9: SEX FOR SALE

  1. Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 72; Frese, “Guardians,” 65, 45.

  2. Nick Schwellenbach and Carol Leonnig, “U.S. Policy a Paper Tiger against Sex Trade in War Zones,” July 18, 2010, A4; Rajiv Chandrasekaran, Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq’s Green Zone (New York: Vintage Books, 2006), 64.

  3. Seungsook Moon, “Regulating Desire, Managing the Empire: U.S. Military Prostitution in South Korea, 1945–1970,” in Höhn and Moon, eds., Over There, 43–44.

  4. Statistics from Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace (Tokyo, Japan, 2010); S. Moon, “Regulating Desire,” 45.

  5. S. Moon, “Regulating Desire,” 42–43.

  6. Quoted in and translated by S. Moon, “Regulating Desire,” 51.

  7. S. Moon, “Regulating Desire,” 53–54.

  8. Gillem, America Town, 51–53.

  9. Quoted in S. Moon, “Regulating Desire,” 66, 58–67.

10. S. Moon, “Regulating Desire,” 76n90; Katherine Moon, Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 37.

11. Sang-hun Choe, “Ex-Prostitutes Say South Korea and U.S. Enabled Sex Trade Near Bases,” New York Times, January 7, 2009.

12. Rick Mercier, “Way Off Base: The Shameful History of Military Rape in Okinawa,” On the Issues, Winter 1997, http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/1997winter/w97_Mercier.php.

13. A. Baker, Life in the Armed Forces, 106–8.

14. Gillem, America Town, 49.

15. Choe, “Ex-Prostitutes.”

16. Ibid.

17. Durebang / My Sister’s Place, “Durebang Report: Concerning Migrant Women Involved with U.S. Bases: From 2002–2009,” report, Uijeongbu, South Korea, n.d. [2010], 40.

18. Seungsook Moon, “Camptown Prostitution and the Imperial SOFA: Abuse and Violence Against Transnational Camptown Women in South Korea,” in Höhn and Moon, eds., Over There, 342–43, 348.

19. “Durebang Report”; S. Moon, “Camptown Prostitution.”

20. “Durebang Report,” 89.

21. Reed Irvine and Cliff Kincaid, “The Pentagon’s Dirty Secret,” Media Monitor, August 7, 2002, http://www.aim.org/publications/media_monitor/2002/08/07.html.

22. Barbara Demick, “Off-Base Behavior in Korea,” Los Angeles Times, September 26, 2002.

23. Irvine and Kincaid, “Pentagon’s Dirty Secret”; S. Moon, “Camptown Prostitution,” 346; Gillem, America Town, 67.

24. Donna M. Hughes, Katherine Y. Chon, and Derek P. Ellerman, “Modern-Day Comfort Women: The U.S. Military, Transnational Crime, and the Trafficking of Women,” Violence Against Women 13, no. 9 (2007), 918.

25. Irvine and Kincaid, “Pentagon’s Dirty Secret.”

26. GI Korea, “Stars and Stripes Exposes Prostitution in South Korea’s Juicy Bars,” ROKDrop.net, September 8, 2009.

27. Gillem, America Town, 54.

28. Demick, “Off-Base Behavior.”

29. Ibid.

30. S. Moon, “Camptown Prostitution,” 352–53; “Durebang Report.”

31. Hughes, Chon, and Ellerman, “Modern-Day Comfort Women,” 910, 919; Timothy C. Lim and Karam Yoo, “The Dynamics of Trafficking, Smuggling and Prostitution: An Analysis of Korean Women in the U.S. Commercial Sex Industry,” report, Bombit Women’s Foundation, Seoul, South Korea, n.d., 19.

32. K. Moon, Sex Among Allies, 35.

33. Calvin Sims, “A Hard Life for Amerasian Children,” New York Times, July 23, 2000.

34. Höhn, “‘You Can’t Pin Sergeant’s Stripes on an Archangel,’” 124.

35. See e.g. Toshio Suzuki, “From Dooley to Jones, Bases in Germany Feed US Soccer Team’s Multicultural Success,” Stars and Stripes, December 13, 2013.

36. Jon Rabiroff and Hwang Hae-rym, “‘Juicy Bars’ Said to Be Havens for Prostitution Aimed at U.S. Military,” Stars and Stripes, September 9, 2009.

37. Jon Rabiroff, “Inside the Juicy Bars: Drinks, Conversation and…” Stars and Stripes, April 24, 2010.

38. Irvine and Kincaid, “Pentagon’s Dirty Secret.”

39. Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases, 165. See also an estimate of 25,000–30,000 around bases nationwide, in A. Baker, American Soldiers Overseas, 119.

40. Women Who Built the House on the Street, directed by Durebang (South Korea: Durebang / My Sister’s Place, 2007).

41. Kelly Patricia O’Meara, “US: DynCorp Disgrace,” Insight Magazine, January 14, 2002.

42. Ibid.

43. Human Rights Watch, “Hopes Betrayed: Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced Prostitution,” Bosnia and Herzegovina 14, no. 9 (D) (November 2002): 64.

44. Diane Rehm Show, “Kathryn Bolkovac: ‘The Whistleblower,’” transcript, January 11, 2011, http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows/2011-01-11/kathryn-bolkovac-whistleblower.

45. O’Meara, “DynCorp Disgrace.”

46. Ibid.; Diane Rehm, “Kathryn Bolkovac.”

47. The transcript is quoted in O’Meara, DynCorp Disgrace.”

48. Cynthia Enloe, “Bananas, Bases, and Patriarchy,” in Women, Militarism, and War: Essays in History, Politics, and Social Theory, edited by Jean B. Elshtain and Sheila Tobias (Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1990), 200.

49. See e.g. Aïssata Maïga and Sol Torres, “Legal Prostitution in Europe: The Shady Facade of Human Trafficking,” Open Security blog, September 17, 2014, https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/a%C3%AFssata-ma%C3%AFga-sol-torres/legal-prostitution-in-europe-shady-facade-of-human-trafficking.