross to JDP, September 21, 1923, JDPUVA.

Outline of History that became a hit: NYT, August 3, 1980, 32.

“fortunate enough to be their friends”: EWSY, 114.

“porcupine,” said Dos Passos: TBT, 145–147.

“more than they understood”: AMF, 71.

“thing on them immediately after cover”: EH to Robert McAlmon, August 5, 1923, HemLtrs, 2:39.

descent from commercial success: Pizer, “John Dos Passos’ ‘Rosinante to the Road Again.’” The book of poetry was entitled A Pushcart at the Curb.

“effects and inferred the causes”: Spectator, January 26, 1924, 129; FSF to John Peale Bishop, April 1925, in Bruccoli, F. Scott Fitzgerald, 104.

from Hadley’s trust fund: The Spanish portion of his name was inspired by Ernest’s admiration of matador Nicanor Vilata, whom they had met in Pamplona the previous summer; EH to EP, December 9, 1923, HemLtrs, 2:83.

“drink and enjoy the show”: TBT, 143.

“first great American stylist”: TBT, 142.

“I’m trying hard not to count on you”: DPViCa, 206; letters are at UVA. Her thesis is entitled “Le Conteur américain O Henry et l’art de Maupassant.”

“It is a naturalism”: Crystal Ross, “Ernest Hemingway, Expatriate,” Dallas Morning News, January 16, 1927.

“all in a tangle together”: EH to William D. Horne, July 17–18, 1923, HemLtrs, 2:36; Pizer, Toward a Modernist Style, 11; JDP to WRM, December 4, 1916, FoCh, 57.

experienced Spanish hand than he: Ludington, “Spain and the Hemingway-Dos Passos Relationship,” 273; EH, “American Bohemians in Paris,” Toronto Star Weekly, March 25, 1922, reprinted in DT, 114.

considered him a member of the family: BSoL, 115; TBT, 58.

Ernest as he followed the boys: HemPaYe, 211.

she recovered, resting by a stream: Ross, “Ernest Hemingway, Expatriate”; DPToLu, 232.

Kingdom of Navarre: In the summer of 2016 my wife and I made the same walk and grew very sympathetic to Ross as we made the arduous climb up the pass. “The independence of a kingdom builds an imposing architecture against the hills, not without delicate ornaments upon its front,” noted Gertrude Bone in Days in Old Spain, 230–231.

double room with Dos Passos: EH to Donald Ogden Stewart, July 1924, HemLtrs, 2:127; DPToLu, 232; DPViCa, 201.

lined with wooden barricades: Michener, Iberia: Spanish Travels and Reflections, 502–505.

the notebook he carried with him: One may read about the accident at “A Tragic History,” Sanfermin.com, www.sanfermin.com/index.php/en/encierro/historia/historia-tragica.

“wars were over, was in the bull ring”: DITA, 2.

“Hemingway shamed me into it”: Sarason, Hemingway and the Sun Set, 193.

evening of dancing and drinking: BSoL, 132.

wounded on the Italian front: ChTr, July 29, 1924, 1.

“spot to make sketches from”: TBT, 155; Sarason, Hemingway and the Sun Set, 193.

“goings on, in them but not of them”: Pizer, “Hemingway in Action”; TBT, 156.

The crisis had passed: McAlmon and Boyle, Being Geniuses Together, 246–247.

“shock troops, wave after wave”: EH to Grace Hall Hemingway, July 18, 1924, HemLtrs, 2:134; TBT, 156–157.

red-plush carpeted room: JDP to JL, undated, SIU, DPViCa, 203.

“utterly fantastic and New Yorkish”: EWSY, 148; JDP to Germaine Lucas-Championnière, quoted in DPToLu, 228.

wage slaves of the citizenry: See Pizer, “John Dos Passos in the 1920s”; MT, 216.

“call me another of his imitators”: EH to EP, July 19, 1924, HemLtrs, 2:135.

he did not have in real life: Donald Pizer’s perceptive article “The Hemingway-Dos Passos Relationship” should be credited for making this observation.

and the action begins: EH, NAS, 227.

“better than anything I’ve done”: EH to Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas, August 28–31, 1924; HemLtrs, 2:151; EH to Edward J. O’Brien, September 12, 1924, HemLtrs, 2:154.

until she finished her thesis: JDP to WRM, September 1924, FoCh, 359.

onto the bookstore shelves: HemPaYe, 235.

“immediately,” Dos Passos told Rummy: EH to George Breaker, August 27, 1924, HemLtrs, 2:148: JDP to WRM, Winter 1925, FoCh, 360.

crippled him with caisson disease: Quoted in Mariani, The Broken Tower, 151–152; McCullough, The Great Bridge, 387. Caisson disease is today called the bends or nitrogen narcosis and is caused by dissolved gases turning into bubbles inside the body upon depressurization.

walks on the Brooklyn Bridge: Seed, Cinematic Fictions, 131–132; O’Connell, Remarkable, Unspeakable New York, 140–141.

turn into “hungry tongues”: See Spindler, “John Dos Passos and the Visual Arts.”

“immovable painful vegetable”: JDP to Robert Hillyer, quoted in DPViCa, 208.

she had her own ambitions: DPViCa, 208–209; DPToLu, 238–239.

earned Hemingway any money: EH to JDP, April 22, 1925, HemLtrs, 2:322–323.

“friends expect him to go far”: Wilson, “Paris for Young Art,” 8.

he was not yet ready: HemCaBa, 147.

the leader of the pack: BSoL, 142; HemCaBa, 150.

“a dangerous friend to have”: From Sarason, Hemingway and the Sun Set, quoted in HemJaMe, 299.

“I’m tearing those bastards apart”: Cannell, “Scenes with a Hero,” 149–150; Svoboda, Hemingway & The Sun Also Rises, 8; EHDoBa, 154.

channel into the harbor: TBT, 150–151.

along with some other titles: NYTBR, October 18, 1925, BR8; The Bookman, December 1925, 482–483; Reynolds, HemTPY, 324.

parody of Anderson’s Dark Laughter: EH to Sherwood Anderson, May 21, 1926, HemLtrs, 3:81.

“you have wrought a masterpiece”: By log-rolling, Hemingway was referring to exchanging favors, usually in politics, by supporting each other’s proposals. ToS, 83–84.

only barriers to his eventual success: TBT, 157–158.

talked his friend out of publishing it: Hemingway insisted when writing to his publisher that he had not submitted The Torrents of Spring, in hopes it would be turned down. “I consider it a good book and John Dos Passos, Louis Bromfield and Scott Fitzgerald, who are people of different tastes are enthusiastic about it.” EH to Horace Liveright, January 19, 1926, HemLtrs, 3:21.

remind Cannell of Japanese dolls: Cannell, “Scenes with a Hero,” 145–146.

Smith chose to remain stateside: PWE, 183; DPViCa, 210.

“You are an expatriate, see”: HemTPY, 327; SAR, 120.

experience made him different: EH to EP, November 1925, HemLtrs, 2:415.

“trying to grow young ever since”: Livengood, “Psychological Trauma: Shell Shock During WWI.”

writing about the trauma: Siegfried Sasson and Wilfred Owen, two of the most famous poets of the conflict, were both patients of his during the war.

“damn out of the whole show”: EH to FSF, December 15, 1925, HemLtrs, 2:446.

“never far from their shoulders”: FSF to MP, December 30, 1925, The Sons of Maxwell Perkins: Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe and Their Editor (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004), 57; NYTBR, November 29, 1925, BR5.

“great whiteboard, Mr. Joyce’s Ulysses”: Sinclair Lewis, Saturday Review of Literature, December 5, 1925, 361.

“naturalistic fiction of the age”: Alan Tate, “Good Prose,” The Nation, February 10, 1926, 160–162.

hole in the back of his pants: EWSY, 172–173.

“mistake coupling the words”: EH to MP, April 8, 1926, HemLtrs, 3:53; MT, 12.

“She’s a swell girl”: SAR, 14.

“when we parted company”: AMF, 215; EWSY, 173; TBT, 158–159.

“Isn’t it pretty to think so”: Svoboda, Hemingway & The Sun Also Rises, 94–95.

seemed largely beyond its control: FSF, The Great Gatsby, 115.

playwriting were on his mind: Harvard Crimson, October 18, 1926. The New York version of the play was entitled The Garbage Man.

1917, also joined the effort: DPViCa, 220; JDP to Daniel Aaron, April 9, 1959, FoCh, 619.

case for readers of the New Masses: TBT, 166–168.

together for the Braintree robbery: JDP, “The Pit and the Pendulum,” New Masses, August 1926, 10–11 and 30; TBT, 167.

“Save Sacco and Vanzetti”: FtC, 127.

breakup with Crystal Ross: FoCh, 341.

“get along awfully well together”: HTFMHem, 173; 86; PWE, 211.

material reward of passion: HemTAH, 14.

women remained a mystery to him: EH to William B. Smith, December 3, 1925, HemLtrs, 2:429.

“She’s taking my husband”: Cannell, “Scenes with a Hero,” 146.

“getting very cock eyed drunk”: EH to Fitzgerald, May 4, 1926, HemLtrs, 3:70–71.

matronly mother of Ernest’s child: PWE, 217–219; HTFMHem, 88–89. The time spent with his two women companions may have prompted Hemingway’s novel The Garden of Eden, published posthumously, the title of which may have been inspired by a comment Dos Passos made.

“season so crowded with good fiction”: NYT, October 23, 1926; NYTBR, October 24, 1926, BR37. For an excellent account of how the book was received, see Reynolds, The Sun Also Rises, and Hays, Critical Reception of Hemingway’s “The Sun Also Rises.”

“literary English to shame”: NYT, October 31, 1926, BR7.

“direct, natural, colloquial speech”: New York Herald Tribune, October 1, 1926, 4; New York Sun, November 6, 1916, 10.

“time on the bibulous shadows”: The Observer (UK), June 12, 1927, 8.

pitched the book into the fire: ChTr, November 17, 1926, 13; Grace Hall Hemingway quoted in TYH, 53.

“the article of writing himself”: The Atlantic, April 1927, 12.

“dough-headed for not getting it”: New Masses, December 1926, 26.

“god damn it and them”: Typewritten review with annotations, November 11, 1926; HEMJFK; JDP to EH, November 10, 1926 (probably mailed November 11, 1926), HEMJFK.

“What a relief”: JDP to Robert Hillyer, Spring 1925, FoCh, 361; TBT, 170; DPToLu, 249.

“The thing is perfectly done”: Dallas Morning News, January 16, 1927.

and they parted as friends: JDP to WRM, April 1916, FoCh, 364. According to Dos Passos’s daughter, Lucy Coggin, Ross would occasionally telephone him late in life.

their three-year-old son: PWE, 227.

“Mormon?” he suggested: JDP to EH, November 10, 1926, HEMJFK. Garden of Eden is the name Hemingway used for a novel that was published posthumously probably based on the time when he, Hadley, and Pauline were together in the Riviera.

“and is rising steadily”: HemCaBa, 182.

“reader that one tries to write for”: EH to MP, December 21, 1926, HemLtrs, 3:183.

airs of the protagonist Jake Barnes: JDP to EH, January 16, 1927, HEMJFK; also quoted in DPViCa, 224; LAT, April 17, 1927, 20.

“those bastards apart,” were furious: The passage may be found in Book 1, Folder 194, p. 13, The Sun Also Rises manuscript, HEMJFK. Fitzgerald was also mentioned on p. 39 of the manuscript, but Hemingway eliminated references to both Dos Passos and Fitzgerald in subsequent drafts.

“you anywhere from descriptions”: Cannell, “Scenes with a Hero,” 150.

slept with the “bloody bullfighter”: TTG, 56–57; HemCaBa, 179; HemKeLy, 371.

to consider living elsewhere: BoGl, December 18, 1927, B3. Smyth was a fine fellow to complain about Hemingway’s ethics. In 1942 he was sent to prison for seven years for accepting Japanese money to publish pro-Japanese articles in a publication they purchased with the funds. NYT, November 13, 1942, 25.

“Lay off and it always comes back”: EH to JDP, February 16, 1927, HemLtrs, 3:209.

cashing in on his newfound fame: Gallagher, “Waldo Peirce and Ernest Hemingway,” 31.

her disapproval of his writing: EH to Clarence Hemingway, September 9–14, 1927, HemLtrs, 3:283–285.

“Geezus I hate mighthabeens”: JDP to EH, March 27, 1927, FoCh, 368.

“conspiracy to overturn the Government”: FtC, 53.

“the drinking down here is amazing”: DPViCa, 225. I could not find any information about “Barbadian enfuriators” but learned that “Green Swizzles” are made primarily with white rum, crème de menthe, lime juice, bitters, and sugar.

“execration of the civilized world”: NYT, August 8, 1927, 2.

“effectually silenced the ‘best minds’”: Daily Worker, August 16, 1927, 5.

“in which to disperse. Move on”: BoGF, August 11, 1927, 1; NYT, August 11, 1927, 1.

Only John Lawson came: JDP to EW, August 19, 1927, FoCh, 371.

took the group into custody: TBT, 173. In the police wagon Dos Passos sat next to Millay. Examining her tiny frame, eyes that to him seemed violet colored and to others sea green, and the waves of bobbed copper hair, he was smitten. “Outside of being a passable poet,” Dos Passos said, “Edna Millay was one of the most attractive women who ever put pen to paper.”

police attempting to restore order: NYT, August 24, 1927, 1.

“against a stone wall sometime”: JDP to EW, September 19, 1927, FoCh, 371.

Make a poem of that if you dare: “They Are Dead Now—,” New Masses, October 1927, 228–229.

“as the public press can push it”: JDP to EH, Fall 1927, FoCh, 371–372.

To Key West, he replied: TBT, 198.

“Atlantic Ocean looks in a gale”: Standiford, Last Train to Paradise, 148–149.

“smallness of the beds”: HemTAH, 169.

“I shall try to reach Cuba”: EH to Pauline Pfeiffer Hemingway, March 28, 1928, HemLtrs, 3:376–377.

Pamplona the previous summer: EH to MP, April 7, 1928, HemLtrs, 3:377–378; EH to Waldo Peirce, April 13, 1928, HemLtrs, 3:378–380.

books to prove them wrong: EH to MP, April 21, 1928, HemLtrs, 3:382–383.

“one must first know the conditions”: HemTH, 173; JDP to EH. Remark made in “John Dos Passos: La Collection des Archive du xxe siècle.” Translation by author.

demands on the casual reader: See Seed, “Media and Newsreels in Dos Passos’ U.S.A.”

commonality to the group: Peirce had also been the other artist along with Eben Given, whom Dos Passos had met in Provincetown, who had been given permission to make drawings of the front during the war.

On some days the wait could be long: Materials contained in the Waldo Peirce papers (WPP) confirm the date of these events; HemCaBa, 193.

“like the Garden of Eden”: TBT, 201.

best time he ever had in his life: TBT, 199; EH to MP, June 7, 1928, HemLtrs, 3:393.

often under a pseudonym: A file containing the stories as well as a logbook recording her submissions may be seen at JDPUVA.

Key West, avoiding its own kind: TBT, 202.

one day to be Mrs. Dos Passos: The postcard has been preserved in JDPUVA. Hemingway Journals, August 13, 1928, HEMJFK.

“this next book has to be good”: EH to MP, March 17, 1928, HemLtrs, 3:375.

where doctors stitched him up: EH to MP, March 17, 1928, HemLtrs, 3:373.

combat shaped the narrative: HemTAH, 166–167. Reynolds believes the accident and the blood triggered Hemingway’s decision to write about the war at this point. In his biography, Baker concludes the same, though less directly.

time bodily in the wind: FTA, 47, The use of chu-chu-chu-chu in the passage led scholars to believe Hemingway was describing the sound of falling mortars rather than the noise they made when fired. Mortars do not make sound when falling.

more than two hundred pages long: EH to MP, May 31, 1928, HemLtrs, 3:387.

inside a tent or behind a falls: FTA, 98.

“kill time while woiking on a novel”: EH to Waldo Peirce, July 6, 1928, HemLtrs, 3:405.

pulls the trigger, it fails to fire: FTA, 177.

“Give it to me,” she says: FTA, 276.

her ability to irritate him: The trip to Oak Park is described in detail in HemTAH, 198–203.

Oak Park that his father had died: HemTAH, 207.

a growing paranoia: See HemCaBa, 199 and HemTAH, 212.

“my father is the one I cared about”: EH to MP, December 9, 1928, HemLtrs, 3:479.

“I want like hell to see you”: JDP to EH, December 20, 1928, HEMJFK; EH to JDP, January 4, 1929, HemLtrs, 3:491–492.

“has attempted to confront it”: Edmund Wilson, “Dos Passos and the Social Revolution,” New Republic, April 17, 1929, 256–257.

“somewhat shattered by the encounter”: JDP to EW, March 1929, FoCh, 391. I’m not sure what Dos Passos meant about the reference to eating wild herons. I could not find evidence that the birds were hunted for food.

Americans were welcomed: While Dos Passos was in Russia the Murphys took care of his mail. Gerald arranged for incoming royalty checks to be processed through his bank and made available to Dos Passos in rubles. See Miller, Letters from the Lost Generation, 33.

Battleship Potemkin had attracted wide attention: TBT, 174–196.

Hemingway during a stop in Dagestan: JDP to EH, September 1928, FoCh, 387.

Dos Passos wrote to E. E. Cummings: JDP to EEC, September 1928, FoCh, 387.

necessity to brush one’s teeth: TBT, 70.

“like being let out of jail”: TBT, 196.

white except for the leaves: FTA, 3.

that is all I can promise you: Transcript for A Farewell to Arms Alternative Endings—Sean Hemingway, www.ttbook.org/book/transcript/farewell-arms-alternative-endings-sean-hemingway.

Hemingway told Perkins: EH to MP, March 11, 1929, HemLtrs, 3:550.

off-putting to the shy Dos Passos: Some accounts make it seem as if it were a coincidence Katy Smith showed up in Key West a second time during a Dos Passos visit. As she made clear to Pauline in 1928, the two were becoming romantic, and the 1929 trip was certainly a planned rendezvous.

“really hated his mother,” he said: HemCaBa, 200; TBT, 210.

“first job was to think and do”: DPViCa, 257–258.

“reminds me a lot of Wemedge”: KDP to JDP, dated Sunday, written while John Dos Passos was in Chicago in July 1929, JDPUVA.

Hemingway a few days later: JDP to EH, August 22, 1929, HEMJFK, quoted in DPViCa, 261.

“I’m happy as hell about it”: EH to JDP, September 4, 1929, HemSeLtrs, 303.

“family journal in Boston”: EH to MP, June 7, 1919, HemSeLtrs, 297; HemKeLy, 382; JDP to EH, July 1, 1929, HEMJFK, quoted in HemJaMe, 388.

“beautiful book,” Hutchison concluded: NYT, September 29, 1929, BR3.

wrote an ecstatic letter of praise: ChTr, September 28, 1929, 11; HemJaMe, 390.

“since there was an English language”: New Masses, December 1929, 16.

“King of the fiction racket”: JDP to EH, October 24, 1929, HEMJFK, quoted in DPViCa, 263.

“Nothing’s gone much bigger than that”: JDP to EH, August 22, 1929, HEMJFK; EH to JDP, September 4, 1929, HemSeLtrs, 303.

“could hardly have sold less anyway”: NYT, January 6, 1930, 55; TBT, 205.

“formal French way,” said Dos Passos: TBT, 202–203; Cook, Guide to Paris, 107.

“heartbreaking to be with them”: EH to FSF, December 12, 1929, HemSeLtrs, 314; TBT, 203.

was also found dead at the scene: NYT, December 11, 1929, 1.

“Bohemian resorts of Montparnasse”: “Hemingway Gives Up Old Life with Literary Success,” New York Evening Post, November 18, 1929, 6.

“For a while it worked”: TBT, 203.

“models for the Happy Life”: BSoL, 186–187.

“sweeping view of the whole country”: Time, March 3, 1930, 78.

“I have read since the War”: Edmund Wilson, “Dahlberg, Dos Passos, and Wilder,” New Republic, March 26, 1930, 157.

“sometimes envies Mr. Dos Passos”: EH to FSF, October 9, 1928, HemSeLtrs, 288.

liked an appreciative audience: EH to Henry Strater, September 10, 1930, HemSeLtrs, 328.

“smell him,” said Dos Passos: TBT, 204–205.

arm hanging limp and askew: HemCaBa, 216–221; Hem30s, 32; NYT, November 3, 1930, 29; Billings Gazette, November 2, 1930.

“come out to see him die”: Archibald MacLeish to Carlos Baker, August 9, 1963, quoted in HemSeLtrs, 332.

It pleased him enormously: EH to MP, December 26, 1931, HemSeLtrs, 347.

birth of their second child: EH to WP, December 31, 1931, HemSeLtrs, 344.

I have found true about it: DITA, 1.

dust with Spanish brandy: DITA, 266.

Unknown Soldier at Arlington Cemetery: USA, 756 and 761.

“weather for the House of Morgan”: USA, 648.

“Hell it’s only a book after all”: DPToLu, 296; JDP to Eugene Saxton, November 1931, FoCh, 400.

“ought to be done,” he wrote: JDP to EH, February 1932, FoCh, 402–403.

his take on Dos Passos’s 1919: EH to JDP, March 26, 1932, HemSeLtrs, 355; EH to JDP, May 30, 1932, HemSeLtrs, 360.

“don’t let them get to be symbols”: Unlike the advice Dos Passos had provided for Death in the Afternoon, much of which Hemingway had followed, Dos Passos did not see this letter until after he returned from Mexico and the book was out.

The case never went to court: Members of the National Committee for the Defense, Harlan Miners Speak, 2.

“tidied up for the visitors”: Ibid., 278.

nothing came of it: TBT, 207.

“There is only good and bad writing”: EH to JDP, May 30, 1932, HemSeLtrs, 360; EH to Paul Romaine, July 6, 1932, HemSeLtrs, 363.

“goodbye to Martin Arrowsmith”: NYT, April 13, 1932, BR2.

Dos Passos’s most recent work: NYT, September 25, 1932, BR5.

“with an art which is supreme”: ChTr, September 29, 1932, 13.

He had his trophy: EH to JDP, October 14, 1932, HemSeLtrs, 374; HemCaBa, 222–223.

ask Hemingway for a loan: EH to JDP, October 14, 1932, HemSeLtrs, 373.

“people cannot want to do that”: MP to FSF, quoted in DPViCa, 309–310.

summer for the shooting: DPToLu, 315; LAT, May 26, 1932, A9.

“Pauline it’s awful”: JDP to EH, April 24, 1933, FoCh, 425.

“had me spooked,” he wrote: EH to JDP, March 26, 1932, HemSeLtrs, 354; EH to JDP, April 15, 1933, HemSeLtrs, 389.

“nothing of adequate cojones”: Hem30s, 115.

drawing to be submitted later: EH to Arnold Gingrich, June 7, 1933, HemSeLtrs, 393.

nervous about Spain’s future: See Cordero, “The Spanish Translation of Manhattan Transfer and Censorship.”

“instead of his sitting at mine”: FSF to Dr. C. Jonathan Slocum, April 8, 1934, reprinted in NYT Magazine, December 1, 1996; TBT, 209–210.

Dos Passos quipped to Hemingway: DPViCa, 313.

“by the Great American Public”: JDP to EH, May 25, 1933, FoCh, 431.

“leave his private life alone”: EH to MP, December 7, 1932, HemSeLtrs, 379.

matadors disappointed him: EH, “The Friend of Spain,” Esquire, January 1934, 139.

Spanish police impoundment lot: TBT, 226–228.

“His partisanship was in various toreros”: SAR, 249–250; TBT, 220.

a Dos Passos wartime letter: EH to Mary Pfeiffer, October 16, 1933, HemSeLtrs, 398.

trilogy still awaiting completion: Esquire, January 1934, 27.

he was still married to Hadley: NYT, April 4, 1934, 18.

“things were never quite so good”: TBT, 220.

“make them do what they would do”: EH to FSF, May 28, 1934, HemSeLtrs, 407–408.

“grieving mate with the other”: HemCaBa, 261–262; Hendrickson, Hemingway’s Boat, 158.

“he is at least an accurate fool”: Saroyan, The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze, 34.

“He was asking for it wasn’t he”: EH, “Notes on Life and Letters,” Esquire, January 1935, 21.

“drop of a hat when he’s grown”: TBT, 219.

Dos Passos told his editor: JDP to Charles A. Pearce, April 1934, FoCh, 437.

“my feet are in the flypaper now”: JDP to KDP, quoted in DPViCa, 329.

father in Columbia, Missouri: JDP to EH, July 27, 1934, FoCh, 437.

order in time for the filming: Apparently writers Baxter Sam Winston, David Hertz, and Oran Schee were mostly responsible for the script in the end.

“and still receive my salary”: JDP to Edmund Wilson, August 24, 1934, FoCh, 440.

another pregnancy that was failing: Many of John Dos Passos’s letters speak cryptically of Katy’s visits to doctors that required, as he once wrote, “skillful handling.” See JDP to EH, May 1935, FoCh, 473.

“world about it in good prose”: NYT, October 27, 1993, 17.

“attacks the capitalist system”: Comment contained in HemCaBa, endnote, 612.

might possibly be execution: Quintanilla, Waiting at the Shore, 121.

wrote, drank, and shared their drafts: EH to Arnold Gingrich, November 16, 1934, HemSeLtrs, 411.

“hooked,” said Dos Passos: TBT, 216.

wired Cowley to retract his offer: Telegraph cited in JDP to MC, December 1934, FoCh, 457. At this moment Dos Passos was also in the midst of a squabble with Cowley over a letter he had sent that he considered private and Cowley had published. They made up, particularly after Dos Passos apologized for losing his temper and remained good friends.

greatly exaggerating the turnout: Quintanilla, Waiting at the Shore, 122.

“I can’t find any,” he confessed: JDP to Gerald and Sara Murphy, March 18, 1932, FoCh, 467.

“we know will never reach port”: EH to Gerald and Sara Murphy, March 19, 1935, HemSeLtrs, 412.

Dos Passos lost their fish: EH, “On Being Shot Again,” Esquire, June 1935, 25, 156–157; JDP to Patrick Murphy, April 1935, Miller, Letters from the Lost Generation, 129. Also see Hendrickson, Hemingway’s Boat, 201–219.

“aghast but it’s very exciting”: KDP to Gerald Murphy, June 20, 1935, Miller, Letters from the Lost Generation, 132.

“all of us,” Dos Passos recalled: TBT, 211.

lack of friends, Hemingway concluded: EH to Ivan Kashkin, August 19, 1935, HemSeLtrs, 418–419.

“vodka and malt herring”: JDP to EH, December 24, 1928, HEMJFK.

“he’s in on the big money”: JDP to MC, December 1, 1934, FoCh, 456.

“fight had got to be made on them”: JDP to MC, May 28, 1935, FoCh, 477.

“but I don’t really think so”: JDP to EW, January 1935, FoCh, 462.

“balloons, flies between their legs”: EH to MP, September 7, 1935, HemSeLtrs, 422.

“there to die?” Hemingway asked: New Masses, September 17, 1935.

“die like a dog for no good reason”: EH, “Notes on the Next War,” Esquire, September 1935, 19 and 156.

here without you,” he wrote: EH to JDP, December 17, 1935, HemSeLtrs, 425–426.

hardly needed an infusion of cash: DPViCa, 344.

“did I ever get mixed up in it?”: DPViCa, 342; JDP to EH, February 7, 1936, FoCh, 483.

“to reply to his critics,” he wrote: NYT, October 25, 1935, 19.

the pleasures of old days: EWSY, 272; Hem30s, 220.

The silence was telling: DPViCa, 348.

letters to Murphy and Dos Passos: Hem30s, 214–215. Dos Passos was not present on Key West when the fight occurred.

“quarreled when he was feeling best”: EH, “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” SoK, 17.

he might soon be on it: TBT, 219.

rather, it signaled war: WaPo, November 20, 2007.

the brutality faced decapitation: For an excellent account of the war, see Hochschild, Spain in Our Hearts.

stood ready to do whatever he could: JDP to EH, August 1936, FoCh, 486–487.

his friend’s supposed purity: Malcolm Cowley perceptively points out that Dos Passos’s “chief point of exception was to be a radical in the 1920s, when most of his friends were indifferent to politics, and to become increasingly conservative in the following decade, when most of his friends were becoming radical.” See Cowley, Exile’s Return, 292.

the Swiss Alps, or Key West: Sections that were eventually cut from the book are quoted in Robert E. Fleming, “The Libel of Dos Passos in To Have and Have Not.” Information about this incident is also drawn from Pizer, “The Hemingway-Dos Passos Relationship.”

Dos Passos had publicly criticized: THaHN, 186.

meant his friend’s ruin as a writer: EH to JDP, September 4, 1929, HemSeLtrs, 303–304. “You can trace the moral decay of his [Edmund Wilson] criticism on a parallel line with the decline of Dos Passos’ writing through their increasing dishonesty about money and other things, mostly their being dominated by women.” EH to MP, February 25, 1944, HemSeLtrs, 557.

his use of them was libelous: Esquire, December 1966, 189 and 316–317.

“‘seeing’ into American literature”: Unknowingly—or, more likely, knowingly—Hemingway was quoting Gingrich.

rum, lime, and grapefruit juice: Rollyson, Nothing Ever Happens to the Brave, 90.

then went on to New York City: Moorehead, Gellhorn: A Twentieth Century Life, 105.

Dos Passos reported to Hemingway: JDP to EH, January 9, 1937, FoCh, 504.

F. Scott Fitzgerald on hearing the news: Donnelly, Sara & Gerald, 114; Miller, Letters from the Lost Generation, 72.

himself might go and drive one: NYT, January 12, 1937, 4.

“any dough,” Dos Passos told him: Harry Sylvester, a young aspiring Catholic novelist, contacted Hemingway after having felt put off by Dos Passos’s muted reaction to news about the execution of priests in Spain. “Dos doesn’t know or understand you nor has he the respect for your faith that I have,” Hemingway continued. “That is ignorance. There is no snobbishness like radical snobbishness and when it is working in Dos he is not natural nor much fun.” But Dos Passos was more circumspect than Sylvester thought. He was growing worried about what he was hearing about atrocities being committed by both parties at war in Spain. EH to Harry Sylvester, February 5, 1937, HemSeLtrs, 456. JDP to EH, January 9, 1937, FoCh, 503.

“but I am going with them”: Moorehead, Gellhorn: A Twentieth-Century Life, 107.

fleeing from the fighting in Madrid: NYT, March 17.1937, 12.

documentary with Ivens and Ferno: TTiF, 116.

“tinsel of nineteenth century whoopee”: JBW, 330.

government was supporting Franco: JBW, 345–346.

led to his arrest was cleared up: Preston, We Saw Spain Die, 69 and 73.

reluctant to speak about him: TTiF, 128. The theory that Robles was a liaison officer is convincingly explained in Preston, We Saw Spain Die, 65.

inquiries on Dos Passos’s behalf: JDP to editors of the New Republic, July 1939, FoCh, 527–528.

expansive and ornate street: JBW, 361. Accounts sometimes mention that Dos Passos procured a ride with André Malraux, whom he knew. However, Amanda Vaill’s assiduous research properly identifies the two journalists as Lucien Vogel and Philippe Lamour. See HoFl, 159.

his service as an ambulance driver: JDP, “The Road to Madrid,” Esquire, 243. Typos introduced into the version of this article published in JBW wrecks the beauty of the sentence.

items unavailable in wartime Spain: DPToLu, 368.

“Absolutely and without reservations”: Ken (a biweekly political magazine), June 30, 1938, 26, Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas, Austin, TX.

been one of their many victims: Preston, We Saw Spain Die, 79 and 67.

the execution had been a mistake: JDP to editors of the New Republic, July 1939, FoCh, 527–528.

Dos Passos wrote in one of his dispatches: JBW, 374.

“they saw an airplane in the sky”: JBW, 388.

tell the truth as he saw it: This account is based on Dos Passos’s fictional rendering of the moment on pages 98 and 99 in CeEb, which is supported by his biographers. See DPToLu, 374, and DPViCa, 372.

Epilogue

“ends are always illusionary”: JDP to JL, Fall 1937, FoCh, 514.

meals rekindled Hemingway’s wrath: JDP to JL, November 4, 1937, FoCh, 513; Redbook, February 1938.

wanted anything to do with him: “If with your hatred of communists,” Hemingway wrote, “you feel justified in attacking, for money, the people who are still fighting that war I think you should at least try to get your facts right.” EH to JDP, March 26, 1938, HemSeLtrs, 464.

“Perhaps it is just old Harvard loyalty”: Ken (a biweekly political magazine), June 30, 1938, 26.

now took up a block of Chicago: KDP to EH, September 17, 1938, and KDP to Pauline Hemingway, October 31, 1938, HEMJFK, quoted in DPViCa, 390.

later awarded a Bronze Star in 1947: HemJaMe, 535. A hearing was held after complaints about Hemingway’s behavior were filed. He was cleared of any charges.

“damn heart and another to finish her”: HemJaMe, 529; Bruccoli, The Only Thing That Counts, 333.

most important contemporary writers: LAT, June 27, 1947, A12; “An Interview with William Faulkner: 1947,” ed. Lavon Rascoe, republished in Inge, Conversations with William Faulkner, 71.

“a Negro as hope we would have”: EH to William Faulkner, July 23, 1947, HemSeLtrs, 623–624.

their automobile was sheared off: Account of accident drawn from DPToLu, 431–433, and DPViCa, 454–455, as well as news articles such as NYT, September 14, 1947, 9. Katy was laid to rest in a Cape Cod cemetery. The slate headstone reads:

KATHARINE SMITH

BELOVED WIFE OF JOHN DOS PASSOS

MY SWEET MY LOST LOVE

“killed her last Saturday”: EH to Marion Smith, May 31, 1948, HemSeLtrs, 635; EH to Charles Scribner, September 18, 1947, HemSeLtrs, 628. Hemingway had the day of the week wrong.

“They were as happy as bedbugs”: JDP to Sara Murphy, September 8, 1948, FoCh, 585; TTG, 127.

“together in Paris like in the old days”: EH to JDP, May 29, 1949, HEMJFK; JDP to EH, June 23, 1949, FoCh, 588.

“any old Portuguese to have”: EH to JDP, September 17, 1949, HEMJFK.

was born not long after: DPToLu, 448.

“novelist,” said the Washington Post: NYT, December 2, 1951, 245; WaPo, December 2, 1951, F7.

Dos Passos’s work among critics: EH to JDP, November 8, 1952, HemSeLtrs, 793.

walked into the Hemingway buzz saw: JDP to EH, October 23, 1951, FoCh, 597.

Paris the pilot fish was Dos Passos: MoFe, 213.

“pilot fish was a friend,” he wrote: MoFe, 215.

died of congestive heart failure: DPToLu, 499.

“fourth chair occupied by Dos Passos”: New Yorker, October 31, 2005, 82.

“But for many of us it was senseless”: Lawson, Haystack in France, 46A.

another war took it from them: Cowley, Exile’s Return, 38.

love affair, and, ultimately, himself: Donald Ogden Stewart told author Bertram Sarason that Hemingway had a need to destroy the love of his friends. He listed Dos Passos, Fitzgerald, Gerald Murphy, and himself of the victims. In the end, Stewart said, there was no one left to obliterate but himself. Sarason, Hemingway and the Sun Set, note, 107.

“This may be a lesson to us all”: EH to JDP, September 17, 1949, HEMJFK.