Introduction
1Cited by Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi, “The Convergence of the Pentagon and Hollywood: The Next Generation of Military Training Simulations,” in Lauren Rabinovitz and Abraham Geil, eds, Memory Bytes: History, Technology, and Digital Culture, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2004, p. 151.
2Cited by Sandy Amerio, Storytelling: Index sensible pour agora non représentative, Aubervilliers: Les Laboratoires d’Aubervilliers, 2004.
3Francesca Polletta, It Was Like a Fever: Storytelling in Protest and Politics, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2006, p. 1.
4Evan Cornog, The Power and the Story: How the Crafted Presidential Narrative Has Determined Political Success from George Washington to George W. Bush, New York: Penguin Press, 2004, pp. 1–2.
5Gilles Deleuze, “On the Superiority of Anglo-American Literature,” in Gilles Deleuze and Claire Parnet, Dialogues II, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam, London and New York: Continuum, 2002, p. 27.
6Los Angeles Times, January 11, 2001.
7Cited by Peter Brooks, “Stories Abounding,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 11, 2001.
8Cited by Matti Hyvärinen, “Towards a Conceptual History of Narrative”; available at www.helsinki.fi
9Lori Silverman, Wake Me Up When the Data Is Over, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006.
10Brooks, “Stories Abounding.”
11For the theorists of narrative, this basic distinction overlaps with E. M. Forster’s distinction between “story” and “plot,” the Russian formalists’ distinction between “fable” and “narrative,” Benveniste’s distinction between histoire and récit, and Genette’s distinction between the diegetic and extra-diegetic levels of narrative discourse. See in particular the three volumes of Gérard Genette’s Figures, Paris: Seuil, 1966, 1969, 1972; and Jean-Marie Schaeffer, Pourquoi la fiction?, Paris: Seuil, 1999.
12See François Cusset, French Theory: How Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze, & Co. Transformed the Intellectual Life of the United States, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
13Roland Barthes, “Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narrative,” in Image, Music, Text, trans. Stephen Heath, London: Fontana, 1977, p. 79. (First published as the introductory essay to Communications 8, 1966: Recherches sémiologiques: l’analyse structurale du récit).
14Brooks, “Stories Abounding.”
15See my “La Télé-réalité comme laboratoire,” in Christian Salmon, Verbicide: Du Bon Usage des cerveaux humains disponibles, Arles: Actes Sud, 2007.
16See Paul Ricoeur, The Course of Recognition, trans. David Pellauer, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.
17Dominique Christian, A la recherche du sens dans l’Entreprise… Compter, raconter? La Stratégie du récit, Paris: Maxima, 1999.
1 From Logo to Story
1Naomi Klein, No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies, London: Flamingo, 2000, p. 3.
2Seth Godin, All Marketers Are Liars: The Power of Telling Authentic Stories in a Low-Trust World, New York: Portfolio, 2005, p. 20.
3Lawrence Vincent, Legendary Brands: Unleashing the Power of Storytelling to Create a Winning Market Strategy, Chicago: Dearborn Trade Publishing, 2002, p. 8.
4Cited in the Techtransform blog, December 7, 2003; www.techtransform.com
5Klein, No Logo, p.7.
6Ibid.
7James Surowiecki, “The Decline of Brands,” Wired, 12, November 11, 2004.
8David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest, Boston: Back Bay Books, 1997.
9Surowiecki, “The Decline of Brands.”
10Ibid.
11Sophie Peters, “Attention clients, vous êtes observés!”, Les Echos, September 18, 2006.
12Cited by Surowiecki, “The Decline of Brands.”
13Rémy Sansaloni, Le Non-consommateur: Comment le consommateur reprend le pouvoir, Paris: Dunod, 2006.
14Al Ries and Laura Ries, The Fall of Advertising and the Rise of PR, New York: Harper-Business, 2002, p. xvi.
15Sergio Zyman, The End of Advertising As You Know It, New York: Wiley, 2002, p. 1.
16Cathy Macherel, “Une Place rebaptisée Nikeplatz à Vienne?,” Le Courrier, October 31, 2003.
17Klein, No Logo, p. 345.
18See the Déclaration de Berne’s website at www.evb.ch/fr and www.behindthelabel.org
19Cited by Klein, No Logo, p. 395.
20Academics Studying Nike and Athletic and Campus Apparel Industry; see http://business.nmsu.edu
21Cited by Klein, No Logo, p. 189.
22Cited ibid., p. 345.
23Cited ibid., p. 189.
24Kevin Roberts, Lovemarks: The Future Beyond Brands, New York: Powerhouse Cultural Entertainment Books, 2004, p. 6.
25Cited by Klein, No Logo, p. 189.
26Surowiecki, “The Decline of Brands.”
27Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. I, trans. Ben Fowkes, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976, p. 176.
28Vincent, Legendary Brands, p. 4.
29Surowiecki, “The Decline of Brands.”
30Sharaf Ramzy and Alicia Korten, “What’s In a Name? How Stories Power Enduring Brands,” in Lori Silverman, Wake Me Up When the Data Is Over, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006, pp. 170–84.
31Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Gregory Elliott, London and New York: Verso, 2005, p. 20.
32David M. Boje, “Time and Nike,” Time and Nike Symposium, Academy of Management, Toronto, 2000; available at http://business.nmsu.edu
33Ashraf and Korten, “What’s in a Name?,” p. 170.
34Cited ibid., pp. 172, 175.
35Cited ibid, pp. 181–2.
36Stephen Denning, The Leader’s Guide to Storytelling: Mastering the Art and Discipline of Business Narrative, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005, p. 105.
37L’Entreprise, 251, December 2006.
38Cited by David Miller, “Super Bowl Ads Just Won’t Let Go,” February 3, 2006; available at www.internetnews.com
39Cited by Ramzy and Korten, “What’s in a Name?,” p. 182.
40Cited ibid., pp. 174–5.
41Peters, “Attention clients, vous êtes observés!”
42Barbara B. Stern, “What Does Brand Mean?,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34: 2, 2006.
43Georges M. Hénault, “Les Archétypes jungiens: mythe ou saint Graal du marketing international,” Consommations & Sociétés, 5, 2005; available at www.argonautes.fr
44Christian Budtz, Klaus Fog, and Boris Yakabolyu, Storytelling: Branding in Practice, New York: Springer, 2005.
45Godin, All Marketers Are Liars, p. 2.
46Ibid., p. 39.
47Ibid., p. 2.
48Ibid., p. 159.
49Ibid., pp. 163–4.
50Ibid., p. 159.
51Vincent, Legendary Brands, p. 15.
52Godin, All Marketers Are Liars, p. 17.
53Ibid., p. 18.
54Rolf Jensen, The Dream Society: How the Coming Shift from Information to Imagination Will Transform Your Business, London: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
55Cited by Marianne White, “La Vie selon Starck,” November 17, 2006; available at www.cyberpresse.ca
56Georges Lewi, L’Odyssée des marques, Paris: Albin Michel, 1998. See also the same author’s Les Marques, mythologies du quoitidien, Paris: Village mondiale, 2003.
57Scott Rosenberg, “Story Time: Can Narrative Save us from Information Overload?,” Salon, September 29, 1998; available at http://archive.salon.com
58Tom Peters, “The Brand Called You,” Fast Company, August–September 1997.
59Cited by Klein, No Logo, p. 23.
60Cited by Stephen Denning, “American Brand Narratives in a Post-9/11 World,” March 1, 2004; available at www.stevedenning.com
61Ashraf Ramzy, “The American Story,” 2002; available at www.narrativity.net
62Denning, The Leader’s Guide to Storytelling, p. xix.
2 The Invention of Storytelling Management
1Steve Jobs, “You’ve Got to Find What You Love,” Stanford University, 2005; available at http://news-service.stanford.edu/news
2Howard Bloom, Reinventing Capitalism: Putting Soulin the Machine. A Radical Reperception of Western Civilization, 2005; available at www.howardbloom.net
3Dominique Christian, A la recherche du sens dans l’Entreprise … Compter, raconter? La Stratégie du récit, Paris: Maxima, 1999. According to his publisher, Christian, a “philosopher by training and a doctor in communications science … developed the first computer-assisted storytelling system for the business world.”
4See, for example, “Le Management de l’intelligence collective: Intranet/extranet, messagerie, gestion de projet”; available at www.jpmconsulting.fr
5Stephen Denning, The Leader’s Guide to Storytelling: Mastering the Art and Discipline of Business Narrative, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005, p. 5.
6Joseph Grenny, “Silence Kills. Exploding Shuttles, Media Meltdowns and Health Care Disasters. What’s The Underlying Cause?,” 2003; available at www.executive-forum.net
7Cited by Priya Jestin, “Silence Can Kill (Your Project),” Project Management Source, February 15, 2007; available at www.projectmanagementsource.com
8Leslie A. Perlow, “Is Silence Killing Your Company?,” Harvard Business Review, 81: 5, May 2003.
9Ibid.
10Ibid.
11Bernard Girard, Histoire des theories du management en France du début de la revolution industrielle au lendemain de la Première Guerre Mondiale; available at www.bernardgirard.com
12Louis Reybaud, Etudes sur le régime des manufactures: conditions des ouvriers en soie, Paris: Michel Lévy, 1859.
13Cited in ibid.
14On this point, the reader is referred to Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello’s indispensable The New Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Gregory Elliott, London and New York: Verso, 2005.
15Cited by Marie-Victoire Louis, Le Droit de cuissage: France 1860–1930, Paris: Editions ouvrières, 1994, Chapter VII, “Le Silence des femmes.”
16Elizabeth Wolfe Morrison and Frances J. Milliken, “Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Change and Development in a Pluralistic World,” The Academy of Management Review, 25: 2, October 2000.
17David M. Boje, “Storytelling Practice and the Narrative–Antenarrative Debate,” February 2005; available at http://peaceaware.com
18Richard Lacayo and Amanda Riple, “The Whistle-Blowers,” Time, December 22, 2002; available at http://foi.missouri.edu
19Nicole Giroux, “Vers une narrativité reflexive?,” in Eddie Soulier, ed., Le Storytelling: Concepts, outils et applications, Paris: Hermès Sciences Publications, 2006, p. 41.
20Ibid.
21David M. Boje, “The Storytelling Organization: A Study of Storytelling Performance in an Office-Supply Firm,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 1, March 1991; available at http://business.nmsu.edu
22Thierry Boudès, “Des Récits du management au management des récits: pourquoi les gestionnaires font-ils tant d’histoires?,” Les Echos de la recherche, ESCP, 6, March 2001.
23Ibid.
24Stephen Denning, Squirrel Inc: A Fable of Leadership through Storytelling, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004. See also Stephen Denning, The Leader’s Guide to Storytelling: Mastering the Art and Discipline of Business Narrative, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005.
25Lucy Kellaway, “Once Upon A Time, We Had Managers, Not Storytellers,” Financial Times, May 10, 2004.
26Evelyn Clark, Around the Corporate Campfire: How Great Leaders Use Stories to Inspire Success, Sevierville: Insight Publishing Company, 2004.
27“Raconte-moi une histoire…,” Stratégies, 1369, May 12, 2005.
28Ibid.
29Sonia Mabrouk, “Il était une fois … le storytelling,” Jeune Afrique, April 9, 2006.
30Kellaway, “Once Upon A Time, We Had Managers, Not Storytellers.”
31Rosabeth Moss Kanter, On the Frontiers of Management, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997.
32Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, London: Routledge, 1989, p. xv.
33Ibid., p. xvi.
34Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folk Tale, trans. Lawrence Scott, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958.
35Cited by John Gaynard, “Storytelling: le management des connaissances et de l’innovation à travers des récits, des contes, et des histoires”; available at www.syre.com; see also Denning, Squirrel Inc.
36David Greatbatch and Timothy Clark, Management Speak: Why We Believe What Management Gurus Tell Us, New York: Routledge, 2005.
37See Kama Kamand, La Nuit des griots, Paris: Présence Africaine, 1996; Isabelle Leymarie, Les Griots wolof du Sénégal, Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 1999.
38Denning, Squirrel Inc.
39Greatbatch and Clark, Management Speak, p. 5.
40Andrzej Huczynski, Management Gurus: What Makes Them and How to Become One, London: Routledge, 1993, p. 38.
41Greatbatch and Clark, Management Speak, pp. 9–10.
42Ibid., p. 11.
43Ibid., pp. 7–8
44Ibid., p. 8.
45Huczynski, Management Gurus; cf. Timothy Clark and Graeme Salaman, “The Management Guru as Organizational Witchdoctor,” Organization, 3: 1, pp. 85–107.
46Greatbatch and Clark, Management Speak, pp. 36–7.
47Ibid., p. 38.
48Ibid., p. 112.
49Timothy Clark and Graeme Salaman, “Telling Tales: Management Gurus, Narratives and the Construction of Managerial Identity,” Journal of Management Studies, 35, 1998.
50Annette Simmons, The Story Factor: Inspiration, Influence, and Persuasion Through the Art of Storytelling, New York: Basic Books, revised edition, 2006, p. 3.
51Roland Barthes, “Dominici, or The Triumph of Literature,” in Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers, London: Paladin, 1972, p. 63.
52Cited by Evelyn Clark, “It’s Time For Storytelling, a Proven Management Tool,” January 1, 2006; available at www.corpstory.com
53Paul Corrigan, Shakespeare on Management, Dover: Kogan Page, 1999.
54Robert A. Brawer, Fictions of Business: Insights on Management from Great Literature, New York: Wiley, 1998.
55Yiannis Gabriel, ed., Myths, Stories, and Organizations, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 6.
3 The New “Fiction Economy”
1Ashim Ahluwalia, introduction to the documentary John & Jane (Future East Film, Bombay); available at www.belinale.de
2Ibid.
3John Ribeiro, “Cultural Training Moves Offshore,” IDG News Service, August 22, 2005; available at www.itworld.com (IDG is a news agency providing information about information technologies.)
4Ibid.
5Cited by Nanditta Chibber and Abhilash Ojha, “Inde: les artistes fascinés par les téléopérateurs,” Business Standard (Bombay), February 6, 2007; available at http://voyageavenir.blogspot.com
6Ribiero, “Cultural Training Moves Offshore.”
7Amelia Gentleman, “Hi, It’s Bollywood Calling,” Observer, May 21, 2006.
8Joseph Confavreux, “L’Inde à grande vitesse (2/5). Jeunes Indiens travaillant pour l’Occident: une acculturation sur place?,” France-Culture, March 20, 2007; available at www.radiofrance.fr
9Radhika Chadha, “John & Jane and Strategy Mutation,” Hindu Business Line, August 24, 2006.
10Cameron Bailey, in the Catalogue of the International Film Festival, Toronto, September 2005.
11Gentleman, “Hi, It’s Bollywood Calling.”
12Ibid.
13Bailey, Catalogue of the International Film Festival, Toronto.
14Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Gregory Elliott, London and New York: Verso, 2005, pp. 459–60, emphasis added.
15Ibid., p. 461, emphasis added.
16Ibid., pp. 8, 5.
17Ibid., p. 58.
18Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism, New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1998, p. 111.
19Ibid., citing Charles N. Darrah, Learning at Work: An Exploration in Industrial Ethnography, New York: Garland Publishing, 1996, p. 27.
20Ibid., p. 113, citing Laurie Graham, On the Line at Subaru-Isuzu: The Japanese Model and the American Worker, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995, p. 108.
21Ibid., p. 114.
22Ibid.
23Nigel Thrift, Knowing Capitalism, London: Sage, 2004, p. 121.
24Boltanski and Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism, p. 459.
25Ibid., pp. 459–60.
26Eva Illouz, Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism, Cambridge: Polity, 2007, p. 108.
27Boltanski and Chiapello, The New Sprit of Capitalism, p. 59.
28Don DeLillo, Players, London: Vintage, 1991, p. 18.
29Ibid.
30Ibid., p. 42.
31Ibid., pp. 18–19.
32Thomas Peters and Robert Waterman, In Search of Excellence, New York: Harper and Row, 1982, p. 11.
33Ibid., p. 19.
34Ibid.
35Delillo, Players, pp. 43–4.
36Richard Sennett, “Récits au temps de la précarité,” Le Monde, May 5, 2006.
37Ibid.
38Eddie Soulier, ed., Le Storytelling: Concepts, outils et applications, Paris: Hermès Sciences Publications, 2006, pp. 339–59.
39Dominique Christian, A la recherche du sens dans l’Entreprise… Compter, raconter? La Stratégie du récit, Paris: Maxima, 1999.
40Louis Utichelle, “The Downsizing of America,” New York Times, May 3, 1996, p. 7–8, cited by Sennett, The Corrosion of Character, p. 22.
41Yves-Frédéric Livian, “La Gestion comme récit. Petite introduction à une narratologie de certains thèmes de gestion des resources humaines,” Gérer et comprendre, 70, December 2002, pp. 41–8.
42Soulier, ed., Le Storytelling, pp. 339–59.
43Livian, “La Gestion comme récit.”
44Italo Calvino, Six Memos for the Next Millennium, London: Vintage, 2006.
4 The Mutant Companies of New-Age Capitalism
1Eddie Soulier, ed., Le Storytelling: Concepts, outils et applications, Paris: Hermès Sciences Publications, 2006, p. 353.
2Ibid.
3Eddie Soulier, “Proposition de thèses, Université de technologie de Troyes”; available at www.utt.fr
4Soulier, Le Storytelling, pp. 339–59.
5Ibid., pp. 17–22. The volume edited by Eddie Soulier contains a rich bibliography on storytelling. See in particular John Seely Brown, Stephen Denning, Katalina Groh, and Laurence Prusak, Storytelling in Organizations: Why Storytelling is Transforming 21st Century Organizations and Management, Oxford: Elvesier, 2004; John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid, The Social Life of Information, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000; Stephen Denning, The Springboard: How Storytelling Ignites Action In Knowledge-Era Organizations, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
6Jeremy Rifkin, The Age of Access: The New Culture of Hypercapitalism Where All of Life is a Paid-For Experience, New York: J. P. Taucher and Putmann, 2000.
7James B. Twitchell, Branded Nation: The Marketing of Megachurch, College Inc., and Museumworld, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004.
8David M. Boje, “Storytelling Practice and the Narrative–Antenarrative Debate,” February 2005; available at http://peaceaware.com
9Ibid.
10Figures taken from Alex Gibney’s documentary, The Smartest Guys in the Room (2005).
11Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind, The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Fall of Enron, New York: Portfolio, 2004.
12Quoted from Gibney’s film, The Smartest Guys in the Room.
13Ibid.
14David M. Boje, Carolyn L. Gardner, and William L. Smith, “(Mis)using Numbers in the Enron story,” Organizational Research Methods, 9: 4, 2006.
15Richard Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006, p. 40.
16Nigel Thrift, Knowing Capitalism, London: Sage, 2004, p. 122.
17Alicia Korten and Karen Dietz, “Who Said Money is Everything? Story is the New Currency in Financial Management,” in Lori Silverman, ed., Wake Me Up When the Data Is Over, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006, p. 7.
18Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism, p. 40.
19Cited Alex Gibney’s film, The Smartest Guys in the Room.
5 Turning Politics Into A Story
1Maggie Downs, “The Hug Becomes a TV Ad for Bush,” The Enquirer, October 20, 2004.
2Eric Boehlert, “The TV Ad that Put Bush Over the Top,” Salon, November 5, 2004.
3Ibid.
4The commercial can be seen at www.youtube.com
5Susan Allen, “Ad Analysis,” Political Advertising Resource Center, October 19, 2004; available at www.umdparc.org
6Boehlert, “The TV Ad that Put Bush Over the Top.”
7Ibid.
8Cited in ibid.
9Downs, “The Hug Becomes a TV Ad for Bush.”
10Francesca Polletta, It Was Like a Fever: Storytelling in Protest and Politics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006, p. ix.
11John Anthony Maltese, Spin Control: The White House Office of Communications and the Management of Presidential News, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994, p. 199.
12Cited by Polletta, It Was Like a Fever, p. vii.
13Ibid., p. viii.
14Cited in Nina J. Easton, Michael Kranish, Patrick Healy, Glen Johnson, Anne E. Kornblut, and Brian Mooney, “On the Trail of Kerry’s Failed Dream,” Boston Globe, November 14, 2004.
15James Carville and Paul Begala, Buck Up, Suck Up … and Come Back When You Foul Up: 12 Winning Secrets from the War Room, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002, p. 108.
16Seth Godin, All Marketers Are Liars: The Power of Telling Authentic Stories in a Low-Trust World, New York: Portfolio, 2005, pp. 80–1.
17Dana Thomas, “The Last Word: James Carville Dissecting the Democrats (Interview),” Newsweek, October 30, 2006.
18William Safire, “The Way We Live Now,” New York Times, December 5, 2004.
19Ibid.
20“Meet the Press,” Newsbusters, October 30, 2005.
21Carville and Begala, Buck Up, Suck Up, p. 109.
22Evan Cornog, The Power and the Story: How the Crafted Presidential Narrative has Determined Political Success from George Washington to George W. Bush, New York: Penguin Press, 2004, p. 1.
23Ibid., p. 5.
24Ibid., p. 2.
25Ibid., p. 274.
26See, in particular, John Ford’s film The Young Mister Lincoln (1939).
27Cf. Cornog, The Power and the Story, pp. 39–40.
28Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987, p. 95.
29Peter Brooks, “Stories Abounding,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 11, 2001.
30Serge Halimi, Le Grand bond en arrière: Comment l’ordre liberal s’Est imposé au monde, Paris: Fayard, 2006.
31www.infoplease.com/t/hist/state-of-the-union/198.html
32www.infoplease.com/t/hist/state-of-the-union/220.html
33Carville and Begala, Buck Up, Suck Up, p. 109.
34Brooks, “Stories Abounding.”
35Cited by Maltese, Spin Control, p. 238.
36Bill Clinton, My Life, New York: Knopf, 2004, p. 16.
37Ibid., p. 957.
38Maltese, Spin Control, pp. 238–9.
39Godin, All Marketers Are Liars, p. 80.
40Maltese, Spin Control, pp. 238–9.
41Richard Rose, The Postmodern President: The White House Meets the World, Chatham: Chatham House, 1988, Chapter 7.
42Michel Foucault, “The Order of Discourse,” trans. Ian McLeod, in Robert Young, ed., Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981, p. 62.
43Richard Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978, p. 354.
44Cited by Maltese, Spin Control, p. 192.
45Cited ibid.
46Ibid., p. 198.
47Cited ibid., p. 215.
48Ibid., p. 199.
49Cornog, The Power and the Story, p. 67.
50Ibid., p. 91.
51Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency, p. 238.
52Cornog, The Power and the Story, pp. 250–1.
53Ira Chesnus, “Karl Rove’s Scheherazade Strategy,” July 7, 2006; available at www.tomdispatch.com
54Ibid.
55Le Monde, August 15, 2007.
6 Telling War Stories
1Steve Silberman, “The War Room,” Wired, September 2004.
2Tim Lenoir and Henry Lowood, “Theaters of War: the military-entertainment complex,” Stanford University, November 21, 2002; available at www.stanford.edu
3Ellen Herman, “Project Camelot and the Career of Cold War Psychology,” in Christopher Simpson, ed., Universities and Empire: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences during the Cold War, New York: New Press, 1998, p. 118.
4Ed Halter, “War Games: New Media Finds its Place in the New World Order,” Village Voice, November 13–19, 2002.
5J. C. Herz, “At Play, It Takes the Army to Save a Village,” New York Times, February 3, 2000.
6Nick Gillette, “Learning to Fight,” Guardian, June 17, 2004.
7US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, After the Cold War: Living with Lower Defense Spending (Summary), OTA-ITE-525, Washington, DC, February 1992, cited by Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi, “The Convergence of the Pentagon and Hollywood,” in Lauren Rabinovitz and Abraham Geil, eds, Memory Bytes: History, Technology and Digital Culture, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, p. 153.
8Ibid.
9Ibid., p. 155.
10Herz, “At Play, It Takes the Army to Save a Village.”
11Ghamari-Tabrizi, “The Convergence of the Pentagon and Hollywood,” p. 153.
12Cited ibid., p. 155.
13Herz, “At Play, It Takes the Army to Save a Village.”
14Paul Virilio, War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception, trans. Patrick Camiller, London: Verso, 1989, p. 9.
15Paul Virilio, Guerre et cinema. Logistique de la perception, Paris: Cahiers du cinema, revised expanded edition, 1991.
16Ghamari-Tabrizi, “The Convergence of the Pentagon and Hollywood,” p. 156.
17Ibid., p. 151.
18Ibid.
19Ibid., p. 159.
20Ibid., p. 160.
21Silberman, “The War Room.”
22Karen Kaplan, “Army, USC Join Forces for Virtual Research,” Los Angeles Times, August 18, 1999.
23Ghamari-Tabrizi, “The Convergence of the Pentagon and Hollywood,” pp. 159–60.
24Ibid., p. 159.
25Maurice Ronai, “Hollywood et le Pentagone coopèrent dans les effets spéciaux et les techniques de simulation,” Le Débat stratégique, CIRPES, 46, September 1999.
26Silberman, “The War Game.”
27Ronai, “Hollywood et le Pentagone.”
28Margaret Thomas Kelso, Peter Weyhrauch, and Joseph Bates, “Dramatic Presence,” Presence 2: 1, Winter 1993.
29Cited by Ghamari-Tabrizi, “The Convergence of the Pentagon and Hollywood,” p. 162.
30Michael Duffy, Tim McGirk, and Aparisim Ghosh, “The Ghosts of Haditha,” Time Magazine, June 4, 2006.
31Ghamari-Tabrizi, “The Convergence of the Pentagon and Hollywood,” p. 169.
32Cited by James Verini, “War Games, ” Guardian, April 19, 2005.
33See Salon.com, October 4, 2002.
34Cited by Silberman, “The War Room.”
35Heather Chaplin and Aaron Ruby, Smartbomb: The Quest for Art, Entertainment, and Big Bucks in the Videogame Revolution, Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books, 2005.
36Cited by Pat Kane, “Toy Soldiers,” Guardian, December 1, 2005.
37Steve O’Hagan, “Recruitment Hard Drive,” Guardian, June 19, 2004.
38Larry Gordon, “Virtual War, Real Healing,” Los Angeles Times, February 9, 2007.
39Verini, “War Games.”
40Gordon, “Virtual War, Real Healing.”
41Ibid.
42Jean-Michel Valentin, Hollywood, le Pentagone et Washington: Les Trois auteurs d’une stratégie globale, Paris: Autrement, 2003, p. 107.
43Don Delillo, Libra, London: Penguin, 1991, pp. 50, 78, 146–7, 50.
44Samuel Blumenfeld, “Le Pentagone et la CIA enrôlent Hollywood,” Le Monde, July 27, 2002.
45Lenoir and Lowood, “Theaters of War.”
46Ronai, “Hollywood et le Pentagone.”
47Slavoj Žižek, “The Depraved Heroes of 24 are the Himmlers of Hollywood,” Guardian, January 10, 2006. The reference is to a phrase from Milan Kundera, Testaments Betrayed, trans. Linda Asher, London: Faber & Faber, 2004, p. 6.
48Cited by Colin Freeze, “What Would Jack Bauer Do? Canadian Jurist Prompts International Justice Panel to Debate TV Drama 24’s Use of Torture,” Globe and Mail (Ottawa), June 20, 2007.
7 The Propaganda Empire
1Ron Suskind, “Faith, Certainty and the Presidency of George W. Bush,” New York Times Magazine, October 17, 2004.
2Marc Bloch, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France, trans. J. E. Anderson, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.
3Jay Rosen, “The Retreat from Empiricism and Ron Suskind’s Intellectual Scoop,” Huffington Post, July 4, 2007.
4Cited by Byron Calame, “Scoops, Impact or Glory: What Motivates Reporters?,” New York Times, December 3, 2006.
5Rosen, “The Retreat from Empiricism.”
6Eric Boehlert, “Reality-based Reporting,” 2004; available at http://dir.salon.com
7Ibid.
8Scott McConnell, “Reconnecting with the Reality-Based Community,” The American Conservative, October 23, 2006. (This is a review of Anatol Lieven and John Hulsman, A Vision for America’s Role in the World, New York: Pantheon, 2006.)
9Edward Bernays, Propaganda, New York: Ig Publishing, 2005; introduction by Mark Crispin Miller. The book is not well known in Europe. Thanks to a stroke of good fortune, a French translation was published in October 2007 by Zones, with a long critical introduction by Normand Baillargeon.
10Bernays, Propaganda, p. 122. The reference is to the first trans-Atlantic cable laid in 1866; it allowed telegraphic communications between Europe and the US.
11Ibid., p. 50, citing an article quoted in Funk and Wagnall’s Dictionary.
12Ibid., p. 39.
13Serge Chakotin, The Rape of the Masses: The Psychology of Totalitarian Political Propaganda, New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1971, p. 91.
14See Edward S. Harmann and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, London: Vintage, 1998; Noam Chomsky, Media Control: The Spectacular Achievement of Propaganda, New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002; Victor Klemperer, The Language of the Third Reich: LTI. Lingua Tertii Imperii, London: Continuum, 2006; Jacques Ellul, Histoire de la propaganda, Paris: PUF, Collecton “Que sais-je?,” 1967; Philippe Breton, La Parole manipulée, Paris: La Découverte, 1998; André Schriffin, Le Contrôle de la parole, Paris: La Fabrique, 2005; Eric Hazan, LQR: La Propagande du quotidian, Paris: Raisons d’agir, 2006.
15I refer the reader, if I may, to the three issues of the journal Autodafé (Paris: Denoël, 2001, 2002, and 2003), and my own Tombeau de la fiction (Paris: Denoël, 1999) and Verbicide: Du bon usage des cerveaux humains disponibles (Arles: Actes Sud, 2006).
16Bernays, Propaganda, p. 40
17Frank Rich, The Greatest Story Ever Sold: The Decline and Fall of Truth in Bush’s America, New York: Penguin, 2006, pp. 2–3.
18Walter Benjamin, “The Storyteller,” trans. Harry Zohn, in Selected Writings, Volume 3: 1935–1938, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2002, pp. 147–8.
19Seth Godin, All Marketers Are Liars: The Power of Telling Authentic Stories in a Low-Trust World, New York: Portfolio, 2005, pp. 141–2, 140.
20Ibid., pp. 140–1.
21“Why Fox News is an Industry Joke, Or Welcome to Infotainment Tonight!” (2004); available at www.turnoffyourtv.com.
22Godin, All Marketers Are Liars, p. 141.
23John. S. Carroll, “The Wolf in Reporter’s Clothing: The Rise of Pseudo-Journalism in America,” Los Angeles Times, May 6, 2004.
24Michael Massing, “The End of News?,” New York Review of Books, December 1, 2005.
25Rich, The Greatest Story, p. 166.
26Ibid., p. 170.
27Gardiner Harris, “Surgeon General Sees 4-Year Term as Compromised,” New York Times, July 11, 2007.
28Le Monde, July 11, 2007.
29Rich, The Greatest Story, p. 171.
30Ibid., p. 179.
31Cited by Massing, “The End of News?”
32Mark Mazzetti and Borzou Daragahi, “US Military Covertly Pays to Run Stories in Iraqi Press,” Los Angeles Times, November 30, 2005.
33Ibid.
34Ibid.
35David Blaine, Mysterious Stranger: A Book of Magic, New York: Villard Books, 2002.
36Michael Tomasky, “How Democrats Should Talk,” New York Review of Books, May 31, 2007.
37Rich, The Greatest Story, p. 89.
38Ibid., p. 57.
39Ibid.
40Cited by Sheldon Rampton and John Stauba, “How to Sell a War,” In These Times, August 4, 2003; available at www.frankwbaker.com
41Cited by Nancy Snow, Information War: American Propaganda, Free Speech, and Opinion Control since 9/11, New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003, pp. 84–5.
42Good Morning America, ABC News, December 14, 2001, cited at www.fpif.org
43Cited by Snow, Information War, p. 85.
44Ibid., p. 86.
45Charlotte Beers, “Public Diplomacy After September 11: Remarks to the National Press Club,” Washington DC, December 18, 2002; available at www.state.gov
46Snow, Information War, p. 86.
47Ibid.
48Ibid.
49Boehlert, “Reality-based Reporting.”
50Massing, “The End of News?”
51Jean Lacroix, “De la démocratie libérale à la démocratie massive,” Esprit, March 1946.
52Bernays, Propaganda, p. 49.
53The whole address can be consulted at www.whitehouse.gov
54Slavoj Žižek, “New Yorkers Face the Fire in the Minds of Men,” Guardian, September 11, 2006.
55James H. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith, New York: Basic Books, 1980, p. 3.
56Don DeLillo, “In the Ruins of the Future,” Harper’s Magazine, December 2001, p. 33.
57Jeffrey C. Alexander, “From the Depths of Despair: Performance, Counter-performance and ‘September 11,’ ” Sociological Theory, 22: 1, March 2004.
58See Peter Sloterdijk, Die Sonne und der Tod: Dialogische Untersuchungern, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2002.
59Gabriel Tarde, Les Lois de l’imitation, Paris: Kimé, 1993 (first published in 1895).
60Lori L. Silverman, Wake Me Up When the Data Is Over, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006, p. xvii.
Afterword: Obama in Fabula
1Sharon Begley, “Heard Any Good Stories Lately?,” Newsweek, September 22, 2008; available at http://www.newsweek.com
2Newsweek, May 2, 2008.
3New York Times, February 24, 2008.
4Guardian, May 5, 2008.
5ABC News, April 29, 2008.
6Norman Mailer, “Superman Comes to the Supermarket,” Esquire, November 1960.
7Time Magazine, September 10, 2008.
8Wired, September 3, 2008.
9Joann Wypijewski, “Beauty and the Beast,” The Nation, September 10, 2008.
10Jonathan Freedman, “From West Wing to the Real Thing,” Guardian, February 21, 2008.
11Ben Wallace-Wells, “Obama’s Narrator,” New York Times Magazine, April 1, 2007.
12Washington Post, January 28, 2008.
13Cited on streetprophet.com
14Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, Edinburgh: Canongate, 2007, p. 203.
15Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, Edinburgh: Canongate, 2007, p. 123.
16Ibid., p. 124.
17Ibid., p. 127.
18Obama, Dreams from My Father, pp. xv–xvi.
19Ibid., p. 82.
20Ibid., pp. 193, 85.
21David Brooks, “Run, Barack, Run,” New York Times, October 19, 2006.
22Obama, Dreams from My Father, p. 198.