a |
cat (kat), plaid (plad), half (haf) |
ah |
father (fah THur), heart (hahrt) |
air |
carry (kair ee), bear (bair), where (whair) |
aw |
all (awl), law (law), bought (bawt) |
ay |
say (say), break (brayk), vein (vayn) |
e |
bet (bet), says (sez), deaf (def) |
ee |
bee (bee), team (teem), fear (feer) |
i |
bit (bit), women (wim uhn), build (bild) |
ı |
ice (ıs), lie (lı), sky (skı) |
o |
hot (hot), watch (wotch) |
oh |
open (oh puhn), sew (soh) |
oi |
boil (boil), boy (boi) |
oo |
pool (pool), move (moov), shoe (shoo) |
or |
order (or dur), more (mor) |
ou |
house (hous), now (nou) |
u |
good (gud), should (shud) |
uh |
cup (kuhp), flood (fluhd), button (buht uhn) |
ur |
burn (burn), pearl (purl), bird (burd) |
yoo |
use (yooz), few (fyoo), view (vyoo) |
hw |
what (hwuht), when (hwen) |
TH |
that (THat), breathe (breeTH) |
zh |
measure (mezh ur), garage (guh razh) |
abundantly (uh buhn duhnt lee): more than enough
acre (ay kur): an area of land almost as large as a football field
adverse: bad or negative
almanac: a book published once a year with facts on many subjects
ancestor: a family member from long ago
assimilated: took in and made as one’s own
baptized (bap tızd): sprinkled with or dunked in water as a sign of becoming a Christian
bilingual (bı ling gwuhl): spoken or written in 2 different languages
bishop: a high-ranking church leader
bluff: a cliff or steep natural wall
boarding school: a school at which students live during the school year
calash: a large, folding hood worn by women in the 1800s
canal: a waterway made by people
catechism (kat uh kiz uhm): a manual that teaches religious beliefs
cavalry (ka vuhl ree): soldiers who fight on horseback
ceded (seed ed): gave up
ceremony (ser uh moh nee): a formal event to mark an important occasion
citizen: someone who is an official member of a country or state and has a right to live there
colonial (kuh loh nee uhl): of or about a colony
competent (kom puh tuhnt): capable
composing: putting something together
Confederacy: the group of 11 Southern states that fought against the Union during the Civil War; the South
congregation: a group of people who gather for religious worship
constitution: the formal written laws and plans of government
culture: the way of life, ideas, and traditions of a group of people
devote: give time, energy, and attention
distinguished (dis ting guishd): well known and respected
dormitory: a large room with many beds for sleeping
elevation (eh leh vay shun): the height of land
editor: a person who decides what should go in a newspaper, magazine, or book
enchanting: delightful and charming
faithful: loyal and caring
famine: a serious and widespread lack of food
female seminary: a school where girls were taught to be proper ladies
financial panic: a sudden, widespread fear about money
foretold: said ahead of time that some event would happen
fur trade: the exchange of goods such as metal knives and guns for animal pelts
habitat: the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows
heartily: deeply and with all your heart
heritage (her uh tij): traditions and culture passed down from generation to generation
historian: a person who studies and writes about the past
immigrant (im uh gruhnt): someone who leaves one country to permanently live in another country
independence: the right to live freely, without being ruled by another government
Indian agent: someone who worked for the US government and whose job was to communicate with Indian tribes
Indian Removal Act: a law passed in 1830 that required all Native Americans living in the southern United States to move west of the Mississippi River
Indian Territory: a large area of the United States set aside in 1834 where only Indians could live
legal: having to do with laws
lock: a section of a canal that is closed off with gates. A ship can be raised or lowered in a lock by pumping water in or out.
mahogany (muh hog uh nee): a hard, dark, and reddish brown wood from a tropical tree
Methodist: a Christian group known especially for sending out missionaries
Michigan Territory: a large area of the northern United States, near the Great Lakes, that included the future states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota and parts of North and South Dakota
missionary (mish uh nair ee): someone who travels to spread a religion and to do good work
mortgage (mor gij): money lent by a bank to buy a house
native speaker: a person who learns a language as a baby
orthography (or thog ruh fee): spelling
pamphlet: a small booklet that usually contains information on a single topic
persecution: cruel and unfair treatment because of religion or beliefs
pneumonia (nuh mohn yuh): a disease that causes the lungs to be filled with fluid, making breathing difficult
politics: having to do with government or the work of government leaders
portaged: carried boats and supplies overland between 2 waterways or around a rough part such as a waterfall
preserve: carefully save for the future
pressured: demanded that someone make a decision
printer: a person whose job or business is printing text or images on paper
prophecy (prof uh see): a statement or warning that something will happen in the future
prospect: a possibility for the future
Quaker: a Christian group founded in the 1600s, also called the Religious Society of Friends
rapids: a place in a river where water flows very fast
redeem: to pay off a debt so that an item is yours
remote: far away from other people or cities
reservation: government land reserved or set aside for Indian nations to live on
reverend: the title for a pastor or minister
revolution: a sudden and violent overthrow of a government or ruler
sachem (sa chum): tribal leader
save: except for
secede (si seed): to leave or withdraw from a group or an organization, often to form another
settlers: people who make their home in a new country or area
slavery: the practice of owning people and making them work
snuffer: a tool used for putting out candles
stenography (stuh nog ruh fee): note taking
tax: money paid to a government
temper: a person’s usual attitude or mood
territorial legislature (lej uhs lay chur): a group of people elected by citizens who have the power to make the laws for a territory
treaty: an official written agreement between countries or peoples
trespassed: illegally went onto someone else’s property
tuition: money paid to take classes
Union: the group of states that remained loyal to the US government during the Civil War; the North
wampum: beads made from polished and carved shells and strung together to make belts, collars, and necklaces
wigwam: a home made of cattail mats or tree bark attached to a framework of small branches