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Acciaiuoli, Agnolo 119, 129, 130, 131–2, 133, 134
Acciaiuoli family (bankers) 18, 27, 102
Adrian VI, Pope (Adrian Dedel) 290–1
Alberti, Leon 243
Albizzi, Maso degli 24, 38–9
Albizzi, Rinaldo 43, 122
foments war with Lucca 53, 54
opposes Medici 55, 57, 60–2, 63–5, 66, 67, 71
revolt and banishment 72–3, 74, 77, 117–18
Albizzi family 24, 41–2, 62, 66, 67, 71, 72, 77, 78, 185
Alexander V, Pope 34
Alexander VI, Pope (Roderigo Borgia) 206, 207, 221, 244, 246, 247, 268, 269, 304
and Cesare Borgia 240, 254, 258, 270
death 240
and Savonarola 222–3, 224, 226, 229, 248
Alfonso I, of Naples 118, 120
Alfonso II, of Naples (Duke of Calabria) 166, 167, 208, 209, 211, 221, 222
alum trade 135–7, 148, 158
Ancre, Concino Concini, Marquis d’ 354, 355, 356
Angelico, Fra 13
Argyropoulos, Joannes 149, 174
Aristotle/Aristotelians 46, 284, 294, 361, 362–3, 365, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371, 373, 390, 405
Averardo (legendary knight) 13
Averroës 46
Avicenna 46
Balìa 62, 63–4, 75, 134
Bandini, Bernardo 3, 4, 8, 9, 163, 190
banking 15, 17–19, 20–1, 22: see Medici Bank
Barberini, Cardinal Maffeo see Urban VIII, Pope
Barcelona, Treaty of (1529) 311
Bardi, Benedetto de’ 40
Bardi, Contessina de’ see Medici, Contessina de’
Bardi, Lippaccio de’ 59
Bardi family (bankers) 18, 27, 48, 102
Bartolomeo, Fra: Savonarola 201
Becchi, Gentile, Bishop of Arezzo 148
Benedict XIII, Pope 32, 33, 34, 35
Berlin Academy 379
Bertoldo di Giovanni 195
Bessarion, Archbishop Johannes 93, 95
Bicci, Averardo detto 24
Black Death 20, 48, 81, 82, 102
Boccaccio, Giovanni 19, 98, 224
Decameron 19–20
Boniface VIII, Pope 299, 304
Bonsignori family 18
Borgia, Cesare 240, 254–7, 258–9, 269, 270
Borgia, Lucrezia 221
Bosse, Charles de 409
Botticelli, Sandro 1, 140, 183–5, 186, 190, 193, 202, 223, 234–5, 273, 294, 338
The Adoration of the Magi 184
The Birth of Venus 186–7
The Pazzi Conspiracy 8–9, 186, 190
Primavera 185–6
Bourbon, Charles, Duke of 300, 301–2, 303
Bracciolini, Jacopo 5
Bracciolini, Poggio 85–8, 149
On the Unhappiness of Princes 88
Bramante, Donato: St Peter’s basilica 275
Bronzino, Agnolo
Alessandro de’ Medici 322
Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici 28, 28
Brosse, Salomon de 356
Bruges 16
Medici Bank 47, 129, 130, 137, 169, 206, 245
Brunelleschi, Filippo 41, 51, 54, 84, 100–1, 108, 161
Florence Cathedral dome 3, 102–5, 105
Ospedale degli Innocenti 41, 101–2
Bruno, Giordano 373
Buda, battle of (1526) 299
Bueri, Piccarda 24
Buonarotti, Lodovico 194
Burnett, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury 392
Buti, Lucrezia 141
Cafaggiolo 14, 24, 26, 40, 120, 124, 170, 175, 210
Cajetan, Cardinal Tommaso de Vio Gaetani 286
Calabria, Alfonso, Duke of see Alfonso II, of Naples
Cambrai, Treaty of (1529) 312
Capponi, Niccolò 309
Capponi, Piero di Gino 219, 309
Capponi family 24
Carducci, Francesco 309, 314
Carlos of Bourbon, Don, King of Naples 408, 409
catasto (tax system) 42–3, 49, 53, 77–8, 100, 161
Catherine de Médicis, Queen of France (Caterina de’ Medici) 281, 308, 309, 315–16, 342–51, 352, 354, 383
Catherine of Aragon 307, 316
Cavalcanti, Ginevra 55
Cecchino (castrato) 396
Cellini, Benvenuto 296–7, 302–3, 305–6, 307, 316, 317, 338–9, 340, 344
Cosimo I Medici 331
Perseus 338, 339
Salt cellar of Francis I 344, 345
Charlemagne 13, 311
sword 221, 222
Charles I, of England 357
Charles II, of England 387
Charles V, Emperor 287, 290, 292, 307
campaigns in Italy 288, 298, 300, 306
crowned by Clement VII 310–11, 313
and Medici rule in Florence 310, 311, 314, 315, 321, 322, 323–4, 328, 333, 334–5
Charles VII, of France 119, 120
Charles VIII, of France 208–9, 210–13, 215, 216–19, 223, 246, 351
Charles IX, of France 342, 347, 348–9, 350, 351
Chrysoloras, Manuel 83, 85
Cibò, Cardinal Innocenzo 327–8
Cicero 81, 119, 125, 148, 224, 333
ciompi (wool-workers) 21, 22, 24, 167, 198
Clement VII, Pope (Giulio de’ Medici) 246–7, 261, 276, 280, 281, 325, 342
appearance 290, 292, 307
becomes cardinal 270–1
becomes Pope 290–2, 410
character 292, 297–8, 306
and Charles V 288, 298–9, 310–11, 313, 314, 315
and Copernican theories 293–4
death 316–17
downfall and Sack of Rome 298–301, 302, 304–7, 308, 317
and Medici rule in Florence 308, 309–12, 314–15, 317
patronage 292–3, 295, 296–7
and Protestant Reformation 316
Clement XI, Pope 404
Coligny, Admiral Gaspard de 347, 348, 349
Colleoni, Bartolommeo 132, 133, 134, 135
Colonna, Cardinal Pompeo 290, 291–2, 298, 299–300, 303
Columbus, Christopher 123, 251
Concini, Leonora (née Dori) 353, 354
Condivi, Ascanio 233, 234, 237, 239, 240, 293
Constance, Council of (1414–18) 33–5, 85, 242, 286
Constantine IX Paleologus 95
Constantinople 90, 94–5, 111, 120, 209, 270
Copernicus, Nicolas 293–4, 365–6, 371, 372–3
Cork and Orrery, John Boyle, Earl of xv
Cossa, Baldassare (Pope John XXIII) 30–1, 32–3, 34, 35–6, 37–8, 46–7, 79, 85
Craon, Prince de 409, 410
Cremonini, Cesare 366
Cyriac of Ancona 87
Dami, Giuliano 399, 403, 404, 405, 406
Dante Alighieri 19, 40, 98, 149, 154
Democritus 370, 390
Descartes, René 181, 182, 370
Discourse on Method 370
Domenico da Pescia, Fra 226, 227
Donatello 1, 38, 52, 54, 72, 84, 101, 106, 107–9, 138, 139, 195
David with Goliath’s Head 51, 52, 109–12, 109, 179, 216, 238
Donati, Lucrezia 153, 154
Dovizi da Bibiena, Piero 206
Edward II, of England 19
Edward IV, of England 130
Eleanor of Toledo see Medici, Eleanor de’
Erasmus, Desiderius 250, 286, 306
The Praise of Folly 284
Eugenius IV, Pope 58, 65, 71, 73–4, 76, 77 113, 121, 122
and Ecumenical Council (1439) 90–2, 94
Evelyn, John 382
Farnagaccio, Il 63
Ferdinand I, of Spain and Naples 271, 287
Ferrante, King of Naples 120, 125, 132, 148, 157, 166, 168–9, 170, 207, 208, 209
Ferrara 65, 91, 132, 198–9, 401
Dukes of 132, 133, 166–7, 198
Ferrucci, Francesco 313–14
Ficino, Marsilio 88–9, 111–12, 124, 126, 148–9, 151, 174, 180, 184, 187
Florence 19–20, 98–9, 198, 235, 249, 315, 321–5, 332–4, 376–7, 380–1, 390, 396, 400, 405–6, 409–10
Accademia del Cimento 378, 379
Arte del Cambio 29
banking 18–19; see Medici Bank
Baptistery doors 27, 99–100, 197
Boboli Gardens 337, 378, 379
Cathedral dome 3, 102–5, 105, 204
and Clement VII 308, 309–12, 314–15, 317, 325
cuisine 93, 128
gonfalonieri 5–6, 15, 21, 39, 59, 131, 134, 216, 219, 225, 235, 266, 309, 314
Jews 391, 405
Medici Library 84–5, 95, 122, 173
Ospedale degli Innocenti 41
Palazzo Bardi 48, 147
Palazzo della Signoria (Palazzo Vecchio) 59–60, 60, 62, 314–15, 323
Palazzo Medici 51, 52, 72, 146, 147, 156, 179, 183, 184, 187, 189, 196, 204, 216, 219
Palazzo Pitti 146, 336–7, 353, 356, 381, 395, 410
Platonic Academy 93–4, 124, 148, 184, 187, 196, 197
population and census-taking 14, 400
San Lorenzo 14, 41, 102, 105, 138, 293
San Marco 113, 200, 201, 202, 203, 214, 226, 227
Santa Maria degli Angeli monastery and school 45, 52
and Savonarola 217–18, 219–25, 226–9, 234–5
Signoria see Signoria, the symbols 18
tax system (catasto) 42–3, 49, 53, 161
tourists 380, 400
trade 14–16; see also banking; wool industry
Uffizi Gallery 339
University 83, 336, 379
wars 41–2, 72, 234, 257–8, 310–11, 312–14, 335
see also Medici, Cosimo de’; Medici, Giovanni di Bicci; Medici, Lorenzo de’; Medici, Piero de’ (the Gouty); Medici, Piero de’ (the Unfortunate)
florins 18
Foix, Gaston de 259, 260
fortuna 264
France see Catherine de Medicis;
Charles VII, VII, IX; Francis I, II;
Henri II, III, IV; Louis XI, XII,
XIII, XIV; Marie de Médicis
Francis I, of France
alliance with Leo X 272, 274, 280–1, 287, 289
clashes with Charles V 288, 298, 311–12, 334
and Clement VII 292, 315, 316
and Leonardo 295–6, 343
and son’s marriage to Catherine de Medicis 342, 343, 344
Francis II, of France 342, 346, 347
Frederick III, Elector of Saxony 286, 287
Frederick III, Emperor 118, 119, 123
Frundsberg, Georg von 300, 301
Fuggers (Augsburg bankers) 33, 116
Gaeta bank 26, 29
Galilei, Vincenzo 359–60, 362
Galileo Galilei 14, 181, 193, 359, 361–75, 364, 378, 379
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 373, 374–5
The Starry Messenger 368–9
The Two New Sciences 374
Galli, Jacopo 233
Galluzzi, Jacopo 398
Gambia, Marina 365, 369
Genoa/Genoese 15–16, 20, 41, 136, 223
German traders 29–30
Ghibellines 19
Ghiberti, Lorenzo 100, 104
Baptistery doors 27, 99–100, 197
Ghirlandaio, Domenico 195
Confirmation of St Francis of Assist’s Rules 173–4, 173, 178
Gibbon, Edward 34, 87–8
Ginori, Caterina Soderini 326
Giordano, Luca 377
Giotto da Bondone 13, 20
Giovo, Paolo 304–5
gonfalonieri see under Florence
Gonzaga, Francesco, Marquis of Mantua 222
Great Schism (1378–1417) 32, 33, 34, 35
Gregorian calendar 360–1
Gregory XII, Pope 32, 33, 34, 35
Gregory XIII, Pope 360
Guadagni, Bernardo 57, 59, 63, 65, 66
Guelfs 19
Guicciardini, Francesco 146, 150, 219, 260, 299, 302, 308, 321, 323, 324, 327–9, 330, 331, 332, 333
History of Italy 332
guilds 21–2, 115, 134
Guise, Cardinal Charles 346
Guise, Francis, Duke of 346, 347, 348
Gutenberg, Johannes 284
Guyot de Merville, Michel 404–5
Hale, J. R. 115
Handel, George Frederick 396
Hanseatic League 47, 116
Henri II, of France (Henri de Valois) 315, 342–4, 346
Henri III, of France 342, 350, 351, 352
Henri IV, of France (Henri of Navarre) 348, 351, 352, 353–4, 355
Henry VIII, of England 271, 288, 292, 307, 316
Hibbert, Christopher 66
Hobbes, Thomas 375
Holy Leagues 121, 221–2, 224, 259
homosexuality/sodomy 52, 108–9, 111, 178–9, 188, 189, 195, 354, 376, 391, 397
Huber, W.: Three Landsknechte 301
Huguenots 347, 348–9, 352, 356
humanism/humanists 1, 19, 20, 46, 50, 52, 53, 65, 72, 80, 81–9, 93, 97, 124, 146, 148–9, 179, 202, 239, 250, 253, 294, 352, 364
Northern 284, 286
Hundred Years War 19
Hus, Jan 34, 286, 288
Imola 72, 160–1, 162
indulgences, selling of 282–3
Innocent VIII, Pope 176, 182, 204, 206, 244–5, 246
Innocent XII, Pope 401
Inquisition, the 372, 373
Jews 335, 391, 405
Joanna, Queen of Naples 37
Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine 397
John VIII Paleologus 90–1, 92, 94
John XXIII, Pope see Cossa, Baldassare
John, Prester 92–3
Joseph I, Emperor 395, 400–1
Julius II, Pope (Giuliano della Rovere) 241, 247–8, 252, 258–9, 260, 266, 268, 275, 281, 282
Kepler, Johannes 180, 365–6, 371
Ladislas, King of Naples 32, 35
Landsknechte 300, 301, 301–2, 304–5, 306, 336
Landucci, Luca 225, 229, 238, 273
Lateran Council, Fifth 281
La Varenne, François 355
League of Cognac 298, 299
Leo X, Pope (Giovanni de’ Medici)
agnosticism 269, 288
appearance 176, 244, 274, 275–6
and assassination plot 278–80
becomes cardinal 176, 202, 204, 245–6
becomes pope 266–8
character and personality 244, 246, 274, 277–8
death 288–9
education 176, 201–2, 244, 269
European tour 246–7
exiled with Piero the Unfortunate 213–14, 216, 226, 246, 248
governs Florence 259, 266, 269
and Julius II (Cardinal della Rovere) 247–8, 259, 260
and Leonardo 277, 294, 295
love of extravagance 272–3, 277–8, 281–2
patronage of artists 275–7
political skills 271–2, 274
and sale of indulgences and Luther 282–3, 285–8
strategies for future of Medici family 269, 270–1, 274, 280–1
Leonardo da Vinci 1, 9, 98, 183, 187–90, 191–4, 240, 257–8, 273, 277, 294–6, 338, 343, 356–7
The Adoration of the Magi 190–1
The Last Supper 192
Mona Lisa 295
Leoni, Ottavio: Galileo Galilei 364
Leopold I, Emperor 394
Lepanto, battle of (1571) 340
Lippi, Filippino 141
Lippi, Fra Filippo 138–41, 183, 184, 190
Livorno (Leghorn) 335, 381–2, 391, 394
Livy 125
Locke, John 370
London: Medici Bank 47, 129–30, 137, 169, 206
Lorraine, Charles, Duke of 384, 385, 387, 389
Lorraine, Claude, Duchess of 348
Lorraine, Francis, Duke of 409, 410
Lorraine, Louise, Duchess of 350, 351
Louis XI, of France 208
Louis XII, of France 252, 254, 255, 259, 271, 272
Louis XIII, of France 353, 355–6, 357, 383, 384
Louis XIV, of France 384, 385, 387, 388–9, 395
Lucca 21, 53, 54–5, 56, 108, 117, 146, 223
Lucretius: De Rerum Natura 86–7, 89, 250
Luther, Martin 283, 284–6, 287–8, 294, 298, 305, 306, 346
Luynes, Charles d’Albert de 356
Lyons, France: Medici Bank 245
Machiavelli, Niccolò 249–50, 251–8, 252, 261, 262–3, 272
History of Florence 8, 21, 22, 42, 50, 59, 62–3, 66, 72, 75, 76, 141, 150, 164, 165, 265
La Mandragola 265
The Prince 256, 258–9, 263–5, 352
Maddalena (slave girl) 48, 49
Malavolti, Federigo 62–3
Mann, Sir Horace 411
Marguerite of Navarre, Queen 348, 351, 352–3
Maria Theresa, Empress 409
Marie de Medicis, Queen of France 353–8, 383
Marignano, battle of (1515) 272
Martin V, Pope 35, 37–8, 39, 40, 50, 58, 242–3
Masaccio 138–9, 190
Maximilian I, Emperor 222, 247, 252, 259, 286, 287, 311
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules 384, 385
Medici, Alessandro de’ 308, 314, 315, 321–8, 322
Medici, Anna Maria Luisa de’ 387, 397, 404, 407, 410–11
Medici, Ardingo de’ 15
Medici, Gonfaloniere Averardo de’ 15
Medici, Averardo de’ 51, 54, 61, 66
Medici, Bianca de’ 161
Medici, Camilla de’ (née Martelli) 341
Medici, Carlo de’ 49, 141
Medici, Caterina de’ see Catherine de Médicis
Medici, Chiarissimo de’ 15, 21
Medici, Christina de’, Grand Duchess 367, 373, 375, 383
Medici, Clarice de’ (née Orsini) 152, 154, 155’ 175–6
Medici, Contessina de’ (née Bardi) 47–8, 49–50, 52, 124, 125
Medici, Cosimo de’ (1389–1464)
appearance 79–80
as banker 33, 40, 46, 48, 50, 55–6, 57–8, 59, 83, 106, 113, 121–2, 123, 135, 136, 242
character 50, 57, 77, 80, 113, 124
death 126
diplomatic skills 79, 117, 118
and Donatello 51–2, 107, 108, 109, 111
and Ecumenical Council (1439) 90, 91, 122
education 45, 46, 82
and father (Giovanni di Bicci) 33, 36, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 55, 82, 102, 114, 147
and Ficino and Neoplatonism 88–9, 93–4, 124, 126
and Florentine politics 50, 53–4, 55, 57, 59–67, 71–3, 75–9, 91, 114–15, 116, 117, 118–20, 124, 127
interest in manuscripts 82, 84–5, 86, 87–8, 95, 122, 125
with John XXIII in Constance 33, 35, 46–7
and Lippi 139, 140–1
and Lorenzo the Magnificent 146, 147
marriage 47–8, 49–50, 55
mistress and illegitimate son 48–9
and Niccolò Niccoli 82, 83–4
in old age 123, 124–6, 129
patronage 50, 51–3, 72, 83, 96, 99, 102, 105–7, 113–14, 138, 139, 140–1
and religion 89, 93, 113–14, 265
Medici, Cosimo I de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1520–74) 328, 329, 330–7, 340–1, 361, 362, 375, 381
appearance 330, 333, 331
character 330, 332, 333, 335–6, 340
marriages 334, 341
patronage 337–40
Medici, Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1590–1621) 359, 367, 368, 369, 373
Medici, Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1642–1723) 376, 379–80, 383–90, 391–4, 396–7, 398–9, 400–2, 403–4, 405
Medici, Eleanor de’ (née Eleanor of Toledo) 334, 336–7, 340
Medici, Ferdinando I de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1549–1609) 352–3, 359, 361, 365, 367
Medici, Ferdinando II de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1610–70) 374–6, 377, 378, 379–82, 383, 384, 385, 387, 388, 393
Medici, Ferdinando III de’ (1663–1713) 394–7, 400, 401, 402
Medici, Francesco de’ 340
Medici, Garcia de’ 337, 340
Medici, Gian Gastone 388, 397, 398, 398–400, 403–7, 408–9
Medici, Cardinal Giancarlo de’ 377
Medici, Giovanni de’ (d. 1343) 21
Medici, Giovanni de’ (b. 1421) 49, 124, 125, 138
Medici, Giovanni de’ (1475–1521) see Leo X, Pope
Medici, Giovanni de’ (delle Bande Nere) (1498–1526) 328, 330
Medici, Cardinal Giovanni de’ (d. 1562) 337, 340
Medici, Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici 24
appearance 28, 28–9, 128
as banker 25–7, 29–33, 35–6, 37, 38, 40, 242
character 28–9
and Cossa (John XXIII) 30–1, 32–3, 35–6, 37–8, 46
death and funeral 44
and Florentine politics 24–5, 27, 29, 39–40, 41–2, 43–4
patronage 27, 38, 40–1, 46, 83, 95–6, 99, 101–2
and son (Cosimo) 33, 36, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55, 82, 102, 114, 147
Medici, Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de’ (1467–1514) 209, 210, 211–12, 216
Medici, Giuliano de’ (1453–78) 3, 4, 147, 158, 163, 173–4, 184, 185, 205, 244
Medici, Giuliano de’ (1478–1516) see Nemours, Duke of
Medici, Giulio see Clement VII, Pope
Medici, Guccio de’ 15
Medici, Ippolito de’ 308, 314, 324, 325
Medici, Cardinal Leopoldo 378
Medici, Lorenzino de’ 323, 324–7, 328, 329, 331
Medici, Lorenzo de’ (1395–1440) 40, 43, 45, 50–1, 55, 57, 61, 64, 66, 71
Medici, Lorenzo de’ (the Magnificent) (1449–92)
appearance 2, 2, 149–50, 184, 185
birth and childhood 123, 128, 146, 147
and Botticelli 183, 184, 185, 186, 187
character and personality 1, 2–3, 148, 149, 150, 169, 183
death and funeral 204–6
education 148–9
and father (Piero the Gouty) 132, 137, 147–8, 151–3
and Florentine politics 1, 127, 132, 134, 145, 155–7, 158–9, 166, 167–9, 170–1, 208, 210, 215, 247, 270
and Giulio (Clement VII) 246–7, 297
gout 203–4
humanism 148–9, 179, 253
and Leonardo 183, 187–91
marriage 151–3, 154, 155
and Medici Bank 148, 168, 169–70, 244
and Michelangelo 183, 195–6, 202–3, 233, 273
patronage 1, 172, 185–6
and Pazzi conspiracy 1, 3–4, 6–8, 161–3
and Pico della Mirandola 179, 180, 182, 204, 205
poetry 149, 151, 154–5, 169, 172, 173
and Poliziano see under Poliziano, Angelo
and Savonarola 201–2, 203–4, 205
and Sixtus IV 157–8, 160, 161, 162, 165–6, 171, 186
and sons (Piero and Giovanni) 173, 201–2, 205, 206, 207, 244–6, 270
stages pageants and tournaments 153–4, 198, 273
Medici, Lorenzo de’ (1492–1519) see Urbino, Duke of
Medici, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’ 185, 186, 209, 211–12, 216, 329
Medici, Lucrezia (née Tornabuoni) 127–8, 146, 147, 152, 173, 183–4
Medici, Maddalena de’ 376
Medici, Marguérite-Louise de’ (née Margùerite-Louise of Orléans) 384–7, 388–9, 394
Medici, Maria de’ (née Salviati) 330, 337
Medici, Maria de’ (d. 1562) 340
Medici, Maria de’ see Marie de Médicis, Queen of France
Medici, Mattias de’ 374
Medici, Piero de’ (the Gouty) (1418–69)
birth 48
and Botticelli 184
and Cosimo (father) 124, 125
death 155
and Florentine politics 127, 130–4, 141–2, 172
gout 124, 127, 128–9, 132, 141
and Lorenzo (son) 132, 137, 147–8, 151–3
marriage 127
and Medici Bank 129–30, 135, 136–7, 244
patronage 128, 138
Medici, Piero de’ (the Unfortunate) (1471–1503)
character and personality 206, 207, 212, 215, 225, 246, 248, 270
death 225–6
education 173, 175
and Florentine politics 205–8, 209–10, 211–13, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 225, 246
and Lorenzo (father) 205, 206, 207, 270
and Savonarola 217
Medici, Salvestro de’ 21, 22, 24
Medici, Vieri de’ 22, 23, 24, 25–6, 27
Medici, Vittoria de’ (née della Rovere), Grand Duchess 375–6, 379, 383, 388, 390, 393
Medici Bank (Florence) 1, 20, 22, 26–7, 29, 37, 40, 56, 57–8, 59, 106, 113, 114, 115, 119, 129, 130, 135–7, 148, 155, 209, 215, 216, 244, 381; see also Bruges; London; Lyons; Milan; Naples; Rome; Venice
Medici insignia 13, 48
Mehmet, Sultan (‘the Conqueror’) 94, 171
Merian, Matthäus: Castel Sant’Angelo 304
Michelangelo Buonarroti 100, 196–7, 203, 233, 234, 312, 338, 339
birth and childhood 194–5
and Clement VII 293
death 359
and Leonardo 194, 240
and Lorenzo the Magnificent 183, 195–6, 202–3, 233, 273
works:
Battle of the Centaurs 197
David 235, 236, 237–9, 240, 308, 402
Last Judgement 293
The Madonna of the Stairs 197
Pietà 234
tomb of Julius II 241, 276
Michele di Lando 21–2
Michelozzo Michelozzi 54, 57, 71, 72, 106
Palazzo Medici, Florence 51
San Marco, Florence 113
tomb of Pope John XXIII 38
Milan 41, 42, 53, 54, 56, 72, 73, 78–9, 98, 116–18, 121, 157, 191, 271, 298
Medici Bank 118, 157, 245
Milton, John 374
Montefeltro, Federigo da see Urbino, Duke of
Montesecco, Gian Battista da 162–3
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de 406
Mugello valley 13–14, 24, 27, 57, 89, 123; see also Cafaggiolo
Naples 98, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 139, 208, 209, 211, 221, 222, 259, 271, 298, 312
Medici Bank 26, 29, 118, 168
Nardi, Bernardo 155, 156
Nardi, Jacopo 324
Navarre, Henri of see Henri IV, of France
Nemours, Giuliano de’ Medici, Duke of 261–2, 268, 272, 274, 280, 295, 308
Nero, Bernardo del 225
Neroni, Diotisalvi 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 155
Niccoli, Niccolò 82–5, 86–7, 88
Nicholas V, Pope (Tommaso Parentucelli) 121, 122
Nori, Francesco 4
Nostradamus 352
Novara, battle of (1513) 271
opera, Italian 360, 395
Orange, Philibert, Prince of 300, 312–14, 321
Orléans, Charles, Duke of 118
Orléans, Gaston, Duke of 357, 384
Orléans, Henri de Valois, Duke of see Henri II, of France
Orléans, Henriétta, Duchess of 384, 385
Orléans, Marguérite-Louise of see Medici, Marguérite-Louise de’
Orsini family 152–3, 166
Ottoman Turks 90, 94–5, 120, 136, 170, 171, 261, 298–9, 323, 340
Ovid 148, 197, 224
Padua 139, 140
University 180, 365, 366, 368
papacy 30–1, 94, 268–70; see Adrian VI;
Alexander VI; Benedict XIII;
Boniface VIII; Clement VII;
Eugenius IV; Gregory XII;
Innocent VIII; Julius II; Leo X;
Martin V; Nicholas V; Paul II, III;
Pius II, III, V; Sixtus IV;
Urban VIII
Papal States 78, 136, 269, 298, 306
Paris 348–9
Académie des Sciences 378
Louvre 354
Luxembourg Palace 356, 357
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 349
Parma 401
Passerini, Cardinal Silvio 308, 309, 312
Paul II, Pope 123, 131, 137, 148, 157
Paul III, Pope 328, 334
Pazzi, Bianca de’ (née Medici) 161
Pazzi, Francesco de’ 3, 7, 161–3
Pazzi, Guglielmo de’ 161
Pazzi, Jacopo de’ 6, 163–5
Pazzi conspiracy 1, 3–9, 156, 161–5
Pazzi family 1, 161, 216, 323
Pedro of Toledo, Don 334
Peri, Jacopo 360
Peruzzi family (bankers) 18, 19, 27, 102, 106
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) 19, 81, 83, 98, 154, 224
Petrucci, Cardinal Alfonso 278–9
Petrucci, Cesare 5–6, 156
Philip, Count Palatine of Neuberg 397–8
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni 179–82, 181, 184, 185, 189, 196, 201, 203, 204, 205, 223, 239, 250, 294
On the Dignity of Man 179
Pierozzi, Antonio 113–14, 124
Pisa 16, 22, 54, 56, 217, 224, 226, 234, 246, 257–8, 259, 361
University 247, 336, 361, 362, 365, 390, 405
Pisano, Nicola 20
Pitti, Luca 130, 131, 133, 151–2, 336
Pius II, Pope (Aeneas Piccolomini) 122–3, 130, 141
Pius III, Pope (Francesco Piccolomini) 240–1, 248, 258
Pius V, Pope 340, 348
plague 20, 39, 48, 81, 82, 91, 99, 102, 167, 175
Plato 83, 88–9, 93–4, 111, 112, 124, 125, 148–9, 151, 173, 180, 189, 198
Plethon, Gemisthos 93
Poliziano, Angelo (Politian) 172–3, 173, 185, 187, 189
death 178
and Lorenzo de’ Medici 150, 172, 173, 174, 175–6, 177, 178–9, 184, 204, 205, 273
and Michelangelo 196, 197
on Pazzi executions 165
and Pico della Mirandola 180
on Salviati 162
and Savonarola 202, 203, 205, 223, 224, 294
as tutor to Leo X 244, 269
as tutor to Piero the Unfortunate 173, 175
poetry 176, 177
Giostra 186–7
The Joust of Giuliano de’ Medici 173–4
Orpheus 177–8
Polo, Marco 16
Pontormo, Jacopo: Cosimo de’ Medici 79, 80, 338
Portinari, Accerrito 158
Portinari, Folco d’Adoardo 40
Portinari, Pigello 157
Portinari, Tommaso 169
Poussin, Nicolas 356
Prato, sacking of (1512) 261
prostitutes 109, 391
Pulci, Luigi: The Joust of Lorenzo de’ Medici 154
Rapallo, battle of (1494) 211
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio) 177, 275–6, 278, 292, 295, 305, 338, 396
The School of Athens 276
The Transfiguration 292
Ravenna, batde of (1512) 259–60
Renaissance (Rinascimento) 1, 82, 95, 97, 98–9, 111, 125, 176–7, 179, 250
René, Duke of Anjou 119, 120
Riario, Girolamo 160, 162, 165
Riario, Cardinal Piero, Archbishop of Florence 160
Riario, Cardinal Raffaele 243
Ricci, Ostillion 362
Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis de 356, 357
Ridolfi, Antonio 4
Rinuccini, Ottavio
Defne 360
Euridice 360
Robert, King of Naples 18
Rome 37, 98, 242–4, 274–5, 291, 299–300, 302–6, 316
Accademia dei Lincei 378
Castel Sant’Angelo 243, 244, 303, 304 306
Julius II’s tomb 241, 276
Medici Bank 22, 25–6, 29, 30–3, 35, 40, 48, 57–8, 91, 123, 127, 136–7, 157, 161, 166
Pantheon 3, 101, 103, 104
St Peter’s 275, 276, 282, 317, 371
Sistine Chapel 186, 275, 293
Vatican Library 122, 277
Roover, Raymond de 47, 170
Rosa, Salvator 377–8
Rovere, Cardinal Giuliano della see Julius II, Pope
Royal Society, London 379
Rubens, Peter Paul 356, 357
Ruspanti 405, 406, 407
St Galen, Switzerland 86
Salai, Giacomo 191–2
Salviati, Francesco, Archbishop of Pisa 5, 7, 9, 162, 163, 165, 174–5
Samuel Pepys 387
Sansovino, Jacopo 274
Santi di Tito: Machiavelli 252
Savonarola, Girolamo 198–201, 201, 202–3, 204, 205, 207, 209, 212, 214, 216, 217–18, 220–4, 225, 226–9, 228, 265, 294, 309
Saxe-Lauenburg, Anna Maria Francesca, Princess of 397–9, 403, 404
Saxony, Duke of 286
Scarlatti, Alessandro 395–6
Scoronconcolo (assassin) 326–7
Sforza, Battista 134
Sforza, Bianca (née Visconti) 117, 118
Sforza, Francesco 54, 78–9, 117, 118, 119–20, 121, 131, 132, 157, 191
Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, Duke of Milan 132, 133, 134, 135, 148, 156–7, 158, 160, 191
Sforza, Gian Galeazzo 207–8, 211
Sforza, Lodovico (‘Il Moro’), Duke of Milan 191, 192, 193, 207, 208, 211, 257
Siena/Sienese 18, 19, 123, 167, 223, 335
Sigismund, Emperor 33, 34–5, 73
Signoria, the (Florence) 15, 21, 23, 29, 42, 54, 234, 249, 314
and Charles VIII 217, 218–19
and Cosimo de’ Medici 47, 57, 59–61, 65–7, 72–5, 77
and Lorenzo de’ Medici 166, 167–8, 170, 216
and Piero the Unfortunate 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218
and Savonarola and after 217, 220, 225, 226–7
Sixtus IV, Pope 5, 8, 9, 157–8, 160–1, 162–3, 165–6, 168, 170, 171, 186, 244, 247
slavery 48–9, 168–9
Soderini, Cardinal Francesco 267–8, 271, 278, 279, 290, 291
Soderini, Niccolò 130–2, 133, 134, 156, 235
Soderini, Piero 235, 238, 239, 249, 251, 252, 257, 258, 261, 268, 271
Soderini, Tommaso 145, 156, 158, 167, 171, 185, 235
Soderini family 216
Spini family (bankers) 24, 38, 40, 48
strappado 228, 262
Strozzi, Filippo 327, 330–1
Strozzi, Palla 72, 73, 77, 83, 122
Strozzi, Piero 335
Strozzi family 199, 314
Suleiman, Sultan (‘the Magnificent’) 299
syphilis 222, 243, 280, 396, 397
Tacitus 250
terribilità 237, 276
Thirty Years’ War 356, 373
Tinucci, Niccolò 53, 64, 65
Tolentino, Niccolò da 61, 64, 66, 67
Tornabuoni, Giovanni 136–7, 148, 152, 161, 206
Tornaquinci, Neri 26, 29–30, 43
Torricelli, Evangelista 379
Traversari, Ambrogio 52–3, 65
Trismegistos: Corpus Hermeticum 111–12
Urban VIII, Pope (Maffeo Barberini) 373’ 374, 375’ 380
Urbino, Duchess of (Princess Madeleine de la Tour d’Auvergne) 281, 308
Urbino, Federigo da Montefeltro, Duke of 134–5, 154, 158, 160, 162, 166, 177, 255, 275
Urbino, Lorenzo de’ Medici, Duke of 268, 270, 271, 280–1, 308
Uzzano, Niccolò da 39, 55, 72
Uzzano family 24, 41–2
Vasari, Giorgio 95, 291, 308, 339
Lives of the Artists 195, 234, 238, 277, 339–40
The Siege of Florence 310–11
Venice/Venetians 56, 71, 98, 118, 211, 222, 259, 298
doges 134, 235, 367–8
and Florence 117, 118, 121, 132, 134, 135
Medici Bank 22, 26, 29, 57, 65, 118, 245
San Giorgio Maggiore library 71, 85
trade 15–16, 26, 120
Vercelli, Battista da 278, 280
Verneuil, Henriette, Marquise de 354
Verrocchio, Andrea 184, 189
Lorenzo de’ Medici 2, 2
Vesalius, Andreas 346
Vespasiano da Bisticci: Memoirs 92–3, 94, 114
Villari, Pasquale 251
Violante of Bavaria, Princess 397, 404, 406–7, 410
virtù 264
Visconti, Filippo Maria, Duke of Milan 41, 78, 116–17, 118
Vitelleschi, Cardinal Giovanni 74, 75
Vitelli, Alessandro 328–9, 331
Vitelli, Paolo 234
Vitelli, Vitellozzo 255, 256
Volterra (1471) 158–9, 163
Widmanstadius, Johannes 293
wool industry 16, 20, 26–7, 40, 47, 169, 198, 206; see also ciompi
Wright, Edward 400, 402
Young, G. F. 151
Zumbo, Gaetano 393