The Decennium border at Knoll Gardens is at its most resplendent in September and October.
Rushes are round, sedges have edges and grasses have nodes from the top to the ground.
—from an oft-quoted ditty
AMONG THE GRASSES and grass-like plants described here, you will find choices that are ornamental, as well as some with biodiversity value, others that play a part in erosion control, and quite a few with all of these traits. With more than ten thousand different species of grasses existing today, as well as over three thousand species of sedges alone—not to mention many other allied species and innumerable garden selections—it would have been impossible to include all of them. Instead, I describe a carefully chosen and wide-ranging selection of plants that, in some way or another, bring value to the garden.
You can simply browse this Directory for something eye-catching, or look up a specific plant that has caught your interest in the past. In each entry, I have tried to shed light on whether a given plant is likely to thrive in your garden and how you might use it to best effect.
When choosing a grass, it is useful to understand how it will ‘behave’ in the garden. From a gardener’s perspective, grasses and grass-like plants can be categorized according to how they spread. There are those whose roots form effectively stationary clumps, and others whose roots travel or otherwise spread through the soil. Finally, there are the annual grasses that reproduce exclusively from seed.
CLUMP-FORMERS The clump-formers, also known as bunch grasses, generally have the best garden manners in that their fibrous root systems produce relatively tight clumps of stems that will never stray very far from the original planting position. Over a period of time these clumps can attain significant size, sometimes eventually dying out in the congested centre as sometimes happens with pampas and Miscanthus, but they can be rejuvenated by lifting and dividing whenever necessary almost ad infinitum.
RUNNERS The runners are those whose roots move through the soil away from the original planting position, frequently with the ability to cover large areas of ground over a short period of time. These root systems are a successful adaptation for grasses like the marram grass, so often seen on sandy beaches where the ability to move around is advantageous. Grasses with these continually questing roots can more easily outstay their welcome in the relatively controlled conditions of a garden; however, for applications such as lawns and green roofs, where a close carpet of growth is required, having a mobile and self-renewing root system becomes a distinct advantage.
A fibrous root system leads to clump-forming plants like this miscanthus. Clump-formers make ideal garden plants, as while they may gain considerable size and width, they never stray far from their original planting position.
Grasses with running root systems, such as the common reed, can become a nuisance under the controlled conditions of a garden or border—but they are ideal for use in lawns and green roofs and for erosion control, where their wandering roots help to stabilize soils and sands.
Some plants that are widely regarded as being clump-forming technically have spreading roots, but spread so comparatively slowly so that from a horticultural standpoint they can usually be regarded as clump-formers. For example, most miscanthus are regarded as clump-forming, but Miscanthus sacchariflorus has the ability to spread, though in most climates it makes only moderately spreading patches which, to a gardener’s eyes, can be seen as rather large clumps. It is only in warmer climates that this spreading ability becomes more pronounced.
SEEDERS Like most other plants, grasses will seed given the right conditions. However it is really the annuals and ephemerals (those with lifespans of under one year) that make up this third group: the seeders.
By definition, an annual must set seed to survive; the more copious the seed produced, the better the chances of success. Such free-seeding annuals can outstay their welcome in the garden and should be introduced with appropriate caution. Some, like Setaria macrostachya, are light and delicate despite producing copious seedlings and, with timely editing, will not necessarily upset the balance with other plants, at least in cooler areas.
Across most of the plant world, the terms ‘warm-season growers’ and ‘cool-season growers’ are used to describe basic technical differences between how plants obtain their energy. Complicated in detail, these differences can be important from a gardener’s point of view in that warm-season grasses such as Arundo, Eragrostis, Miscanthus and Pennisetum are at their best in warm conditions. They tend to start into growth relatively late in the season and are capable of doing so speedily when soil conditions and air temperatures are warm and to their liking. Contrastingly, cool-season grasses such as Calamagrostis, Festuca, Milium and Stipa fare better at cooler temperatures, will start into growth much earlier in the spring and are frequently at their best when conditions are moister, usually in late winter to spring.
In nature plants are mostly adapted to specific conditions such as sun or shade, wet or dry, and this general advice is given in the descriptions. This tendency to adapt, however, is a constantly evolving, dynamic process and in practice most plants have a range of tolerances that the gardener can use to advantage. For example, Carex secta is happy in sun and under wet conditions, where it makes a magnificent dark green mound. But under much drier conditions in some shade it can still perform satisfactorily, though perhaps not as exuberantly. As with all living things, experimentation is key to success.
A plant’s tolerances extend to its ability to cope with widely differing temperature regimes. In the following entries, Hardiness Zones are given as a guide as to how a plant may perform. Zone numbers refer to the lowest cold-hardiness zone in which the plant is likely to survive.
Local weather conditions, soils, and microclimate are all likely to have a substantial impact on a plant’s hardiness and due weight must be given to these other factors when evaluating whether a plant is likely to be hardy in your garden. For more information on Hardiness Zones, and to calculate your Zone based on your area’s minimum temperature, please refer to page 257.
The maximum heights given in these descriptions refer to the ultimate statures generally achievable under average-to-good conditions. This height includes the flowers, which typically make up a significant part of a grass’s overall height. For example, Stipa gigantea is listed as being up to 2.4 m (8 ft.) tall when in full flower, although the basal foliage itself is less than half that height.
In poor conditions or where a plant is at the edge of its tolerances, this maximum height might be reduced by up to one third. Maximum heights are approximate; the height that a specific plant will achieve depends on the specific conditions in the garden.
When planning the garden, the distance that should be left between plants can vary quite significantly depending on the size and vigour of the plants themselves, the soil conditions and the desired effect. For suggestions on planting densities, please turn to page 260.
As with any other diverse group, grasses’ lifespans vary tremendously. They range from the annuals, which last a season, through short-lived perennials that can be expected to live anywhere from two to five years, to the long-haul perennial grasses that live for ten years and often much longer.
The naming of plants, or plant nomenclature, is an often complex and confusing subject that is well beyond the scope of this book. Modern identification techniques are providing results that can challenge long-held traditional views, with taxonomists suggesting a plethora of name changes that are not always welcome to the gardener unconcerned with the background science. My approach to naming plants, in this Directory and throughout the book, is purely intended to match plants with widely accepted names and should not be taken as an opinion on the botanical validity of those names used.
If a plant’s scientific name appears to be missing from this alphabetical listing, it may be because the name has been changed by taxonomists. To find the current name, look up the ‘missing’ name in the Index. Cultivar names are enclosed by single quotation marks and any synonyms for cultivars follow the current name and are enclosed in parentheses. Unless otherwise indicated, cultivars can be assumed to share the approximate maximum height and frost-hardiness of the species under which they are classified.
Achnatherum
NEEDLE GRASS, SPIKE GRASS
Originally classified under Stipa, these cool-season deciduous ornamental grasses are clump forming. Achnatherum species take their common name from the needle-like characteristics of their flowers.
Achnatherum calamagrostis
SILVER SPEAR GRASS
Formerly well-known as Stipa calamagrostis, this long-established grass is deservedly popular for its dense clumps of bright green foliage that host numerous subtly arching stems weighted by freely produced needle-like flowers to create a wonderfully light and feathery appearance. Compact in habit and very useful at the front of border plantings or as a low informal hedge as well as in drifts and larger masses where it excels. Very tolerant of drought, sunshine and poor soils but less happy under warm, humid conditions. Dislikes being crowded by other plants. From Europe. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z5.
‘Lemperg’. A little more compact but with the same free-flowering nature.
Achnatherum coronatum
syn Stipa coronata
GIANT NEEDLE GRASS
Of limited range, this dramatic species prefers sun-baked, dry, gravelly soils and produces tall upward-pointing flower stems from tight clumps during spring. From California and Mexico. To 1.8 m (6 ft.). Z7.
Achnatherum calamagrostis
Achnatherum extremiorientale
syn Stipa extremiorientale
EASTERN NEEDLE GRASS
An unassuming choice, with tall, light, airy panicles coming from clumps of mid-green leaves. Prefers not-too-dry soils in sun or light shade. From China, Japan and Siberia. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z5.
Achnatherum hymenoides
syn Oryzopsis hymenoides
INDIAN RICE GRASS, SILKY GRASS
An early food crop throughout the western United States where it is palatable to livestock, this clump-forming plant produces fine-textured airy flowers with moisture quickly drying to make a silky-looking rounded silhouette. Very sun- and drought-tolerant, disliking too much moisture under garden conditions. From North America. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z5.
Acorus
SWEET FLAG
Although not botanically true grass, this useful group of grass-like evergreens has narrow iris-like evergreen foliage that is slowly spreading, tough and long lived. Acorus calamus, the sweet flag, is even more iris-like; Acorus gramineus is the most widely used in gardens.
Acorus gramineus
Produces compact, tightly formed clumps of evergeen foliage that can slowly attain more bulk over time. Found in damp to wet waterside conditions, this small species has given rise to many cultivars usually distinguished primarily by leaf colouration. From Japan, India and China. To 30 cm (1 ft.). Z5–7.
‘Ogon’. The most widespread cultivar, with bright gold-, yellow-, green- and even cream-striped leaves forming typical slowly spreading mounds. Leaf colouration can vary markedly, due perhaps to differing seasonal or even cultural conditions, leading to speculation as to whether the form now commonly grown is in fact the original correctly named plant. Regardless, ‘Ogon’ is reliable for damp areas but will also survive happily under drier conditions such as in containers.
‘Variegatus’. Slow-growing but attractive, with creamy white and grey-green narrow evergreen foliage that can be slightly pendulous towards the tips.
Agrostis
BENT GRASS
A genus of widely occurring and diverse cool-season deciduous grasses, Agrostis contains more than two hundred annual and perennial species, some being used as components of lawn grass. Originates from a widespread area, especially northern-hemisphere temperate climates.
Acorus gramineus ‘Variegatus’
Agrostis nebulosa
syn Agrostis capillaris
CLOUD GRASS
A pretty annual with an apt common name. Covers itself in the most delicate, airy flowerheads. Like most annuals, it is quick growing and prefers generally open sunny conditions. Re-sows if happy. From Spain, Morocco and Portugal. To 30 cm (1 ft.). Z5–7.
Alopecurus
FOXTAIL
Alopecurus consists of cool-season deciduous grasses, both annuals and perennials. Not of major importance in gardens, foxtails are mostly a constituent of pasture and other grassy areas. The common name refers to the cylindrical flowerheads produced early in the season.
Alopecurus pratensis ‘Variegatus’
GOLDEN MEADOW FOXTAIL
Although naturalized over large areas of North America, the species is most commonly seen in this attractive golden-foliaged form, which is brightest at flowering time and in full sun. Old growth can be cut back to encourage fresh growth after flowering ends. From Eurasia. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z4.
Ammophila
MARRAM, BEACH GRASS, DUNE GRASS
Confined to coastal sand dunes, these salt-tolerant, warm-season deciduous beach grasses have highly adapted fast-moving root systems that have made them essential elements in the control and stabilization of sand dunes. Successfully used in restoration and erosion control schemes where the European species has been used outside of its own natural range, it has been found to outcompete and displace native beach grasses.
Ammophila arenaria
MARRAM, EUROPEAN BEACH GRASS
A coast-hugging species whose rapidly spreading, aggressive nature makes it excellent for stabilizing sand dunes. Has tough grey-green foliage and strongly upright buff flowerheads. Often seen in association with Leymus from which it can be differentiated by its smaller leaves and distinct clumping appearance. From Europe and North Africa. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z5.
Ammophila breviligulata
AMERICAN BEACH GRASS A cousin to the European dune grass—and similar in many respects, being an essential stabilizer on coastal sand dunes. Several selections such as ‘Cape’ and ‘Hattersas’ have been made for their regionally adapted qualities. From coastal eastern U.S. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z5.
Ampelodesmos
Ampelodesmos consists of a single species of clump-forming, warm-season evergreen grass whose foliage superficially resembles that of pampas grass. Once used for tying vines.
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus
VINE REED, ROPE GRASS
Imposing mounds of tough evergreen foliage support tall pale stems of striking one-sided drooping flowerheads, creating a distinctive outline in the best forms, which can vary considerably as most production is from seed. Requires a sunny well-drained position to do well. From North Africa and mediterranean Europe. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z7–8.
Andropogon
BEARDGRASS
A large and wide-ranging group including some of the best-known and most numerous prairie grasses, all warm-season deciduous. A much smaller number of cultivated species are valuable clump-forming garden plants, generally upright in habit with stems and leaves offering a wide selection of warm oranges, cinnamons and reds especially during autumn. Originates from tropical and temperate climates.
Andropogon gerardii
BIG BLUESTEM, TURKEY FOOT
‘Turkey foot’ describes the shape of the often ‘three-toed’ flowers appearing atop the elegant tall stems in a range of subtle colours ranging from green to almost blue—perhaps the plant’s strongest feature, especially when used in large groups and in association with other perennials. The tallest and perhaps most distinctive of prairie grasses, A. g. has produced many noteworthy cultivars that accentuate its vertical habit and ability to provide spectacular autumnal pageants of colour. Long-lived, tough and hardy in wet to dry soils. Requires open sunny conditions for best performance. Under garden conditions, too rich a soil or shade will incline the plants towards toppling, just as they should be at their best. From North America, including Mexico. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z3.
‘Lord Snowden’s Big Blue’. An especially upright selection that combines possibly the tallest and bluest of stems and leaves though still offering purple hues during cooler autumn days.
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Andropogon gerardii. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
‘New Wave’. A striking selection from seed, with strong reddish stems that are distinctly upright, holding the flowers quite clear of purple-tinged clumps of green foliage. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
Andropogon glomeratus
syn Andropogon virginicus var. abbreviatus.
BUSHY BEARDGRASS
Naturally occurs in wet places like marshes and bogs, with relatively short though still upright flower stems that are noticeably fluffy when in seed. The stiff stems of A. g. var. scabriglumis are a little taller; limited to warmer areas, it is not quite as hardy. Both make excellent garden plants, especially in prairie or meadow plantings, preferring full sun. From North America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z5.
Andropogon virginicus
BROOMSEDGE
Tough and adaptable, occurring over a wide area and under greatly differing soil conditions. Especially valuable when used en masse such as in meadows where its bright autumnal and winter colourations, ranging from almost bright orange to dull copper, create the most striking of effects. At its best in poor soils and full sun. From North America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z3.
Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus
CHALKY BLUESTEM
Less cold-hardy but more heat tolerant than A. v., this geographically limited variety is distinct for its glaucous blue summer foliage that has given rise to several cultivars with more intense blue colourations. Especially useful in drought-prone areas in full sun. From the southern U.S. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z7.
Anemanthele
Native to both North and South Islands of New Zealand from hilltop to sea level, this genus comprises just one species of ornamental cool-season evergreen grass—long known to gardeners as Stipa arundinacea.
Anemanthele lessoniana
syn Stipa arundinacea, Oryzopsis lessoniana.
PHEASANT TAIL, WIND GRASS
A most graceful and useful clump-forming evergreen that happily tolerates a range of conditions from full sun to fairly deep shade with apparent equanimity, even surviving under the canopy of established trees in the driest of conditions. Happy also in most soils except wet, this is one of the very few true grasses to accept such wide-ranging sunlight levels and as a result is much valued by gardeners, especially for dry shade. Forming extremely graceful mounds of leaves gently cascading from a central tight clump that does not split easily, the leaves follow a constantly changing pattern of greens, tans, oranges and reds, though in deepest shade they tend to remain green. Easy to establish. Masses of tiny pinkish red flowers on lax stems are produced profusely enough to cover the plant in a gauzy cascade of pink. Will re-seed but does not appear to be ecologically invasive. To 75 cm (2½ft.). Z8.
‘Gold Hue’. A seldom-seen selected form, displaying a lighter yellowy gold foliage colour for a much longer period of time.
Aristida
THREE AWN
A very large and wide-ranging group of warm-season deciduous, mostly clump-forming bunch grasses, often a major constituent of dry grasslands such as savannah in North America, Africa, Asia and Australasia.
Aristida purpurea
PURPLE THREE AWN
A common element of Californian dry grasslands, named for its flowers which are produced in some profusion over a long period. Can provide a vivid sense of drama when used in sufficient quantities such as in a meadow planting or large drifts. Bright green bunches of leaves support the flowers for the earlier part of the year with stems, leaves and flowers all gradually drying and bleaching during dry summers, though in coastal areas it may stay active all season. Re-seeds easily under the right conditions. Tolerates a wide variety of soils though mostly dry and always requiring full sun. From the southern U.S. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z6.
Arrhenatherum
OAT GRASS
Includes four species of cool-season deciduous grasses inclined towards weediness.
Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. bulbosum ‘Variegatum’
ONION COUCH
A seldom-encountered older cultivar that forms neat mounds of white-and-darker-green-striped leaves with the white predominant enough to give an almost-white appearance overall. Best in cool areas, the foliage can appear shabby at times though cutting back the old growth will stimulate a fresh crop of brighter coloured leaves. Plant in an open sunny position for best effect, though in warmer climates some shade may return best results. From Africa, Asia and Eurasia. To 45 cm (1½ft.). Z4.
Arundo
REED
Only three species comprise this small but well-known group of warm-season semi-evergreen grasses. All have a running rootstock and can be mistaken for bamboos at a casual glance.
Anemanthele lessoniana
Arundo donax
GIANT REED
Despite having naturalized over a wide area, especially in warmer climates where there is sufficient moisture to fuel its phenomenal rate of growth and sunlight to allow it to set fertile seed, the giant reed remains a valuable garden plant in areas where its vigour is at least partially restrained by climatic conditions. Tall, strongly upright stems and long grey-green leaves tapering to a point make it the biggest grass, reaching around 5 m (15 ft.) in warm areas where it remains evergreen. In cooler climates the stems and leaves become so bedraggled after winter that it is best cut to ground level when it can still reach heights of 3–4 m (10–14 ft.) in a single season. Not picky about soil conditions, it will tolerate various levels of drought and moisture and while aggressively colonizing in the warmest areas is content to make slowly spreading, though still large, clumps in colder areas. Always prefers sun. From Africa, Asia and Eurasia. Z6.
‘Golden Chain’. A golden-variegated form with the same striking patterns as ‘Versicolor’ but with a less robust growth rate and even less cold-hardy. Needs sun and shelter. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z8.
‘Macrophylla’. An excellent garden form that has wider and greyer leaves, and thicker stems that are almost vertical and not nearly so tall. As hardy as the species. To 2.7 m (9 ft.).
‘Versicolor’ (‘Variegata’). Possibly among the most beautiful of variegated plants, with large wide leaves and stout stems all strikingly striped in creamy white and green and occasionally marbled with many shades of pink. Noticeably less hardy than the type, it will need some protection over winter in colder areas. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z8.
Arundo donax ‘Versicolor’
Arundo formosana
TAIWAN GRASS
Smaller in all parts than the giant reed, this downsized version has a daintiness absent from the species. Forms tighter clumps than A. donax, with more regularly produced pink-suffused blooms. Not overly fussy about soil, but requires sun. From Asia. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z6.
‘Green Fountain’. A selection from China with a more rounded form.
‘Oriental Gold’. Very distinctive with bright green-and-yellow-striped foliage. Occasionally produces bright pink flowers.
Arundo plinii
syn Arundo pliniana
Arguably has less ornamental value than A. formosana, being noticeably shorter, strongly spreading and with sharply pointed leaves. Produces flowers only in areas with a long growing season and widely regarded as not very cold-hardy in garden situations. From Africa, Asia and Eurasia. To 2.1 m (7 ft.). Z6.
Austrostipa
AUSTRALIAN FEATHERGRASS
Until recently the group of semi-evergreen grasses comprising Austrostipa were regarded as members of Stipa. The separate genus identifies those native to Australia and New Zealand.
Austrostipa elegantissima
syn Stipa elegantissima
FEATHER SPEARGRASS
Extremely delicate-looking airy panicles of flower, drying silver, gradually accumulate on the plant. Leaves are sparse and often inrolled. Needs sun and well-drained soils. Can be grown as a semi-trailing pot specimen in colder climates. From Australasia. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z8.
Austrostipa ramosissima
syn Stipa ramosissima
PILLAR OF SMOKE, PLUME GRASS
Called ‘pillar of smoke’ for its masses of delicate airy inflorescences that are produced over long periods from upright pillars of stems and light green foliage. Prefers sunny open sites with some soil moisture in its native range and will adapt to drier conditions and even tolerate some shade in warmer climates. From Australasia. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z8.
Baumea
TWIG RUSH
This small group of semi-aquatic and marginal sedges are warm-season evergreen plants.
Austrostipa elegantissima. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Baumea rubiginosa
syn Machaerina rubiginosa
SOFT TWIG RUSH
Gradually spreading clumps of upright rush-like foliage are easily contained in gardens when used in boggy areas or water features and can be grown successfully in tubs and containers in colder areas. The selected form B. rubiginosa ‘Variegata’ has bright yellow stripes along one edge. Prefers sunny, damp areas. From Australasia. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z7.
Bothriochloa
BEARDGRASS
The perennial warm-season deciduous grasses in this relatively small group are often used in agriculture and include some species with distinctive ornamental value. Widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas.
Bothriochloa bladhii. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Bothriochloa barbinodis
syn Andropogon barbinodis
SILVER BEARDGRASS
A highly attractive bunch grass producing slender flower stalks topped with initially slender silvery white flowers that gradually dry and open with age. Prefers an open position and is reasonably drought tolerant. The relatively tall stems can be lax; planting in groups and drifts largely overcomes this tendency. From the southern U.S. to Mexico. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z7.
Bothriochloa bladhii
syn Bothriochloa caucasica
BEARDGRASS
Distinctly delicate-looking, forming clumps of narrow light green foliage which can turn quite deep red autumnal colours. Flower spikes consist of widely spaced good silvery red flowers creating a light and airy effect. Needs full sun and well-drained warm soils. From Asia and Africa. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z7.
Bouteloua
GRAMA GRASS
A dry-loving group of annual and perennial warm-season semi-evergreen to deciduous grasses, many important for forage, present in both North and South America in open grasslands including short grass prairie.
Bouteloua curtipendula
SIDE OATS GRAMA
Relatively erect and distinct-looking, with noticeably one-sided flowers, initially purplish and coming from generally upright stems. Can also have purplish maroon-tinted leaves. In cooler temperatures, it will need full sun. Extremely drought-tolerant. From North and South America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z4.
Bouteloua gracilis
BLUE GRAMA, MOSQUITO GRASS
Daintier than side oats, with maroon-purple flowers, gradually curling with age, arranged at right angles to the stem. When planted in quantity the effect is almost magical. Tolerates a wide range of conditions, always prefers sun and may stay evergreen with sufficient moisture. Tough and adaptable, it is a successful lawn substitute that can be mown to a height of a few inches or left as an effective unmown meadow. From the southern U.S. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z3.
Briza
QUAKING GRASS
A genus of annual and perennial, temperate, cool-season semi-evergreen grasses grown principally for their spikelets of heart-shaped flowers. The annual B. maxima, with the largest flowers, is commonly grown but often regarded as a weed in gardens due to its generous production of viable seed.
Briza media
QUAKING GRASS, PEARL GRASS, RATTLE GRASS, TOTTER GRASS
Late spring sees the arrival of dainty spikelets of this easygoing clump-forming grass. Tolerates a wide range of soils from wet heavy clay to light dry sand, but prefers reasonably sunny open conditions. Frequently found in meadows and easily adapts to garden use; when massed, it re-creates the meadow feel. Flowers are purple at first, dancing in the slightest breeze. Once dried, they rustle and rattle with the wind but do not generally persist through the winter period. If cut down early enough in the season, they can re-shoot with a second flush of leaves and sometimes flower. From Eurasia. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z4.
‘Golden Bee’. A recent selection, perhaps a little more compact than the species, with flowerheads of a distinctive golden hue as they mature. To 60 cm (2 ft.).
‘Limouzi’. With blue-green foliage, this selection is perhaps slightly slower to flower than other quaking grasses.
‘Russells’. A pretty variegated form with white-and-green-striped foliage that can be tinged pink at cooler temperatures. This colouring extends to the flower stem, making an attractive overall ensemble. Sets viable seed that reverts to the species.
Bouteloua gracilis
Briza media. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Briza media ‘Golden Bee’
Briza media ‘Russells’
Bromus
BROME
Admittedly of limited ornamental value in gardens, these cool-season deciduous grasses have individually attractive flowers. Widely distributed in northern-hemisphere temperate regions.
Bromus inermis
SMOOTH BROOM
Of European origin, though now naturalized in the United States through its use as a hay and fodder crop, this species is usually represented in gardens by B. inermis ‘Skinner’s Gold’. Preferring sun or light shade, this cultivar has bright-yellow-striped foliage early in the cooler parts of the year, though faltering with increasing summer heat. Cutting back the old leaves once they fade can stimulate a fresh crop of better-coloured foliage. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z4.
Calamagrostis
REED GRASS
The large and diverse number of cool-season deciduous grasses in this group are distinguished by their usually upright, sometimes feather-like flowers that prefer generally moist to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Widely distributed in northern temperate Eurasia, the U.K. and North America.
Calamagrostis ×acutiflora
FEATHER REED GRASS
A naturally occurring if seldom seen hybrid between C. epigejos and C. arundinacea, mostly represented by C. ×acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’, named after the famous German nurseryman. Tough and adaptable, most forms prefer open positions and will tolerate a wide range of soil moisture except very dry. Z4.
‘Avalanche’. Has clear wide white bands down the centre of each leaf and makes healthy mounds of foliage which are topped by silvery tan plumes on strongly vertical stems. Will tolerate light shade. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Eldorado’. Slightly less hardy than the type, with bright golden-yellow-and-green-striped leaves. Will take light shade. Flowers are perhaps less upright than other forms. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Karl Foerster’ (‘Stricta’). One of the most popular and easily recognizable of grasses, with tall, firmly upright narrow flower stems that are unremarkable individually but are packed together in such numbers on established plants that they are unmissable. Most effective when planted in drifts or masses where it provides a startling vertical accent. Also effective as an informal hedge or screen. Fresh green growth starts early in the season with initially green flower stems arising from vigorous mounds around midseason with dark purple flowers gradually turning the trademark beige from high summer onwards. Stems are brought to the ground by heavy rainfall, only to spring up again in dry weather. Being virtually sterile, it is a wise choice for large-scale plantings with little risk to surrounding sensitive natural areas. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Overdam’. From the excellent Danish nursery of the same name, this cultivar has bright mounds of green-and-white-striped leaves setting off pinkish feathery plumes of flower. Best colour in cooler climates. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
Calamagrostis brachytricha
syn Calamagrostis arundinacea var. brachytricha
KOREAN FEATHER REED GRASS
From mounds of strong green foliage come large upward-pointing arrow-like heads of flowers, initially purple-tinted before quickly fading to a striking buff and beige. Distinctive as an accent in the border or as a drift planting. Generally unfussy about soil type, in its native range it prefers some moisture, whether in sun or the light shade of the woodland edge. Too much shade or too-dry soil can cause flopping later in the season. Will self-sow under moist conditions to a small extent. From Asia. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z4.
Calamagrostis ×acutiflora ‘Avalanche’
Calamagrostis ×acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’
Calamagrostis emodensis
CHINESE REED GRASS
With soft-textured bluish green leaves and gently nodding heads of feathery flowers, C. emodensis is very pretty if short-lived as a plant. Can slowly spread from its original position. Plant in sunny, well-drained soils for best hardiness. From China. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z8.
Calamagrostis epigejos
FEATHER REED GRASS
A variable and strongly spreading species forming thick matts of upright stems topped by usually curving flower spikes. Self-sows readily and is ideal for erosion control or for covering large areas. Will tolerate sun or shade and most soils, though prefers some moisture. From Europe, the U.K. and Asia. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z5.
Calamagrostis foliosa
MENDOCINO REED GRASS
Gentle mounds of soft blue-green foliage occasionally streaked purplish red make this geographically limited species quietly attractive, especially when covered with spring-blooming flowers that accentuate the rounded habit on mature specimens. Tolerant of sea spray and winds; a good choice for gardens exposed to coastal conditions. Happy in light shade or full sun with enough moisture. Does not respond to being cut back, and will require dividing every few years to maintain vigour. From California. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z8.
Calamagrostis brachytricha
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
PACIFIC REED GRASS
Coarse arching green leaves form healthy clumps, from which come upright to slightly pendulous flower stems during spring that persist for some time. Semi-evergreen in mild locations. Found in grasslands, swales and open woodland under moist conditions and will adapt to either shade or sun with enough soil moisture. From the North American Pacific Coast. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z7.
Calamagrostis varia
REED GRASS
Slowly spreading roots can make large tussocks of foliage that support upright flower stems and initially deep reddish purple flowers in early summer. Found in open woodlands and higher grasslands; in gardens, prefers sun but can tolerate light shade. From Europe. To 1.2 cm (4 ft.). Z5.
Calamagrostis varia
Carex
SEDGE
Carex is a genus of mostly evergreen grass-like plants: not in fact true grasses, but members of the huge sedge family which includes several thousand species and almost innumerable cultivars. Clump-forming or rapidly running, and capable of adapting to a variety of soil types and climatic conditions as wide as the species are numerous, sedges have become a major part of the gardener’s plant palette. Often naturally occurring in moist soils in sun or shade, the ability of many to withstand drought and dry shade is invaluable. Clump-forming types offer foliage in myriad hues with flowers mostly (though not exclusively) of secondary consideration. Running types are especially valuable for tough applications such as erosion control, lawn replacement and green roofs. Widely distributed in temperate areas.
‘Silver Sceptre’. Compact and neatly variegated with broad, creamy white margins, the silver sceptre sedge is an excellent garden plant, tolerating wide-ranging conditions from sun to shade and wet to dry. Of uncertain origin in Japan. To 25 cm (10 in.). Z8.
Carex alba
WHITE SEDGE
Gradually spreading, finely textured mounds of bright green foliage make quietly attractive ground cover in conditions from full sun to damp shade. From Europe. To 30 cm (1 ft.). Z5.
Carex albicans
WHITETINGE SEDGE
Tough, low-growing and shade-tolerant, this finely leaved clump-forming semi-evergreen sedge is a sensible choice for woodland areas. From North America. To 20 cm (8 in.). Z4.
Carex arenaria
SAND SEDGE
Found on stabilized sand dunes, this sedge has dark green leaves and is distinctive for the often noticeably straight lines created by its far-reaching running habit. Prefers sunny sandy soils. From Europe and the U.K. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z4.
Carex berggrenii
NUTBROWN SEDGE
With low-growing, gradually spreading clumps of reddish brown leaves. Happy in sun but soil should not be too dry. From New Zealand. To 10 cm (4 in.). Z5.
Carex ‘Silver Sceptre’. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Carex brunnea
BROWN SEDGE
A widely distributed clump-forming evergreen, usually represented in gardens by shorter-growing variegated cultivars. From Australia and Asia, especially China and Japan. Z8.
‘Jenneke’. Tidy mounds of narrow evergreen foliage, brightly striped greenish yellow to cream and green-edged. Best in sun or part shade if not too dry. To 40 cm (16 in.).
‘Variegata’. Has similar small mounds of evergreen foliage, but with green-centred creamy white edges. To 40 cm (16 in.).
Carex buchananii
LEATHERLEAF SEDGE
A striking, bright copper-bronze-foliaged plant forming tufted erect mounds with characteristically curled leaf tips. Looks stunning when contrasted well. Drought-tolerant. Comes easily from seed with minor variations, which have given rise to several seed strains such as ‘Red Rooster’ and ‘Viridis’. All can be comparatively short lived. From New Zealand. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z7.
Carex comans
HAIRY SEDGE
Possibly the most commonly grown brown-foliaged sedge, C. comans has given rise to several selections, all differing somewhat in foliage colouration, but broadly forming wider-than-high mounds of evergreen foliage and insignificant flowers. All brown-foliaged sedges can be relatively short lived (lasting three to five years), though timely division can rejuvenate established plants. Will re-seed if happy, allowing for the gradual replacement of older plants. Best in full sun and well-drained soils but will tolerate part shade. From New Zealand. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z7.
‘Bronze’. Probably an all-inclusive name for any of the darker forms of the species that come easily from seed.
‘Frosted Curls’. A really distinctive form, with pale silvery green foliage curling prettily towards the ground. Best in a sunny, open spot.
‘Milk Chocolate’. Has warm chocolate-brown leaves. Of uncertain origin.
Carex conica
HIME-KAN-SUGE
With glossy green leaves forming dense mounds of tufted foliage, C. conica is usually only seen in gardens in the variegated form. From Japan and Korea. Z5.
‘Snowline’ (‘Variegata’, ‘Marginata’). Very attractive, with slowly growing mounds of white-margined deep green leaves which can be relatively long lived. Happy in open sunny positions or light shade if not too dry. To 40 cm (16 in.).
Carex dipsacea
Forms evergreen clumps of dark bronzy olive-green foliage with almost-black flowerheads appearing from within the foliage. Best colour in full sun where not too dry. From New Zealand. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z7.
‘Dark Horse’. Has rather darker, more dramatically coloured foliage in many shades of dark green and olive. Prefers full sun and soil that is not too dry.
Carex divulsa
GREY SEDGE
Beautiful and adaptable, with long dark green leaves forming gracefully drooping mounds of evergreen foliage. Invaluable for garden and wider use. Dainty if individually unremarkable soft yellow flowers are produced in sufficient numbers to contrast with the foliage’s colour and form. Happy in sun or shade and dry to damp soils. From Eurasia and the U.K. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z4.
Carex elata
TUSSOCK SEDGE
Forms dense tussocks of grey-green leaves that slowly make larger stands in wet marginal places such as marshes and riversides. This tough species is not usually seen in gardens other than in its very popular golden-foliaged forms. From Eurasia and the U.K. Z5.
‘Aurea’. One of the most striking of all sedges during spring, when its bright golden leaves, variably striped light to dark green, are freely produced—upright at first, then gradually cascading outwards to the ground. The freely produced flowers are most attractive when seen close up, and can add considerably to the overall effect on a mature plant. Best in the early part of the year with enough moisture. Foliage will gradually crisp, especially if dry, though cutting back at this time can stimulate a fresh crop of less bright but still effective leaves. To 75 cm (2½ ft.).
‘Knightshayes’. A less robust form, named for the famous British garden, with leaves of pure gold. To 60 cm (2 ft.).
Carex flacca
CARNATION GRASS, GLAUCOUS SEDGE
The narrow, glaucous, blue, pointed foliage of this gradually spreading sedge resembles that of a garden carnation. Native to sand dunes and marshes, it is tough but attractive—a desirable ornamental, useful as a green roof plant. Occasional dainty purple-black flowers are sometimes numerous enough to be noticeable. Good in sun, drought or light shade. Various selections have been made. From Eurasia, the U.K. and North Africa. To 30 cm (1 ft.). Z4.
‘Blue Zinger’. A form with more intense blue to the foliage. Possibly a little taller.
Carex flagellifera
MOP HEAD SEDGE
A brown sedge similar in its generally rounded outline to C. comans and C. testacea, with a range of foliage colour that has led to several selections including ‘Toffee Twist’ and ‘Coca Cola’. Like other browns, it can be short lived and will seed where happy. Best in full sun and not-too-wet soils. From New Zealand. To 40 cm (16 in.). Z7.
Carex flava
YELLOW SEDGE
Has quietly attractive, subtle light greenish leaves, topped with unusual orange-brown flowers turning to spiky yellow seedheads later in the summer. Occurring naturally in marshes and wet woods, it will also tolerate quite dry conditions. From Eurasia and the U.K. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z5.
Carex morrowii
syn Carex fortunei
KAN SUGE
Easygoing, with gradually spreading mounds of evergreen leaves, it will tolerate a wide range of conditions and is usually seen in gardens as one of the following selected forms. From Japan. Z5.
‘Fisher’s Form’. Has very attractive, fresh-looking yellow-white and green foliage on compact rosette-forming plants. Equally happy in sun or light shade. To 30 cm (1 ft.).
‘Ice Dance’. A spreading form, but makes dense, easily controllable cover with bright green leaves narrowly margined pale creamy white. To 30 cm (1 ft.).
‘Silk Tassel’. Technically a cultivar of a markedly different subspecies C. m. var. temnolepis, this form has very narrow leaves with a refined variegation that is white-centred, green-edged and gives an overall impression of grey. Happy in sun or part shade. To 30 cm (1 ft.).
Carex elata ‘Aurea’
‘Variegata’. Encompasses most selections with variegated leaves that have been made over the past century. To 30 cm (1 ft.).
Carex muskingumensis
PALM SEDGE
Slowly increasing, long-lived clumps of architectural, semi-evergreen, narrow light green leaves taper to a point, topped with brown pompom-like flowerheads during summer. From wetter areas, but tolerates quite dry soils in sun or part shade. From North America. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z4.
‘Ice Fountains’. Distinctive, with bright white and dark green leaves.
‘Little Midge’. A lovely and genuinely dwarf selection, similar in most respects to the species except smaller in all its parts. Perfectly formed to 15 cm (6 in.).
‘Oehme’. Green-foliaged, with amazing narrowly yellow margins gradually appearing as the season progresses.
‘Silberstreif’. Slightly more compact, with attractive green-and-white-striped variegated foliage. Best in light shade. To 45 cm (1½ ft.).
Carex nigra
BLACK SEDGE
Found in bogs, waterways and marshy areas, this variable species can be clump forming or running, with foliage in various shades of glaucous green. Flowers are interesting, if unshowy. An excellent ground cover for wet areas, it has given rise to several cultivated forms. From Europe, the U.K. and coastal North America. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z5.
‘Online’. Forms slowly creeping mounds of grey-green foliage narrowly margined creamy yellow. To 45 cm (1½ft.).
‘Variegata’. Forms slowly spreading mounds of glaucous light-yellow-margined leaves. To 40 cm (16 in.).
Carex obnupta
SLOUGH SEDGE
Makes large clumps of tough, bright green, sharp-edged leaves. Can spread to cover large areas under suitable conditions, such as in wet soils or by the water’s edge. Has very attractive purplish black flowers. Best in sun or reasonable shade. From West Coastal U.S. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z7.
‘Golden Day’. A selection with entirely golden foliage. Less robust than the species. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
Carex oshimensis
OSHIMA KAN SUGE
A clump-forming, tough and hardy sedge often found in woodland areas in its natural range, and most commonly encountered in gardens in variegated forms. From Japan. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z5–6.
Carex obnupta ‘Golden Day’
‘Evergold’ (‘Old Gold’, ‘Variegata’). Individual leaves are brightly variegated with creamy white to yellow centres and dark green marginal stripes, gradually forming gracefully cascading mounds. Happy in sun or shade in not-too-dry soils. To 40 cm (16 in.).
‘Gold Strike’. A variegated selection from Kurt Bluemel, with similar dark green margins and uniformly creamy yellow centres. To 40 cm (16 in.).
Carex panicea
CARNATION SEDGE
Similar to (and often confused with) carnation grass, C. flacca, this pretty sedge has blue-green foliage and dainty flowers. Tolerates a wide variety of conditions, from full sun to shade and wet to quite dry soils. From Eurasia and the U.K. To 30 cm (1 ft.). Z7–8.
Carex pansa
CALIFORNIA MEADOW SEDGE
This tough, spreading evergreen sedge is very similar to C. praegracilis—very adaptable, and frequently used in meadows and for lawn replacement and restoration projects throughout its widespread range. Happy in sun or some shade, in a wide variety of soil types and in most levels of moisture. From the western U.S. To 40 cm (16 in.). Z6.
Carex pendula
PENDULOUS SEDGE
Makes dense clumps of tough dark green pendulous foliage, from which emerge tall graceful flowering stems with drooping yellow catkin-like flowers. Can re-seed heavily. Tolerates a wide range of conditions, including sun or shade in wet or dry soils. Commonly encountered throughout its range. From Europe, the U.K., Asia and North Africa. To 1.8 m (6 ft.) in flower. Z7.
‘Moonraker’. Not often seen, with bright golden yellow young shoots and foliage that gradually returns to the usual green after the spring flush. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
Carex pensylvanica
PENNSYLVANIA SEDGE
Mostly evergreen, spreading and variable, this widespread species can be found covering large areas with an even, lawn-like sward under trees or in more open conditions. Very drought- and shade-tolerant but will not withstand regular foot traffic. Can be winter-dormant in coldest areas. From eastern North America. To 20 cm (8 in.). Z4.
Carex phyllocephala
CHINESE PALM SEDGE
This unusual species is not often cultivated in gardens, though it is seen in a variegated form. From China. Z7–8.
‘Sparkler’. This stunning sedge resembles a star bursting, with its cream, green and white foliage on tall, almost-cane-like stems that are often blotched deep maroon purple. Excellent in a container. Needs adequate moisture and often shelter to do well. To 60 cm (2 ft.).
Carex plantaginea
BROADLEAVED SEDGE
Clump-forming, with distinctive wide, pale green leaves, almost rosette-like. From open woodland in damp areas; can be evergreen, and needs moisture to be happy. From North America. To 40 cm (16 in.). Z5.
Carex praegracilis
WESTERN MEADOW SEDGE
One of the most adaptable sedges. Widespread in its natural range and slowly making its way from West to East Coast in North America, this strongly spreading species makes dense mats of almost-indestructible, usually evergreen foliage that may go summer- or winter-dormant depending on prevailing conditions. From coastal sand dunes to inland meadows, from wet to dry, its tough adaptability makes it a first choice for meadows, lawn replacement and green roofs. When cut on a regular basis it will produce a close sward of foliage that can be kept just a few inches tall. From western North America. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z5.
Carex remota
REMOTE SEDGE
Small tussocks of bright green leaves and short, widely spaced pale yellow flower spikes are found in shady, often moist areas and adapt to shade or sun. From Eurasia and the U.K. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z6.
Carex riparia
GREATER POND SEDGE
Found in slowly moving or still water and often forming very large drifts over time, this aggressively colonizing pond sedge is usually seen as a variegated form in gardens. Best in sun or light shade. Widespread in the northern hemisphere. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z6.
‘Variegata’. Gracefully arching leaves are boldly striped white and green. Shares the species’ running ability.
Carex secta
NEW ZEALAND TUSSOCK SEDGE
A beautiful evergreen sedge, with nicely coloured clumps of narrow bright green leaves, gradually forming fountains of gently arching foliage that is especially effective near open water. Can eventually form trunks from the old roots and leaf bases, increasing the height of the plant. Prefers sun and adequate moisture but will tolerate some shade if not too dry. From New Zealand. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z8.
Carex siderosticha
BROADLEAF SEDGE
Low, dense masses of slowly creeping wide green leaves make excellent durable cover even in dryer woodland conditions, though some sun and moisture are preferred. Has given rise to several mostly variegated forms. Deciduous in winter. From China and Japan. To 20 cm (8 in.). Z5.
‘Banana Boat’. Bold and attractive with dramatic yellow-centred variegation. Can lack the other forms’ vigour.
‘Variegata’. Occasionally pink-tinged, strongly marked white-striped leaves make this the most popular form in gardens. Tolerates relatively dry situations.
Carex solandri
NEW ZEALAND FOREST SEDGE
Broadly similar (but different in detail) to C. testacea, with lighter green foliage which assumes a variety of orange to brownish tints that alter with the seasons. Happy in light shade or sun, provided soil is not too dry. From New Zealand. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z7.
Carex spissa
SAN DIEGO SEDGE
A sedge with attitude. Large steely blue-grey, wide, toothed leaves with noticeable midribs are produced in stout clumps in sun or shady areas where there is sufficient moisture. Light brown flowers are freely produced in spring. Non invasive and drought-tolerant once established. From California and Mexico. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z7.
Carex stricta
TUSSOCK SEDGE
Forms dense tussocks of bright green foliage, often connected by underground runners that can make large stands in wetlands, marshes and wet woods. Freely produces yellow-brown arching flower stems. Can tolerate drier conditions. From the northeastern U.S. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z4.
Carex tenuiculmis
BROWN SEDGE
A graceful semi-arching open habit and distinctive chocolate-coloured foliage make this a useful addition to the brown range of sedges. Prefers sun or light shade and not-too-dry soils. From New Zealand. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z6.
‘Cappuccino’. Selected for its attractive, warm, milky-coffee-coloured foliage.
Carex testacea
ORANGE SEDGE
Deservedly one of the most popular sedges, forming striking loose clumps of attractive orange-green foliage that changes subtly throughout the seasons. The arching habit is even more pronounced in tall containers, where the tightly rounded dark seed-heads can hang well clear of even the extended evergreen foliage. Best colour in full sun. From New Zealand. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z6.
‘Old Gold’. Has more old gold colouration to its foliage.
Carex trifida
NEW ZEALAND BLUE SEDGE
One of the bigger sedges, with large keeled green leaves with glaucous undersides, most noticeable in sun. Unusual chunky flowerheads of light brown are especially striking in the early season. Prefers sun or light shade. Drought-tolerant, but dislikes cold areas. From New Zealand. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z8.
Carex tenuiculmis ‘Cappuccino’
Carex trifida. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
‘Rekohu Sunrise’. Striking, with attractive warm yellow, gold and grey-green variegated foliage. To 75 cm (2½ ft.).
Chasmanthium
WILD OAT
Growing happily in shady conditions, the warm-season deciduous perennial upright grasses that make up this small group are especially useful in gardens. Originally part of the genus Uniola.
Chasmanthium latifolium
WILD OAT SPANGLE GRASS
With wide, ribbon-like, bright green leaves on perky upright stems, this grass is happy in relatively dry shady conditions, though stems may be a little more lax than in more open conditions where foliage is a lighter green. Almost-flat spikes of nodding flowers are highly attractive and turn a procession of green to gold and browns, as does foliage as autumn approaches. Clump-forming and tolerant of clay soils and drought, it is versatile for use in many garden applications. Self-seeds in wetter conditions. From North America. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z5.
‘River Mist’. Has strongly creamy white variegated leaves, and perhaps a slightly more compact habit than the species. Happy in part shade. Seedlings will revert to green. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
Chasmanthium laxum
SLENDER WILD OAT
Clump-forming and taller than wild oat, with smaller flower spikes held clear of the leaves. Happy in light shade and not-too-dry soils. From North America. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z6.
Chionochloa
This small group of tussock-forming cool-season evergreen grasses is closely related to Cortaderia. Covering large areas of grassland in their native Australasia, they are seldom planted in significant number in gardens.
Chionochloa conspicua
PLUMED TUSSOCK GRASS
Often found near streamsides and other wet places, producing large, open, airy flower stems from relatively coarse and rough foliage. Prefers sun. From New Zealand. To 2.1 m (7 ft.). Z8.
Chionochloa flavicans
TUSSOCK GRASS
More common in gardens than C. conspicua, with tough evergreen foliage. Very long-lived and drought-tolerant. Distinctive light greenish yellow flowerheads are attractive when grown well. Happy in sun or light shade and not-too-dry soils. From New Zealand. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z8.
Chionochloa rubra
RED TUSSOCK GRASS
Grown for its wonderful warm, brassy brown to golden evergreen leaves that form mounds of gently arching foliage that moves in the slightest breeze. Happy in sun and drought-tolerant once established. From New Zealand. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z8.
Cortaderia
This group of warm-season evergreens includes the popular, and sometimes overused, pampas grass, as well as more than twenty different species that can offer flowers of amazingly airy gracefulness. All have tough and relatively coarse semi-evergreen leaves and make substantial clumps with age. Although tolerant of a wide range of garden conditions, nearly all perform best in sunny, open positions. While the pampas’ popularity has often led to inappropriate use, there is little doubting the blowsy magnificence of the individual flowers or the breathtaking effect of a well-grown plant in full bloom.
In October, the trial border at the RHS Garden Wisley showcases the wide variety of shapes and forms that pampas have to offer.
Cortaderia fulvida
syn Cortaderia conspicua
TUSSOCK GRASS
Often confused with C. richardii in gardens, this species is seldom seen. Blooms in midsummer, with delicate nodding heads of flower topping mounds of green leaves that are noticeably larger than those of C. richardii. Prefers some moisture and open conditions. From New Zealand. To 2.1 m (7 ft.). Z8.
Cortaderia jubata
PURPLE PAMPAS GRASS
A large and vigorous grass. Well-adapted to drier conditions, it has become an invasive weed in sensitive areas where it had been introduced as a cultivated plant. Large mounds of tough leaves and tall, thick stems support often-huge, fluffy flowers in all shades of pink and rose eventually fading to tan. Will re-seed in warm climates. Prefers sun or light shade. From South America. To 2.7 m (9 ft.). Z8.
‘Candy Floss’. An English seed-raised selection with large heads of flower in a particularily good shade of pink. Prefers sun.
Cortaderia richardii
TOETOE
Possibly the most graceful of all cortaderias, with relatively early, freely produced nodding brown to tan and beige flowers and gently pendulous long stems that fan outwards to create tall, airy fountains that are distinctive and beautiful. Leaves can be pale grey-green with distinct midribs, and form quite significant mounds over time. Versatile in its tolerance of wet to fairly dry soils and full sun or semi-shade. From New Zealand. To 2.7 m (9 ft.). Z8.
Cortaderia selloana
syn Cortaderia argentea
PAMPAS GRASS
A major constituent of the iconic South American grasslands (the pampas that inspired its common name). Most gardeners are only too familiar with the ability of its tough, sharp-edged leaves to cut skin. In late summer, stiff, robust, upright flower stems produce the often-huge feather-duster-like blooms that have made this grass such a widely used (and frequently misused) plant. Drought-tolerant and very adaptable, an ability to set copious seed makes it a serious weed in warm areas but poses no such problem in colder climates, where it is still a treasured garden plant and continues to give rise to cultivars—many compact or with variegated foliage, and frequently both. Most forms are happy in full sun to part shade and most soil types. From South America. Z6–8.
Cortaderia selloana ‘Evita’
‘Albolineata’ (‘Silver Stripe’). An old cultivar, with bright white-striped leaves. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Aureolineata’ (‘Gold Band’). With possibly the brightest deep yellow golden and green stripes. Of modest size, though occasional specimens can make large mounds. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Evita’. A recent selection, chiefly of interest for its very compact free-flowering habit. Mounds of typical green foliage are topped by very short-stemmed, large, fluffy white flowers from high summer onwards. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Monstrosa’. Of all C. s. forms, produces the largest flowers on the tallest stems. Not for very small gardens. To 3 m (10 ft.) or taller.
‘Patagonia’. A first-class introduction, with blue-grey leaves and pinkish plumes on compact plants. Noticeably resistant to cold temperatures. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Point du Raz’ (also known as. C. ‘Point du Raz’). With mid-green leaves edged creamy white and consequently a little slower in growth. Fairly free-flowering. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Pumila’. Arguably one of the best-performing selected forms of pampas, and certainly one of the hardiest, with many handsome heads of freely produced typical flowers in late summer. Good grey-green foliage. To 2.4 m (8 ft.).
‘Rendatleri’. The best-known purplish pink-flowered form of C. s. To 2.7 m (9 ft.).
‘Silver Comet’. With a white-striped variegated that is brighter, and perhaps better, than that of ‘Albolineata’. To 2.4 m (8 ft.).
‘Splendid Star’. A recently introduced dwarf pampas with gold-streaked green leaves topped with white flower plumes in late summer. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Sunningdale Silver’. The best-known selection among larger pampas. Can make massive fountain-like mounds of grey-green foliage from which arise numerous tall stately flower spikes at about 3 m (10 ft.).
Cortaderia toetoe
TOETOE
Only recently discovered on New Zealand’s North Island. Very similar to C. richardii, with which it shares many characteristics as well as its common name. To 2.7 m (9 ft.). Z8.
Cyperus
UMBRELLA SEDGE
Comprising hundreds of species widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas worldwide, this mostly evergreen group is second only to Carex as the most numerous in the family of sedges. From refined elegance to aggressive weed, umbrella sedges come in many shapes and sizes, though all prefer moisture and are happiest in full sun or light shade. As with any large and complex group of plants there is some confusion about accurate naming, and many of the more tropical species can be used as indoor plants.
Cyperus involucratus
syn Cyperus alternifolius
UMBRELLA PLANT
Easy to grow, and happy in full sun or light shade and moist soils to marginal conditions. Commonly found as a water garden specimen or as a house plant in colder areas. Shiny upright stems are topped with wide umbrella-like green bracts which support tiny yellowish flowers—a handsome feature. From Africa. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z8.
Cyperus longus
GALINGALE
Found in coastal marshes and wet areas, this attractive species has green stems supporting distinctive long-leaved ‘umbrellas’ which can make very architectural if spreading mounds in wet, sunny areas. From Asia, North Africa, Eurasia and the U.K. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z7.
Cyperus papyrus
EGYPTIAN PAPER REED, PAPYRUS
The source of original papyrus writing paper—and probably the most elegant and refined Cyperus species, with huge domed heads of narrow, threadlike green growths radiating from a central point. Mature specimens are studded with myriad tiny yellow flowers. Happy in warm areas, in open water or on the edge of a pond, and can make large, gently spreading clumps of tall evergreen stems. In colder areas it is often used as a specimen in ponds or containers in summer and overwintered at about 10°C (50°F). Native to the Nile River Delta. To 4.5 m (15 ft.). Z9.
Deschampsia
HAIR GRASS
This widely distributed group of clump-forming cool-season evergreen grasses includes some invaluable gardenworthy plants. Found in a variety of conditions from meadows to woodland and in wet to dry soils, all have freely produced, delicate-looking flowers that can obscure the foliage.
Deschampsia cespitosa
TUFTED HAIR GRASS
Preferring moist open areas from boggy meadows to edges of woodland, this adaptable grass forms usually-dark-green mounds of leaves that are completely obscured by billowing masses of cloudlike flowers, initially greenish yellow before gradually fading to a fine lace-like beige that stands virtually intact all winter. Excellent at the front of borders as a foil for other, more solid plants, or as informal hedges, and quite superb in drifts and for open grassland effects. Lives longest with some moisture and sun; may be rejuvenated by occasional dividing. Comes easily from seed—partially explaining why some established cultivars have become mixed in the trade. Seed-raised strains continue to be developed for use as low-resource-use turf grass. From temperate U.S., Asia, Eurasia and the U.K. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z6.
‘Bronzeschleier’. Chosen for its fresh-looking flowers, greenish bronze upon opening. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Goldtau’. A highly regarded, relatively compact form with possibly finer-textured flowers. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
Deschampsia cespitosa ‘Goldtau’
‘Northern Lights’. With compact mounds of occasionally pink-suffused leaves prettily striped creamy white and green. Can be comparatively short lived. To 45 cm (1½ ft.).
‘Schottland’. Robust, dark green clumps of foliage support relatively tall, sturdy flowers. An excellent selection, made in Scotland.
var. vivipara (‘Fairy’s Joke’). Uncommon but distinctive, producing live young plants on the flowers’ ends, which are weighted down in consequence. To 75 cm (2½ ft.).
Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. holciformis
PACIFIC HAIR GRASS
Often found on coastal bluffs or in open grasslands. Much more compact in all its parts than the species. Low-growing, with distinctive, more densely packed spikes of flower. For a range of soils; prefers sun. From the western U.S. To 40 cm (16 in.). Z7.
Deschampsia flexuosa
HAIR GRASS
A finer-textured and more drought-tolerant version of tufted hair grass, happier in drier situations including relatively dry shade. It is also more compact, though less often seen in gardens than its more robust cousin. Will seed where happy. From temperate North America, Eurasia and the U.K. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z6.
‘Aurea’ (‘Hohe Tatra’, ‘Tatra Gold’). Foliage on low-growing plants is golden yellow, with best colour in cooler areas. Can be weak and short-lived if not happy. Will come reasonably true from seed. To 40 cm (16 in.).
Desmoschoenus
SAND SEDGE
This genus comprises just one species—an evergreen grass-like sedge from New Zealand.
Desmoschoenus spiralis
GOLDEN SAND SEDGE
This New Zealand version of marram or dune grass has suffered a decline due to being outcompeted by the introduced European species. Tough yellow-green leaves arise from questing fibrous root systems that survive and help to stabilize coastal sand dunes throughout its native habitat, where restoration schemes are helping this species to make a comeback. From New Zealand. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z8.
Distichlis
SALT GRASS
This small group of tough warm-season semi-evergreen grasses tolerates many coastal situations, mostly in North and South America but also in Australasia.
Distichlis spicata
SALT GRASS
Tough and adaptable, salt grass copes with a variety of coastal as well as inland conditions from dry to distinctly moist, where its creeping habit allows it to make dense ground-hugging mats of spiky foliage. Useful for erosion control, in bioswales, and as a lawn replacement that will tolerate light foot traffic. Prefers open conditions. From North and South America. To 45 cm (1½ft.). Z4–7.
Elymus
WILD RYE, WHEATGRASS
Grown in gardens primarily for their attractive foliage ranging from soft, glaucous grey-green to strong, steely blue, this large group of mostly cool-season, largely perennial grasses can be either clumping or spreading. Found in a wide variety of mostly open habitats including coastal dunes, prairies and meadow; some may even be found in light woodland. The common name of wheatgrass refers to the flowerheads which are characteristically spiky and open with a strong resemblance to well-known cereal crops. Widely distributed in temperate areas.
Elymus canadensis
CANADA WILD RYE
Found widely throughout much of North America where it is happy in conditions ranging from moist streamsides to dry sandy soils. Relatively short-lived but fast-growing, this clump-former has rather coarse foliage ranging from glaucous green, topped with nodding rye-like flowers. Its ability to seed makes it well-placed for meadow or restoration work, but perhaps less so for garden situations. From North America. To 1.8 m (6 ft.). Z3.
Elymus elymoides
SQUIRREL TAIL
Adapted to a wide variety of different soil types from dry mountain to desert and grassland, always preferring sunny open positions. Its common name refers to the tight hordeum-like flowers that are often noticeably pinkish red. From North America, including Mexico. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z6–8.
Elymus hystrix
BOTTLEBRUSH GRASS
One of few true grasses that will happily tolerate reasonable levels of dry shade, though also happy in sun and even moist soils. From clumps of relatively coarse greenish foliage and stiff stems come very showy upright-pointing bottlebrush-like flowers in summer. Known by many gardeners by its synonym Hystrix patula, it has recently been transferred to Elymus as its ability to hybridize with other members of this group suggests a strong family tie. From North America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z3.
Elymus magellanicus
syn Agropyron Magellanicum
BLUE WHEATGRASS
Valued for its intense silvery blue clumps of slowly spreading semi-evergreen leaves that secure its reputation as one of the bluest of grasses. Dislikes high, humid night temperatures and requires sunny, well-drained soils. From South America. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z6.
Elymus solandri
syn Triticum solandri
WHEATGRASS
Rather wider than high, and with a slowly spreading habit, this interesting wheatgrass often has very blue foliage which is always at its best in full sun. Coming from well-drained but not too dry coastal rocky sites to higher mountain elevations, it is happy in similar garden situations and excellent in containers where it can develop its trailing habit. From New Zealand. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z7.
Eragrostis
LOVEGRASS
This very large group of more than three hundred annual and perennial species, often-warm-season deciduous grasses, are found in a variety of (usually) sunny areas worldwide. Those most commonly used in gardens are perennials that will seed under suitable conditions. Widely distributed in temperate to tropical areas.
Elymus hystrix. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Eragrostis chloromelas
syn Eragrostis curvula var. conferta
BOER LOVEGRASS
Although now classified by many botanists under the variable species E. curvula, this form is clearly identifiable in gardens by its attractive silvery glaucous blue foliage and by being noticeably less cold-tolerant than E. curvula. Happy in a reasonable range of soils, and drought-tolerant though always best in sun. Masses of delicately airy flowers give a gently cascading effect when in full bloom. Comes true from seed, so may be considered a strain. From Africa and Asia. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z7.
Eragrostis curvula
AFRICAN LOVEGRASS
A graceful species. Long used not just for ornamental purposes but also for stabilization and even forage, it has been widely introduced to different areas for those purposes. Well-behaved in cooler climates where it has proved more tough and hardy than its South African origin might suggest, it can seed aggressively, becoming a weed in warmer areas. Rounded tussocks of fine hair-like bright green leaves, highly ornamental in themselves, support many finely arching flower stems and delicate, airy flowerheads that can cover the foliage in a haze of light green fading to tan and beige. Useful in many gardens situations, always preferring sun. From South Africa but widely naturalized. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z6.
‘S&SH10’. A selection that has yet to receive its own name. Has distinctly larger heads of flower and is among the tallest forms of the species. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
Eragrostis curvula ‘Totnes Burgundy’
‘Totnes Burgundy’. A wonderful selection found by Julian and Sarah Sutton, with mature leaves turning a stunning deep burgundy red from the tips down and long arching sprays of insignificant beige flowers. Seedlings will revert to the straight species. Excels in containers where its gradually pendulous foliage habit can be best appreciated. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
Eragrostis elliottii
LOVEGRASS
Not often seen in cultivation, the true species is found in coastal pine and oak woodland. Has relatively bluish green leaves and compact spikes of flower. Many of the plants in cultivation, especially in the United States, are likely to be forms of E. chloromelas which itself is now regarded as a form of E. curvula. From North and South America. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z8.
Eragrostis curvula
‘Tallahassee Sunset’. A selection from John Greenlee, with particularly glaucous blue leaves.
Eragrostis trichodes
SAND LOVEGRASS
Of similar height to African lovegrass and coming from sandy open areas, sand lovegrass is attractive, easy growing and very drought tolerant. Produces masses of spectacular shimmering reddish pink panicles that can cover the basal clumps of green foliage. From the U.S. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z5.
Eragrostis spectabilis
PURPLE LOVEGRASS
Named for its spectacular clouds of pinkish purple flowers, freely produced on relatively compact clumps of basal foliage when happy. Can be short lived but will re-seed. Always happiest in sun; may be disappointing in mild, maritime areas with lower light levels. Widely distributed on sandy soils. From North and South America. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z5.
‘Bend’. With less robust stems that bend under the weight of freely produced flowers. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
Eriophorum
COTTON GRASS
The common name for this family of grass-like sedges refers to the cotton-like woolly, often white but occasionally tan flowers that all species produce profusely. Clump-forming or spreading, all twenty or so species prefer the cooler conditions of wet, boggy, acidic soils mostly open to full sun. Individually beautiful and quite spectacular en masse. Occurs mostly in the northern hemisphere.
Eragrostis spectabilis
Eriophorum angustifolium
COMMON COTTON GRASS, COTTON SEDGE
Simply breathtaking in autumn when the white flowers, which are actually more bristle-like than cottony, are in full bloom. Long running roots can over time form large masses of narrow grass-like leaves that cover open boggy areas. From Eurasia, the U.K., Greenland and North America. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z3.
Eriophorum latifolium
BROADLEAVED COTTON GRASS
Wider-leaved than its more commonly encountered cousin E. angustifolium, and often occurring on richer soils. Slowly spreading, with the usual white cotton heads of flower. From Eurasia and the U.K. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z4.
Eriophorum vaginatum
HARE TAIL
Distinguished by single flower spikes. Slowly spreading, with densely tufted clumps. Common in peaty moorlands. From Eurasia, the U.K. and North America. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z4.
Eriophorum virginicum
TAWNY COTTON GRASS, VIRGINIA COTTON GRASS
Distinctive for its often-tan-coloured cotton flowers produced from long spreading roots. Widespread and common throughout its range in moist meadows, bogs and other wet areas. From North America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z3.
Festuca
FESCUE
A huge group of characteristically perennial, finefoliaged evergreen grasses coming from sunny open areas ranging from mountains to meadows. Being cool-season, they are not adapted to hot humid climates. Garden forms are mostly clump forming, though some are spreading including those used as turfgrass and in traditional lawns. Relatively short-lived as a group, regular division will maintain youth and vigour while most species can be easily raised from seed. All prefer sun and some soil moisture in drier climates. Widely distributed in temperate areas.
Festuca amethystina
TUFTED FESCUE
Tidy rounded clumps of finely rolled, usually mid to dark green leaves support gently pendulous flower stems that can vary in shades of pinky red. Initially violet-tinted to purple flowers are particularly effective in early parts of the year. Variable from seed, which has given rise to several selections. From Central Europe. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z4.
Eriophorum virginicum
‘Superba’. A long-established selection, with especially blue-grey leaves and striking pinky purple flower stems. Seed-raised plants will vary in stem and leaf colour.
Festuca californica
CALIFORNIA FESCUE
Frequently dormant during the dry season; the onset of autumn rain sees new silvery blue-green stiffly arching leaves appear from the resting mounds, to be followed by delicate airy blue-grey spikes of flower that fade beige. Drought-tolerant and happy even in light shade in high-sunlight areas. Has given rise to several notable cultivars. From the western U.S. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z7.
Festuca amethystina. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
‘Horse Mountain Green’. Noteworthy for its rather taller flower spikes that can reach up to 1.5 m (5 ft.) in favoured places.
Festuca glauca
BLUE FESCUE
This species has given rise to various commonly seen, tufted, mound-shaped cultivars and forms valued for their fine, narrow leaves in myriad shades of grey and silver to blue. With their propensity for setting viable seed, the older cultivars’ original material has likely been adulterated so that some are now simply regarded as seed-raised strains, many of which have some garden merit. Most will produce upright flower stems, initially blue-grey but quickly drying a strawy beige. Where foliage colour is of primary interest, a regular pruning or shearing of old growth in spring will often prevent flowering and maintain foliage quality. From southern France. To 40 cm (16 in.). Z4.
‘Blue Fox’. An old variety, with steely blue foliage.
‘Blue Note’. With excellent blue colouration and good tolerance to drier and warmer conditions.
‘Boulder Blue’. Well-adapted to steppe-like conditions, with steely blue-grey foliage.
‘Elijah Blue’. In its true form, still regarded as one of the bluest and best-growing selections—the standard by which others are judged.
‘Golden Toupee’. Currently the only yellow-foliaged form, with attractive warm yellow foliage and flower stems. Very short-lived if not happy.
‘Siskiyou Blue’ (also known as F. ‘Siskiyou Blue’). A wonderful selection, originally thought to be F. idahoensis, with very silvery blue, relatively long leaves making quite superb drooping mounds if not cut back.
Festuca idahoensis
IDAHO FESCUE
One of the most widely distributed and common fescues within its range, preferring mostly open dry habitats from sea level to mountain meadow. Variable from seed but generally forming tight clumps of silvery blue-grey leaves and flower stems, eventually fading to straw, sometimes flushed pink. From western North America. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z4.
‘Snow Mountain’. Blue-grey leaves and slightly larger size distinguish this Nevin Smith selection.
‘Tomales Bay’. A wonderful blue-grey-leaved selection, forming relatively compact mounds of strong, healthy foliage.
Festuca mairei
ATLAS FESCUE
Slower-growing and longer-lived than most other fescues, forming relatively large mounds of rather tough grey-green leaves. Individually some-what indistinguishable, en masse the narrow flower stems add considerably to the charm of this much-underused species. Best planted sufficiently far apart to appreciate the plants’ distinct rounded outline. Prefers sunny open positions and dislikes winter wet soils. From Morocco. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z5.
Festuca glauca
Festuca ovina
SHEEP’S FESCUE
Common on poor moorland and upland soils where it can become a popular fodder crop, this species has limited ornamental value. Many of the blue garden fescues ascribed by various authorities (and often-incorrect nursery catalogues) to Festuca ovina in fact belong to the wide-ranging Festuca glauca. From Eurasia and the U.K. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z5.
Festuca rubra
RED FESCUE
Often used as lawn or turf grass, with many seed-raised strains identified explicitly for this purpose. As a lawn substitute, un-mown or even infrequently mown, it can produce loose meadow-like swards of fine hair-like foliage that will accept some foot traffic. Widely distributed and ubiquitous throughout its range, it comes easily from seed and has provided numerous regionally adapted cultivars for garden and green roof use. Slowly spreading clumps tolerate wide-ranging soil conditions including drought. Prefers sun but will tolerate light shade. From Eurasia, the U.K. and North America. To 30 cm (1 ft.). Z4.
‘Jughandle’. A Californian coastal selection with compact dense blue-grey foliage.
‘Molate Blue’. A drought-tolerant selection with grey-green leaves.
‘Patrick’s Point’. Ideal for green roof and lawn use, with fine grey-green leaves in slowly spreading tight clumps.
Festuca valesiaca
WALLIS FESCUE
Similar in most respects to blue fescues, this species and its better-known form is typically more compact than Festuca glauca types. From Eurasia. To 15 cm (6 in.). Z5.
var. glaucantha. With blue-green foliage on 15-cm (6-in.) high mounds.
Glyceria
MANNA, SWEET GRASS, SWEET REED GRASS
These warm-season evergreen grasses are found in wet places such as marshes and on the edges of open water. The common name of sweet grass refers to the tasty seeds and foliage that water-fowl and livestock respectively find to their liking. Widely distributed in temperate areas.
Glyceria grandis
AMERICAN MANNA GRASS
Can form extensive masses of mid green leaves and summer-blooming upright flowers. Native to marshes, rivers and swampy areas, it prefers permanently damp to moist conditions and open sun. Widely distributed in North America. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z3.
Festuca ovina
Glyceria maxima
MANNA GRASS
Aggressively spreading roots help to stablish large patches of green foliage that support tall, graceful panicles of flower in shallow water such as ponds or lakes. Will establish in almost any soil provided there is sufficient moisture. Prefers sunny open positions but will accept some light shade. From Asia and Eurasia. To 2.1 m (7 ft.). Z6.
var. variegata. More commonly seen in gardens than the species, with bright creamy-white-striped leaves that can be pink-tinged in cooler conditions. Flowers rarely and is less vigorous than the green form, but still very much a spreader. Ideal for planting banks and for the water’s edge. To 60 cm (2 ft.).
Hakonechloa
HAKONE GRASS
Containing only one species, this beautiful and versatile warm-season deciduous grass comes from relatively moist conditions in the mountains of Japan.
Hakonechloa macra
HAKONE GRASS
Spreads so slowly that it can practically be regarded as clump-forming. Very long-lived, tough and durable, it will gradually make dense weed-proof cover in a variety of garden conditions from full sun to quite dark shade provided the soil has sufficient moisture. Generally unfussy about soil, though slower in heavy clays. Often used around tree bases, where its shiny lanceolate pointed leaves make an attractive even-textured outline that ripples most effectively in the slightest breeze. Grown for its foliage effect; flowers are dainty and light, and can go almost unnoticed among the leaves. Has given rise to several, mostly Japanese, cultivars. Less happy in hot and humid climates. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z3–6.
Glyceria maxima var. variegata
‘Albovariegata’ (‘Albostriata’). Irregular bright white, cream and light green striped leaves make for a striking, slowly increasing mound of pointed foliage that is happy in sun or part shade where its refined colouration can lighten an otherwise dull corner. Possibly more heat-tolerant than the golden-variegated forms.
‘All Gold’. A recent selection with, as its name suggests, bright yellow-gold leaves without any trace of green. Slowly spreading mounds are happiest in some shade, at least in warmer climates. To 60 cm (2 ft.).
‘Aureola’ (‘Alboaurea’). Forms strong, slowly spreading mounds of gold-and-green-striped foliage that takes on an almost chartreuse-green colouration in shade and turns a much brighter brassy yellow in sun. Probably the most commonly seen H. m. cultivar, with multiple garden uses from durable and attractive cover around tree bases to ground cover in open sun. Like all hakone grasses, excellent in pots and containers where the foliage’s cascading effect can be appreciated. To 45 cm (1½ft.).
‘Beni Fuchi’. A compact, slow-growing form with bronzed leaves that turn shades of red with autumn’s cooler temperatures. Uncommon outside of its homeland. To 30 cm (1 ft.).
‘Mulled Wine’ (‘Luccarred’). A compact selection from H. m. ‘Aureola’, with very similar golden-striped leaves that can have striking burgundy red colouration, especially on new foliage, growing more pronounced as the season progresses. To 45 cm (1½ft.).
‘Nicolas’. Slightly more compact than the species, with an attractive wine red colouration on bright green leaves. To 45 cm (1½ft.).
‘Stripe It Rich’. A recent selection from ‘All Gold’, with a white central stripe on otherwise lightly golden foliage. To 45 cm (1½ft.).
Helictotrichon
OAT GRASS
Clump-forming and semi-evergreen, this group of cool-season grasses comprises more than one hundred perennial species, most commonly represented in gardens by the blue oat.
Hakonechloa macra ‘Aureola’
Helictotrichon sempervirens
BLUE OAT GRASS
Comes from often dry, rocky mountain areas where it forms attractive silky-looking mounds of metallic blue spiky-ended leaves. Happiest in dry, open, sunny positions but will accept some shade in higher-sunlight areas. Excellent as specimens in gravel gardens or other dry plantings, especially where the plants’ gently pendulous flower stems can add greatly to their overall effect. Also highly effective in meadows as a drift, though ideally there should be sufficient space between plants for the individually mounding habit to be appreciated. In warm or damp climates it can suffer from rust, in which case affected foliage should be cut back. From Eurasia. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z4.
‘Pendulum’. A seldom-seen selection with strongly pendulous flowers that are possibly more freely produced than the species’. To 75 cm (2½ ft.).
Helictotrichon sempervirens
‘Saphirsprudel’. With bright silvery blue leaves that are supposedly more rust resistant.
Holcus
VELVET GRASS
This small group of perennial clump-forming or spreading cool-season deciduous grasses has widely naturalized. Found in open grasslands or by open woodland edge. From temperate Africa, North America, the U.K. and Eurasia. Z5–6.
Holcus lanatus
VELVET GRASS, YORKSHIRE FOG
Usually peaking early in the season, this clump-former’s leaves are soft, velvety and often coloured a distinctive grey-green. Upright stems hold soft-textured flowers in myriad shades of pink through white. Best in open sunny spots but will tolerate some light shade. From Asia, Eurasia and North America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z5.
Holcus mollis
CREEPING SOFT GRASS
Considered a weedy species that will self sow-in most situations; more often seen in its variegated form. From Asia, Eurasia and North America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z5.
‘Variegatus’ (‘Albovariegatus’). The most commonly grown form, though dwindling in popularity. Chosen for its creeping but more compact habit and often heavily white-striped leaves. Several slightly differing forms are grown under this name. Prefers sun or light shade in a variety of soils. To 30 cm (1 ft.).
Hordeum
FOXTAIL BARLEY
This group of annual and perennial cool-season deciduous grasses includes the common barley, Hordeum vulgare. All species share the signature squirrel-tail-like barley flowers that have given rise to so many descriptive common names. Widely distributed in temperate regions.
Hordeum jubatum
FOX SQUIRRELTAIL, WILD BARLEY
Widely naturalized and common in gardens in many parts the world. Clumps of slight foliage produce highly distinctive reddish pink angular flowers strongly resembling cultivated barley, at their brightest when first open. Happy in dry soils in sun. Can produce flowers over a long period, especially if cut back at any point during the growing season. Relatively short-lived, plants come easily from seed. From North America. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z5.
Imperata
SATIN TAIL, BLOOD GRASS
These strongly spreading perennial warm-season deciduous grasses can be invasive weeds in warmer climates. Widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.
Imperata brevifolia
SATIN TAIL
Found only in moist meadows and named for its attractive, fluffy, satiny white flowerheads produced from gradually spreading mounds of bright green foliage. Prefers moist soils in sun. From the southern U.S. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z7.
Imperata cylindrica
An exceptionally variable species that appears to contain both aggressive and unaggressive strains, thought to originate from tropical and temperate areas respectively. Banned in many warmer areas, where its spreading tendencies and ability to seed identify it as a noxious weed. From China, Korea and Japan. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z6.
Holcus lanatus
Hordeum jubatum. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
‘Rubra’ (‘Red Baron’). Selected for its stunning deep red colouration that starts mostly at the leaf tips and works it way down the leaf as the season ages. Although a perfect garden plant, slowly spreading and non-flowering in temperate areas, there is still a risk of the parent species’ invasiveness showing though in warmer climates. Can be very slow to establish, especially on some colder, heavier soils. Often grown in containers where it makes a strong impact. Best colour in sun. To 30 cm (1 ft.).
Imperata cylindrica ‘Rubra’. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Jarava
syn Stipa
FEATHER GRASS, NEEDLE GRASS
These mostly perennial, cool-season, evergreen clump-forming grasses are related to Nassella and remain included in the larger genus of Stipa according to some botanical authorities.
Jarava ichu
syn Stipa ichu
Clumps of soft, light green hair-like leaves form healthy clumps of quick-growing foliage bearing a strong likeness to that of the closely related and deservedly popular pony tail grass Nassella tenuissima (syn Stipa tenuissima). The resemblance ends with this species’ long, narrow, fluffy white flowers that form spectacular airy clumps, waving dramatically and seductively in the slightest wind. Very drought-tolerant. Requires well-drained soils, or a well-placed container, in plenty of sun. From South America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z8.
Juncus
RUSH
This huge group comprises more than two hundred species of mostly perennial evergreen grass-like rushes, distinguishable by their unique narrow, rounded, strongly vertical stems that lack leaves but carry generally insignificant flowerheads either on top or on one side of the stems. All are spreading, to some degree, preferring moisture in a variety of situations from damp meadows to open water. The more aggressive types cover extremely large areas under suitable wetland conditions, where their densely packed stems and roots act as both valuable habitat and natural filtration system. Rushes remain evergreen in mild climates and become semi-evergreen in cold areas. Widely distributed in temperate regions.
Juncus acutus subsp. Leopoldii
syn Juncus acutus subsp. sphaerocarpus
SPINY RUSH
Stiff, spiny stems strongly radiate from a central clump to create a distinctive rounded sphere of green. Very drought-tolerant once established but prefers water and open sunny conditions. The common name comes from the sharply tipped leaves, with which it is best to avoid close contact. From North America, South America and Africa. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z8.
Juncus effusus
COMMON RUSH, SOFT RUSH
Probably the most commonly seen rush, both in gardens and in habitat, with light to dark green, comparatively smooth lax stems (hence its common name of soft rush). Found growing in a wide range of places, from bogs to woods and pasture, though generally preferring some degree of moisture. Individually spreading clumps can make large, dense stands. Happiest and most extensive in sunny, open conditions but also tolerates some shade and dryness, at least on a seasonal basis. Very variable, it seeds easily and has given rise to many cultivated selections. Widely distributed worldwide. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z3.
‘Carman’s Japanese’. Extremely attractive and refined, with gently curving rounded shiny green stems topped with profuse light green clusters of flowers whose combined weight often enhances the weeping effect. Effective in a pot. To 45 cm (1½ft.).
‘Curly Gold Strike’ (also known as. J. ‘Curly Gold Strike’). A curled version of ‘Gold Strike’, with similar golden-edged stems with the occasional hint of pinky red. To 10 cm (4 in.).
Jarava ichu
‘Curly-wurly’. A miniature corkscrew version of the species, with dark green, highly coiled stems that form tight mounds. Ideal in pots or as part of smaller water features. Often listed as a cultivated form of J. decipiens, which itself is now regarded as a variety of J. effusus. To 10 cm (4 in.).
‘Gold Strike’. Has upright stems with bright yellow lines on otherwise darker green stems. To 45 cm (1½ft.).
var. spiralis. The corkscrew rush, well named for its mass of tangled and twisted mid green stems producing clumps that are often noticeably wider than high. To 45 cm (1½ft.).
Juncus ensifolius
SWORD LEAF RUSH
Forms tight clumps of flat light green leaves, with ornamental dark reddish brown to purple-black rounded flowers in summer. Prefers sun and moist or marginal conditions, and is especially useful on the side of garden ponds. From North America and Japan. To 40 cm (16 in.). Z5.
Juncus patens ‘Elk Blue’
Juncus inflexus
HARD RUSH
Resembles the soft rush in many respects, but has much stiffer and often shorter upright stems varying in colour from grey-green to distinct glaucous blue. Noticeably more drought-tolerant than the soft rush, but happy in wet, boggy, open conditions where spreading clumps can form large masses. The pith found in the hollow stems was used as wick for oil lamps and even candles. Comes easily from seed. Widely distributed. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z4.
‘Afro’. Twisted and curled lighter green stems mark this shorter-growing selection that is mostly wider than high. Comes reasonably true from seed. To 30 cm (1 ft.).
‘Lovesick Blues’. Comparatively lax stems form pendulous rounded mounds of blue-grey. To 40 cm (16 in.).
Juncus patens
CALIFORNIA GRAY RUSH
Though preferring moist habitats in sun, this attractive grey-leaved upright rush can tolerate extended periods of drought and warm summer temperatures once established. Forming dense clumps over time, especially with plentiful moisture, this attractive plant is often represented by one of several excellent cultivars. Makes a great container plant. From the U.S. West Coast. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z7.
‘Carman’s Gray’. An especially grey-stemmed selection found by Ed Carman in California.
‘Elk Blue’. Forms compact clumps with an attractive blue-grey colouration that is most distinct in full sun.
Koeleria
HAIR GRASS
Found in open, often dry habitats, these annual and perennial cool-season grasses are mostly clump forming. Though wider-leaved, in some ways they resemble the popular mounding fescues, sharing their myriad shades of grey-green foliage. Can be short-lived in gardens, but usually set seed easily. Widely distributed in temperate regions.
Koeleria glauca
syn Poa glauca
BLUE HAIR GRASS
Grey-blue leaves on tidy rounded mounds make this species useful for dry, open, sunny sites, though in warmer areas spring flowering is often followed by summer closedown. Foliage will remain in better condition in cooler climates, and can be cut back to stimulate a fresh crop. Often used in drifts or even meadows, individual plants can be short lived but are easily replaced by self-seeders under the right conditions. From Asia and Eurasia. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z6.
Koeleria macrantha
syn Koeleria cristata
CRESTED HAIR GRASS
Bright green clump-forming foliage supports strongly upright stems and light-coloured flowers that have a distinctive presence in prairies and open grasslands. Prefers sunny well-drained soils. Useful for ‘no mow’ or low-maintenence lawns. From North America and Eurasia. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z6.
Koeleria pyramidata
PYRAMIDAL HAIR GRASS
Forms bluish green clumps of slowly spreading flattened foliage with tall upright flower spikes that quickly fade to an attractive strawy beige, effective over a long period. Prefers sunny open positions. From temperate North America, Asia and Eurasia. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z6.
Leymus
LYME GRASS, WILD RYE
These cool-season perennials are often found in the testing conditions of coastal areas, in shifting soils and sands where their rapidly moving root systems are an essential stabilizing influence, and their tough glaucous-to-blue foliage is a further adaptation to such coastal conditions as sea spray and salt-laden winds. Often grown in gardens specifically for their blue leaves. Widely distributed in north temperate regions. Several grasses previously regarded as members of the Elymus family such as E. cinereus, E. condensatus, E. mollis and E. racemosus have now been reclassified under Leymus.
Leymus arenarius
syn Leymus arenarius ‘Glaucus’
EUROPEAN DUNE GRASS, LYME GRASS
Long popular in gardens for its glaucous blue leaves and tall wheat-like flowers of a similar colouration. A major constituent of coastal sand dunes, where its rapidly moving root system allows it to thrive in the constantly shifting ground which it eventually helps to stabilize, in concert with other beach grasses such as marram, Ammophila arenaria. Tough and durable, it is often used in public plantings under difficult conditions such as traffic islands and parking areas. Prefers sun and well-drained poor soils. From northern and western Europe and the U.K. Leaves to 60 cm (2 ft.) with flowers extending to 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z6.
‘Findhorn’. A selection from Scotland, less invasive with a noticeably smaller, more compact habit. To 45 cm (1½ft.).
Leymus cinereus
syn Elymus cinereus
GREY WILD RYE
With grey-green foliage on erect stems and a less spreading habit than L. arenarius. Often found at higher elevations through its range, preferring meadows, open woodland and even streamsides. Best in sun and relatively cool summer temperatures, making a good substitute for giant wild rye in colder areas. From North America. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z5.
Leymus condensatus
syn Elymus condensatus
GIANT WILD RYE
Large slowly spreading clumps of wide, glaucous green to grey leaves support very tall soaring, stiffly upright flower stems. Prefers sloping dry sunny areas and open woodland. Self-seeds when happy. From North America. To 2.7 m (9 ft.). Z7.
‘Canyon Prince’. Introduced by the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden this relatively compact selection makes a first-class garden plant with tall upright flower spikes arising from bright silvery grey foliage that intensifies almost to blue in full sun conditions. Happy in most soils except boggy. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
Leymus mollis
syn Elymus mollis
AMERICAN DUNE GRASS
A coastal species that occupies much the same niche as its European counterpart, L. arenarius, though more upright and with less blue leaf colour. An important stabilizer of sand dunes. From coastal North America. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z3.
Leymus racemosus
syn Elymus glaucus, Elymus racemosus
GIANT BLUE RYE
Similar in many respects to L. arenarius and often confused with it in gardens. Can exhibit particularly blue foliage on gradually spreading mounds. Best in full sun and not-too-wet soils. From Eurasia. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z5.
Leymus triticoides
CREEPING WILD RYE
Preferring relatively moist conditions such as meadows, this strongly spreading species has rather greener leaves than others and is often used for bank stabilization or in re-vegetation schemes where its tolerance of alkaline and saline conditions is especially valuable. Can retain green foliage through the warmer summer periods. From North America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z4.
‘Shell Creek’. A first-class selection by Dave Fross. Compact, and with a distinct blue-grey colouration to its leaves. To 45 cm (1½ft.).
Luzula
WOOD RUSH
These evergreen, grass-like wood rushes are actually related to the rushes, Juncus species, but bear little actual resemblance. With broad, flattened leaves, they produce dense rosettes of slowly spreading foliage that can make large dense patches over time. Widely distributed in northern-hemisphere cool and temperate regions.
Luzula acuminata
HAIRY WOOD RUSH
Deep green, slowly spreading, basal rosettes of foliage that cope with the tough conditions of woodland and shady places make this quietly attractive species widespread throughout its range. In late spring, relatively insignificant flower spikes appear above fresh green leaves. Useful for shady woodland plantings in association with spring bulbs. From North America. To 40 cm (16 in.). Z4.
Luzula nivea
SNOWY WOOD RUSH
Slowly increasing mounds of frequently toothed-edged dark green leaves are covered in tiny white hairs, creating a light grey to white ‘snowy’ appearance. Tolerates a variety of soils from very damp to often-dry. Happiest in part shade rather than full sun. Covered with spikes of tiny white to cream-coloured flowers in late spring. Comes easily from seed. From Eurasia. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z6.
Luzula sylvatica
GREATER WOOD RUSH
Widespread and common throughout its wide range, this tough and adaptable species is found in a variety of habitats including woodlands, moorlands and most damp places. Happy in different degrees of shade but will tolerate some sun. The largest wood rush, with wide leaves on rosettes that can cover significant areas of dense weed-proof cover. The flowers, produced in spring, are relatively insignificant as with most wood rushes. Comes easily from seed and has given rise to many different cultivars. From Eurasia and the U.K. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z4.
Leymus racemosus
‘Aurea’. One of the brightest and most effective forms through winter and especially in spring, when the rosettes of wide leaves are at their brightest golden yellow. Best sited in light shade as the delicate leaves are liable to burn in strong sunlight.
‘Hohe Tatra’. The true form has the widest leaves (up to 2.5 cm [1 in.]) of any of the wood sedges but is often confused with ‘Aurea’ in gardens.
‘Marginata’. An old cultivar, with leaves narrowly margined in creamy white.
‘Taggart’s Cream’. Some new growth is almost white before gradually fading to green.
Luzula sylvatica ‘Aurea’. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Melica
MELIC
A large group of invaluable (if sometimes unassuming) clump-forming deciduous grasses for both shady woodland and sunny open sites. Being cool-season growers this group is especially valuable during early spring, with many shutting down or becoming summer-dormant with increasing dryness.
Melica altissima
SIBERIAN MELIC
An upright leafy species often represented by the white form ‘Alba’ or the purple form ‘Atropurpurea’, which both come reasonably true from seed and are used in mostly sunny open areas, though they will tolerate some light shade in reasonable soils. At best in the early part of the year; cutting down after the first flush of flower has finished can stimulate a second crop of flower. Can self-seed lightly. From Central and Eastern Europe. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z5.
Melica californica
CALIFORNIAN MELIC
Native to a variety of conditions and soils, from sunny slopes to almost-damp woodlands. Bright green clumps of foliage produce narrow spikes of initially white flowers that fade and remain intact as the grass enters summer dormancy in drier areas. From California. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z8.
Melica imperfecta
COAST MELIC, FOOTHILL MELIC
Arguably less showy than other melics, this adaptable species is found in woodlands, dry hillsides and even coastal dunes where its delicate upright appearance is often melded in a wider matrix of native grasses such as Nassella, Koeleria and Poa. Understated, and perhaps underestimated, it plays an important role in meadows and woodland gardens. Equally attractive in summer dormancy. Will seed easily when happy. From southern California. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z8.
Melica uniflora
WOOD MELIC
Usually represented in gardens by one of the following forms, the species has dainty bright green leaves on gradually spreading rootstock with small, sparse purplish brown flowers. To 60 cm (2 ft). Z5.
‘Alba’. With dainty grain-like white flowers that contract effectively with fresh green foliage. Especially useful in gardens during the earlier part of the season in shady areas and quiet corners.
‘Variegata’. Pretty with green-and-white-striped foliage. A little more compact than the species.
Melinis
syn Rhynchelytrum
PINK CRYSTALS, RUBY GRASS
Aptly named for their pretty pink flowers, these warm-season, usually evergreen grasses contain some species such as Melinis repens that are considered noxious weeds in warm climates where they have become naturalized. Requiring full sun, they are very drought tolerant and well adapted to dry environments.
Melinis nerviglumis
PINK CRYSTALS, RUBY GRASS
The common name of pink crystals accurately describes the appearance of this attractive species’ bright pink flowers, produced from tidy mounds of grey-green foliage provided the plant is given sufficient protection and a head start in colder areas. Drought-tolerant but cold-tender. To 60 cm (2 ft.). From southern Africa. Z9.
Melica uniflora ‘Variegata’. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Melinis nerviglumis. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Milium
WOOD MILLET
Common in mostly open woodland but occasionally found in sunnier areas, these cool-season deciduous grasses are usually represented in gardens by Milium effusum.
Milium effusum
WOOD MILLET
At best in spring with adequate shade and moisture, the clump-forming wood millets can go dormant during the drier summer months but will remain active with enough moisture. Once the initial flush of spring growth is over, cutting back old foliage can stimulate a second period of activity. Will seed when happy and are frequently used in gardens as one of the following forms.
Milium effusum ‘Yaffle’. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
From much of the temperate northern hemisphere. Z5.
‘Aureum’. Of uncertain garden origin, Bowles’ golden grass is perhaps the best-known form, with delicate clumps of foliage, stems and flowers all coloured a uniform, clear golden yellow which may appear pale green in areas of deeper shade. Although difficult from seed, it comes true and will seed around lightly if conditions are to its liking. To 60 cm (2 ft.).
‘Yaffle’. A more recent selection, with mid green leaves having a very distinctive narrow golden yellow central line. In spring, golden yellow flowers are held high above the foliage. To 60 cm (2 ft).
Miscanthus
EULALIA GRASS, JAPANESE SILVER GRASS, SUSUKI ZOKU
Miscanthus has long held a deep fascination for gardeners. Many of the oldest cultivars were selected in Japan where these warm-season deciduous grasses are traditionally regarded as a symbol of autumn. In the West, long before grasses became more widely known and accepted, miscanthus forms such as ‘Zebrinus’ were used by keen Victorian gardeners as ‘dot’ or specimen plants in formal annual bedding displays. Today, although their use has been rightly tempered in areas such as the southeastern United States where conditions can allow copious seeding, they remain valuable garden plants in all other areas where they do not seed aggressively.
Almost unequalled in the grass family for their sheer range of size, flower and leaf colour, they are tough, generally long-lived plants needing little maintenence in return for a very long season of interest. Although generally preferring open sunny positions, some—especially the variegated M. sinensis forms—will grow well in partial shade. Soils can vary from fairly dry to distinctly wet though the plants appear to tolerate the wettest soils only if accompanied by commensurate high-sunlight hours.
Depending on their height, miscanthus can be effectively used as screening, as informal hedges and especially in larger plantings where their bulk and flower-power combine well with so many other plants including larger perennials such as Eupatorium, Aster, Rudbeckia, Verbena and Veronicastrum.
Miscanthus floridulus
GIANT MISCANTHUS
Rare in gardens, this clump-forming species can reach 2.4 m (8 ft.). Often, plants mislabelled as M. floridulus in Western gardens are actually M. ×giganteus. True M. floridulus is distinguishable by its coarse wide foliage and narrow flower. From southern Japan, Taiwan and the Pacific Islands. Z7.
Miscanthus ×giganteus
GIANT MISCANTHUS
A most useful hybrid between Miscanthus sacchaiflorus and Miscanthus sinensis, with some of the best attributes of both. Bright, clear green, slightly pendulous foliage hang as a fountain from sturdy tall stems making this plant one of the most distinctive of all miscanthus. Clump-forming, it is often used as an informal screen or shelter planting or in association with other bold plants as part of a border. Flowers only after extended summer periods, and then does not produce fertile seed. From Japan. To 3 m (10 ft). Z4.
Miscanthu ×giganteus
Miscanthus nepalensis
HIMALAYAN FAIRY GRASS
Distinctive for its compact mounds of foliage and gold, braid-like, non-fading flowers, produced on dainty stems held high above the leaves. Has been proving hardier than expected in sheltered well-drained positions in relatively cold areas. Comes easily from seed. From Nepal. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z8–9 (and possibly colder).
Miscanthus oligostachyus
KARI YASU MODOKI
Rather small and very cold-hardy. Though compact in habit with diminutive, less-than-showy flowers, it can be very effective en masse. Will tolerate some shade and can offer yellow-brown fall colour. Several variegated forms have been selected in Japan, with M. o. ‘Nanus Variegatus’ most often encountered in Western gardens. Seldom self- sows. From Japan. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z4.
Miscanthus nepalensis. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Miscanthus ‘Purpurascens’
syn Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens
AUTUMN FLAME MISCANTHUS
Of uncertain parentage and history; possibly a hybrid with M. oligostachyus. Its short stature, bright fall colour and reluctance to set fertile seed make it an excellent garden plant. In areas with shorter summers such as the U.K. it seldom flowers and is known only for its flame-coloured autumnal leaves. From Japan. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z4.
Miscanthus sacchariflorus
SILVER BANNER GRASS
Very similar in garden terms to M. ×giganteus, and as one parent often mistaken for it, this species differs in its running rootstock and ability to set viable seed from early flowering in warm areas. In cooler climates the running habit is slowed to a gentle jog and it frequently fails to flower as the growing season is too short. From Japan, Korea and China. To 3 m (10 ft.). Z4.
‘Gotemba’. Similar to the species in habit but a little less robust, with very attractive golden yellow-striped foliage that has never been seen to flower. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
Miscanthus sinensis
EULALIA, SILVER GRASS, SUSUKI
The classic Miscanthus species from which most garden cultivars have arisen. Pretty much all are clump forming, offering an exhaustive range of height, flower and leaf colour. All have a generally rounded outline, usually taller than wide, with flower produced en masse, level with or above the foliage’s final height. Viable seed is produced by many of the cultivars which, if sown, will revert to the species—which itself is widely variable from seed. From China, Korea and Japan. Variable to 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z5–6.
‘Abundance’. An outstanding form, making wonderful dense mounds of attractive narrow leaves covered in masses of delicate buff-white flowers. One of the very best miscanthus for general garden use. ‘Abundance’ is a recent cultivar name, given by Knoll Gardens, intended to identify this specific form. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Afrika’. Seldom seem, and highly valued for its wonderful red foliage turning noticeably earlier in the season than most other miscanthus. Shorter, a little less vigorous than many and therefore extremely desirable. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Andante’. A striking Kurt Bluemel selection from the United States, possibly with M. transmorrisonensis as one parent. Very special-looking with beautiful pink inflorescences held clear above mounds of green foliage. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘China’. An excellent form, with narrow dark green foliage, tall long-stemmed red flower plumes and vibrant autumn colour. Often confused with ‘Ferner Osten’ from which it differs only in flower detail. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
Miscanthus sinensis ‘Abundance’
‘Cindy’. A new, compact selection from Knoll Gardens with many dainty, semi-pendulous, soft pinky red flowers held clear above the compact foliage. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Dixieland’. Slightly more compact than ‘Variegatus’, with rather wonderful narrow fresh green and white variegated foliage. Ideal in tubs or where a smaller plant is needed. Happy in partial shade. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Dronning Ingrid’. With distinctive dark red upright flowers and foliage that is frequently purple-tinted often before turning vibrant autumnal colours. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Elfin’. An outstanding form, making wonderful mounds of attractive narrow leaves covered in masses of light pinky white flowers and distinctive red stems. Previously one of a group of ‘Yakushima Dwarf’ seedlings ‘Elfin’ is a recent cultivar name, given by Knoll Gardens, intended to identify this specific form. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Emmanuel Lepage’. Highly likeable, with an attractive loose habit and deep pinky red flowers held clear above the foliage from high summer onwards. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Etincelle’. A zebra grass, with yellow cross-banding on the thin leaves which form pleasing rounded mounds of foliage. Plumes of silvery flowers are held above the leaves in late summer. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Ferner Osten’. A superb selection and one of the best for general garden use, forming mounds of narrow foliage turning bright copper and red in autumn. Spectacular very dark red flower plumes. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Flamingo’. A first-class cultivar, with many strikingly elegant, slightly pendent dark pinkish flower plumes in late summer and good autumn colour. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
Miscanthus sinensis ‘Cindy’
‘Gewitterwolke’. Forms superb upright clumps of relatively wide dark green leaves topped with many striking dark pink flower plumes from summer onwards. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Gold Bar’. A recent addition to the zebra grass family, its yellow banding appearing almost simultaneously with the spring foliage on compact plants. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Goliath’. As its name suggests, one of the tallest-flowering miscanthus, with an excellent habit and lots of pinky red flowers on stems that tower above most other plants. To 2.7 m (9 ft.).
‘Gracillimus’. An old, established cultivar grown principally for its fine-textured foliage that forms gracefully rounded mounds bleaching to pale straw colour for a winter feature. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Gracillimus Nanus’. A very new, compact form of the popular ‘Gracillimus’, having a similar habit though noticeably shorter in all respects. Tends to produce soft pinky red flowers. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Graziella’. Attractive silver flowers open in late summer high above the narrow green foliage, which can turn a vivid rich copper red and orange autumn colour. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Haiku’. An Ernst Pagels selection, with a generally upright habit and gracefully pendulous pink flowers from late summer onwards. To 2 m (6 ft.).
‘Hermann Müssel’. A superb Pagels introduction having strongly upright stems topped with pinky brown flowers that are held some distance above the foliage, giving a distinctive appearance. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Huron Sunrise’. A Canadian selection, characterized by red-tinted flowers late in the season. To 2.1 m (7 ft.). Z4. ‘Kaskade’. Grown for its slightly pendent, large, loosely opened pink-tinted inflorescences with a narrowly upright habit. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Kleine Fontäne’. A first-class plant, forming mounds of narrow green foliage and many soft pink flowers in summer which later gradually fade beige. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Kleine Silberspinne’. Elegant needle-like green foliage forms distinct compact rounded mounds with masses of beautiful silky red silver flowers from late summer onwards. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Little Kitten’. A comparatively dwarf selection, making strong clumps of narrow green foliage on compact mounds. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Little Zebra’. A new, possibly more regular-flowering, compact form of zebra grass with yellow bands topped with wine red flowers in late summer. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
Miscanthus sinensis ‘Hermann Müssel’
‘Malepartus’. The original standard by which other cultivars were judged—and still good today, with striking columns of silver-veined broad foliage and flowerheads of the darkest purple-red, fading silver. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Morning Light’. Perfectly named, with upright stems and gracefully arching fine-textured cream and green foliage giving this form an unequalled lightness. Topped with perfectly matched pinkish flowers in good years. Refined and elegant in pots or by the water’s edge. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Nippon’. An excellent relatively compact form, with strongly upright clumps of narrow foliage and fantastic early-flowering red plumes with occasional orange-red autumn tinted foliage. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Positano’. Strong mounds of arching green foliage produce lovely red flowers from midsummer onwards. Good autumn colour. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Professor Richard Hansen’. A distinctive Pagels selection with broad green leaves topped by tall upright flowers, red at first before turning beige-white, which are held well clear of the foliage. To 2.4 m (8 ft.).
‘Red Spear’. Tall, strongly upright stems produce flower buds reminiscent of spear heads until the point of opening, when they change into bright red inflorescences still facing skywards. A Knoll Gardens selection. To 2.4 m (8 ft.).
‘Rigoletto’. Possibly the most compact white variegated form, selected by Kurt Bluemel in the United States. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Roland’. An elegant cultivar and one of the tallest, with beautiful pink-tinted inflorescences held on tall stems from midsummer onwards. To 2.7 m (9 ft.).
‘Roterpfeil’. Selected by Pagels and named for its upright slow-growing habit. Produces pinky red flowers and red foliage early in the season. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Rotsilber’. Forms wonderful mounds of bright green leaves and many striking deep pinky red flower plumes from summer onwards. Orangered autumn colour. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Sarabande’. Fine, narrow white-striped green foliage forms statuesque mounds topped with golden copper inflorescences from late summer onwards. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Silberfeder’. An old, established form making tall upright stems of deep green foliage with distinct silver midrib, and large silver-pink flower plumes in late summer. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Strictus’. Erect clumps of spiky green foliage with striking yellow cross banding are topped with pinky red flowers in late summer. More upright and possibly a little shorter than ‘Zebrinus’. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
Miscanthus sinensis ‘Little Kitten’
Miscanthus sinensis ‘Red Spear’
Miscanthus sinensis ‘Roterpfeil’
‘Undine’. Mounds of narrow white-veined leaves with beautiful deep pinky purple flowers turn magnificently light and fluffy late in the season. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Variegatus’. Very distinctive with strongly green-and-white-striped leaves on upright stems. One of the brightest ‘whites’ that will tolerate some shade. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Yakushima Dwarf’. Known by a variety of similar names, this is not a clonal cultivar but a name given to several very similar, originally seed-raised plants from the Japanese island of Yakushima. While most forms are excellent garden plants, several of the best forms have been given specific cultivar names in order to avoid continued confusion; see Miscanthus ‘Abundance’, M. ‘Elfin’ and M. ‘Little Kitten’.
‘Zebrinus’. A zebra grass having tall bright green stems with striking yellow-banded foliage, and occasionally producing copper-tinted flowers. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Zwergelefant’. The most amazing crinkled pinkish flowers are produced in an initially trunk-like shape while emerging from the upright stems—so unique-looking that the comparatively coarse foliage seems irrelevant. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
Miscanthus sinensis ‘Zwergelefant’
Miscanthus sinensis var. condensatus
syn Miscanthus condensatus
HACHIJO SUSUKI
A variety principally distinguished by its quietly attractive stems covered in a whitish bloom. Has given rise to several excellent variegated cultivars. Produces reddish flowers late in the season most years. From Japan, China, Korea and the Pacific Islands. To 2.1 m (7 ft., and occasionally taller when in flower). Z5.
‘Cabaret’. Among the most striking of variegated plants, with wide ribbon-like foliage marked with unusual creamy white centres and darker green margins forming sturdy upright clumps. Pinky red flowers are only produced in warm summers.
‘Cosmo Revert’. A form that has reverted back from the variegated version, which it is apt to do.
‘Cosmopolitan’. Upright clumps of wide ribbon-like foliage with deep green centres and creamy white margins make for a striking foliage effect. Occasional red flowers emerge in late summer. Like most variegated miscanthus, it tolerates partial shade.
Miscanthus transmorrisonensis
TAIWANT GRASS
An attractive species, producing flowers on tall willowy stems held some distance above the foliage on the best forms. Often regarded as evergreen though only in comparatively mild climates, it comes easily from seed but is inclined to be very variable in habit this way. From Taiwan. To 2.1 m (7 ft.). Z6–7.
‘Ferndown’. Recently selected for its upright habit and comparatively large flowers held high about the wide green foliage.
Molinia
MOOR GRASS, PURPLE MOOR GRASS
Widespread and common throughout most of their Eurasian range, these cool-season deciduous grasses can be found in a variety of habitats, from boggy moors to relatively dry heathlands, and bring their same tough and adaptable qualities to the garden. Reliably clump-forming and cold-hardy, the clear, strongly linear generally upright line of the flower stems is probably the chief attraction; when seen in full autumn gold colouration, and especially when highlighted by sunshine, it is quite simply breathtaking. Preferring sunny open positions, they will tolerate some light shade in higher-sunlight areas.
Moor grasses, especially the shorter forms, are practical matrix grasses for open meadows and are also good in mixed plantings where they act as a foil for other more solid partners including perennials like sedums, sanguisorbas and persicarias. The airy transparent nature of the flower stems of the taller forms in particular make moor grasses ideal for internal screens and alternative ‘hedges’. Only one species is cultivated: Molinia caerulea, which is split into two subspecies depending primarily on the height of the flowers.
‘Autumn Charm’. A selection by Ross Humphrey, chosen for its noticeably upright habit and warm brown autumnal stems that are among the tallest of Molinia selections. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z4–5.
Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea
syn Molinia altissima, Molinia arundinacea, Molinia litoralis
TALL PURPLE MOOR GRASS
The taller of the two subspecies, and just as robust, this moor grass is among the most graceful of grasses. Relatively large mounds of bright green foliage support airy stems that reach upwards, mostly in an ever-widening arc. Unlike shorter forms, tall moor grass is perhaps best given some individual space to take advantage of its refined shape—for instance, as a specimen towering over much shorter companions. Tall stems will usually collapse under their own weight before the end of the winter. From Eurasia. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z4–5.
‘Bergfreund’. A recent selection, in some ways similar to the long-established ‘Transparent’, with tidy mounds of foliage and slightly shorter open and airy inflorescences all turning orange and yellow in autumn. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Cordoba’. Unusual, with strong, graceful, gently curving flower stems and good honey-gold colour. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Karl Foerster’. One of the best cultivars, with outstanding golden brown flower spikes turning a superb butter yellow colour in autumn. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Skyracer’. Selected by American nurseryman Kurt Bluemel. Strongly upright and particularly tall, turning the usual warm autumnal colours. To 2.4 m (8 ft.).
‘Transparent’. A long-established cultivar, aptly named for its airy, see-through inflorescences. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Windsaule’. Strongly upright, with flower panicles a little more slender than some. Excellent as a specimen plant. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea ‘Karl Foerster’
‘Windspiel’. Tall clumps wave airily in the slightest breeze, high above mounds of graceful foliage that turns a stunning honey colour in autumn. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
‘Zuneigung’. Distinctly elegant, with tall slender stems and heavy arching panicles of flower swaying in the slightest breeze. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
Molinia caerulea subsp. caerulea
PURPLE MOOR GRASS
Commonly referred to as simply M. caerulea, plants belonging to this group have flower stems usually below 1.2 m (4 ft.) tall. Coming easily from seed, the resulting variation has produced a number of good cultivars, nearly all of which follow the same broad outline, producing a tidy clump of thin bright green leaves from which arise the narrow dainty stems topped with masses of tiny, initially purple flowers. Airy to the point of invisibility at first, their sculptural qualities improve as the flowers age and the season progresses. Arguably at their brightest during the autumn when stems and leaves take on a golden glow, they fade gradually with the changing seasons but retain a distinctive habit throughout the winter. From Eurasia. Z4–5.
‘Dauerstrahl’. Seldom seen, with dark purplish flowers held in an upright to gently arching habit. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Edith Dudszus’. Selected for its initially rich purple (almost black) flower stems and dense flower spikes, profusely produced from tussocks of good green foliage. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Heidebraut’. An infrequently seen, relatively upright form with flower stems that gradually arch outwards as they gain in height. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Moorflamme’. Compact mounds of green foliage develop rich purple autumn hues, and upright dark flower stems turn a wonderful orange in winter. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Moorhexe’. Forms compact clumps of green leaves and strongly vertical architectural flower spikes. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Poul Petersen’. Forms strong clumps of striking, reasonably upright stems—particularly effective en masse. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Strahlenquelle’. Not often encountered, the true form of this unusual cultivar is widely arching and needs space to display its spreading flower stems. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Variegata’. A good, compact grass, with low tufts of bright, well-marked green and cream leaves and many striking, arching buff plumes in autumn. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
Muhlenbergia
MUHLY
Until recently much underused, these warm-season, mostly clump-forming grasses are durable, adaptable and very beautiful. Thriving in drought-prone sun-baked conditions in their native habitats, they are especially useful for gardens in warmer climates but can survive in much cooler areas provided soils are well drained.
Muhlenbergia capillaris
PINK MUHLY
Spectacular when in flower: masses of vibrant pink, cloud-like flowers obscure the basal mounds of relatively drab foliage, making the whole plant visible from some distance. Wide-ranging and variable from seed, the species has given rise to several cultivars including a white form (‘White Cloud’). Requires long sunlight hours to flower successfully. From Mexico, the southeastern U.S. and the West Indies. Z6–7. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
Muhlenbergia dumosa
BAMBOO MUHLY
Different from most other family members; grown principally for its gracefully curving bamboo-like stems that support billowing masses of cloud-like tiny green foliage dotted with occasional pale yellow flowers. Evergreen in warmer areas with enough moisture, it will drop its leaves in severe drought or during the winter period in cooler climates. From the southern U.S. and Mexico. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z8.
Muhlenbergia lindheimeri
LINDHEIMER MUHLY
With basal clumps of attractive blue-grey leaves that tolerate hot, dry conditions and even a little shade in high-sunlight areas. Tall, upright stems of lighter grey flower spikes are especially effective later in the season as a vertical accent in the plant border. From Texas and Mexico. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z6–7.
Muhlenbergia rigens
DEER GRASS
Established clumps have a memorable, architectural almost-pincushion-like effect wherever it can be grown successfully. At home in warm drought-prone areas, but also able to perform well in much cooler climates provided it has a sunny well-drained position. Whether massed or as individuals, enough space should be left around each plant for the development of its stunning outline. From the southern U.S. and Mexico. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z6–7.
Nassella
NEEDLE GRASS
These mostly perennial clump-forming cool-season grasses come from open, sunny areas. Their collective common name refers to the distinctive needle-like flowers that are a major part of their attraction and which can set prolific seed. The three Californian species are ideal in meadows. Many of these species were previously included in the genus Stipa and are still regarded as such by many authorities.
Nassella cernua
syn Stipa Cernua
NODDING NEEDLE GRASS
Found in open grassland, chaparral and open woodland. Clump-forming with narrow green leaves in spring, followed by distinctly nodding reddish purple needle-like flowers that gradually dry, the whole plant becoming summer-dormant and then re-awakening with the arrival of the autumn rains. Seeds easily and is a popular choice for erosion control and in public plantings. Dislikes summer water while in dormancy. From California. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z8.
Muhlenbergia dumosa
Muhlenbergia rigens
Nassella lepida
syn Stipa lepida
FOOTHILL NEEDLE GRASS
Very similar to N. cernua but with narrower leaves, flowers with a less pronounced nodding habit and a greater tolerance for some shade. From California. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z8.
Nassella neesiana
syn Stipa neesiana
CHILEAN NEEDLE GRASS
Prefers well-drained, sunny positions though its ability to seed heavily limits its use in more sensitive areas. From South America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z8.
Nassella pulchra
syn Stipa pulchra
PURPLE NEEDLE GRASS
Found in dry grasslands and scrub, this delicately beautiful flower has especially long purple needle-like flowers in spring that quickly dry silver beige when fading into summer dormancy. Dispossessed of much of its original range by introduced exotics, it is now the official state grass of California where it is still widespread in sunny well-drained areas. From California. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z8.
Nassella tenuissima
syn Stipa tenuissima
MEXICAN FEATHER GRASS
Arguably one of the most popular and commonly planted of all grasses. Clump-forming and easy-growing, with bright mid green, narrow, hair-like foliage topped by initially light green flowers that quickly fade beige, produced so profusely that they weigh the whole plant down. Short-lived, but sets seed easily or can be divided with equal facility to maintain vigour. Drought-tolerant and happy in full sun, but dislikes wet soils. From the southern U.S. through South America. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z7.
Nassella tenuissima
Nassella trichotoma
syn Stipa trichotoma
SERRATED TUSSOCK GRASS
Forms neat mounds of fine hair-like foliage covered with hazy, delicately structured flowers. Requires full sun and well-drained soils. Popular in colder climates, its ability to set seed in warmer climates has relegated this grass to a noxious weed in parts of the United States and Australia. From South America. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z8.
Ophiopogon
LILY GRASS, MONDO GRASS
Unrelated to the grass family (or the lily family), these grass-like evergreens from Asia share a superficial resemblance to grasses due to their narrow strap-like leaves, produced on slowly spreading mounds of tough evergreen foliage. Also reminiscent of Liriope with the same deep green strap-like foliage, though lacking the upright spikes of flower.
Ophiopogon japonicus
MONDO GRASS
Creates slowly spreading mounds of tough dark green leaves. Has given rise to a number of cultivated forms including those with silver- or golden-striped variegated leaves, and is commonly seen in the following distinctive form. From Asia, especially Japan. Z6.
‘Minor’. A miniature version of the species, with Ophiopogon planiscapus ‘Nigrescens’ much-smaller evergreen leaves forming tight, very slow-growing clumps. Useful as ground cover and as a lawn replacement in shady situations, though it will only tolerate minimal foot traffic. To 10 cm (4 in.).
Ophiopogon planiscapus
MONDO GRASS
Tough, durable, slowly creeping and perfect for covering the dry, shady areas under trees. Slow to establish it gradually forms low dense weed proof mats of dark green leaves dotted with occasional white flowers and purple black fruits. Seldom needs any attention once established. From Asia. To 15 cm (6 in.). Z6.
‘Nigrescens’. Grown for its dramatic black leaves, pinkish white flowers and black fruits. Similarly tough and adaptable to a wide range of conditions, it produces weed-proof mounds of strap like foliage over time. Most effective as ground cover in sun or part shade; the black colouration can revert to green in too-deep shade. To 20 cm (8 in.).
Ophiopogon planiscapus ‘Nigrescens’
Oryzopsis
RICE GRASS
This widespread group comprises more than thirty species of warm-season perennial evergreens—unrelated to the rice plants grown for food and have been included in the genus Piptatherum. All re-seed easily and can become serious weeds in sensitive areas.
Oryzopsis miliacea
syn Piptatherum miliacea
INDIAN RICE GRASS, SMILO GRASS
Forms very attractive, generally upright clumps of shiny green leaves from which numerous delicate panicles arch upwards and outwards. Prefers sunny open positions. Can re-seed in most climates and is regarded as a serious weed in many warmer areas. From Asia, Africa and Eurasia. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z6.
Oryzopsis miliacea. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Panicum
MILLET, PANIC GRASS
The majority of species in this huge group of annual and perennial warm-season deciduous grasses are found in tropical areas. In gardens, the most useful and widespread is Panicum virgatum and its many cultivars. Some annual species such as Panicum milaceum are popular with gardeners and flower-arrangers for their freely produced, relatively large and airy flowers. Another annual, Panicum capillare, is a constituent of some bird food mixtures and is occasionally found in gardens as a result.
Panicum amarum
COAST SWITCH GRASS
A distinctive coastal species, tolerating a wide range of soils and habitats throughout its limited range but preferring sandy soils. Typically more arching than the better-known Panicum virgatum, its foliage and flowers combining to create mounds of initially upright stems and leaves that gradually splay outwards as flowers develop and age. Leaves vary from green to blue, and the root system is strongly spreading to clumping. All require sun and not-too-fertile soils for best colour and performance. From the North American coast to Mexico. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z5.
var. amarulum. A strongly clump-forming botanical variety that can have very silvery blue foliage and a typically cascading habit.
‘Dewey Blue’. A beautiful form with exceptionally silvery blue-grey stems and leaves selected from wild seed collected by Rick Darke and Dale Hendricks.
Panicum bulbosum
TEXAS GRASS
Forms clumps of light grey-green foliage that comes from swollen bases, and produces interesting upright stems of reddish flowers drying to a warm beige, which are most effective when used en masse. Provides yellow autumn colour. Seeds under suitable conditions, preferring a sunny open position and not-too-wet soil. From the southern U.S., Mexico and western South America. To 90 cm (3 ft.). Z6–9.
Panicum amarum var. amarulum
Panicum virgatum
PANIC GRASS, SWITCH GRASS
Long-lived, tough and adaptable, panic grasses rank among the most useful of grasses in our gardens and designed spaces. A main constituent of the once-widespread tall grass prairie, they can be used on a wide variety of soil types from wet to dry, though mostly prefer a sunny open situation. Being so populous, they display much variation in their native habitats but are largely upright-stemmed and clump-forming, with tiny often-purplish flowers held on dainty panicles and produced profusely enough to create a hazy cloud of flower that can virtually obscure the foliage. As with many good garden grasses, heavy rain or snow may bend the taller stems, though most will return to their customary upright stance with the return of better weather. Summer foliage can vary with different forms coloured green to silvery blue, while autumnal foliage colour can vary from yellow through orange to many shades of red and can be highly effective in the garden. Widely distributed in North America. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z4.
Panicum bulbosum. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Panicum virgatum
‘Blue Tower’. A really tall blue selection from Greg Speichert, with leaves a distinct glaucous blue. To 2.4 m (8 ft.).
‘Cloud Nine’. A truly magnificent selection, tall and airy with wonderful glaucous blue-green foliage, an upright habit and attractive golden autumn colour. To 2.4 m (8 ft.).
‘Dallas Blues’. Among the bluest selections, with blue stems, wide leaves, and showy flower panicles on solid upright mounds. To 1.8 m (6 ft.).
‘Hänse Herms’. Green leaves take on red tones in summer before turning burgundy in autumn. Particularly valued for its abundant panicles and relaxed habit. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Heavy Metal’. With very distinctive clumps of upright grey-green foliage, large panicles of tiny purplish spikelets in summer and reddish-purple-tinted autumn colour. An eye-catching selection from Kurt Bluemel. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Heiliger Hain’. With soft pinky beige flowers and bluish green foliage that turns a very deep burgundy red in autumn. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Kupferhirse’. Valuable as a vertical accent, topped with warm coppery brown panicles from late summer. Good yellow-orange autumn foliage. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Northwind’. One of few truly upright forms of P. v., having a very distinctive narrow vertical habit and wide blue-grey foliage that turns yellowy orange in autumn. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Prairie Fire’. Selected by Gary and Sandy Trucks for its green foliage that turns deep reddish purple as the season progresses. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
Panicum virgatum ‘Dallas Blues’
Panicum virgatum ‘Hänse Herms’
Panicum virgatum ‘Heavy Metal’
Panicum virgatum ‘Heiliger Hain’
‘Prairie Sky’. Introduced by Roger Gettig, with striking blue stems and foliage topped with delicate, airy flowerheads. Stems are mostly upright in poor, well-drained soils. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Red Cloud’. A lovely form, grown specially for its large panicles of conspicuous red spikelets. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). ‘Rehbraun’. An older selection with an attractive habit and green leaves turning various shades of wine red in autumn. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Rotstrahlbusch’. Possibly one of the oldest P. v. cultivars, with subtle tones of red suffusing the green leaves during autumn. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Shenandoah’. Selected by Hans Simon from seedlings of ‘Hanse Herms’. Stunning, with foliage that has dark red tones turning a gorgeous wine colour by late summer. Proving to be one of the best for red autumn foliage. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
Panicum virgatum ‘Northwind’
‘Squaw’. A green-leaved Kurt Bluemel selection with pinky red flowers and autumnal tinted foliage. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Strictum’. Of generally upright habit, with grey-green leaves and relatively large, light, airy panicles of flower. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Warrior’. With green foliage and heads of freely produced purple-tinted flowers. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
Paspalum
A diverse group of more than three hundred warm-season species, including some used as turf grass in hotter areas.
Paspalum quadrifarium
PASPALUM GRASS
Forms clumps of blue-green leaves topped by slightly arching flower plumes and delicately attractive flowers. Needs a sunny well-drained spot and is often semi-evergreen in cooler areas. From South America. To 1.8 m (6 ft.). Z8–9.
Pennisetum
FOUNTAIN GRASS
Among the most showy of all grasses, with cylindrical, fluffy to smooth, bottlebrush-like flowers in a palette ranging from white to red, which appear to cascade like fountains from rounded mounds of usually green foliage. Being warm-season, they are fast growing and enthusiastically produce longlasting flowers over an extended period—making them extremely valuable garden plants for use en masse or as individual specimens.
The diverse fountain grasses are mostly perennial, and largely clumping though several have a spreading habit. Many will set seed easily, causing some such as Pennisetum setaceum to be considered weeds in sensitive warmer areas. Coming from warm to tropical climates, many will not survive temperate winters, and those that do require full sun and well-drained soils to perform well, though some light shade may be tolerated by hardier forms in areas of high sunlight. Some tropical species can be grown as summer annuals, including the dark-leaved and dark poker-like-flowered Pennisetum glaucum ‘Purple Majesty’. Of the hardier forms, many have been chosen for their combination of flower and winter hardiness. Widely distributed in warm temperate to tropical areas.
Panicum virgatum ‘Warrior’. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Paspalum quadrifarium. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
‘Fairy Tails’. Foxtail grass is a seedling selection from John Greenlee and one of the most striking and distinctive of fountain grasses, with light green mounds of leaves and masses of strongly upright dainty flowers, pinky white before quickly fading to tan, produced in profusion and over a long period. A valuable addition to gardens where it can be used in large airy drifts, in groups at the front of the plant border and as informal hedges. Always prefers sun and open conditions. Apparently sterile. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z7–8.
Pennisetum ‘Fairy Tails’. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
‘Paul’s Giant’. A particularly distinctive form selected in the United States for its large, relatively tall spikes of fluffy creamy white flowers with good yellow-orange autumn foliage. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z6–7.
Pennisetum ×advena
syn Pennisetum setaceum
PURPLE FOUNTAIN GRASS
Until recently thought to be part of Pennisetum setaceum, these plants now have their own name as they are in fact somewhat different from that species (though P. setaceum is likely a parent). Not hardy except in very warm areas, most are effectively sterile so need to be increased by division from overwintered plants. Excellent pot subjects in colder areas. From Africa. Z9.
‘Eaton Canyon’. A compact form with less vigour and purple leaf colour than its popular counterpart ‘Rubrum’. To 75 cm (2½ ft.).
‘Rubrum’ (‘Cupreum’, ‘Purpureum’). Absolutely stunning in colour, shape and form, this virtually unique grass has deep red to burgundy stems, foliage and exquisite red, very tactile arching flowers that gradually fade to beige with age. A perfect summer specimen, which will remain evergreen and flower year-round if given enough winter heat. Prefers a sunny spot with heat. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
Pennisetum alopecuroides
syn Pennisetum compressum, Pennisetum japonicum
FOUNTAIN GRASS, FOXTAIL GRASS
This classic fountain grass has given rise to a whole series of cultivars with the same generally rounded mounds of green foliage, often colouring golden yellow to mark the arrival of autumn, topped with a wealth of large fluffy bottlebrush-like flowers held on slightly arching stems. Relatively hardy in colder areas if given good drainage and a sunny open position. The species does not always flower reliably in such areas, though the cultivars do not appear to have the same shortcoming. In warmer to dry climates, fountain grasses may need more moisture and tolerate some light shade though they are always happy in full sun. Seed will set freely in warmer areas but does not appear to do so in colder places. From Asia. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z6–7.
‘Cassian’. Produces dusky light brown flowers from midsummer onwards and turns rich orange-yellow in autumn. Named by Kurt Bluemel for well-known horticulturist Cassian Schmidt. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Caudatum’. Beautiful, with many large near-white fluffy flowers set above deep green foliage during summer. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Dark Desire’. A new selection from Knoll Gardens with the most amazing, very large, dark purplish black bottlebrushes freely produced above bright green wide foliage. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Hameln’. A superb rounded compact form with very dark green wiry foliage and many fuzzy catkin-like flowers—which are not the largest, but are very freely produced and among the most reliable for cooler climates. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Herbstzauber’. A very attractive free-flowering selection with large fluffy greenish white flowers from high summer onwards, and bright green foliage. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Little Bunny’. A miniature selection from ‘Hameln’, with small mounds of foliage and flower, more shyly produced in cooler climates. To 45 cm (1½ ft.).
‘Little Honey’. A sport from ‘Little Bunny’, with the same characteristics except that leaves are finely variegated with white and green stripes. To 45 cm (1½ ft.).
Pennisetum alopecuroides ‘Cassian’
Pennisetum alopecuroides ‘Dark Desire’. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
‘Moudry’. A compact form with relatively wide, glossy, neat basal mounds of foliage topped by fluffy deep purple to black flowers held only just above leaf height. Later-flowering, to the point of non-flowering, in shorter summer areas. To 75 cm (2½ ft.).
‘National Arboretum’. Very similar to ‘Moudry’ though flowers are held further above the dark green leaves. To 75 cm (2½ ft.).
‘Red Head’. An excellent cultivar chosen for its early-flowering ability and relatively large individual flowers which open distinctly red before fading through purple shades to beige. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Viridescens’ (var. viridescens). Considered a botanical variety by some, with strongly mound-forming glossy wide green leaves and a shy flowering habit in cooler areas. To 75 cm (2½ ft.).
‘Weserbergland’. Lovely, with mounds of narrow green foliage and many creamy white flowers in late summer. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘Woodside’. Selected in the U.K. for its habit of regular flowering, and similar to ‘Hameln’ in many respects, ‘Woodside’ forms compact mounds of green foliage topped by many beige-white fluffy flowerheads from high summer onwards. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
Pennisetum alopecuroides ‘Red Head’
Pennisetum incomptum
syn Pennisetum flaccidum
FOUNTAIN GRASS, FOXTAIL GRASS
A relatively hardy species, with narrow grey-green leaves and slender, daintily poised freely produced flowers. Its strongly spreading root system can be invasive and difficult to eradicate, demanding caution when used in any but the toughest and most contained areas. Prefers sun and is not fussy about soil. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). From China and Himalaya. Z4.
Pennisetum macrourum
FOUNTAIN GRASS, FOXTAIL GRASS
Forms spreading individual mounds of tough grey-green foliage with many distinct arching stems topped with rounded off-white flowerheads in summer. Very distinctive in full flower, though can be comparatively late to flower in cooler areas. Needs sun and a well- drained position. Variable from seed. From Africa. To 1.8 m (6 ft.). Z7.
‘Short Stuff’. A selection from Knoll Gardens rather more compact and earlier to flower than the type, with freely produced flowers held just clear of the foliage. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
Pennisetum massaicum
FOUNTAIN GRASS, FOXTAIL GRASS
Coming from open savannah, this species is remarkably cold tolerant given its native range. Always prefers sun and well-drained conditions, and appears quite tolerant of heaver soils. Comes easily from seed and is usually represented by the following cultivar which itself comes fairly true from seed. From Africa. Z8.
‘Red Buttons’. Bold, bright green mounds of gradually increasing foliage provide the base for enthusiastically produced, relatively short rounded flowers that are initially bright red before fading to tan and brown. Much earlier-flowering than most other fountain grasses; blooms can be almost continually produced on better soils. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
Pennisetum orientale
ORIENTAL FOUNTAIN GRASS
Less robust in growth and cold-hardiness than Pennisetum alopecuroides, with mounds of relatively narrow bright green to grey foliage and masses of soft pink (fading white) flowers freely produced from summer onwards. Clump-forming and best in full sun and well-drained soils. From Africa, Asia and India. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z6.
‘Karley Rose’. Forms mounds of shiny arching leaves and very deep rose pink flowers held on rather tall upright stems. Good in large drifts and masses and against more solid companions. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
‘Shogun’. Has more upright soft blush-pink flowers freely produced from high summer onwards, and distinct glaucous blue foliage. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
Pennisetum massaicum ‘Red Buttons’
Pennisetum orientale ‘Shogun’
Pennisetum orientale ‘Tall Tails’, emerging. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
‘Tall Tails’. With light green mounds of foliage and many tall flowerheads with long, semi-pendulous white foxtail-like flowers. Can self-sow in warmer areas and is shorter-lived in colder districts. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
Pennisetum setaceum
syn Pennisetum ruppelii
TENDER FOUNTAIN GRASS
Often grown as an annual in colder areas where it makes a highly ornamental plant in gardens. Contrastingly, its tendency to re-seed prolifically in warmer climates has led to invasiveness and it is considered a weed in areas such as mediterranean California. Prefers sun and well-drained soils, and goes summer-dormant in dry climates. From Africa and Asia. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z9.
Pennisetum setaceum. Photograph courtesy of Rick Darke.
Pennisetum villosum
FEATHERTOP
A firm garden favourite, with bright green, gradually spreading mounds of foliage covered with large, furry caterpillar-like fluffy white flowers. Tender in colder areas, where it can be grown as an annual, and reasonably hardy if given full sun and excellent drainage. From Africa. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z8.
Phalaris
CANARY GRASS
This group of widespread annual and perennial cool-season semi-evergreen grasses includes Phalaris canariensis, an annual often found in bird seed mixes.
Phalaris arundinacea
REED CANARY GRASS
A strongly spreading species found in moist areas and marshes, but avoiding open water, where it is extremely vigorous and can cover very large areas. Excellent for restoration and conservation work in places where it is native. Only the variegated selections are usually found in gardens. All have running rootstocks that will eventually make large patches. From North America and Eurasia. To 1.5 m (5 ft.). Z4.
Pennisetum villosum
var. picta ‘Arctic Sun’. A relatively new selection, with strongly marked creamy yellow to golden variegated foliage. More compact and less inclined to move around than the species. Prefers average to damp soils in sun or light shade. To 75 cm (2½ ft.).
var. picta ‘Feesey’ (‘Strawberries and Cream’). Bright white-and-green-striped leaves occasionally suffused pinky red make this the boldest variegated form of Phalaris arundinaceae. Selected by noted grass specialist Mervyn Feesey. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
var. picta ‘Luteopicta’. Seldom seen, with creamy yellow-striped foliage. Has less vigour than the species, and fades to white as the season progresses. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). var. picta ‘Picta’. Possibly the oldest known and most vigorous selection, often seen as large established patches in gardens. Bright white-and-green-striped leaves are sometimes suffused pink in cooler periods. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
Phragmites
REED
Consisting of one species, this warm-season deciduous grass is widespread over most continents where it occurs in moist areas. Highly variable over its range.
Phragmites australis
COMMON REED
Has a vigorous questing rootstock that allows it to colonize a variety of wet and marshy areas, gradually spreading to encompass vast tracts of land. Tough leaves are distinctively tapered in many shades of glaucous green. Of enormous benefit to biodiversity, it is much used for restoration and conservation projects. Prefers generally open areas. Widespread and common. To 4 m (13 ft.). Z4.
Phalaris arundinacea var. picta ‘Arctic Sun’
Phragmites australis. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
subsp. australis ‘Variegatus’. Attractive with bright yellow-and-green-striped foliage, with considerable vigour and spreading ability. Happy in sun or light shade. To 2.7 m (9 ft.).
Poa
BLUE GRASS
Poa is a huge group of more than five hundred annual and perennial cool-season semi-evergreen grasses. Many are used as turf grass and in lawns; fine-textured, they resemble their close relatives, the fescues. Widespread in cool temperate regions.
Poa labillardierei. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Poa labillardierei
AUSTRALIAN BLUE GRASS
During summer, with enough moisture, large mounds of steely blue narrow foliage and a succession of silvery blue stems and flowers are continually produced from the centre. In full flower this poa is a shimmering haze of silvery blue. Happiest in sun or very light shade. Prefers dry soils in colder areas, and more moisture in warmer climates. From Australia. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z8.
Rhynchospora
WHITE-TOP SEDGE, STAR SEDGE
These mostly perennial, evergreen grass-like sedges prefer moist soils with some degree of sun. Their distinctive flowers are in fact extended bracts. Widespread in warm temperate regions.
Rhynchospora latifolia
syn Dichromena latifolia
STAR SEDGE
Native to pond edges, swamps and savannahs, with conspicuously elongated white bracts held on thin green stems. Happy in a variety of damp areas. Increases by a slowly running rootstock. From the U.S. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z8.
Saccharum
SUGAR CANE
This group of several dozen warm-season deciduous grass species is best known for the commercial production of sugar cane from Saccharum officinarum, which can also be a very attractive ornamental plant in its own right. Sugar canes have some broad similarities to miscanthus, with which they can be mistaken in gardens especially when not in flower, as they form similar large mounds of wide green leaves—though these are topped with plumes that give them a superficial resemblance to pampas. Previously a separate genus, Erianthus is now included under Saccharum. Sugar canes prefer open moist situations to fuel their fast rate of growth, though they seem happy enough adapting to drier areas in gardens. Widely distributed in temperate to tropical areas.
Saccharum arundinaceum
HARDY SUGAR CANE
Fast-growing and variable from seed, the best forms having rather attractive, wide, almost-glaucous sea green foliage that can make very large mounds. Stiff upright plumes, produced in late summer, are initially a wonderful deep pinky red before fading to silver-grey. Happiest in full sun in a range of soils. Excellent as a specimen plant or to provide screening and division. From Asia. To 4 m (14 ft.). Z7.
Saccharum officinarum
SUGAR CANE
Well-known for its provision of cane sugar. Can attain massive proportions of up to 6 m (20 ft.) high in tropical areas, where it is valued for its ornamental qualities. In less favoured localities it is often used as a tender or seasonal subject where it is less vigorous. Forms with purple-tinted foliage are especially favoured in gardens. Prefers sunny open positions with sufficient moisture, but is at least seasonally drought tolerant. From Asia. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z10.
‘Pele’s Smoke’. A beautiful form with dramatically marked dark purplish black stems and lighter reddish purple-tinted foliage. Very ornamental, with less vigour than the green forms. Always best in sun and reasonable soils. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
Saccharum ravennae
syn Erianthus ravennae
RAVENNA GRASS
Clump-forming, with large mounds of grey-green leaves which support masses of tightly packed, tall, sometimes-arching upright stems and pampas-like flower plumes of a delicate silvery pink, fading to silver-grey. Requires a long season to bloom well, so is best in full sun in a variety of soils. From Africa, Asia and Europe. To 3 m (10 ft.). Z6.
Rhynchospora latifolia. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Saccharum ravennae
Schizachyrium scoparium
BLUESTEM, BEARDGRASS
Among this large group of widely distributed annual and perennial warm-season deciduous grasses, only S. scoparium is readily cultivated in gardens. Until relatively recently, this species was classified under the genus Andropogon, from which it differs due to the structure of its flowers. Widely distributed in temperate to tropical areas.
Schizachyrium scoparium
Schizachyrium scoparium
syn Andropogon scoparium
LITTLE BLUESTEM
Beautiful, tough and adaptable, little bluestem is a major constituent of the American tall grass prairie. Usually clumping, with basal mounds of fine-textured leaves and characteristically upright to strongly vertical stems. Flowers offer a striking palette of reds, oranges, coppers and rust in autumn. Foliage and stems are often glaucous to silvery blue and several selections have been made for this quality. Others have been selected for use as forage grass but some such as ‘Aldous’ and ‘Blaze’ have valuable ornamental qualities as well. Always best in full open sun but occasionally tolerates light shade. Does well in a range of soils from wet to fairly dry; poor rather than fertile soils will produce the most upright growth. Extremely variable from seed. From North America. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z3–8.
‘Prairie Blues’. A seed-raised strain, with a generally upright habit and stems and leaves of an overall grey-green appearance, turning warm orange and brown in autumn. Needs full sun and well-drained poor soil for best growth.
‘Stars and Stripes’. Chosen for its creamy yellow-and-green-striped basal mounds of foliage. To 90 cm (3 ft.).
‘The Blues’. An excellent selection by Kurt Bluemel with striking glaucous blue stems and a sturdy habit.
Schoenoplectus
CLUBRUSH
Also known as bulrush, causing some confusion with Typha species which have the same common name, the clubrushes are annual and perennial semi-evergreen grass-like sedges, found in a wide range of aquatic or waterside situations. Forming large colonies of dark green to glaucous grey rounded stems, they are a key ingredient of wetland areas where they are valuable as cover for wildlife and for the filtering capacity of their dense root systems. Many of the formerly separate Scirpus species are now included in this group. Clubrushes have been used for traditional thatching and matting purposes in several different cultures. Widely distributed in temperate areas.
Schoenoplectus californicus
syn Scirpus californicus
CALIFORNIA BULRUSH, GIANT BULRUSH, TULE
Has a rapidly growing habit, producing tall cylindrical grey-green stems with interesting brown flowers at the very tips. Can cover large areas and is always best in full sun and boggy soils or marshes. From the southern U.S. through Argentina. To 2.7 m (9 ft.). Z7.
Schoenoplectus lacustris subsp. tabernaemontani
syn Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus tabernaemontani
COMMON CLUB RUSH
Commonplace in most temperate areas in a wide variety of wet situations, from the open water of lakes and ponds to brackish marshes—anywhere with sufficient moisture. A spreading root system allows it to thrive in such marginal conditions, creating large clumps of generally upright dark green to occasionally grey rounded stems that will eventually cover significant ground. This widely established variable species inevitably has a complex mix of very similar forms, leading to conflicting botanical treatments and naming. However named, plants in this group are key to wetland and restoration schemes and effective in larger water garden areas. Best in sun and tolerant of most levels of moisture. To 2.1 m (7 ft.). Z4.
‘Albescens’ (‘Variegatus’). Effectively clump-forming, with very upright narrow stems vertically striped light green and white. Ideal for the pond’s edge or as a specimen in small artificial water features. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Zebrinus’. With narrow upright stems, dark green with vivid light yellow horizontal banding. Ideal for the pond’s edge or as a specimen. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
Sesleria
MOOR GRASS
This modest group of sturdy often-evergreen cool-season clump-forming grasses offer some extremely gardenworthy choices that work well in various situations, as ground cover or in drifts, meadows or living roofs. Coming from dry, rocky places, they are very adaptable and tolerate a range of soils as well as partial shade, though they are happiest in sun.
Schoenoplectus lacustris subsp. tabernaemontani ‘Albescens’
‘Greenlee’s Hybrid’. A most interesting cultivated selection, assumed to be a hybrid between S. autumnalis and S. caerulea, exhibiting characteristics from both presumed parents. Hardy, with improved tolerance to high inland temperatures, happy in sun or partial shade. To 20 cm (8 in.). Z4.
Sesleria autumnalis
AUTUMN MOOR GRASS
Strong mounds of yellowish, almost chartreuse, usually evergreen foliage mark this tough and adaptable plant apart from other more blue-foliaged species. Freely produced, relatively insignificant creamy white flowers contribute to the overall effect. Happy in full sun or light shade in a variety of soils. Excellent for meadows, drifts and roof gardens. From southern Europe. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z4.
Sesleria caerulea
syn Sesleria albicans
BLUE MOOR GRASS
A much-underused, tightly mound-forming evergreen species grown primarily for its distinctive foliage, light glaucous blue on the upper surface and darker green below. Leaves are held so that both colours are visible at the same time, though the overall effect is blue. Dark at first, pale spikes of flowers are produced on short stems early in the season. Superb as ground cover, for meadows and for green roofs where it seldom needs trimming. Drought-tolerant in sun or light shade. From Europe and the U.K. To 20 cm (8 in.). Z4.
Sesleria heufleriana
BLUE-GREEN MOOR GRASS
Similar in many respects to blue moor grass, but with taller flowers and broader tufted mounds, coloured slightly more grey-green. Happy in sun or light shade in a variety of different soils. From Europe. To 40 cm (16 in.). Z4.
Sesleria nitida
GREY MOOR GRASS
An Italian species, forming mounds of spiky blue-grey leaves topped by attractive light flowerheads held clear above the foliage on slightly pendulous stems in late spring. Prefers a sunny open spot and is reasonably drought tolerant. From Europe. To 60 cm (2 ft.). Z4.
Setaria
FOXTAIL GRASS
This reasonably large group of annual and perennial warm-season evergreen grasses is often weedy in nature; only a few are consciously cultivated. Widely distributed in tropical to temperate areas.
Setaria macrostachya
BRISTLE GRASS
A very pretty annual grass that finds use in cool temperate gardens. Wide light green leaves are topped by many rounded flowerheads during summer, the whole plant assuming red tints as the season progresses. Will self-seed if happy. Prefers a sunny open spot. From Asia. To 45 cm (1½ ft.). Z9.
Setaria palmifolia
PALM GRASS
A striking tropical non-hardy grass with large, wide, rich green leaves, conspicuously pleated and often red-tinted. Tall narrow purplish inflorescences appear in late summer. Used in seasonal displays and as a summer pot specimen in colder areas. Re-seeds in warmer climates. Best in a sunny spot where not too dry. From Asia. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). in cultivation. Z9.
Sesleria caerulea
Setaria macrostachya. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
Sorghastrum
INDIAN GRASS
Though only S. nutans is commonly cultivated, this group includes both annual and perennial species of warm-season evergreen grasses. From Africa and North America. Z3–6.
Sorghastrum nutans
syn Sorghastrum avenaceum
INDIAN GRASS
Once extremely common in tall grass prairie, this beautiful, adaptable, mostly clump-forming species contributes strongly upright flower stems from mounds of often-glaucous blue leaves. Changing colour in tune with the seasons and variable from seed, it has given rise to several notable selections, all best in full sun and with adequate moisture. From North America, including Mexico. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z3.
‘Bluebird’. A good glaucous-leaved selection from the Bluebird Nursery in Clarkson, Nebraska. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Indian Steel’. An excellent form with, as its name suggests, steel grey foliage and an upright habit. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Müllerslust’. An upright habit and very glaucous grey leaves distinguish this German selection. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
‘Sioux Blue’. A first-class selection from Rick Darke, with very blue-grey leaves and stems and an upright nature. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
Spartina
CORD GRASS
These primarily coastal, perennial, warm-season evergreen grasses prefer wet soils to brackish and saltwater environments and are of major importance to coastal ecologies where they are used in restoration and habitat provision. Vigorous spreading root systems can preclude their use in all but the largest of gardens.
Spartina pectinata
PRAIRIE CORD GRASS
Found in freshwater habitats to wet prairie lands throughout much of North America, prairie cord grass will grow happily in most soils, even tolerating seasonal droughts, which makes it amenable to garden situations. Strongly spreading, it can form dense patches of strong bright green foliage and relatively lightweight panicles of flower that can weigh down the narrow stems as the season progresses. Best in open sunny conditions with some moisture. From North America. To 2.1 m (7 ft.). Z3.
Spartina pectinata ‘Aureomarginata’. Photograph courtesy of Dianna Jazwinski.
‘Aureomarginata’ (‘Variegata’). Bold, bright yellow-and-green-striped foliage on slightly less vigorous plants make this a good selection for gardens. To 2.1 m (7 ft.).
Spodiopogon
GREYBEARD GRASS
Among this small group of perennial warm-season deciduous species at home in open grassland, only one species is cultivated to any extent.
Spodiopogon sibiricus
SIBERIAN GREYBEARD GRASS
distinctive grass with a neatly rounded form. Thin green flat leaves, held nearly horizontal, turn a wonderful deep red in most autumns. Erect terminal panicles emerge in late summer. Best in light shade where not too dry; tolerates even more shade, although its form will not be as tight. From China, Japan and Siberia. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z3.
‘West Lake’. Collected from China, this form introduced by Roy Lancaster and Hans Simon has noticeably pinkish red flowerheads. To 1.2 m (4 ft.).
Sporobolus
DROPSEED
This very large group of annual and perennial warm-season deciduous grasses is mostly represented in gardens by the temperate North American species that are found in mostly open grasslands. From tropical to temperate areas.
Sporobolus airoides
ALKALI SACATON, ALKALI DROPSEED
Produces clumps of relatively coarse grey-green foliage topped with very graceful arching flowerheads, opening pink before fading to silver in late summer. Can colour an attractive yellow-orange in autumn. Well-adapted to alkaline soils as well as a variety of testing conditions, including drought and heat where it may produce more compact growth. Always prefers sunny open positions. From the southern and western U.S. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z4.
Sporobolus heterolepis
PRAIRIE DROPSEED
Relatively slow-growing and refined, this is regarded as one of the most elegant of prairie grasses, forming finely textured dense flowing mounds that turn deep orange to copper in winter. Delicate flower panicles sit high above the foliage on slender stalks, with fresh flowers having a slight fragrance redolent of coriander. Long-lived and very drought-tolerant. A good choice for meadow, prairie and ground cover plantings. Prefers full sun but tolerates light shade in a variety of different soils. From North America. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z3.
Sporobolus heterolepis
‘Tara’. A compact selection from Roy Diblik, with slightly stiffer foliage and good orange-red autumn colour. To 60 cm (2 ft.).
‘Wisconsin’. Selected by Hans Simon for reliable flowering under cooler European conditions.
Sporobolus wrightii
GIANT SACATON
The largest of all dropseeds, with grey-green clumps of arching foliage topped by sculptural flower spikes that offer dramatic impact over a long period. Amazingly drought-tolerant and even shows some resistance to salt in coastal situations. Always best in sun. From the southern U.S. to Mexico. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z5.
Sporobolus wrightii
Stipa
FEATHER GRASS, NEEDLE GRASS
This large group of mostly clump-forming cool-season evergreen grasses, originating in Africa and Eurasia, have long been used extensively in gardens. From Africa and Eurasia.
Stipa barbata
FEATHER GRASS
From tidy clumps of rather uninteresting green foliage appear magnificent, slender, arching silvery flowerheads with a flowing motion even in the slightest of breezes. Requires a sunny well-drained spot. Can be difficult to establish. From southern Europe and northern Africa. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z7.
Stipa gigantea
GIANT OAT GRASS, SPANISH OAT GRASS
The largest and most striking of all stipas. Tough narrow green foliage eventually forms significantly sized basal clumps from which come the most amazing tall heads of light golden brown to buff oat-like flowers, with an airy see-through quality despite their size and number. Produced early in the season, stems and flowers last for many months. Unsurpassed as a mature specimen, it must have full sun and is best in a well-drained spot. Variable from seed, which is not viable in colder areas. Dislikes being shaded or having other plants too close. From southern Europe and northern Africa. To 2.4 m (8 ft.). Z5.
Stipa gigantea ‘Gold Fontaene’
‘Gold Fontaene’. A spectacular selection by German nurseryman Ernst Pagels. Huge clumps of narrow foliage and many stiff spikes of enormous golden brown upright flowerheads held high above the foliage make this the perfect form of Spanish oat grass.
‘Pixie’. A comparatively dwarf selection with less vigour than the species—but with all of its airy gracefulness, and just as useful. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
Stipa pennata
EUROPEAN FEATHER GRASS
Flowerheads bearing long, feathery tails are held well above tight clumps of slightly arching leaves. Can be difficult to establish and must have a sunny well-drained spot. Often confused with S. barbata. From Europe, Africa and Asia. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z6.
Stipa gigantea ‘Pixie’
Stipa pulcherrima
EUROPEAN FEATHER GRASS
Similar to S. barbata and S. pennata and equally graceful, with even longer flowering tails produced from mounds of ordinary green leaves. Needs full sun. From Europe, Africa and Asia. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z6.
Tridens
This small group of warm-season deciduous perennial grasses originates in areas ranging from woodland edge to open meadow in the eastern United States through Mexico.
Tridens flavus
PURPLETOP
Upright and clump-forming, providing distinct hues of purple in meadows, woodland edges and open grasslands during summer when the graceful flowers are freshly opened. Prefers sun but will tolerate some light shade in a variety of soils, ideally with some moisture. From the eastern U.S. through Mexico. To 1.2 m (4 ft.). Z6.
Typha
BULRUSH, CATTAIL, REEDMACE
The deciduous, grass-like cattails are present in most areas, in any suitable moist to wet ground but especially common along drainage ditches and on streamsides and riverbanks. Tolerating saline and partially polluted waters, they are essential to wetland ecology, providing habitat for wildlife and acting as a natural filtering system. Widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas.
Typha angustifolia
LESSER BULRUSH, NARROW-LEAVED CATTAIL
A more slender and refined version of T. latifolia, with many spikes of distinctive rounded brown flowerheads, separated into male and female parts by a small gap on the flower stem. Has a spreading habit and will colonize large areas under suitable conditions. From North and South America and Eurasia. To 1.8 m (6 ft.). Z3.
Typha latifolia
COMMON BULRUSH, COMMON CATTAIL, GREAT REEDMACE
The most common Typha species, found in any suitably wet area. Forms vigorous spreading clumps of tall upright foliage and rounded cylindrical brown flowerheads that are not separated like those of the narrow-leaved cattail. Will cover large areas though always prefers sunny open positions. Widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, South America and Africa. To 2.7 m (9 ft.). Z3.
‘Variegata’. A striking variegated form, with very attractive bright creamy white and green variegated foliage and typical bulrush flowers. Ideal in containers but less cold-hardy than the species. To 1.5 m (5 ft.).
Tridens flavus
Typha minima
MINIATURE CATTAIL
A distinctive miniature form, smaller than other cattails in all its parts with the same running habit, bright green leaves and narrowly pointed male and oval female flowers separated by a section of bare stem. Will tolerate the water’s edge or very moist soils in sun or lightest shade. Perfect for small watery areas. From Eurasia. To 75 cm (2½ ft.). Z5.
Uncinia
HOOK SEDGE
The grass-like hook sedges produce seeds that hook themselves onto passing animals, including gardeners, for distribution. Although this group of perennial, mostly clump-forming evergreens is relatively large, only a few are used in gardens. From Australasia and South America. Z8.
Uncinia rubra
HOOK SEDGE
Unassuming tussocks of deep reddish brown evergreen foliage produce tiny insignificant flowers that eventually turn into hooked seeds. Often confused with two similar species, U. egmontiana and U. unciniata, from which it differs due to its more compact nature and narrower, more uniform darker purplish to bronze-red foliage. Prefers sun for best colour, and not-too-dry soil. From New Zealand. To 30 cm (1 ft.). Z8.
‘Everflame’. A recent, very attractive selection, with reddish brown leaves striped with shades of pink.
Typha latifolia
Uncinia rubra ‘Everflame’
