PREFACE
1.The term originates with Arthur Marwick, The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy and the United States, c. 1958–1974 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). It has since passed into wide usage. Historians disagree about the precise boundaries of the “long sixties.” I think of it as a slightly shorter period than Marwick does.
2.Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (New York: Free Press, 1960), 373, 375.
3.Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (New York: Scribner, 2008), 747.
4.Fred Greenstein, The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 52.
CHAPTER 1: EDDY STREET
1.J. E. Cahill, “Flags for July 4,” Chicago Tribune, June 21, 1961, 10.
2.Franklin Roosevelt, “Acceptance Speech at the Democratic National Convention,” July 27, 1936, available at https://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/acceptance-speech-at-the-democratic-national-convention-1936/[last accessed January 22, 2020].
3.David Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 618.
4.“Truman: We’re Not at War,” Chicago Tribune, June 30, 1950, 1.
5.“New War Aide Served with MacArthur,” Washington Post, February 23, 1942, 18.
6.Dwight Eisenhower diary entry, January 14, 1949, reprinted in Robert H. Ferrell, ed., The Eisenhower Diaries (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), 153.
7.Robert Taft to Prescott Bush, August 4, 1952, reprinted in Clarence E. Wunderlin Jr., ed., The Papers of Robert A. Taft, vol. 4 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 406.
8.Quoted in Peter Guralnick, Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley (New York: Back Bay, 1994), 284.
CHAPTER 2: TWILIGHT WARS
1.Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 21–22.
2.Rhodes, Dark Sun, 566.
3.The exchange is reprinted in Ernest May and Philip Zelikow, eds., The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1997), 178.
4.Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 166.
5.Harry Truman Address before a Joint Session of Congress, March 12, 1947, available at https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp [last accessed March 1, 2021].
6.Joseph McCarthy, “Enemies from Within,” February 9, 1950, available at http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6456/ [last accessed February 23, 2021]; George Sokolsky quoted in David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 30.
7.“President Bitter,” New York Times, March 31, 1950, 1; “Text of President’s Broadcast on the Korean Crisis,” New York Times, July 20, 1950, 15.
8.Eisenhower diary entry, November 6, 1950, reprinted in Robert H. Ferrell, ed., The Eisenhower Diaries (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), 181.
9.Eisenhower quoted in Robert Griffith, “Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Corporate Commonwealth,” American Historical Review 87 (February 1982): 95. Almost thirty years after its publication Griffith’s article remains the best analysis of Eisenhower available.
10.Joseph McCarthy speech before the U.S. Senate, June 14, 1951, available at https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1951mccarthy-marshall.asp [last accessed March 1, 2021]; Eisenhower diary entry, June 14, 1951, in Ferrell, ed., Eisenhower Diaries, 195.
11.John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 131; Dwight Eisenhower hand-edited draft of public statement on Korean armistice, July 26, 1953, available at https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/online-documents/korean-war/armistice-draft-1953-07-26.pdf [last accessed March 1, 2021].
12.Eisenhower diary entry, March 17, 1951, in Ferrell, ed., Eisenhower Diaries, 181.
13.Robert McClintock quoted in Fredrik Logevall’s brilliant study, Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America’s Vietnam (New York: Random House, 2012), 591.
14.Logevall, Embers of War, 679.
15.Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), 66, 76.
16.David Nasaw, The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy (New York: Penguin, 2012), 498.
17.Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963 (Boston: Little, Brown, 2003), 118.
18.Dallek, Unfinished Life, 225.
19.David Pietrusza, 1960: LBJ vs. JFK vs. Nixon: The Epic Campaign That Forged Three Presidents (New York: Union Square Press, 2008), 344.
20.Nasaw, Patriarch, 751.
21.Dwight Eisenhower Farewell Address, January 17, 1961, available at https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/eisenhower001.asp [last accessed March 1, 2021].
22.Edward Lansdale memorandum, January 17, 1961, Pentagon Papers, Part IV-A-5, available at https://nara-media-001.s3.amazonaws.com/arcmedia/research/pentagon-papers/Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-5.pdf [last accessed March 1, 2021].
23.Louis J. Smith, ed., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume X (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1997), p. 666.
24.Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, “One Hell of a Gamble”: Khrushchev, Castro, Kennedy, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1958–1964 (London: John Murray, 1997), 182.
25.Rusk quoted in May and Zelikow, eds., Kennedy Tapes, 60.
26.John Kennedy address to the nation, October 22, 1962, available at https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kencuba.htm [last accessed October 30, 2020].
27.Robert Kennedy memorandum to Dean Rusk, October 30, 1962, reprinted in May and Zelikow, eds., Kennedy Tapes, 607.
CHAPTER 3: THE BELOVED COMMUNITY
1.The mob is quoted in David Margolick’s powerful article “Through a Lens, Darkly,” Vanity Fair, September 2007, available at https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/09/littlerock200709 [last accessed December 5, 2020]. I supplemented his account with details from Life’s photos of her arrival, available at https://www.life.com/history/little-rock-nine-1957-photos/ [last accessed December 5, 2020].
2.Tillman quoted in Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 135.
3.W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Talented Tenth,” 1903, available at https://glc.yale.edu/talented-tenth-excerpts [last accessed March 1, 2021]; “Platform Adopted by the National Negro Committee,” 1909, available at https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/naacp/founding-and-early-years.html [last accessed November 9, 2020].
4.Gandhi thought of satyagraha as “perhaps the mightiest instrument on earth.” See Rmachandra Guha, Gandhi Before India (New York: Knopf, 2014), 550.
5.Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 112.
6.Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), 681–82.
7.Patricia Sullivan, Lift Every Voice: The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: New Press, 2009), 420; John Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day: The Generation Before the Civil Rights Movement in the South (New York: Knopf, 1994), 609; Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff, The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation (New York: Random House, 2006), 62.
8.Kluger, Simple Justice, 745–49.
9.For Parks’s thinking, see Jeanne Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks (Boston: Beacon Press, 2013), 62.
10.David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: William Morrow, 1986), 58.
11.John D’Emilio, Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 239.
12.Margolick, “Through a Lens Darkly.”
13.Faubus quoted in National Park Service, “Crisis Timeline,” Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site, available at https://www.nps.gov/chsc/learn/historyculture/timeline.htm [last accessed November 14, 2020].
14.John Lewis (with Michael D’Orso), Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 66.
15.Lawson quoted in Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 291.
16.Lewis, Walking with the Wind, 78.
17.Malcolm X (with the assistance of Alex Haley), The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Random House, 1965), 193.
18.Manning Marable and Garrett Felber, eds., The Portable Malcolm X Reader (New York: Penguin Books, 2013), 154–55.
19.Marable and Felber, eds., The Portable Malcolm X Reader, 150.
20.The passage appears in James Baldwin’s 1972 essay collection, No Name in the Street, reprinted in Toni Morrison, ed., James Baldwin: Collected Essays (New York: Library of America, 1998), 410.
21.Lewis, Walking with the Wind, 142.
22.Raymond Arsenault, Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 181.
23.Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 159–60.
24.Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Robert Kennedy and His Times (New York: Ballantine Books, 1978), 342.
25.Kevin Boyle, The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), 153; Branch, Parting the Waters, 695.
CHAPTER 4: THE DEAD
1.Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 759.
2.Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 48.
3.McWhorter, Carry Me Home, p. 311; Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 109.
4.Martin Luther King Jr., Draft of Chapter XV, “The Answer to a Perplexing Question,” July 1962–March 1963, available at http://okra.stanford.edu/transcription/document_images/Vol06Scans/July1962-March1963DraftofChapterXV,TheAnswerstoaPerplexingQuestion.pdf [last accessed February 8, 2021].
5.Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, available at https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html [last accessed March 2, 2021].
6.Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff, The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation (New York: Random House, 2006), 323.
7.Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York: Viking, 2011), 238.
8.John Kennedy, Address on Civil Rights, June 11, 1963, available at https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/june-11-1963-address-civil-rights [last accessed December 5, 2020].
9.Kevin Boyle, The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945–1968 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), 176.
10.Todd Purdum, An Idea Whose Time Has Come: Two Presidents, Two Parties, and the Battle for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (New York: Henry Holt, 2014), 87–88.
11.William P. Jones, The March on Washington: Jobs, Freedom, and the Forgotten History of Civil Rights (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), 193.
12.Boyle, UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 180.
13.Martin Luther King, Address Delivered at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 1963, available at https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/i-have-dream-address-delivered-march-washington-jobs-and-freedom [last accessed February 6, 2021].
14.Carter, Politics of Rage, 157; Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), 115.
15.Lloyd Gardner, Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars for Vietnam (Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1995), 77; George Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1996), 109.
16.“Vatican Deplores Bombings,” New York Amsterdam News, September 28, 1963.
17.Herring, America’s Longest War, 118.
18.Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963 (Boston: Little, Brown, 2003), 693.
CHAPTER 5: BENDING
1.Quotes in this and the previous paragraph are from Robert Caro, The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson, Volume Four (New York: Knopf, 2012), 313–14, 319.
2.Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963–1969 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), 10.
3.Caro, Passage to Power, 198.
4.Robert Caro, Means of Ascent: The Years of Lyndon Johnson, Volume Two (New York: Knopf, 1990), 387.
5.Joseph Rauh quoted in Kevin Boyle, The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), 182.
6.Ward S. Just, “What Ever Happened to Lyndon Johnson?” Reporter, January 17, 1963, 27.
7.Doris Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper & Row 1977), 191.
8.Lyndon Johnson, Address to Joint Session of Congress, November 27, 1963, available at https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/november-27-1963-address-joint-session-congress [last accessed February 7, 2021].
9.Lyndon Johnson State of the Union Address, January 8, 1964, available at https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/january-8-1964-state-union [last accessed March 2, 2021].
10.Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Businessmen’s Crusade Against the New Deal (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009), 132.
11.Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), 214.
12.Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 203.
13.Carter, Politics of Rage, 207.
14.Carter, Politics of Rage, 205.
15.Carter, Politics of Rage, 215.
16.Perlstein, Before the Storm, 215, 374.
17.Students for a Democratic Society, “Port Huron Statement,” June 15, 1962, available at https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111huron.html [last accessed March 2, 2021].
18.Faith Holsaert et al., eds., Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010), 51.
19.Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 98.
20.Carson, In Struggle, 115.
21.Malcolm X, “Message to the Grass Roots,” November 10, 1963, available at https://www.csun.edu/~hcpas003/grassroots.html [last accessed March 2, 2021]; Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York: Viking, 2011).
22.“Eruption,” Washington Post, July 21, 1964, A14.
23.“Families of Rights Workers Voice Grief and Hope,” New York Times, August 6, 1964, 16; Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 438; Seth Cagin and Philip Dray, We Are Not Afraid: The Story of Goodman, Schwener, and Cheney and the Civil Rights Campaign for Mississippi (New York: Macmillan, 1988), 410.
24.Fannie Lou Hamer, Testimony before the Democratic National Committee Credentials Committee, August 22, 1964, available at https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fannielouhamercredentialscommittee.htm [last accessed March 2, 2021].
25.Harvard Sitkoff, King: Pilgrimage to the Mountaintop (New York; Hill and Wang, 2008), 140; Carson, In Struggle, 126.
26.“Texas-Sized Boardwalk Fete Honors Johnson on 56th Birthday,” New York Times, August 28, 1964, 12.
27.Betty Freidan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963), 15, 282.
28.Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 133.
29.Mary King, Freedom Song; A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement (New York: William Morrow, 1987), 569.
30.Robert Cohen, ed., The Essential Mario Savio: Speeches and Writings That Changed America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014), 87.
31.Robert Cohen, Freedom’s Orator: Mario Savio and the Radical Legacy of the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 99.
32.Mario Savio Sit-In Address, December 2, 1964, available at https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mariosaviosproulhallsitin.htm [last accessed March 2, 2021].
33.David Burner, Making Peace with the ‘60s (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 142.
34.Both Kerr quotes from Cohen, Freedom’s Orator, 211, 214.
35.Cohen, Freedom’s Orator, 218–19.
36.“Barry Denounces Unfair Rights Act,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, November 1, 1964, 2; “Goldwater Sees Rights Act Flaw,” New York Times, October 28, 1964, 1; “Goldwater Links the Welfare State to a Rise in Crime,” New York Times, September 11, 1964, 1.
37.“Transcript of Goldwater Speech Accepting Republican Presidential Nomination,” New York Times, July 17, 1964, 10.
38.Branch, Pillar of Fire, 491.
39.“President Urges Big Vote Turnout,” New York Times, October 29, 1964, 1.
40.Perlstein, Before the Storm, 426; “It’s All Over with Goldwater,” Guardian, October 28, 1964, 1.
41.“Johnson Victory Speech,” New York Times, November 4, 1964, 22.
CHAPTER 6: THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1965
1.Justice Felix Frankfurter majority opinion in Poe et al. v. Ullman, State’s Attorney, June 19, 1961 available at http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/poe.html [last accessed March 3, 2021].
2.David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade (New York: Macmillan, 1994), 203, 207.
3.Lyndon Johnson Inaugural Address, January 20, 1965, available at https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/johnson.asp [last accessed March 3, 2021].
4.George Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1996), 122; Michael Bechloss, ed., Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963–1964 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 200.
5.Lloyd Gardner, Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars of Vietnam (Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1995), 98.
6.Doris Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 196.
7.“The President’s Address,” New York Times, August 5, 1964, 1.
8.“Message and Draft Text in Congress,” New York Times, August 6, 1964, 8; “Resolution Wins,” New York Times, August 8, 1964, 1.
9.Lyndon Johnson Remarks at the Dedication of the Eufaula Dam, September 25, 1964, available at https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-oklahoma-the-dedication-the-eufaula-dam [last accessed March 3, 2021].
10.Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 346.
11.Maxwell Taylor to the State Department, February 22, 1965, available at https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon3/pent8.htm [last accessed March 3, 2021].
12.Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 128, 151.
13.Carson, In Struggle, 127.
14.Bayard Rustin, “From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement,” Commentary, February 1965, 28, 31.
15.Gary May, Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 48.
16.Harvard Sitkoff, King: Pilgrimage to the Mountaintop (New York; Hill and Wang, 2008), 150.
17.Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 599.
18.John Lewis, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 338.
19.Transcript of “Bridge to Freedom,” Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Movement, 1954–1985 (Blackside Productions, 1987), available at http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_106.html [last accessed March 6, 2021].
20.“Congressmen Assail Alabama Beatings,” Atlanta Constitution, March 9, 1965, 15; Taylor Branch, At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 60.
21.“Civil Rights: The Central Point,” Time, March 19, 1965, 25.
22.May, Bending Toward Justice, 114.
23.Lyndon Johnson Speech before Congress, March 15, 1965, available at https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/march-15-1965-speech-congress-voting-rights [last accessed March 3, 2021].
24.Oral argument in Griswold v. Connecticut, March 29, 1965, available at http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/johnson/griswoldoral.htm [last accessed March 6, 2021].
25.Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 244.
26.Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 255.
27.Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 245–46.
28.Justice William O. Douglas majority opinion, quoted in “Excerpts from Opinions of Supreme Court in Barring Curbs on Birth Control,” New York Times, July 8, 1965, 34.
29.“Birth Curb in Wedlock Held Legal,” Washington Post, June 8, 1965, A1; “Ct. Birth Control Ban Is Ruled Unconstitutional,” Boston Globe, June 8, 1965, 1.
30.James Patterson, The Eve of Destruction: How 1965 Transformed America (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 160.
31.Michael Beschloss, Reaching for Glory: Lyndon Johnson’s Secret White House Tapes, 1964–1965 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 388.
32.Lyndon Johnson, Remarks in the Capitol Rotunda on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act, August 6, 1965, available at https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-capitol-rotunda-the-signing-the-voting-rights-act [last accessed February 7, 2021].
CHAPTER 7: TURNING AND TURNING
1.Joan Didion, “On Morality,” reprinted in Didion, We Tell Ourselves Stories in Order to Live: Collected Nonfiction (New York: Everyman’s Library, 2006), 120.
2.Joan Didion, “Slouching Towards Bethlehem,” Saturday Evening Post, September 23, 1967, 26.
3.Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain, Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond (New York: Grove Press, 1985), xviii, 47.
4.Lee and Shlain, Acid Dreams, 120.
5.Rick Dodgson, It’s All a Kind of Magic: The Young Ken Kesey (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013), 157.
6.David Courtwright, Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 89.
7.Taylor Branch, At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 200.
8.Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 296, 319.
9.David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: William Morrow, 1986), 444.
10.Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 448.
11.“Dr. King’s Campaign Welcomed by Daley,” New York Times, February 1, 1966, 24.
12.Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 468.
13.“Interview with New SNCC Chairman,” Militant, May 23, 1966, 8.
14.Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (New York: Scribner, 2008), 98–99.
15.“Civil Rights: The New Racism,” Time, July 1, 1966, 11.
16.“Director of CORE Criticizes Non-Violence as a Dying Principle,” Los Angeles Times, July 3, 1966, 1; “Excepts from the Speech by Wilkins,” New York Times, July 6, 1966, 14.
17.“’Black Power,’” New York Times, July 10, 1966, 143.
18.“White power” and “burn them” quotes both from Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 508.
19.Perlstein, Nixonland, 119; Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 511.
20.Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 515.
21.Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 508.
22.Harvard Sitkoff, King: Pilgrimage to the Mountaintop (New York; Hill and Wang, 2008), 204
23.Paul Friedlander (with Peter Miller), Rock and Roll: A Social History, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2018), 192.
24.Lee and Schlain, Acid Dreams, 160.
25.“San Francisco: Love on Haight,” Time, March 17, 1967, 27.
26.Stokely Carmichael, Speech at the University of California–Berkeley, October 29, 1966, available at http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/blackspeech/scarmichael.html [last accessed March 3, 2021].
27.“Guards at Capitol Called ‘Helpless,’ ” Los Angeles Times, May 5, 1967, 3.
28.“Curfew Imposed on City,” New York Times, July 15, 1967, 1; “Strategy of Riot Control,” New York Times, July 20, 1967, 1.
29.“Johnson TV Talk on Troop Order,” New York Times, July 25, 1967, 20.
30.“Carmichael, at Havana Parlay, Urges Negro ‘Revolution’ in U.S.,” New York Times, August 2, 1967, 12.
31.Ray Girardin, “After the Riots: Force Won’t Settle Anything,” Saturday Evening Post, September 23, 1967, 10.
32.Stewart Alsop, “Why Juanita Enjoyed the Riot,” Saturday Evening Post, September 23, 1967, 16.
33.Didion, “Slouching Towards Bethlehem,” 26.
CHAPTER 8: WAIST DEEP IN THE BIG MUDDY
1.Paul Hendrickson, The Living and the Dead: Robert McNamara and Five Lives of a Lost War (New York: Knopf, 1996), 137.
2.Hendrickson, Living and the Dead, 136.
3.Robert Pearce, ed., Patrick Gordon Walker: Political Diaries, 1932–1971 (London: Historians’ Press, 1991), 305.
4.Doris Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 251.
5.Lloyd Gardner, Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars for Vietnam (Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1995), 238.
6.Larry Berman, Planning a Tragedy: The Americanization of the War in Vietnam (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 179, 184.
7.George Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1996), 168.
8.J. E. Cahill, “Voice of the People: Flags on Eddy Street,” Chicago Tribune, July 2, 1966, 12.
9.Christian Appy, Patriots: The Vietnam War Remembered from All Sides (New York: Viking, 2003), 326.
10.Quoted in Christian Appy’s superb book, Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 130.
11.Jonathan Schell, “A Reporter at Large: The Village of Ben Suc,” The New Yorker, July 15, 1967, 38.
12.Tim O’Brien, If I Die in a Combat Zone Box Me Up and Ship Me Home (New York: Delacorte, 1975), 124; Appy, Patriots, xx.
13.Appy, Working Class War, 163.
14.Appy, Working-Class War, 184.
15.James Miller, Democracy Is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 199.
16.Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle Over Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 14.
17.Miller, Democracy Is in the Streets, 233–34.
18.Hendrickson, Living and the Dead, 214–15.
19.Hendrickson, Living and the Dead, 223; Miller, Democracy Is in the Streets, 232, 236.
20.Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 250.
21.Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 565.
22.Charles DeBenedetti and Charles Chatfield, An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 197.
23.Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (New York: Ballantine Books, 1978), 832.
24.Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, available at https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html [last accessed February 7, 2021].
25.Martin Luther King, Jr., “Beyond Vietnam,” April 4, 1967, available at https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/beyond-vietnam [last accessed February 7, 2021].
26.Miller, Democracy Is in the Streets, 238.
27.Miller, Democracy Is in the Streets, 267–68.
28.Robert C. Cottrell, All-American Rebels: The American Left from the Wobblies to Today (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2020), 114.
29.Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night: History as a Novel, the Novel as History (New York: New American Library, 1968), 246.
30.“Observer: Dove Antics,” New York Times, October 24 1967, 45.
31.“Vietnam ‘Teach-ins’ Bring Out Contrasts,” Los Angeles Times, June 21, 1965, 8.
32.“70,000 Turn Out to Back U.S. Men in Vietnam War,” New York Times, May 14, 1967, 1; “Vigil at the Battery: Backing Up the Troops,” Village Voice, October 26, 1967, 11.
33.“70,000 Turn Out to Back U.S. Men in Vietnam War”; “Vigil at the Battery”; “100,000 in New York Area Show Support of War,” Los Angeles Times, October 23, 1967, 18.
CHAPTER 9: THE CRUELEST MONTHS
1.Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 293.
2.For Wallace’s speech and the crowd’s reaction, see Theodore White, The Making of the President 1968 (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 349.
3.“Four View Nixon in TV ‘Obituary,’ ” Baltimore Sun, November 12, 1962, 1.
4.White, Making of the President 1968, 129.
5.“The Wallace Phenomenon,” Boston Globe, March 10, 1968, F6.
6.William Chafe, Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein and the Struggle to Save American Liberalism (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 264.
7.“Johnson Says Foes’ Raids Are a Failure Militarily,” New York Times, February 3, 1968, 1.
8.“NBC Hardens Line on Vietnam Policy,” Atlanta Constitution, March 11, 1968, 19; “Suicidal Escalation,” New York Times, March 11, 1968, 40; Rusk Tells Panel of ‘A to Z’ Review of Vietnam War,” New York Times, March 12, 1968, 1; “Excerpts from Rusk Testimony on Vietnam and Exchanges with Senate Panel,” New York Times, March 12, 1968, 16.
9.“Kennedy Is Ready to Run; Says Vote for M’Carthy Discloses Split in Party,” New York Times, March 14, 1968, 1.
10.Robert Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 69.
11.Walt Rostow quoted in Robert Gavin, Gold, Dollars and Power: The Politics of International Monetary Relations, 1958–1971 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 1. Also see Robert Collins’s enlightening article, “The Economic Crisis of 1968 and the Waning of the ‘American Century,’ ” American Historical Review 101 (April 1996): 396–422.
12.Lyndon Johnson, Remarks on Decision Not to Seek Re-Election, March 31, 1968, available at https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/march-31-1968-remarks-decision-not-seek-re-election [last accessed February 7, 2021].
13.Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007), 646.
14.White, Making of the President 1968, 124.
15.Jason Sokol, The Heavens Might Crack: The Death and Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Basic Books, 2018).
16.Peniel E. Joseph, Stokely: A Life (New York: Basic Civitas, 2014), 258.
17.“Wallace Plugs Away,” Wall Street Journal, April 25, 1968, 1.
18.William Safire, Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Publishing, 1975), 50. Safire, Nixon’s speechwriter, says he took the “silent center” phrase from a speech by Illinois’ reliably liberal senator Paul Douglas.
19.Charles C. Green et al. v. County School Board of New Kent County, Virginia et al., May 27, 1968, available at https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/391/430 [last accessed February 6, 2021].
20.Jack Newfield, Robert Kennedy: A Memoir (New York: Dutton, 1969), 238.
21.Robert Kennedy, “Statement on the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.,” Indianapolis, Indiana, April 4, 1968, available at https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy/robert-f-kennedy-speeches/statement-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr-indianapolis-indiana-april-4-1968 [last accessed February 6, 2021].
22.Louis Harris, “In-Depth Poll Shows Public Reaction to Kennedy’s Death,” Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1968, 17.
23.“Wallace in the North: Friends and ‘Anarchist’ Critics Cheer and Scream,” New York Times, July 27, 1968, 1.
24.Richard Nixon, Address to the Republican National Convention, August 8, 1968, available at https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-accepting-the-presidential-nomination-the-republican-national-convention-miami [last accessed November 24, 2020].
25.“University Must Accept Students’ Challenge,” Boston Globe, June 21, 1968, 14; Carl Solberg, Hubert Humphrey: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980), 342–43.
26.Quoted in David Farber’s wonderful Chicago ’68 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 114.
27.“Defeat for Doves Reflects Deep Divisions in the Party,” New York Times, August 29, 1968, 1.
28.Ribicoff and Daley both quoted in David Paul Kuhn, The Hard Hat Riot: Nixon, New York, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020), 25–26. Whether Daley said precisely those words remains a point of debate.
29.“TV Viewers Target for Saturation Sell on Nixon,” Boston Globe, September 23, 1968, 10.
30.Solberg, Hubert Humphrey, 380.
31.Kenneth Williams, ed., LeMay on Vietnam (Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 2017), 23.
32.“LeMay, Named Wallace’s VP, Might A-Bomb Vietnam, But . . . ,” Boston Globe, October 4, 1968, 1.
33.“Nixon’s ‘Great’ Goal: ‘Bring Us Together,’” Washington Post, November 7, 1968, 1.
CHAPTER 10: NOBODIES
1.Joshua Prager, “The Accidental Activist,” Vanity Fair, February 2013, available at https://www.vanityfair.com/news/politics/2013/02/norma-mccorvey-roe-v-wade-abortion [last accessed December 5, 2020].
2.Norma McCorvey (with Andy Meisler), I Am Roe: My Life, Roe v. Wade, and Freedom of Choice (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), 95.
3.H. R. Haldeman diary entry, March 28, 1969, reprinted in H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House (New York: Putnam, 1994), 44.
4.Haldeman quoted in Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 110.
5.Senator Sam Ervin quoted in “Four Major Crime Bills Cleared 91st Congress,” Congressional Quarterly, 1970, available at https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1292693 [last accessed March 4, 2021].
6.Matthew Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), 136.
7.Bill Ayers, Fugitive Days: Memoir of an Anti-war Activist (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001), 173.
8.Haldeman diary entry, October 16, 1969, in Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 100; Reeves, President Nixon, 139.
9.“Text of President Nixon’s Speech to the Nation on U.S. Policy in the War in Vietnam,” New York Times, November 4, 1969, 16.
10.McCorvey, I Am Roe, 104.
11.“A New Abortion Law,” New York Times, February 13, 1965, 20.
12.Daniel Williams, Defenders of the Unborn: The Pro-Life Movement before Roe v. Wade (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 76.
13.Shulamith Firestone, “On Abortion,” 1968, available at https://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/firestone-shulamith/on-abortion.htm [last accessed February 23, 2021]; Cardinal Patrick O’Boyle in Daniel Williams, Defenders of the Unborn: The Pro-Life Movement before Roe v. Wade (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 102.
14.David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade (New York: Macmillan, 1994), 406.
15.“GIs Call Viet Killings ‘Point-Blank Murder,’ ” Cleveland Plain Dealer, November 20, 1969.
16.Kendrick Oliver, The My Lai Massacre in American History and Memory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006), 137.
17.Reeves, President Nixon, 158.
18.“Excerpts from Carswell Talk,” New York Times, January 22, 1970, 22.
19.“Transcript of the President’s News Conference on Foreign and Domestic Matters,” New York Times, January 31, 1970, 14.
20.Haldeman diary entries, February 4 and 7, 1970, in Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 125, 126.
21.“Mansfield on Laos: ‘Up to Our Necks,’” Washington Post, March 3, 1970, A1.
22.Mississippi senator John Stennis quoted in “South Opens Fight to Save School Choice: Senators Attack Edicts,” Atlanta Constitution, February 6, 1970, 1A; Lassiter, Silent Majority, 142; Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, p. 139.
23.“Nixon on School Desegregation, ‘Not Backing Away,’ ” Washington Post, March 25, 1970, A12.
24.Haldeman diary entry, April 7, 1970, in Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 147.
25.Haldeman diary entry, April 22, 1970, in Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 153; Jeffrey Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 203; Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 490.
26.Richard Nixon, “Address to the Nation on the Situation in Southeast Asia,” April 30, 1970, available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=2490 [last accessed October 13, 2017].
27.McCorvey, I Am Roe, 130.
28.McCorvey, I Am Roe, 131.
CHAPTER 11: COMING HOME
1.“Kent Death Splits Victim’s Old School,” Washington Post, May 6, 1970, A1.
2.Allison Krause’s boyfriend, Barry Levine, recounts the “fag” comment in Jeff Kisseloff, Generation on Fire: Voices of Protest from the 1960s, an Oral History (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2006).
3.“Kent Death Splits Victim’s Old School,” A1.
4.Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (New York: Scribner, 2008), 482; Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001).
5.Reeves, President Nixon, 211.
6.Haldeman diary entry, May 4, 1970, in H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House (New York: Putnam, 1994), 160.
7.Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries; “4 Kent State Victims Were Not Known as Campus Activists,” Boston Globe, May 6, 1970, 10.
8.Haldeman diary entry, May 6, 1970, in Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 161.
9.“War Foes Here Attacked by Construction Workers,” New York Times, May 9, 1970, 1.
10.Quote in this paragraph and the previous from Tom McNichol, “I Am Not a Kook: Richard Nixon’s Bizarre Visit to the Lincoln Memorial,” Atlantic, November 11, 2014, available at https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/11/i-am-not-a-kook-richard-nixons-bizarre-visit-to-the-lincoln-memorial/248443/ [last accessed September 28, 2018].
11.Haldeman diary entry, May 9, 1970, in Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 163.
12.Haldeman diary entry, May 18, 1970, in Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 167.
13.Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 716.
14.Oval Office recording, June 17, 1971, available at the Miller Center Presidency Project, University of Virginia, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/breaking-brookings [last accessed December 15, 2020].
15.Oval Office recording, July 1, 1971, available at the Miller Center Presidency Project, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/secret-white-house-tapes/i-want-brookings-institute-safe-cleaned-out [last accessed December 15, 2020].
16.Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 393.
17.“‘Floor’ Any Attacker, Maddox Urges Patrol,” Atlanta Constitution, May 14, 1970, 1A.
18.“South on Verge of Carrying Out ’54 School Ruling,” New York Times, August 30, 1970.
19.“Abortion Reform at Last,” New York Times, April 11, 1970; “The War on the Womb,” Christianity Today, June 3, 1970, 24–25; Williams, Defenders of the Unborn, 128.
20.Dr. and Mrs. J. C. Wilke, Handbook on Abortion, reprinted in Linda Greenhouse and Reva B. Siegel, eds., Before Roe v. Wade: Voices that Shaped the Abortion Debate before the Supreme Court’s Ruling (2012), 102–3, available at http://documents.law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/BeforeRoe2ndEd_1.pdf [last accessed February 23, 2021].
21.David J. Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade (New York: Macmillan, 1994), 514.
22.Sarah Weddington, A Question of Choice (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1992), 116; Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 525.
23.“Nixon’s China Travel Plans Stir Some Discordant Notes,” Baltimore Sun, June 17, 1971, A4.
24.Reeves, President Nixon, 358–59, 362.
25.Haldeman diary entry, September 20, 1971, in Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 357. While appointing two justices simultaneously was unusual, it wasn’t unique. Franklin Roosevelt had done the same in 1941.
26.John Dean quoted in Elizabeth Tandy Shermer, “Phoenix’s Cowboy Conservatives in Washington,” in Shermer, ed., Barry Goldwater and the Remaking of the American Political Landscape (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 2013), 204. Rehnquist’s record wasn’t as clean as Nixon had hoped it would be. Shortly before his confirmation vote, Newsweek revealed that as a Supreme Court clerk in 1952 he’d written a memo urging the justice he served to affirm Plessy v. Ferguson rather than vote in support of Brown. He contained the damage by saying that he was stating the justice’s view and not his own, a claim that remains controversial.
27.Transcript of recorded conversation, May 4, 1972, reprinted in Douglas Brinkley and Luke Nichter, eds., The Nixon Tapes, 1971–1972 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2014), 541.
28.“U.S. Political Leaders Split Over Wisdom of Nixon’s New Move,” Los Angeles Times, May 9, 1972, A1.
29.Haldeman diary entry, June 9, 1972, in Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 470.
30.“Transcript of Nixon’s Acceptance Address and Excerpts from Agnew’s Speech,” New York Times, August 24, 1972, 47.
31.Haldeman diary entry, September 16, 1972, in Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries, 505.
EPILOGUE
1.Opinion of the Court, Roe et al. v. Wade, District Attorney of Dallas County, January 22, 1973, U.S. Reports: Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 116, 152, 153, available at https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep410/usrep410113/usrep410113.pdf [last accessed February 14, 2021].
2.Opinion of the Court, Roe v. Wade, 162.
3.“Text of Nixon’s Talk on Vietnam,” Los Angeles Times, January 24, 1973, 11.