Notes
Chapter 1: Water: Prerequisite for Life, and Living
1 C. A. Sullivan, J. R. Meigh, and T. S. Fediw, “Derivation and Testing of the Water Poverty Index Phase 1.” Final Report (May 2002),Volume 1, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH); Natural Environment Research Council for the Department for International Development.
Chapter 2: The Global Water Condition
1 The pioneering work on estimating the human appropriation of NNP is attributed to P. M. Vitousek, P. R. Ehrlich, A. H. Ehrlich, and P. A. Matson, “Human Appropriation of the Products of Photosynthesis.”
Bioscience 36 (1986): 368-373.
2 A subsequent study by H. Haberl, K. H. Erb, F. Krausmann, et al., “Quantifying and Mapping the Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production in Earth’s Terrestrial Ecosystems.”
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 (2007): 12942-12947, extended the global-aggregate approach to a more detailed analysis based on terrestrial grid cells.
Chapter 3: Public Good, Commodity or Resource?
1 Tom Tietenberg,
Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Second Edition (Scott Foresman and Company, 1988.)
2 Terry Anderson,
Water Crisis: Ending the Policy Drought (Cato Institute, 1983.)
Chapter 4: The Cost of Clean Water
1 Infrastructure to 2030: Telecom, Land Transport, Water and Electricity (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, July 2006; ISBN 9789264023987).
2 Regional and Global Costs of Attaining the Water Supply and Sanitation Target (Target 10) of the Millennium Development Goals (World Health Organization, 2008).
3 Guy Hutton and Laurence Haller,
Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level (World Health Organization, 2004).
4 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2004; Report to Congress (U.S. EPA, January 2008).
5 This convention is used to avoid any confusion with a privatized public utility. For example, take a state-owned Malaysian water utility. If the government is “privatizing” the public utility, it is offering ownership to the public, that is, investors, through a listing on a stock exchange.
Chapter 5: The Business of Water
1 In addition to the diversified companies engaged in the beverage category such as Nestlé, Coca-Cola, Group Danone, and Pepsi, there are a multitude of smaller bottled-water companies that possess widely differing prospects. A recent addition that is focused on the Chinese bottled-water market is Heckmann Corporation (HEK), which purchased China Water and Drink Inc. to gain access to the large and growing middle class in China.
2 R. Saleth and A. Dinar,
The Institutional Economics of Water: A Cross-Country Analysis of Institutions and Performance (Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications, 2004), 23-46.This exhaustive literature review evaluates the performance of water institutions and water policy reform through the empirical application of an “institutional ecology” framework.
Chapter 8: Decentralized Water and Wastewater Treatment
1 U.S. EPA, “Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems: A Program Strategy” (EPA 832-R-05-002, January 2005).
3 WaterTech Capital, LLC, “Home Water Treatment Markets” (March 2007).
4 Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research; Fourth Annual Symposium, “Land-Use Change and Ecological Processes in an Urban Ecosystem of the Sonoran Desert,” Arizona State University, January 17, 2002.
5 L. Canter, R. Know, and D. Fairchild,
Ground Water Quality Protection (Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, Inc., 1988), 5-13.
Chapter 9: Water Infrastructure
1 U.S. EPA, “Clean Watersheds Need Survey (CWNS): 2008 Guide for Entering Stormwater Management Program (Category VI) Needs” (2008).
3 P. Gordon, J. Kuprenas, J. Lee, J. Moore, H. Richardson, and C. Williamson, “An Economic Impact Evaluation of Proposed Stormwater Treatment for Los Angeles County” (University of Southern California, November 2002).
4 Congressional Research Service, “Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: A Summary of Major Provisions” (December 21, 2007).
Chapter 10: Water Analytics
1 WaterTech Capital, LLC, “Water Instrumentation and Monitoring Markets.” White Paper, May 2005.
2 “Information Collection Rule (ICR),” 61
Federal Register 24354 (May 14, 1996). The ICR study was the largest, longest and most carefully formulated water quality study undertaken by U.S. water utilities in support of future regulation of microbial contaminants, disinfection alternatives and disinfection byproducts.
5 “Water Infracture: Information in financing, Capital Planning, and Privatization, “GAO-02-764,Washington, D.C.: August 16, 2002.
6 C. Copeland and B. Cody, “Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector.” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress (May 21, 2003).
Chapter 11: Water Resource Management
1 Aldo Leopold,
A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949), 201-226.
2 The Report of the World Commission on Dams, “Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making” (November 16, 2000).
3 Gifford Pinchot,
The Fight for Conservation (New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1910).
5 M. El-Fadel, Y. El Sayegh, K. El-Fadl, and D. Khorbotly, “The Nile River Basin: A Case Study in Surface Water Conflict Resolution.”
Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 32 (2003): 107-117.
6 S. Postel and A.Vickers, “Boosting Water Productivity,”
State of the World: 2004 (Washington, D.C.:Worldwatch Institute, 2004), chap. 3.
Chapter 12: Desalination
1 International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly (February/March 2008).
Chapter 13: Emerging Issues
1 World Health Organization,“Arsenic in Drinking Water.” Fact Sheet Number 210, Revised May 2001.
2 U.S. EPA,“Clean Water and Drinking Water Gap Analysis Report,” (EPA 816-R- 02-020, 2002); “Closing the Gap: Innovative Responses for Sustainable Water Infrastructure,” (2003 EPA Water Infrastructure Forum).
Chapter 14: Water as an Asset Class
1 Roger G. Ibbotson and Paul D. Kaplan, “Does Asset Allocation Policy Explain 40 Percent, 90 Percent, or 100 Percent of Performance?”
Financial Analysts Journal (January/February 2000).
Chapter 15: Climate Change and the Hydrologic (Re)Cycle
1 R. Spahni, J. Chappellaz,T. Stocker, et al.,“Atmospheric Methane and Nitrous Oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic Ice Cores.”
Science 310(5752) (November 25, 2005): 1317-1321.
2 2006 Annual Climate Review: U.S. Summary, June 21, 2007, National Climatic Data Center, NOAA.
3 T. Karl, N. Nicholls, and J. Gregory, “The Coming Climate.”
Scientific American (May 1997): 133-149.
4 J. Rose, S. Daeschner, D. Easterling, F. Curriero, S. Lele, J. and Patz, “Climate and Waterborne Disease Outbtreaks.”
Journal AWWA 92(9) (September 2000): 79-86.
Chapter 16: Forward-Looking Thoughts for Water Investors
1 S. Hoffmann, “Estimating Residential Demand for Water in the City of Denton.” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of North Texas, December, 1986.
2 For a detailed account of the history of ecology see Donald Worster’s
Nature’s Economy and
The Background of Ecology by Robert McIntosh.