Index

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101 Ranch, 30

Abney, Frank, 157–8

academics, high school, 23

Adler, Stella, 45

African Blood Brotherhood, 9

African-American Association (Hawaii), 162–4

Afro-Cuban music, 122–3

Afro-Hawaiian News, 164

after-hours clubs, 30

alcoholism, 10; detoxification, 144–6; mother’s death and, 131–2; post-underground period, 143–5; recovery from, 145–7; relapse after B.S. degree, 152–3

Allen, Cliff, 39

Alves, Bert, 109

American Communist Party: Availables, 126–7; Deep Freeze, 126–7; end of association with, 140–1; fragmentation, 141–2; joining, 53–61; outlawing, 126; White House demonstration, 84–5; white versus Black comrades, 136–40

American Youth Congress, Soviet invasion of Finland, 83–4

Amsterdam News, 9

Anderson, James, 8–10

Anderson, Sam, 150

anonymity, 70–1

anti-Semitism, 39

Arlen, Harold, 32

Armstrong, Louis, 33

Armstrong, Maxie, 33

Ashby, Katherine, 20

Assan, Umar, 162–3

At the Dark End of the Street (McGuire), ix

Availables, 126–7

Baker, Ralph Lenard, 21

Baldwin, Earl, 25

baseball, “Jim Crow in Baseball” campaign, 80–2

Bates, Lee, 66

Bates, Ralph, The Olive Field, 47

Batista regime, 123

Beasley, Joyce, 33

Beaux Arts Ball, 19–21

Bell, Daniel, 153

Benjamin, Robby, 26

Bernstein, Walter, 109

Berry, Abner W., 100–1

Billings, Carol, 148

Bindman, Aaron, 156–7

Black Bolshevik (Haywood), 142

The Black Bourgeoisie (Frazier), 142

Black Cat, 48–9; pocket picking with Marva, 51–2

Black inferiority teachings, 58

Black-owned night spots, 30

Blount, Harvey, 18, 20

“blue-eyed niggers,” 10

Bonus Marchers, 54

bourgeoisie, Black population, 75–6

Boyer, Anice, 33

Bradley, Francine, 48

Bradley, Lyman “Dick,” 48

Brannick, Lacy, 21

breakfast dances, 31

Bromberg, J. Edward, 45

Browder, Earl, 99–101

Brown, Lloyd, 118

Brown, Spencer, 156

Burgum, Edwin Berry, 48

Burke, Leto, 89

Burleigh, Harry T., 17

Burnham, Louis, 66–7, 171

Butler, Marjorie, 156

Butterworth, Charles, 27

Cacchione, Pete, 81–2

Calloway, Cab, 49–50

Calloway, Constance, 17, 20

Camp Wapello, 24–5

Campbell, Allan, 110

Campbell, Jesse, 71

Cape Cod Theater, 46–7

Carlisle, Una Mae, 33

Carmichael, Stokely, 150

Caulfield, Joe, 147

CCNY (City College of New York), Frederick Douglass Society, 66

Chandler, Alice, 159

Cheek, Donald, 151

Chez Clinton, 37–8

Childs, James, 158

Church of the Epiphany, 16–19

Cincinnati Cotton Club, 127–8

Clark, Kenny, 50

Clory, Clyde, 89

Club Ashford, 70–1

Clurman, Harold, 45

Coca, Imogene, 39

Cohen, David Stephen, The Ramapo Mountain People, 10

Cohen, Yvonne, 69

Cold War, 125

Coleman, Sam, 153

Coll, Vincent “Mad Dog,” 28–9

college attendance, 147–8

Collins, Elizabeth, 21

Collins, Henry “Kid,” 21

Columbia School of General Studies, 147–8; Black students, 148–9; graduate program, 153–4; graduate program dropout, 154; The Owl, 148–9

Communist Party: outlaw attempt, 112; Scottsboro case, 59; training schools, 113–14. See also American Communist Party

Communist Political Association origins, 99–100

Communists in Harlem During the Depression (Naison), xiv

Connor, Theophilus Eugene “Bull,” 67

Cooper, Esther, 72

correctional facility teaching, 157–8

Cotton Club: 24th Edition of the Cotton Club Revue, 33; artists, oppression and, 29–30; chorus admittance, 32–3; Coll, Vincent “Mad Dog,” 28–9; family move to New York and, 27–8; female chorus, 33–4; “Flying Colors,” 27; Johnson, Winnie, 26–7; mob purchase, 34; mobsters and, 28–9; owners, 28; Police Benevolent Association, 28; Stark, Herman, 28; upper-class whites, xi; white controllers, xi

The Cotton Club (movie), 33, 160–1

Crockett, George, Jr., 113–14

“Crow-Jimism,” 35

Crowninshield, Eddie, 43

Crowninshield, Ralph, 43

Cuba. See Havana

Cullen, Countee, 47

Curtis, Hycie, 33

Daily Worker, 68

dancing: breakfast dances, 31; the Bump, 21; dollar bill snatching, 31; “kitchen mechanics’ night,” 31–2; postwar service, 95–6; the Shim Sham, 30; Ten Dancing Demons, 32–3

Dangerfield, Lewis, 89

Davis, Benjamin J., 60

Deacons for Justice, 113

Dean, Elwood, 21

Dean, Viola, 43

Debs, Eugene V., xxii

Deep Freeze, 126–7; Cincinnati Cotton Club, 127–8; identity change, 127–8; mistress, 131; mother’s death during, 130–1; New Orleans, 128. See also underground period

DeFreece/Defreese family, 10

Defying Dixie (Gilmore), ix

Degraphenreid, Stephen, 89

DeGroat family, 10; DeGroat, Howard, 11; DeGroat, James, 11; DeGroat, Vivian, 12

detoxification from alcohol (delirium tremens), 144–6

Dennis, Eugene, 75, 102, 104, 141, 142

Devine, Jack, 146–7

Dimitrov, Giorgi, 65; “Unity of the Working Class against Facism” speech, 114–15

“Double V” campaign, 101

Douglass, Frederick, 8; Frederick Douglass Society (CCNY), 66

draft notice, 85–6

Du Bois, W. E. B., 9–10; Church of the Epiphany, 17–18

Dubin, Abe, 69

Duval, Betty, 20

Ebbetts Field, Jackie Robinson Day, 82–3

Eberhardt, Bill, 25

Ellington, Duke: The Apollo, 41–2; Blackness as a composer, 42; Cincinnati Cotton Club, 127–8; the Three Johnsons, 40–2

Elouard, Paul, 119

Encinas, Dionisio, 119

The End of Ideology (Bell), 153

Engels, Frederick (Enge Menaker), 47–8

eroticism, homoerotic tourism, xi–xii

Ethical Culture Schools, 155–6

ethnic background, 4

Evans, Venerable, 23

fashion, 20

Fenton, William, 17

Fieldston School, 155–6

Flegenheimer, Arthur, 28

Fort Huachuca, 89–91

Fort Warren (U.S. Army), 87–8

Foster, William Z.: three inevitables, 126; Toward Soviet America, 115

Four Step Brothers, 90

Frank, Leonard, 146

Frazier, E. Franklin, The Black Bourgeoisie, 142

Frederick Douglass Society (CCNY), 66

Friedlander, Bernie, 109

Frye, Walter, 21

“The Fun Revue,” 21–2

fund drive money, 138–9

Gaither, George, 4

gamblers’ factory, 6–7

Garaudy, Roger, 119

Garland, Walter, 101, 109

Gates, Johnny, 78, 86, 136, 141–3

gay hangouts, 39–40

Geva, Tamara, 27

Gilmore, Glenda, Defying Dixie, ix

Gloster, Bill, 89

Goode, George, 8

Goode, John, 8

Goode, Lethia. See Johnson, Lethia (Goode)

Gordon, Frank, 116–17

Grace, Emily, 48

Grace, Mary, 48

Great Depression, 53–5

Green, “Chuck,” 34

Green, Genevieve, 20

Green, Gil. See Swift, John

Griffith, Peggy, 33

Gruenberg, Ernest, 152–3

Gypsy Rose Lee, 39

HA HA Club, 51

Hamilton, Charles, 150

Hammett, Dashiell, 109–10

Harden, Helen, 21

Hardy, Carolyn, 17

Hardy, Harriet, 17

Harlem: community spirit, 56–7; Negro culture, 57–8; riot of 1935, 55–6; tourism in, 36

Harlem Renaissance, 13; Beaux Arts Ball, 19–21; Cotton Club purchase, 34; cultural hybridization, 35; “The Fun Revue,” 21–2; immigrants and, 35; nightspots, 34; Renaissance name use, 5; tourism, 36

Harlem Youth Congress, 67–8

Harriet Tubman Society (Hunter College), 66

Harris, Bob, 127–8

Harris, Burke, 23

Havana: Americans’ passage to Mexico, 130; heroin use, 123; mistress, 131; Popular Socialist Party convention, 121–5; prostitution, 124; underground period, 129–30; visit while underground, 127

Hawaii years, 162–5

Haywood, Harry, 9; Black Bolshevik, 142

Hearst, William Randolph (Mrs.), 43

Herndon, Angelo, 60

heroin use in Cuba, 123

Heywood, Billy, 39

Hill, Dudley, 20

Hines, Jimmy, 28

Hitch, Ann, 148, 162

Hobsbawm, Eric, The Jazz Scene, 110–11

Hodges, Everett, 158

Hoffer, Eric, True Believer, 76

Hoffman, Robert, 22

Holiday, Billie, 30; UNAVA fundraiser and, 110–11

Holly, Edna Mae, 33

homoerotic tourism, xi–xii

homosexuality: casting couch, 39; clubs, 30; gay hangouts, 39–40; IBPOE (Negro Elks), 130; Moore, Clinton, 37–8; oral sex for money, 40; “rough trade,” 47

Hopkins, Terry, 153

Horne, Lena, 29, 33

Hotel Woodside, 39

Hitler, Adolf, 57

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee), 83

Hubbard, Earl, 90

Hudson Dusters, 6

Hughes, Langston, xxii, 13, 57, 170

Huiswood, Otto, 9

Hunter College Harriet Tubman Society, 66

Hurston, Zora Neale, xix, xxii

hustlers, 5–7

hypnotic regression experience, 14–15

identity change, 127–8

inevitables, 126

Inkeles, Alexander, 152–3

interracial ancestry: mythologies, 11; Ramapo Mountain People, 10, 11–12

interracial marriage, 68–9

Italy: attitudes toward Black troops, 98–9; war years, 96–7

Jackson, Burt, 101, 109

Jackson, James E., 72

Jackson Blacks, 10, 11

Jackson Whites, 10, 11

James, Daniel, 107

The Jazz Scene (Hobsbawm), 110–11

JBS (Junior Bachelor Society), 18–19; Beaux Arts Ball, 19–21

Jefferson School of Social Science, 114

Jim Crow laws: “Jim Crow in Baseball” campaign, 80–2; SNYC convention trip (1941), 72–4; U.S. Army and, 100–1

Jimmy Lunceford Band, 50

job losses due to communist associations, 146

Johnson, Arnold, 118

Johnson, Charlie, 89

Johnson, Corinne, 10

Johnson, Emerson, 17

Johnson, Eugene, 4

Johnson, Gertrude (McGinnis), 10; family, 12–13

Johnson, Howard “Monk”: hustles, 5–7; nickname, 4; sports, 4–5, 7–8, 80–1

Johnson, Howard “Stretch”: academics, 23; community connections, ix–x; early socialist outlook, 23; final years, 166–7; marriage to Martha Sherman, 77–8; name origins, 4; personal issues, xiii; sports, school, 22–3

Johnson, James P. (J.P.), 14

Johnson, Lethia (Goode), 4; Douglass, Frederick, 8; family, 8–9

Johnson, Martha, 77; college years, 148; marriage, 77–8; Deep Freeze and, 126–7; interracial, 68–9; parents, 3–4; post-underground period, 142–4; South Pacific, 144

Johnson, Mildred, 19

Johnson, Robert “Bobby” Quentin, 15

Johnson, Shirley Gertrude, 15; the Three Johnsons, 43

Johnson, Van, 39

Johnson, Wesley Williams, 15, 145

Johnson, Winnie, 11–12, 15; abortion, 43; Cotton Club, 26–7; “The Fun Revue,” 21–2; lovers, 33; male companions, xi; pregnancy, 42–3; Stepin Fetchit, 47, 149

Jones, Claudia, 99

Jones, John Hudson, 68

Jones, “Lanky,” 24

Junior Branch of the NAACP, 18–19

Katz, Saul, 68–9

Kelly, Patsy, 27

Kennedy, Joseph, 43

Khrushchev revelations, 135–6; author’s reactions, 142–5

King, Martin Luther, Jr., viii, xviii, xxiv, 27, 67, 110, 142, 150, 154, 162–5

Kings County Hospital, 142–54

Kinoy, Arthur, 72

“kitchen mechanics’ night,” 31–2

Koehler, Ted, 32

Lambright, Middleton, 34

Lampell, Millard, 109

language of insiders, 32

Lawrenson, Helen, Stranger at the Party, 43–4

Lawrenson, Joanna, 43–4

Lee, Canada, 34

Lee, Gypsy Rose. See Gypsy Rose Lee

Leftwich, Ed, 158

Lenox Club, 30

Lindbergh, Charles, 17

Lindsay, Robert, 89

Little, Malcolm. See Malcolm X

“Little Monk” nickname, 4

Locke, Alain, 34

Long, Avon, 32

Louis, Joe, xi, 58

Luce, Clare Boothe, 43

Luce, Henry, 43

lynch mobs during the Great Depression, 55

MacCormick, Dolly, 33

Maceo, 90

Madden, Owney, 6, 28

Majors, Harold, 21

Malcolm X, 76; Johnson’s similarities, xi; Perry, Donald Martin and, 151

Malraux, André, Man’s Hope, 47

Manhattanville Club, 70

Mann family, 10

Man’s Hope (Malraux), 47

Marcantonio, Vito, 116–17

Marie of Romania (Grand Duchesse), 43

marijuana, 34

Marinello, Juan, 119, 122

marriage: Deep Freeze and, 126–7; interracial, 68–9; parents’, 3–4; post-underground period, 142–4

Marsh, Bertha (Bea), 12, 13

Marsh, John, 12

Marsh, Linton, 20

Marsh, Peter, 12–13

Marsh, Sarah, 12

Marsh, Tina, 12, 13

Marshall, Arlene, 33

Marva, 50, 51

Maxwell, Elsa, party for Cole Porter, 42–4

McCarthy era, 126–7; Communist Party move to underground, xiii

McClendon, Rose, 43, 44

McDuffie, Eric, Sojourning for Freedom, ix

McGinnis, Albert, 12

McGinnis, Frank, 10

McGinnis, Gertrude. See Johnson, Gertrude (McGinnis)

McGinnis, Helen, 12

McGinnis, May, 12, 13

McGinnis, Sanford, 12

McGinnis, Theodore, 12

McGuire, Danielle, At the Dark End of the Street, ix

McKay, Claude, xxii, 13, 47

Medina, Harold, 115–16

Melman, Seymour, 148–9

Menaker, Bob, 48

Menaker, Enge. See Engels, Frederick

Menaker, Pete, 48

Meroe Society (NYU), 66

Messick, Kerchival, 17

Mexico City, Western Hemisphere Peace Conference, 118–21

Mid–Hudson Valley Minority Regional Congress, 159

Miles, Jesse, 22

Miller, Taps, 40–1

Milligan, “Swat,” 12–13

Milligan Alley, 12–13

mobsters: Black admittance, 32; Black Cat, 48–9; Cotton Club and, 28–9; Cotton Club purchase, 34

Monagas, Lionel, 43

money from fund drive, 138–9

Monk Johnson. See Johnson, Howard “Monk”

Monroe, Jack, 50–1

Moore, Alline, 107

Moore, Clinton, 37–8

Moore, Tallmadge, 107

Moore, Teddy, 18, 20

Morris, Chick, 43

Morrison, Allan, 101

Morrows family, 17

Mount Folgorito (U.S. Army service), 92–8

Murphy, George, 101, 109

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 58–9; Johnson, Mildred, 19; Junior Branch, 18–19

Naison, Mark D., Communists in Harlem During the Depression, xiv

Nash, Catherine, 33

National Negro League (baseball), 80–2

National Training School, 71–2

Negro culture, 57–8

Negro Peoples’ Theater, 44–5

the Negro Question, 9

New Faces of 1936, 38–40

New Faces of 1937, 46

New Orleans, 128

New York City, family’s move to, 27–8

Newton, Frankie, 111

Nichols, Laura, 21

NYU (New York University), Meroe Society, 66

Odets, Clifford, 45

The Olive Field (Bates), 47

Oliver, Clinton, 70

Oliver, Sy, 86

Olley, Rae, 20

Ordoqui, Juan, 122–5

Osbiny Club, 44

Overby, Irving, 26

Paine, Benny, 86

Parker, Dorothy, 110

Parker, Joe, 18

party money from fund drive, 138–9

Party Voice, 114

passing (for white), 13, 58; Ziegfeld Follies dancers, 27

Paz, Octavio, 119

Peekskill attacks, 117–18

Peña, Lazaro, 130

Peniston, Freddie, 17

Perl, Arnold, 109

Perlo, Victor, 48

Perry, Donald Martin, 149–51

phrase mongering, 153

Pickens, William G., Church of the Epiphany, 17–18

Pierce, Marian, 39

plain Marxists, 149

pocket picking with Marva, 51–2

Pod’s and Jerry’s, 30

poker games, 47

Police Benevolent Association, 28

Political Affairs: “Against White Chauvinism and Bourgeois Nationalism,” 136–40; articles written while underground, 127; “The Negro Veteran Fights for Freedom,” 104

Popular Socialist Party convention (Cuba), 121–5

Possano family, 97–8

postwar years, 99–111

pot (marijuana), 34

Powell, Adam Clayton, 34

Prado, Perez, 123

Procope, Russell, 86

prostitution in Havana, 124

Publishers Typographic Service, 146–7

The Puzzle Palace, 87

race pride, Johnson’s, x

racially mixed family, Johnson’s, x

racism: in Black community, 14–15. See also anti-Semitism

Radium Club, 30

Ragland, Rags, 39

Ramapo Mountain People, 10, 11–12

The Ramapo Mountain People (Cohen), 10

Randolph, A. Philip, 81

Randolph, Bertha, 18, 19

Raymond, “Do-Do,” 23

Red Channels, 77

“Red scare” (1940), 69

Redd, Paul, 159

relief (welfare), 54

religion: Church of the Epiphany, 16–18; social mobility and, 15–17

Renaissance. See Harlem Renaissance

rent parties, 55–6

Rhodes, Florence, 17

Rhodes, Gene, 21

Rickey, Branch, 81–2

Rico, Hettore, 96–7

Riley, Cyril, 18

Rivera, Lino, 55

Robeson, Paul: American Legionnaires attack, 117–18; Church of the Epiphany, 17–18

Robinson, Bill “Bojangles,” xi; Jackie Robinson Day at Ebbetts Field, 82–3; Johnson, Winnie and, 21–2, 26–7

Robinson, Jackie, 82–3

Robinson, Marie, 33

Robinson, Sugar Ray, 33

Roca, Blas, 123, 125, 127, 129–30

Rodney, Lester, 81

Rodriguez, Carlos Rafael, 119, 122, 130

Rogers, Jean, 77

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 71

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 54

Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 126–7

Ross, Carl, 72; Young Communist Review, 75

Ross, Claudia, 72–5

Rothstein, Arnold, 28

“rough trade,” 47

Rousseauian vote principle, 141

Rudd, Mark, 153–4

Rutherford, Tommie, 39

Scales, Junius, 109

Schrank, Bob, 72

Schultz, “Dutch” (Arthur Flegenheimer), 28

SCORE (Strand Community Organization to Rehabilitate the Environment), 158

Scottsboro Boys, xii, xxiii, 44

Scottsboro case, Communist Party and, 59

SDS (Students for a Democratic Society), 153–4

segregation: baseball leagues, 80–2; U.S. Army, 92–3

shades of skin color, 14

Shaw, Bertha, 68–9

Sherman, Charlie, 77

Sherman, Joe, 77

Sherman, Martha, 77–8; marriage: Deep Freeze and, 126–7; interracial, 68–9; parents, 3–4; post-underground period, 142–4

Sherman, Zelda, 77

Shim-Sham Club, 30

the Shim Sham (dance), 30

Silvera, Johnnie, 21

Silvera, Rennie, 18, 20, 21

Simon, Abbott, 71–2

Siquieros, Alfredo, 119

skin color ideology, 14, 151–2

Skrontch, 32

“The Skrontch,” 41

Small’s Paradise, 31; Young Communist League and, 65

Smart, Jack, 39

Smith, Florence, 107

Smith, Moranda, 105–6

Smith, Roscoe, 107

Smith, Verna, 48

Smith, Willie “the Lion,” 14

Smith Act indictments, 113–18

SNYC (Southern Negro Youth Congress), 67; convention (1941), 72–4

social breakdown syndrome, 152–3

social mobility, religion and, 15–17

socialism, early outlook, 23

Sojourning for Freedom (McDuffie), ix

Soviet Power (Dean of Canterbury), 69

Soviet Union: invasion of Finland, 83–4; Nazi invasion, 85; White House demonstration, 84–5

Soviet–German Nazi nonaggression pact, 79–80

Sparrow, Bea, 17

Sparrow, Lawrence, 17, 21

Special Services unit (U.S. Army), 86

Spencer, Amy, 33, 49–50

sports: Jim Crow in major league baseball, 80–2; Johnson, Howard “Monk,” 4–5, 7–8; polo matches, 23; school, 22–3

Stalin, Joseph, xiii, xxiii, 9, 76, 84, 135, 137, 140, 142–4, 147

Stark, Herman, 28

Starobin, Joseph, 118, 153

Stepin Fetchit (Lincoln Theodore Monroe Andrew Perry), xi; abuse of Winnie, 149; marriage to Winnie, 47

Stith, Burditt, 18

Stranger at the Party (Lawrenson), 43–4

Strayhorn, Billy, 143

Strong, Augusta, 72

Strong, Ed, 72

Students for a Democratic Society. See SDS

submarines, 71–2

Sugar Hill branch of Young Communist League, 70

SUNY New Paltz, 156–9

Swan and Lee (comedians), 32

Swift, John (Gil Green), 130

Syzmanski, Al, 153–4

Ten Dancing Demons, 32–3

Terhune, Albert Payson, 10

terminal leave campaign (UNAVA), 101–11

Terrell, Prince, 18

The Apollo, Ellington and, 41–2

The Theory of the Leisure Class (Veblen), 47–8

Third Period, 114–15

Thomas, Edna, 43

Thompson, Bob, 153

Thompson, Thelma, 20

three inevitables, 126

the Three Johnsons, 38–9; breakup, 40, 46; Ellington gig, 40–2; Johnson, Shirley, 43; “The Skrontch,” 41

Tilary, Albert, 17, 21

Titoism, 119–20

Toledano, Vincente Lombardo, 120

Toward Soviet America (Foster), 115

trade unions, 135–6

training schools, 113–14

tri-racial isolate groups, 10–11

True Believer (Hoffer), 76

UNAVA (United Negro and Allied Veterans of America), 82; accreditation, 112–13; fundraiser, 109–11; Hammett, Dashiell, contribution, 109–10; High Point, N.C., 107–8; Holiday, Billie, 110–11; shutdown, 113; South Carolina chapters, 109; terminal leave campaign, 101–11

underground period, 126–7; Cincinnati Cotton Club, 127–8; Havana, 129–30; identity change, 127; marriage and, 142–3; mistress, 131; New Orleans, 128–9. See also Deep Freeze

unemployment: Blacks and, 54–5; rent parties, 55–6

unions. See trade unions

Upward Bound program, 155–6

U.S. Army, xiii; Jim Crow, 100–1; segregation, 92–3

U.S. Army service: Blacks in combat, 88–9; Buffalo soldiers, 89; Fort Huachuca, 89–92; Fort Warren, 87–8; injury, 95–6; Mount Folgorito, 92–8; OCS (Officer Candidate School), 92–3; Quartermaster troops, 86–7; Special Services, 86; white man’s war, 88

Van Dunk family, 10–11; Pooch, 12

Veblen, Thorstein, The Theory of the Leisure Class, 47–8

Verwayne, Percy, 43

vibraphone, 50

Von der Doncken, Adrian, 10

Wagner, Dan, 155–6

Waiting for Lefty, 44–5

Walters, Henry, 89

Warenetzky, Jack, 157

Warren, Sadie, 9–10

Waters, Ethel, 32

Webb, Chick, 31

Webb, Clifton, 27

Webb, Elida, 27

Wells, Dickey, 30–1

Western Hemisphere Peace Conference (Mexico City), 118–21

Whisonant, Larry, 90

white chauvinism in the Communist Party, 136–40

White House demonstration, 84–5

white man’s war, 88

whites: communists, xii; Cotton Club controllers, xi; Harlem homoerotic tourism, xi–xii

Williams, Alexander, 24

Williams, Kenneth, 106

Williamson, Mel, 149

Wilson, Lucille, 33

Winfrey, Claude, 13

Wing, Dan, 17

Winston, Henry, 99, 102, 104, 130, 141

Wofsy, Malcolm, 70; alcohol relapse and, 152–3

Woodruff, Kenneth, 21

World Series rigging, 28

Wright, Jimmy, 40

Wright, Julia, 166–7

YCL (Young Communist League), xii, 65–6; anonymity, 70–1; Club Ashford, 70–1; Convoy Club, 84–5; Furriers Club, 84–5; Harlem Youth Congress, 67–8; “Jim Crow in Baseball” campaign, 80–2; Local 65 Club, 84–5; Manhattanville Club, 70; organization, xiii; “Red scare” (1940), 69; submarines, 71–2; Sugar Hill branch, 70

Young, Coleman, 82

Young Communist Review, 75

Yugoslav communists, 119–20