Acheson, Dean, 13
Adachi Kyōgorō, 143
African American servicemen, 10; prostitution and, 103–4; race riots, 104–6; racism and, 103–6; segregation policy of U.S. military, 103–5; venereal disease statistics and, 166, 189–90
Akahata, 11
Akiko Kato, 79
Akita Prefecture, 49
Allen, Robert W., 187
Allied Council for Japan, 14
American Club, 50
American Expeditionary Forces, 173
“American Plan,” 172
American Social Hygiene Association (ASHA), 171–72
Aomori Prefecture, 49
Army Information Digest, 175
Army-Navy Chaplains Association of the Tokyo-Yokohama Chapter, 177
Arnold, David, 20
Asahi Shinbun, 30
Ashkanzaki, Melvin A., 158–59
Association for the Maintenance of Public Order, 76
atomic bomb, 36–37
Australian Army, 97
Babysan: A Private Look at the Japanese Occupation, 217–18
bamboo shoot living, 36
Barthes, Roland, 154
Bassin, Jules, 86
Battle of Okinawa, 37
Beiderlinden, William Arthur, 163, 173–74, 176, 179–80
Bennett, Primus, 179–80
Bhabha, Homi, 15
Bix, Herbert, 32–33
Bolen, Robert, 105
Bourdieu, Pierre, 210
British Commonwealth General Hospital, 158–59
British Commonwealth Occupation Forces (BCOF), 10, 75, 84, 95–96, 122; prophylactic facilities, 148; venereal disease, rates of, 120–21
British Government’s War Office, 149–50, 153
Bronfenbrenner, Martin, 103
brothels, 131, 180, 204 See also: comfort facilities, prostitution; Alton Chamberlain’s first encounter in, 1–2; contracts with sex workers, 2; dissolving of, 83; Fussa, 57; Goraku-sō, 48, 68; inspections, 148; International Palace, 78–79, 83, 92; Kanagawa, 56, 148; Komachien, 54, 56; licensed, 5, 128; medical care at, 128–29; organizing, 44; owners, 128–29; postsurrender period, 5; privately-run, 2; prophylactic facilities, 148; psychological profile of men who frequent, 179–80; Tokyo, 56, 148–49; Yasurra house, 57–58; Yokohama, 48; Yokosuka, 47–48, 56
Buffett, Howard, 57
Burns, Susan, 41
Calhoun, C. P., 145
Camacho, Keith L., 18
capitalist democracy, 11
“carnal literature” (nikutai bungaku), 205, 207
Carpenter, Alva C., 88–90
Carter, T. J., 136–137
Central Co-ordinating Committee for Women’s Welfare, 198–99
Central Liaison Officer (CLO), 63–64; reports of sexual violence to, 70–71
Chamberlain, Alton, 1–3, 9, 97–101, 103, 160–162; “cultural barrier,” 2, 98; friend, Malek, 1, 98; friend, Pee Wee, 1, 98
chancroid, 87, 129, 153, 181; treatment for, Japanese, 130
Chaplain’s Association, 126, 174, 177
Chicago Sun, 78
Chicago Tribune, 101–2
Chōfu airfield, 57
Chūgoku, 120
CI&E’s Information Division, Women’s Branch, 115
City of Dreadful Delight, 196
Civil Information and Education Section, 208
Clap, Major, 109–10
Clawson, Richard R., 80
Cohen, Theodore, 97
Cold War, 27, 170, 174, 192, 219, 221; containment policy, 32; moral hygiene in, 167–74; objectives of, 13
comfort facilities (ian shisetsu) for occupation troops, 7, 43–44, 47, 76 See also: brothels, prostitution; establishment of, 34, 41, 48–49
comfort women, 43 See also prostitution; Korean women, 44
Command and General Staff School, 123
Conrad, Sebastian, 55
contact tracing, 119–47, 159, 162, 173; definition of, 136; gender-based discursive pattern, 139–40; implementation of, 143–44; PHW plan for, 141–44; proponents of, 136; public health reform and, 135–47; racial boundaries and, 140; report sheets, 138–40; World War II, 136
“Control of Venereal Disease,” 82
Dai-Ichi Seimei Building, 3
Daily Life Assistance Grant, 200
Dai Nippon Kokusui league, 50
D’Amico, Francine, 169
de Certeau, Michel, 210
Democratic-Liberal Party, 116
Derrida, Jacques, 131–132
Dickerson, W. M., 191
Dower, John, 9, 16, 32–33, 36, 52, 59, 102–103
Drury college, 173
Duke University, 103
Duus Masayo, 61
Edelstein, David M., 17
Ehime Prefecture, 142
Eichenberger, Robert L., 101
Eighth Army, 93, 101, 123, 185; Circular (No. 33), 144; Office of the Surgeon, 119–20; Replacement Training Center, 163, 185–88; Venereal Disease Contact Areas, 146; Venereal Disease Museum, 163–64, 185; “Venereal Disease Report Sheet,” 138–39
Eiji, Oguma, 46
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, 32
Erkenbeck, V. J., 119–120
E. T. packets (Emergency Treatment packet), 149
Far East Command (FEC), 13–14, 111, 125, 139, 173, 182; Chaplains’ Section, 179; Naval Forces, 145; Venereal Disease Indoctrination Team, 174
Federation of Housewives, 196
“female floodwall,” 25, 75, 77, 117; conceptualization and organization of, 29–55
feminist, 42, 197, 203, 223; activists, 3, 27, 194–95; anti-prostitution movement, 197; Christian, 199; petitions, 195; scholars, 7
Fifth Air Force, 93–94
1st Cavalry, 148–49
44th Infantry Division, 173
Foucault, Michel, 22
Fujisawa Nanao, 207
Fujitani, Takashi, 33
Fukuda Mahito, 130
Fukui Katsu, 128–30
Fukuda Katsu, 200
Fukumoto Isao, 71
Fukuoka City Police, 107
Fukuoka Military Governance Team, 107
Funakoshi Michiko, 115–16
geisha(s), 1, 45, 57, 64–65, 129, 153, 160–161, 203; connotations of word, 102; districts, 100, 102; houses, 86, 97, 99
General Order No. 1, 37
Germany, Allied occupation of, 15, 17
“G. I. Jopha,” 64–65
Glismann, John D., 108–10
gonorrhea, 87, 129, 153; diagnosis of, 129; rates of, 133, 188; treatment for, Japanese, 129–30
Goraku-sō, 48
Gordon, James H., 123, 128, 130–32, 148
Greater Japan National Essence League, 50
Greater Japan Sincerity Association (Dai Nippon Sekisei-kai), 50
Green, Marta, 202
Greene, Billie B., 100–101
Guam; Department of Health, 146; Naval Government of, 146; U.S. occupation of, 17–18, 144
Gumma Prefecture, 86
Gunby, Thomas A., 187
Gunzō, 205
Haiti, U.S. occupation of, 17–18
Harris, Bill, 100–1
Harris, Glenn L., 107
Harris, Townsend, 45
Harootunian, Harry, 10
Hart, W. Lee, 137
Hashimoto Masami, 41
Headquarters and Service Group, 89
Health Center Law, 131
Henderson, Alpheus Lester, 93
Herrera, Guilberto, 169
Hibiya Park, 3
Higashikuni cabinet, 33
Hishitani Toshio, 50
Hitler Youth, 50
Hobson, Barbara Meil, 94
Hodge, John R., 13
Hokkaido Prefecture, 143; police recruitment of comfort women, 49
Home Minstry (naimushō), 35, 47–48, 61, 127–28; Association for the Maintenance of Public Order, 76; “Concerning the comfort facilities in areas where the foreign troops will be stationed,” 41, 44; efforts to prevent sexual violence, 67; guidelines in response to sexual violence to, 72, 72–75; Peace Preservation Section, 62–63, 65, 72; Police and Security Section, 41
homosexuality, 168–69; demonizing of, 168–70
Hume, Bill, 217–19
Hunt, Alan, 171
hybrid toilets, 154–56
hygiene, 21, 118, 125; boards, 42; laws of public, 80; modern Japanese thoughts on, 45, 55; moral. 167–74; racial, 45–46; regulation, 31; servicemen’s sanitary practices, 127; social, 27, 44, 171–73, 192; state intervention in, 42
Ichikawa Fusae, 197
Ichikawa Tokuji, 127
Ikebukoro Station, 113
Ikeda Hayatato, 51
Ikeda Hirohiko, 49
Imperial Japanese Army, 46, 57
Imperial Japanese Navy, 47
Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War” (Daitōa sensō shūketsu no shōsho), 35, 37–38
Imperial Rule Assistance Association, 45
Indian Corps of Military Police (CMP), 95–97, 99–101, 103
inguinal lymphogranuloma, 87
Inside GHQ—The Allied Occupation of Japan and Its Legacy, 32
International Palace, 92, 97; inspection of, 78–79; privately-run, 83
Instrument of Surrender, 31–32, 37, 56, 56
International Friendship Association Building, 70
Itabashi Police Station, 113–114
Itō Akiko, 207
Iwate Prefecture, 49–50
Izeki, R., 145
Japan; aggression and expansion, 14; Allied attempt to liberate Japanese women from Japanese male chauvinism, 2, 83; American imperial engagement in, 9; attempts to comfort Allied occupiers, 2, 31; attitude of servicemen towards, 64–65; colonialism, 10, 14, 17; “colonizing” after world war ii, 8–20; defeat propaganda, 35; democracy, establishing in, 8–20, 32, 83; first encounter: early occupied, 56–77; food and water shortages, 36; gendered political reforms in postwar, 15; health system, PHW evaluation of, 133–35, 138, 142; Imperial, 6, 194; “liberation,” 10; Meiji period, 38–39, 42, 63; military occupation of, 16–17; military dependence of, 17; militarism, 10; moral purification programs, 194–95; police, reempowering of, 109–12; postsurrender, eventfulness of, 31–36; postwar history of, 12–13; public health system, 127–35; shame of defeat, 34; stereotypes, 33; surrender ceremony, 8, 29, 56; surrender, delay, 32–33; Tokugawa shogunate, 45, 69, 107; threats to “public peace,” 31–36; U.S. mission in, 32; Japan Diary, 57
Japanese Association for the Prevention of Venereal Disease (Nihon seibyō yobō kyōkai), 127
Japanese Diet, 6, 116; Bill for Punishment of Prostitution and Related Activities (baishuntō shobatsu hōan), 84; female members, 114
Japanese National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 130
Japan’s Women’s University, 207
Jewel Voice Broadcast, 37–38
Jiji Press, 200
Jiji Shimpō, 102
Jones, Ausie, 105
Journal of Social Hygiene, 136–37, 149
Jōsei Kaizō, “Cageless Zoo: A Current Report on Ueno by Night,” 212
Kahoku Shinpō, 201
Kanagawa Prefecture, 29, 49, 68; brothels, 56, 148; evacuation of women and children from, 29–30; Police Department, 48, 61, 68; prediction of violence against women, 30; reports of violence against women, 61
Kanzaki Kiyoshi, 212–14
Kelly, Thomas D., 186–87
Kizokuin (House of Peers), 33
Kobayashi Daijirō, 52
Koikari, Mire, 15, 84, 90, 113
Kon Waijirō, 210
Konoe Fumimaro, 44–45
Korea; Chinhae, 18; colonial, 40, 45; forced laborers (chōsenjin), 35; occupation of, Japan, 40, 45; occupation of, U.S., 13, 18, 19, 123, 144; postwar history of, 12–13, 23; prostitutes in, 43–44, 123, 167, 183–84
Korean War, 11, 97, 123, 146, 173, 194
Koshiro Yukiko, 15
Kovner, Sarah, 79, 84, 194, 212
Kure, 95; reports of sexual violence in, 75–76
Kyoto, 87, 110; Heian Hospital, 109; Medical Detachments, 150; Prefectural Public Health Department, 109; pro stations, 151, 154; Station, 109
Kyushu, 145, 192; Civil Affairs section, 192
Lacour, Lawrence L., 57–58, 149
Law for the Prevention of Venereal Disease ((Home Department Ordinance No. 44, 1900), 82
Lie, John, 47
London’s Foreign Office, 8
Long, Lt. Colonel, 146
Lowe, Roy M., 105
Lubliner, Isma¸ 100–101
MacArthur, Douglas, 10, 13–15, 56, 58–59, 115
MacDermott, Mr., 8–10
Maezawa Fumiko, 100
Mainichi Shimbun, 209
Maki Kenichi, 193
Marple, Tom J., 169
Martin, Vernon, 105
Marx, Karl, 53
Marxism, 11
Masahiro, Katō¸112
Masao, Maruyama, 11
masculinity; competition, 23; militarized, 5, 75, 184; promotion of, 175–76; responsible, 168
Matsukaza House, 201
McClintock, Anne, 140
Metcalf, Barbara, 95
Meyer, Edward J., 156
Meyers, Howard, 86
Military Government Teams, 107–10, 132, 143; Health Officer, 132–33
Military Occupation Courts, 89
Military Police (MP), 79, 168–69; arrests of suspected prostitutes, 114–15; civil rights and occupation policy, 81–82; duties, 80, 92–118; 519th Military Police Battalion, 105; racial bias in, 105–6; 720th Battalion, 80, 156
Minami Hiroshi, 207
Ministry of Finance, 51
Ministry of Health and Welfare, 131, 200; National Institute of Health (NIT), 142
Ministry of Labor, Women’s Section, 83
Minton, William L., 189–90
Mitchell, Leon E., 105
Miyagi Prefecture, 86; prostitution in, 86; women’s dormitories in, 201
Miyazawa Hamajirō, 44–46
“modern girl“ (moga) trope, 51
Moon, Seungsook, 222
moral reform groups, 170–171
morale, 163–215
morality, 21, 44, 85–86, 163–184, 222; America, versus Japanese, 176–78; character building, 170; character guidance, 163, 170, 174–84; Japanese campaigns, 192–215; moral purification, 163–215; moral reform groups, 170–71; racism in, 165–66; religion and, 172–73, 175, 180–81, 191; sex education and, 163, 174–84, 189, 191; servicemen’s bodies and, 163–92; venereal disease and, 125–26, 143–215
Muldowney, Edward, 169
Murase Akira, 52
Nagasaki Prefecture, 36–37, 41, 98, 194
Narita Fumio, 107
National Public Opinion Research Institute, 208
National Purification Federation (Kokumin Junketsu Dōmei), 197–98
Navy Times, 217
“New Japanese Woman” trope, 51
Nieda, Isamu, 131
Niigata Prefecture, 86
national body (kokutai), 5, 31, 36, 44; concept of, 38–40; public health interventions and, 40; violence against women and, 40–41, 46
National Totsuka Hospital, 201
New York Police Department, 78
Nikutai no mon (“Gate of Flesh”), 205–6
Nippon Kangyō Bank, 51
Nippon News-Reel Company, 113
Nippon Times¸ 115–16
Nomos, 17
Nomura Toshiko, 115–16
occupation babies, 220
Ogura Keiko, 115–16
Oishi Yoshie, 116
Okichi, 44–45
Ooka Police bureau, 70–71
Oppler, Alfred C., 85–86
Oshima, K., 132
Otake Bungo, 128
Ōtani Susumu, 209–14
Otaru, 143
Pacific Stars & Stripes, 115, 217
Panama Canal Division, 123
panpan girl, 28, 196, 203–5, 213–14; age, 210; “carnal literature” (nikutai bungaku), 205; Class A, 210; Class B, 210–211; Class C., 211–212; education, 210, 212; Japanese scholars and, 204; markers, 209–10; photographs of, 206–7; popular culture and, 205, 215; prejudices against, 208; real life, 207–8
Pax Americana, 219
Pearl Harbor, 56
Pedagogy of Democracy, 167
Perry, Matthew, C., 56
Philippines, U.S. occupation of, 9, 18, 173, 223
Physicians’ Manual for Health Statistics, 142
Polenberg, Richard, 105–106
Police Act, 49
pro kits, 149, 152–53, 160, 223; Japanese nationals and use of, 156
prophylactic ablution centres (P.A.C.), 148–50
prophylactic ablution rooms (P.A.R.), 148
prophylactic stations (pro stations), 148, 151–58, 173; anti-VD propaganda, 148, 150, 152–53, 155; hygienic instructions, 148; location of, 159–62; maintenance of, 157; maps of, 149
prophylactics/prophylaxis, 94, 123, 125–26, 135, 148–62; availability of, 156–58; chemical, 148, 152, 182; condoms, 151, 153, 173; facilities, 148–62; mercurous chloride, 148; sulfathiazole, 148
propaganda; anti-VD, 148, 150, 152–53, 155; prewar, 38; wartime, 9, 33, 36, 52, 72
Protestant Relief Society, 201
prostitution; administrative practice in Japan, 29–77; baishun, 204; class structure and, 43, 51–53, 95, 195–203; coerced debt and, 53; coercion of women into, 5, 47–56, 76; “contact zone,” 22; contractual, 79, 199; criminalizing, 2, 6, 78–92, 144–45, 180; danshō, 212; debts, 199; ethnographies, 203–15; experiences, 95; “fallen woman,” rehabilitation of, 196–203; former, locating, 48–49; health certificates, 130–31; illegal/unlicensed (shishō), 78–92, 125, 127–28, 136–37, 204–5; Imperial Japan and, 6, 41; karayuki-san, 43; legal status, 82, 118; licensed, 2, 5–6, 31, 41–42, 135, 199; licensed (kōshō), locating, 48–49, 204; loopholes regarding, 82–92, 222; maps showing areas of, 112, 210, 213; medical/health examinations, 41–42, 89, 114–17, 123, 127–35; military, maintenance of, 19, 43; military bases and, 18, 93–94; 19th century, 31; occupation, as an, 4–8; organizing prostitution in postsurrender Japan, 47–56; panpan girls, 28, 196, 203–15; police conduct towards suspected, 116–17; police identification of, 111; policing, 78–118; popular culture and, 203–15; postwar, 7, 31, 45; protestations of innocence, 106–18; recruiting, 47–56; race divisions and, 103–5; raids, 106–18, 126, 130; regulation of, 4, 6, 8, 22, 24, 31, 41, 78–118, 127; rehabilitating, 199–200; self-sacrifice and, 52–53; servicemen violating prohibition of, 93; shita-pan, 212; shōfū, 204; source material on, 94–95; special dispersion of, 135; spectatorship of “sexual danger” and, 203–15; street (gaishō), 3, 83–84, 95, 113, 117, 135, 180, 194–96, 199, 203–5; streetwalker control policy, 200–201; U.S., history of, 94; wartime, 6, 31; yama-pan, 212
Prostitution Abolition League, 86
Prostitution Prevention Bill, 6
Provost Marshal, 79
“public peace,” 44; preservation of, 35; threats to, 31–36
“public spirit” (jinshin), 34
racism, 1, 20, 93; African American servicemen and, 103–6; allied attitudes towards Japan and Japanese, 9–10, 14–16, 85–86, 101–2, 120, 133–36, 176–77, 217–18; Asian women and, 7, 31; biracial babies and, 220; contact tracing and, 140–41; eugenics laws, 39; obscured, 103; prostitutes and, 103–5; racial codes, 21, 103; racial profiling, 64; racial purity, 31, 45–46; reports of sexual assault and, 63–64; stereotypes, 7, 33; transgressions of racial boundaries, 118; wartime propaganda, 36; white supremacy, 9
rape/sexual violence, 5; bōkō, 34; “cooperative defense” (kyōdō bōei) against,72; fujo bōkō, 34; ryōjoku, 34; fear of, 29–55; first encounter and, 56–77; Japanese complicity in, 76–77; preventative measures, 67–77; reports of, 61–77; resisting, 72–73; “spiritual education” (seishin kyōiku) and, 72; wartime and, 40
Rankins, Samule C., 105
Recreation and Amusement Association (Tokushu ianshisestu kyōkai, RAA), 35–36, 44, 50–51, 56, 82–83; dissolving of, 83; funding, 50–51; location of recreational facilities, 57; oath, 44–45; off–limits signs, 92; recruiting prostitutes, 45, 50–53; recruitment posters, 52
recreational facilities; location of, 57; postsurrender period, 5
red-light districts, 3, 79, 100–102, 106, 124, 126, 128, 199; gonorrhea in, 133; prophylactic facilities, 148
Renda, Mary A., 17–18
Richmond, Captain, 133
Roberts, Mary Louise, 19
Robertson, Horace, 84
“ruling as social praxis”(Herrschaft als soziale Praxis), 23
Russell, John, 103
Ryukyu Islands, 146; U.S. military occupation of, 17
Saka Nobuya, 44
Sakaguchi Ango, 207
Sakai, Naoki, 18
Salvation Army, 202
Sams, Crawford F., 123., 125–26, 133, 144
Sanami Teiko, 113–14
Sanjakli, Nusert, 220
Santō House, 53
Sasagawa Ryōichi, 50
Sasagawa Ryōzō, 50
Sasebo, 18, 145, 192; Chamber of Commerce, 193; Public Health Center, 145–46
Sasebo Public Morals Purification Committee (Fukishukusei-iinkai), 192–94; “An Appeal to Young Girls,” 193
Sato Nosiko/Noriko, 100
Sato Tsukichi, 116
Schwartz, Walter H., 119
Schmitt, Carl, 17
Segregation policy of U.S. military, 103, 141; ending of, 140
Seifert, Ruth, 40
Sex; commercial, maintenance of, 18; education, 163–92, 223; extramarital, 183; family planning and, 43, 181–83; management, local traditions of, 4; reproductive, protecting, 3, 52
Sex Hygiene and Veneral Disease, 150
sex trafficking, 55, 91; networks, 49–50
sex slavery, 91
sexuality; civilian, regulation of, 43; morality, 127; reproductive, 21; regulation of, 4, 8, 21, 24, 91; self-control and, 127, 174, 178; state intervention in, 42
Shanghai Cabaret, 104–5
Shiga Yoshio, 11
Shigematsu, Setsu, 18
Shigeru, Yoshida, 11
Shinjuku Station, 29
Shiragiku House, 200–201
Sluga, Gelnda, 18
soaplands, 220
Social Democratic Party, 114
Social Reform Party, 116
socialism, 11
Special Higher Police (Tokubetsu kōtō keisatsu/Tokkō), 35, 50
special restaurants (tokushu inshokuten), 3, 86, 112
St. Luke’s Hospital, 115
Stoler, Ann Laura, 22
Staatskorper, 38
Stoler, Ann, 157
Stupples, Christopher W., 158–159
Supreme Commander of Allied Powers (SCAP), 2, 10, 37, 81–83, 91–92, 107, 141, 168, 175, 177, 199; “Abolition of Licensed Prostitution” (SCAPIN–642), 83; Character Guidance Council, 163, 173–76; Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD), 102; civil rights and occupation policy, 81; General Headquarters (GHQ),” 3, 11, 13–14, 32, 37, 163; labor policy, 12; Law Division, 86; Legal and Government Section, 192; Legal Section, 84–85, 87–90; Legislation and Justice Division, 86; “Outline of Technical Standards and Procedures in the Diagnose and Treatment of Venereal Diseases,” 134; Preventive Medicine Section, 146; Public Health and Welfare Section (PHW), 122–23, 125, 127, 131–36, 138, 141–43, 146–47, 157, 164, 173–74, 202; sexual violence reports submitted to, 64; Venereal Disease Control Section, 123, 128, 131, 141–42, 174, 185
Swing, Joseph May, 87–89, 91, 108
syphilis, 87, 129, 153, 160–61, 181; dark-field microscopy, 135; diagnosis of, 129, 135; rates of, 188; treatment for, 129, 158
Tachikawa Airbase, 57
Takabe, Dr., 132
Takahashi Akira, 127
Takamine, Kawashima, 35
Takekawa Masayuki, 206–7
Takekawa Renko, 114–15
Takenori Hyakutoku, 128
Tamura Taijirō, 205–6
Tanaka Eiichi, 116
Tateyama, reports of sexual violence in, 65–66
308th General Hospital, 158
Tokubetsu kōgekitai (“Special Attack Unit,”kamikaze), 52
Tokuda Kyūichi, 11–12
Tokyo, 57, 89; brothels, 56, 148–49; civil defense unit (keibōdan), 34; Ginza street/district, 51; Health Bureau, Contagious Disease Control Section, 116; Meguro ward, 34; Metropolitan Government, Children’s Section, 200; Metropolitan Museum of Art, 208; Military Government, 196; Nihonbashi, 34; Ōi district, 54; Ōmori district, 54; PHW, 146; rehabilitation houses, 200
Tokyo Imperial University, 127, 212
Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, 34, 44, 112–13, 116, 196; Public Peace and Security System, 44, 128; reports of rape to, 62; Section for Economic Crime, 68; Section for Public Morals (fūki kakari), 68–69; “Urgent problems concerning the tendencies of the common people” report, 34
Tokyo Preventative Health Department, Preventive Medicine Section, 128
Tomiko, Iwahashi, 53
Tokyo Shinbun, 112–13
Tomioka Stories, 103
Toshio, Sumimoto, 2
Toyama Ikuzo, 127
Toyama Prefecture, 49
Toyatama Hospital, 116
Treaty of Peace (San Francisco Treaty), 32, 219
Trilling, Sergeant, 104–5
Ueno; hierarchy of prostitutes in, 210–13; map of prostitutes in, 210, 213; Park, 208–9; Station, 29
United Press, 115
U.S. Army; “Contact History Reports,” 137; Headquarters Eighth Service Command, Medical Branch, 137; Medical Department, 154
U.S. Department of the Army, 91; “Repression of Prostitution” directive, 91
U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo, 194
U.S. Military Special Services, 178
U.S. Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK), 13
U.S. Navy, Bureau of Medicine Surgery, 119, 136; Section of Venereal Disease Control, 119; “Venereal Disease Problem in Sasebo,” 145–46
U.S. Public Health Service, 172
U.S. State Department, 14
U.S. War Department, 94, 147, 165; Circular 227, 185; Commission on Training Camp Activities (CTCA), 172
Valentine, Lewis J., 78–79
venereal disease, 26, 189, 222–23; agents of biomedical control, 122–27; cartographies of, 135–47; clinics, Japanese, 128; contact tracing, 119–47, 159, 162, 173; criminalizing, 78–92; dark-field microscopy, 135; diagnosing, 119–62; education on, 125–26, 142, 146–60, 163–92, 223; fear of, 158–61, 164, 181–82; isolation of, 125; Japanese methods of controlling, 123–24, 127–35; Japanese population and, 147; lectures on, 151, 153, 181–84; mapharsen and, 129; men on leave and, 146–47; mercurous chloride and, 124, 158; national security and, 43, 121, 142–43; normalization of, 126, 153, 158; penicillin and, 124, 129, 159, 173, 182; policing, 78–118; preventing, 119–62; preventative care, 148–62; prophylaxis, 94, 123, 125–26, 135, 148–62; prostitutes and, 120, 153, 160–61, 163–64, 181–82; public health reforms and, 119–47; racism and, 127, 140–42, 166, 189–90; regulation of, 4, 8, 21, 24, 78–118; rehabilitation centers, 163, 185–92; sexism and, 141–42; social implications of, 43, 125, 142–43; spread of, countering, 121; stereotypes regarding, 119, 127, 141–42, 162; surveillance of, 20, 126; surveillance, long-term, 130; treating, 119–62
Venereal Disease Prevention Law, 87–89, 106, 117, 141; violators, 89–90
Venereal Disease Rehabilitation Center, 186–89; “trainees” at, 186–87, 189
Venereal Disease Short Training Courses, 142
Volksgemeinschaft , 38
Walkowitz, Judith, 196
War, Religion, and the Pursuit of Sex, 1–3, 9, 97–100
War without Mercy, 102
wartime military comfort system (jūgun ian seido), 5, 18, 31
Washington University; School of Medicine, 123
Watanabe Yōji, 204–5
Weed, Ethel B., 115
Weible, Walter Leo, 89
Wiesbach, Philip, 148–49
Wilbur, Ray Lyam, 172
Wiley, W., 132
Wilkeson, John, 105
Wolfe, Kenneth Bonner, 93–94
women; chastity, 6, 43, 72–73, 76, 117–18, 197; domesticity, 31; dress code, 30, 72; female body and warfare, 40; middle and upper class Japanese, 3, 43–44, 113; sexual violence against, reports of, 61–75; “spiritual education” (seishin kyōiku), 72; suffrage, 15; womanhood, ideals of, 31
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 170, 198, 200, 202
women’s dormitories/rehabilitation homes, 199–202
Woman’s Youth Corps (joshi seinendan), 76
World War I, 119, 148, 150, 172–173
World War II, 10, 13, 16, 17–18, 43, 80, 123, 136, 169, 173, 185, 194, 203; Japanese civilian casualties, 337; prophylactic facilities, 148, 150; prostitution as administrative practice in Japan, 29–77
World’s Women Christian Temperance Union (WWCTU), 195
WRC, 201
yakuza gangs, 50
Yankowsky, Michel A., 107
Yasuura House, 149
Yokiko, Koshiro, 102
Yokohama, 1, 8, 54, 57, 131, 169; brothels, 48, 56, 93, 97–98; discharge of female employees, 30; Naka Ward, 48; Police Station, 104–5; reports of sexual violence in, 70, 73–74, 100–101; Tsurumi Geisha District, 100; Yamashita-chō, 48
Yokosuka, 57; brothels in, 47–48; discharge of female employees, 30; reports of sexual violence in, 65–66, 71
Yomiuri Hōchi, 34; “Alerting Notice About Women and Children Walking Alone,” 30; article on “homes for prostitutes,” 200–201; “Lapsing into dema[gogy] is foolish,” 33
Yoneyama, Lisa, 15
Yoneyama Genjirō, 76
Yosano Hikano, 128–30
Yosano Hikaru, 116
Yoshiaki, Yoshimi, 83
Yoshiwara Hospital, 114–15, 128–29
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 170–72
Yuki, Fujime, 49–50
Yuki, Tanaka, 49, 56–57, 61, 65, 83
Zund, Emil A., 187–89