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ACC (anterior cingulate cortex), 112, 114–16, 117
Acemoglu, Daron, 75–76, 178
Acheulian tools, 37, 37–38, 37n, 39–41
achievement standards, 97–98
Acton, Lord, 77
agriculture, 60–85
costs and benefits, 61–63
farmers moving to cities, 77–82
farming communities, 66–67
institutions created by, 73–77
private property, 67, 68–73
psychology of a farmer, 64–67
Airbnb, 82–83
Alberts, Susan, 230–32, 231
Amazon basin, Yanomamö tribe, 172–74
ancestors
analyzing thoughts and behaviors, 5–12
caloric demand of raising a baby, 88
as chimplike creatures, 19
encountering strangers, 80n, 192
leadership choices, 182–85
need for self-control, 116–17
planting seeds, 60–61
predators by day and prey at night, 1–2
risk from pathogens, 193
ancestor species
apes, 32, 38, 44, 50n, 230–31, 231
Australopithecus afarensis, 24–25, 27, 35, 41–43, 58
Australopithecus africanus, 11, 20
Homo habilis, 37, 39, 39n, 42–43
See also Australopithecines; Homo erectus; Homo sapiens
Anderson, Cameron, 127
animals
deceptive mating strategies, 91–96
honest signals of quality, 96–97
teamwork among, 3–4
territory as inequality, 68–69, 69n
See also specific animals
apes, 32, 38, 44, 50n, 230–31, 231
art without a frame, 213–14
attitude
evolution of, 2–3
self-confidence, 124–28, 179, 206–7
toward safety, 190–91
See also cooperation; psychology
Australopithecines
inability to plan ahead, 39, 39n, 42–43
lawlessness among, 49
walking upright, 41–43
Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy), 24–25, 27, 35, 41–43, 58
Australopithecus africanus, 11, 20
autism, 155–56, 156n
baboon leaders
in ancestral groups, 182–84
competition among, 169, 177–78, 181, 182
in corporate America, 176–81, 176n, 177n, 181–85
dictators, 170, 178, 182
enrichment at group’s expense, 177–78
external threats to unite group, 197–99, 198
inequality and, 174–76, 177–81, 180
leadership style, 167–71
polygynous societies, 71, 174–75, 175n
pretending to be elephants, 176–77, 183
privilege valued more than group goals, 178–79, 198–99
results of, 179–81
self-serving behaviors harming group, 169–70
Yanomamö leaders, 172–74
See also elephant leaders
baboons, 21–23, 167–68
Baker, Isaac, 121
banishment, threat of, 29n, 65, 145–46, 248
Baron-Cohen, Simon, 155–56, 156n
Batson, Dan, 214–15
behavioral flexibility, 110–12
behavioral immune system, 193–96
Bell, Joshua, 213, 215
Berntson, Gary, 117–20
Better Angels of Our Nature, The (Pinker), 48–49, 200
biased information and beliefs, 134–36
biological immune system, 193
bipedalism, 41–43
bird reproduction, 91, 94–96
Boehm, Christopher, 74
Boysen, Sarah, 117–20
brain
envisioning self-control, 111–12, 114–16
fMRI of activity, 37–38, 114
metabolic costs, 222
social benefits of a big brain, 121–23
and status, 234, 235–36
See also cognitive capacity
Brosnan, Sarah, 99–100
Brown, Culum, 92
bullies, chimp vs. human response to, 142–46, 162. See also baboon leaders
Bush, George W., 198, 198
Cacioppo, John, 151
carotenoids, 95–96, 95n
Case, Trevor, 194
Catching Fire (Wrangham), 44
Cecil, the lion, 84–85
cheaters, 201–5
children
divergent thinking, 120, 121
learning survival, 248–50
men’s ability to produce hundreds of, 71–72
mortality rates, 188, 188, 247, 247–48
preference for fairness, 77
response to temptation, 119–20
source of happiness, 251
and Theory of Mind, lying, 56–58, 57n
chimpanzees
adapting to savannah, 20–21, 22–23, 33
aggressive tendency, 196–97
bullies’ domination of others, 142–44, 162
competition among, 31–33
inability to plan ahead, 38–39, 39n, 42–43
inbreeding prevention, 10
lice, 6
mortality rates in Africa, 187, 187–88
survival strategies, 22–23, 25
teaching and learning, 52–54
testing response to temptation, 117–20, 118, 119
tools of, 23, 138
choice, environment, and genetics, 12–16
cities
farmers moving to, 77–82
living among strangers, 79–84, 85
Civil War, U.S., 206
cognitive capacity
and Alzheimer’s, 238
challenges and, 30, 30n
and cheater detection, 203
and cooked vs. raw food, 44–45
cranial expansion overview, 58–59, 59n
and division of labor, 39–41, 43
for farming, 64–67
and lying, 56
planning for the future, 38–39, 39n
social brain hypothesis, 30–33, 59, 121–23, 136–37
and storytelling, 46–49, 249–50
tool-making skills, 37, 37–38, 37n, 39–41
walking upright, 41–43
See also division of labor; Theory of Mind
cognitive flexibility, 121–23, 208, 228–29, 248–49
community
cooperation and generosity in, 243–46, 244n, 251–52, 256, 259–60
digital communities, 150–51, 209
farming communities, 66–67
and free riders, 3, 28–30, 65–66, 243
leaders’ utilization of conflict, 182, 197–99, 198
moving to a new community, 246–48, 247n
and satisfaction related to altruism, 246
threat of ostracism, 29n, 65, 145–46, 248
See also small-scale societies
competition
among chimpanzees, 31–33
of baboon leaders, 169, 177–78, 181, 182
male risk taking as innate, 242
in prehistoric times, 48–49
and pressure toward individualism, 165–66
for resources, 174–76
in sexual selection, 88–89
threat of force as, 205–7
conflict
and cold war, 197–98
immoral leaders’ utilization of, 182, 197–99, 198
and time required for healing, 225–26
cooperation
competition vs., in chimpanzees, 31–33
within groups, 192–97, 198, 207
Copeland, Sandi, 11
corporate America, 176–81, 176n, 177n, 181–85. See also baboon leaders; elephant leaders
Cosmides, Leda, 201, 201–3, 202
cuttlefish, 92
Darley, John, 214–15
Dart, Ray, 19–20
Darwin, Charles, 90–91
dating websites, 150–51
Dawkins, Richard, 259
de Béthencourt, Jean, 26
deception
examining reasons for and effects of self-deception, 131–37
in mating strategies, 91–96
of plants and animals, 55–56
studying Trivers’ hypothesis, 131, 133–35
teaching children to deceive, 56–57
See also self-deception
democracy, 76
Demosthenes, 44n
de Waal, Frans, 99–100
dictators, 170, 178, 182
digital age
cost of connectivity, 63n
digital communities, 150–51, 209
Internet, 82–85, 150–53, 209
social media, 82–85, 150–53, 183
See also innovation
dik-dik (antelope), 22–23
Ding, Xiao Pan, 56–57
Ditto, Peter, 131–33
divergent thinking, 120, 121–23
division of labor
and cognitive capacity, 39–41, 43
as social innovation, 148
specialization aspect, 77–79, 78n
dogs, 216
drunk driving abatement, 189–90
East African Rift Valley, 20–21
eBay, 82–83
economic expansion, expertise leading to, 78–79
egalitarianism
of elephants, 167
of Hadza, 175
of hunter-gatherers, 72, 73, 175
innate superiority vs., 74–76
elephant leaders
baboon leaders pretending to be, 176–77, 183
Hadza leaders as, 170–71, 174, 175, 176
and pay rates, 181–82
as stakeholder choice, 185
trust requirement, 180–81
See also baboon leaders
elephants, 30n, 166–67
emotions
and dreams of achievements, 217
interdependence and, 50–52
negative emotions, 226
seeking emotional consensus, 107–8
and social intelligence, 108–11, 109n
See also happiness
environment, choice, and genetics, 12–16
Epley, Nicholas, 124–26
ethnocentrism, 194–95
European imperialism, 75–76
evolution
of anatomy and attitudes, 2–3
of lice on humans, 6–8
and random chance, 259
and replacing rainforest with savannah, 21, 23–27, 30–33
reproduction aspect, 89–91, 217, 229–30
and sharing thoughts, 105–8
evolutionary guide to happiness, 229–37, 254–57
exaggeration, 107–8, 205–6
experiential purchases, 236–37, 237, 256
external threats, 182, 197–99, 198
extroverts, 246–48
Facebook, 83, 150n, 151
fairness, 77, 99–100, 199–204, 208
fake news, effect of, 135–36
farming. See agriculture
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (Thompson), 189
fecal poisoning of water supply, 61
fertility, honest signals of, 96–97
fire, control of, 44–47, 44n
flexibility
behavioral, 110–12
cognitive, 121–23, 208, 228–29, 248–49
fMRI of brain activity, 37–38, 114
followers
baboon leaders creating loyalty in, 182
enabling leaders, 170–71
external threats to unite group, 197–99, 198
offers to share power with, 177n
food
cooked vs. raw, 44
farmers’ high-starch diet, 61–62
potential danger, 54–55, 55n
storing for later consumption, 69–70, 76
fossils
and stone throwing as survival strategy, 24–25
free riders (slackers), 3, 28–30, 65–66, 243
Freud, Sigmund, 126, 127
frog reproduction, 87–88, 232
Gap, The (Suddendorf), 106n
gender equity, 72. See also elephant leaders; women
gender inequality, 71–73, 173. See also baboon leaders; women
genetics
and “better than” mentality, 74–75
choice, environment, and, 12–16
of cognitive capacity, 238
lice DNA, 5–8, 11–12
NOTCH2NL genes, 59n
Germany, 179
Gilovich, Thomas, 236–37, 237
Goodall, Jane, 142–43
Good Samaritan Laws, 245–46
Good Samaritan parable, 214–15
gossip, 51–52, 82, 183
grandmothers and child survival, 5, 8–9, 11–12, 230
group-serving nature, 165–67, 169
Hadza tribe of Tanzania, 171–72, 174
happiness
of conservatives vs. liberals, 129–30, 130n
cooperation and generosity, 243–46, 244n, 251–52, 256, 259–60
elusiveness of, 216–20
evolutionary guide to, 229–37
experiential purchases, 236–37, 237, 256
and health, 220–26, 255
and immune system, 222–23
and learning, 248–50, 257
life satisfaction, 231–32, 234–35, 235, 246–48, 247, 249–50, 256
living in the present, 215–16, 255
and money, 234–37, 235
as motivational system, 5, 217–20, 219
overhappiness, 129
personality and achieving, 250–52
phenotypic indulgences, 228, 253
self-confidence, 124–28, 179, 206–7
and status, 234, 235–36
storytelling, 46–49, 249–50
and survival, 237–42, 239
in 10 Easy Steps, 254–57
in today’s world, 252–54
See also world peace
Harari, Yuval, 144n
Harroun, Ray, 139n
health
and happiness, 220–26, 255
and modern medicine, 187, 187–89, 188
pathogens vs., 193–96, 223, 259
Heath, Chip, 107, 136
Hierarchy in the Forest (Boehm), 74
Hobbes, Thomas, 186
Homo erectus
brain size, 58, 59
cognitive capacity, 64–67
division of labor, 39–41, 43
fire and cooking food, 44–45, 44n
hunting, 36–37, 39–41
planning for the future, 38, 39, 39n, 42–43, 215–16
and stone tools, 35–38, 37, 37n, 40–41
walking upright, 41–43
Homo habilis, 37, 39, 39n, 42–43
Homo sapiens
brain size, 58–59
colonizing the globe, 45–46
effect of controlling fire, 45, 46–47
lawlessness, 49
prehistory, 5–12
social innovation, 145–47
as species vs. individuals, 140–47, 196–97
storytelling, 46–49, 249–50
See also human beings
honest signals of quality, 96–97
Horner, Victoria, 53–54
horticulture. See agriculture
human beings
hypocrisy of, 205–7
inequality as emerging reality, 68–73
over-imitation, 53–55
self-serving nature, 115, 136–37, 165–66, 169–70, 175–76
teaching skills, 52, 53
See also Homo sapiens
hunter-gatherers
and bullies, 145–46
egalitarianism, 72, 73, 175
farming lifestyle vs., 61–63, 64, 67–71
gender equity, 72, 73
Hadza tribe of Tanzania, 171–72, 174
species-level violence study, 196–97
variability in hunting grounds, 69
See also elephant leaders
hunting
chimps hunting monkeys, 3, 23
with stone tools, 35–38, 37, 37n, 40–41
teamwork for, 36–37, 39–41
imagination, 144–45, 144n. See also innovation
immoral leaders. See baboon leaders; inequality; moral and immoral leadership
immune systems
as banks, 221–26
and carotenoids, 95–96, 95n
metabolic costs, 222–23, 247, 247–48
imperialism, 75–76
impulsive speech and actions, 111–20
inbreeding, avoidance of, 5, 9–12
indigenous populations
changing to a market economy, 67
cliff dwellers, 200–201
and European explorers, 26–27
Hadza tribe, 171–72, 174
and imperialists’ belief in innate superiority, 75–76
!Kung-San, 67, 231
storing food, 69–70
and storytelling, 46–48
Yanomamö tribe, 172–74
inequality
claiming innate superiority, 74–76
and emergence of baboon leaders, 174–76, 177–81
in farming lifestyle, 68–71
gender-based, 71–73, 173
minimizing, 181
in pay between CEOs and average workers, 177, 181–82
relationship of trust and, 179–81, 180
self-enhancement as indicator of, 178–79
innovation, 138–63
disconnect between Homo sapiens and individual humans, 140–47
innovators-to-population ratio, 139–40, 156
modification of existing objects, 139, 139n, 140, 141–42, 141n, 142n, 147
sex-related differences, 156–62, 157n, 160n, 161n
technical vs. social, 146–49, 150–51, 150n, 153–55, 154, 158–60, 162
wheels on suitcases, 141–42, 141n, 147
See also digital age; social innovation
international relations
decreasing violence, 191–92
hypersensitivity to cheating, 204–5
Internet
for community integration, 209
dating websites, 150–51
minimizing manipulation, 82–85
YouTube, 151–53
introverts, 154n, 246–48, 247
Isaac, Barbara, 26–27
Japan, 178–79
Joseph, Brett, 83
Kalokerinos, Elise, 223–25
Karimov, Islam, 178
Khan, Genghis, 71–72, 72n
Kiecolt-Glaser, Jan, 225–26
Kipling, Rudyard, 75
Koko the gorilla, 57n
!Kung-San hunter-gatherers, 67, 231
Kuziemko, Ilyana, 99
Lahdenperä, Mirkka, 8–9, 230
La Pérouse, Jean-François de Galoup de, 26
leadership
ancestral choices, 182–85
internal selection of, 184
task expertise as determinant, 184
See also baboon leaders; elephant leaders; moral and immoral leadership
learning, 53–55, 248–50, 257
lice DNA, 5–8, 11–12
Lieberman, Matthew, 31n, 147
life satisfaction, 231–32, 234–35, 235, 246–48, 247, 249–50, 256
lottery winners, 216–17
Loughnan, Steve, 178–79
LPFC (lateral prefrontal cortex), 112, 117
Lubinski, David, 157–58
Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis), 24–25, 27, 35, 41–43, 58
Lutheran Church records of family events, 8
lying, 56–58
Mandela, Nelson, 164–66
Maner, Jon, 169, 182
manipulation
gossip vs., 51–52, 82, 183
and social intelligence, 108
social media vs., 82–85, 150–52, 183
and Theory of Mind, 55–58
See also deception
Marlowe, Frank, 172
marshmallow studies, 119–20
meerkats, 14–15
mental speed, 122
minimum wage increases, 99–100
Mischel, Walter, 119–20
money, 148–49, 234–37, 235
monkeys
deception by, 55–56
dopamine increased by status, 234
effect of social support, 225
inability to plan ahead, 38
relative-standing studies, 99–100
Moral Behavior in Animals (de Waal), 100
moral and immoral leadership, 180, 181–85
African leaders as examples, 164–65
enhancing moral leadership, 181–85
evolution of, 164–85
group-serving nature, 165–67, 169
Hadza tribe, 171–72, 174
self-serving nature, 115, 136–37, 165–66, 169–70, 175–76
Yanomamö tribe, 172–74
See also baboon leaders; elephant leaders
mortality rates, 187, 187–89, 188, 239, 239, 247, 247–48
Mothers Against Drunk Drivers, 189–90
motivational hunger, 217–20, 219
Mugabe, Robert, 164–65
murder rates in large U.S. cities, 189
Murphy, Sean, 127
myopia genes, 13–14
nature vs. nurture, 12–16
New York Times crossword, 93–94
NOTCH2NL genes, 59n
nuclear weapons, 204, 205, 206, 207
nurture vs. nature, 12–16
Oishi, Shigehiro, 218–19, 219, 247, 247–48
Oldowan tools, 37, 37–38, 37n, 39, 39n
opposable thumbs, 30
ostracism, threat of, 29n, 65, 145–46, 248
overconfidence, 124–28, 179, 206–7
overhappiness, 129
over-imitation, 53–55
overreactions to reputation broadcasts, 84–85
Owens, Ian, 239, 239–42
Palmer, Walter, 84–85
“Parental Investment” (Trivers), 87
pathogens, 193–96, 223, 259
Patrick, Christopher, 114–15
peace. See world peace
peacocks and peahens, 91, 94
perception, 2
Peru, 179
PewDiePie on YouTube, 152
phenotypic indulgences, 228, 253
Pinker, Steven, 48–49, 200
planning
for agricultural lifestyle, 64–65
to counter bullying, 144–46, 144n, 162
for current needs, 43
for future needs, 38–39, 39n, 42–43, 215–16
and ignoring others, 214–15
and refusing to share, 73
and self-control, 116–17
politeness, 90
politicians, happiness of, 129–30, 130n
polygynous societies, 71, 174–75, 175n
prehistory, 5–12, 20–21, 48–49. See also ancestors
prejudice, symbolic, 192–99, 198, 207
Primate’s Memoir, A (Sapolsky), 258–59
priorities, 221, 256
private property, 67, 68–73
psychological evolution
baseline level of happiness, 217–20, 219
hypersensitivity to cheaters, 201–5
xenophobia and symbolic prejudice, 192–99, 198, 207
psychology
adapting to inequality, 68
choices vs. tendencies, 13–16
emotions, 50–52
evolution’s role in shaping, 2–3
happiness and its pursuit, 5, 216–20, 218
lying as threat to relationships, 58
memory of older adults, 221–26
response to living among strangers, 79–84, 85
self-control, 111–17
shift from hunter-gatherer to farmer, 64–67
sociopaths, 51–52
trust and lack of trust, 179–81, 180, 207
See also attitude; psychological evolution; self-deception; social functioning; Theory of Mind
psychopaths, 142–45
random chance, 259
relative fairness, 201, 201–4, 202
relative-standing studies, 99–100
relativity, 97–101, 199–205
reputation, digital transmission of, 82–84
resources, accumulating and controlling, 67, 68–73, 174–76, 199–200
risk taking, as male stupidity, 239, 239–42
Robinson, James A., 75–76, 178
Ronay, Richard, 127, 240–42
sago palm preparation, 54–55
Sapiens (Harari), 144n
Sapolsky, Robert, 258–59
savannah hypothesis, 19–21
Schimmack, Ulrich, 247, 247–48
Securities and Exchange Commission 1992 ruling, 177
self-confidence, 124–28, 179, 206–7
self-control, 111–17
speaking before thinking, 111–14, 115–16
self-deception
examining effects of, 131–37
humans as hypocrites, 205–7
information avoidance for reshaping reality, 132–33, 134–36
overconfidence, 124–28, 179, 206–7
rationalizations as, 207
saliva test for, 131–32, 132n
self-enhancement, 124–25, 178–79
self-serving nature, 115, 136–37, 165–66, 169–70, 175–76
Semester at Sea, 105
senior citizens
contributions to community, 252
grandmothers, 5, 8–9, 11–12, 230
memory of, 221–26
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 198, 198
sexual activity and reproduction, 229–30
sexual selection, 86–101
bank account rules favoring men, 86–87
conflict within groups based on, 197
deceptive mating strategies, 91–96
finding the right partner, 232–34
by frogs, 87–88
honest signals of quality, 96–97
and male risk taking, 239, 239–42
men competing for women, 88–89
relativity/social comparison, 97–101, 165–66
survival vs. reproduction, 89–90
sharing
experiences, 105–6, 236–37, 237, 256
meat and crops, 3, 23, 64, 65–67, 106
power, 177n
thoughts, 106–8
side-slapping contest, 172–73
Silicon Valley, 156, 156n
slackers vs. workers, 3, 28–30, 65–66, 243
small-scale societies, 66–67, 193, 199. See also hunter-gatherers; agriculture
Smith, Megan, 134
social brain hypothesis, 30–33, 121–23, 136–37
social demands and self-control, 115–16
social functioning, 105–37
of agriculture and inequality, 76
and cognitive capacity, 30–33, 30n, 31n, 59, 121–23
and college graduation rates of women, 160n, 161, 161n
complex culture develops, 46–49, 59
deception, 55–56
effect of farming, 62
emotions, 50–52
enforcement of social norms, 28–30, 29n
evolution of, 2–3
in farming communities, 66–67
flexibility, 110–12, 121–23, 208, 228–29, 248–49
gossip and social media, 51–52, 82–85, 150–52, 183
of hunter-gatherers, 64
lying, 56–58
overconfidence, 124–28, 179, 206–7
perception, 49–50
personality type and innovation, 153–55, 154
social intelligence, 108–11, 109n, 112, 123
storytelling, 46–49, 249–50
teamwork, 3–4, 26–30
vulnerability, 180–81
See also sharing; survival strategies; teamwork
social innovation
dealing with bullies, 144–46, 144n, 162
digital communities, 150–51
division of labor as, 148
human focus on, 146–47
hypothesis, 146–47, 153–57, 154n, 161–62, 161n
money as, 148–49
standing in lines, 149–50
technical vs., 146–49, 150–51, 150n, 153–55, 154, 158–60, 162
See also social media
social intelligence, 108–11, 109n, 112, 123
socializing. See social functioning
Social (Lieberman), 31n, 147
social media
accessibility of fame and fortune, 152–53
for minimizing manipulation, 82–85, 151–52, 183
as social innovation, 150–51
sociopaths, 51–52
Socrates, 125
South Africa, 164, 179
spatial skills of men vs. women, 157–62, 157n
specialization and expertise, 77–79, 78n
standing in lines, 149–50
stones
for cracking nuts, 52–53
throwing, 23–27, 29, 192
tools from, 35–38, 37, 37n, 40–41
storytelling, 46–49, 249–50
strontium in teeth, 10–11
Stroop test, 113–14
Suddendorf, Thomas, 106n
superiority, claims of, 74–76
survival
of baboons and dik-diks, 21–23
and happiness, 237–42, 239
mortality rates of foragers, 187, 187–88
physical and psychological aspects, 2–3
reproduction in contrast to, 89–91, 238
of savannah chimpanzees, 22–23, 25
survival strategies
blending in and hiding, 22–23
dealing with strangers, 80–81, 82–84, 85
grandmothers helping with grandchildren, 5, 8–9, 11–12, 230
in groups with others, 23–24
massive incisors, 21–22
over-imitation, 54–55
stone throwing, 23–27, 29, 192
symbolic prejudice and xenophobia, 192–99, 198, 207
symmetry as indicator of quality, 96–97
Tanzania, Hadza tribe, 171–72, 174
Tay-Sachs disease gene, 9–10
teaching, 52–53
teamwork
and cognitive capacity, 30–33
for hunting, 36–37, 39–41
lying vs., 58
self-serving human nature vs., 165–66
as survival strategy, 26–30
working alone vs., 3–4
technology
mobility enabled by, 183
technical vs. social innovation, 146–49, 150–51, 150n, 153–55, 154, 158–60, 162
See also digital age; innovation
tectonic plates, 20–21
temptation, testing chimpanzees’ response to, 117–20
temptation avoidance, 254
terrorist attacks, 198, 198
Tesser, Abraham, 100–101
Theory of Mind
and autism, 155
and children, 56–58, 57n
and imitation, 53–55
and social manipulation, 55–58
for teaching and learning, 52–55
Thompson, Hunter S., 189
“Throwing and Human Evolution” (Isaac), 26–27
tools
of chimpanzees, 23, 38, 138, 144
from stones, 35–38, 37, 37n, 40–41
See also innovation
tribalism, 192–99, 198, 207
Trivers, Robert, 87, 126, 127–28, 131, 133–35, 220–23
Trump, Donald J., 135–36, 177n
trust and lack of trust, 179–81, 180, 207
Uber, 82–83
Unweaving the Rainbow (Dawkins), 259
urban legends, 107–8
Uruk, Iraq, 79
Uzbekistan, 178
van Boven, Leaf, 236–37, 237
verbal skills of women vs. men, 157–62, 157n
violence, 90, 186–87, 189–90, 191–92, 196–97
vocational interests of men vs. women, 156–62, 160n
vulnerability, 180–81
Wang, Ming-Te, 158–60
Washington Post, 213–14
wealth
in heterogeneous societies, 76
and making choices, 160
pursuit of, 71–72
trivial effect on happiness, 234
See also inequality
Whitchurch, Erin, 124–26
“White Man’s Burden” (Kipling), 75
Whiten, Andrew, 53–54
Why Nations Fail (Acemoglu and Robinson), 75–76, 178
Wojcik, Sean, 129–30, 130n
women
caloric demand of babies, 88, 88n, 232
college graduation rates, 160n, 161, 161n
fertility and longevity, 230–32, 231
gender equity, 72, 73
gender inequality, 71–73, 173
men competing for, 88–89
mortality rates, 239, 239
as multiple wives of one man, 174–75
verbal skills of women vs. men, 157–62, 157n
vocational interests, 157–62, 157n, 160n
Wood, Brian, 187, 187–88
Wood, John, 27
world peace, 186–209
attitudes toward safety, 190–91
baboon leaders vs., 182
health and modern medicine, 187, 187–89, 188
hypersensitivity to cheaters vs., 203–5
and industrialized countries, 191
intergroup cooperation, 199
relativity and intergroup relations, 199–205
violence abatement, 186–87, 189–90, 191
xenophobia and symbolic prejudice vs., 192–99, 198, 207
See also happiness
Wrangham, Richard, 44, 196–97
xenophobia and symbolic prejudice, 192–99, 198, 207
Yanomamö tribe in Amazon basin, 172–74
club fights, 173
YouTube, 151–53
zebras, 3–4, 258
zero-sum game, 78–79, 78n, 100–101
Zimbabwe, 164–65