Perhaps 22,000 years ago there were tribes in Central Asia. Some moved on to Beringia, as shown, while others remained in Siberia, continuing there for 10,000 or more years. One culture resided at a site called Mal’ta, in the Yenisey Valley just southwest of Lake Baikal. The time is 13,000 years ago, at Mal’ta.
In Chapter 3 Craft was given the choice of raping Crenelle and bringing her south with him, or yielding to her desire to go north so that he could marry her without rape. In Chapter 4 it was apparent that he had done neither, so lost her. But in this later reality he did go with her, and found the harsh northern climate to his liking after all.
“I must forage for supper,” Crenelle said. “The boys are yours for the afternoon.”
Craft nodded. Their twin boys were sleeping, but would soon wake; his wife was leaving now so that they wouldn’t fuss.
He watched as she walked down the center of the long house, past the hearths of the other families, toward the opening at the end. The house was dug partly into the ground, with sod walls buttressed above by stretched skins. Other women, Haven and Rebel among them, were going out similarly, making a party of several. It was women’s work; Haven liked it, but Rebel didn’t. But until Rebel found a man to marry, she had no choice but to assist the other women.
Meanwhile he worked to shape burins, which were routine tools yet uncommonly useful. They looked like slivers of stone, and they were that, but also much more. A good burin was as worthy as any other tool, because it was a tool to make other tools.
Suddenly it burst upon him: Tools to make tools! This was the secret of mankind. Not just utensils, but devices to accomplish many other things. Animals were specialists, growing formidable teeth or claws or hoofs or tails or whatever, to do what they needed to do. People grew none of these things, and were at a disadvantage when it came to competing with an animal on its own turf. But people made tools, and the tools enabled them to more than match the animals. A bear could stun an animal with one sweep of its great paw; a man could stun the animal with one swing of his solid club. A snow tiger could disembowel a creature with a snatch of its sharp claws; a man could do the same with a sharp knife. A badger could delve rapidly into the ground with its digging claws; a man could match it with a digging stick. A wolf could tear open the throat of a deer with its fangs; a man could do it with an arrow or knife. A man by himself was not much, but a man with the right tool—and a weapon was a tool—could do anything an animal could do. Tools made the man.
In fact, there were many kind of tools. The poles, and the thongs they used to tie poles together to make a roof support, were tools for construction. The sod they dug to make solid walls for their houses was a tool to shield them from the weather. The brush they used to thatch the roof was a tool.
He glanced at the low fire Crenelle had left in the hearth. Fire was a tool too! A most useful and versatile one. It could scare away a predator, or cook meat, or heat a house, or make light to see at night. It would be hard to make it through a winter in this climate without the help of fire. People used tools, of many types, and so became masters of the land.
Bemused by his revelation, he contemplated the burin, thinking of the way this bit of stone, as a representative of all tools, had changed the way people lived. Without tools, where would people be? He couldn’t answer.
The boys stirred. “Daddy!” Dex called, getting up.
“I am here.”
“Where is Mommy?” Sin called.
“She is out foraging.”
“A www.” Then both came over to see what he was up to.
Craft held up the burin. “This is a tool. It makes other tools.” He doubted the boys would appreciate the full significance, but it was never too early to learn the use of a tool. “Take it.”
Dex took it. Craft gave another burin to Sin, and took a third one for himself. “Here is how to make a needle. First we split a section of antler.” He demonstrated, laying the antler on the floor and holding it in place by setting his foot on one end. Then he lodged the point of the burin against a thin crack in the antler, picked up a pounding stone, and banged it against the end of the burin. The point sank into the crack a bit, wedging it wider. He struck again, widening it farther. Finally he managed to split it lengthwise.
The boys were fascinated; they hadn’t realized that antler could be split. Dex transferred his burin to his left hand and took a stone with his right. “Gently,” Craft cautioned. “If you miss, you’ll hurt your hand.”
Sin took his burin in his right hand and a rock with his left. The two boys were pool-reflection images of each other; their hair curled in opposite directions, and they used opposite hands. Crenelle had tried to get Sin to use his right hand more, but the boy was resistive; only his left would do. Seeing how it was, they let him be, though there were members of the tribe who thought that preferring the left hand was a sign of possession by an evil spirit. Nobody said anything, because the boy’s uncle Hero was chief, but if there ever came a time when Hero was not chief, there could be mischief. Craft had seen others glancing across from their hearths, their gazes lingering a bit too long on Sin. That was a disadvantage of communal living; there were no secrets.
Craft gave each boy one of the split sections of the antler. “Find a crack, and pound, the way I did,” he said. He took another antler and demonstrated.
They tried, but the antler fragments skidded out from under. “Hold it with your foot,” Craft advised. “But don’t hit your toes with the rock.”
They tried again, but couldn’t get it. Their patience was as small as they were, so Craft ended the session before there was injury or tears. “Watch me, today. Tomorrow you can try again.” He split the two halves, and split them again, until he had several thin slivers of antler.
“Now to make a hole in it,” he said, taking up one sliver. He held it down and dug very carefully into one end with a smaller, sharper burin point. This could not be rushed, or it would split the sliver again, and that would spoil it. The boys were losing interest.
It was time to change the subject. “Let’s do some carving instead,” he suggested.
They were happy to agree. Needles might be boring, but animal figures were interesting. Craft brought out his stone knife-chips and three sticks of wood. “What shall we make this time?”
“Mammoth!” Dex exclaimed as he snatched up one chip.
“Moose!” Sin said, taking another.
They were too ambitious. “Can you carve the trunk?” he asked. “Or the tail?”
They sobered, realizing that such details were beyond them. “What about a bird?” he asked. “With its wings folded.”
They nodded. That should be feasible. Such a figure would be mostly rounded.
“Start with the head, at the end of your stick,” he said. “Very carefully.”
They concentrated. They weren’t apt, but were able to round off the ends of their sticks somewhat, which counted for heads. Craft started a similar one, trying for a recognizable owl. His brother Keeper was of course much better at carving animals and birds, because he loved them so well.
There were footsteps outside, and a woofing sound. “Uncle Keeper!” Dex cried, and scrambled up to intercept him. Sin did the same, using opposite feet to get up.
In a moment Keeper was there, with the three dogs, entering at the end of the long house. The boys dropped their sticks and chips and hugged each dog in turn, and the dogs licked their faces, liking the attention.
During that distraction, Keeper spoke his business, in a low voice. “A message boy came from Hero. He has encountered a raiding party of the Green Feather.”
This was serious. “He’ll need men and weapons,” Craft said.
“Yes. Men are going there now. But they have only their own weapons. We’ll need to get extra ones to him as soon as we can.”
Craft glanced around. “But what of the dogs? The Green Feather eat them. And the boys—”
“We can’t leave them here,” Keeper said. “The Green Feather might raid this house.”
Others were coming to a similar conclusion; there was a stirring as the news spread. The long house was an easy target, and an obvious one, because often women were in it while the men were out, easy prey. They couldn’t defend it; the Green Feather would simply hurl a fire spear into the roof, then pick off the people as they fled the fire. The men would be killed, the women raped and then killed if they resisted too much, and the smaller children would be adopted as slaves. Unless the enemy was defeated and driven away before it could get close.
“We’ll have to take them with us,” Craft decided. “Do the women have the word yet?”
“The runner went out to find them. They’ll be coming back soon.”
“We can’t wait for them. Hero needs those weapons immediately.”
“Yes.” Keeper snapped his fingers, and the three dogs came to cluster around him.
Craft doused the fire. “We must go take weapons to Uncle Hero,” he told the boys. “You stay close and quiet.”
They nodded together, understanding when something was serious. There were times when silence was the price of life; it was among the earliest lessons any child learned.
Craft had a separate alcove where he stored newly made weapons. These were reserved for the chief, and this was an occasion for their use. He quickly bound ten spears together and gave them to Keeper to carry. Then he bound several stout staffs similarly, and gave them to another man who appeared. Finally he took four bows, and as many arrows as there were, stuffing some into his backpack along with the remaining cords, and bundling the rest in some tough hides. It was a heavy load, but they could afford to leave none of it behind for possible acquisition by the enemy.
As they left the long house, the women were returning. Crenelle and Rebel hurried up and took bows and some of the arrows. Normally women did not fight, but both of these had made it a point to learn the rudiments. Crenelle was determined to protect her children from any threat, and Rebel liked violence.
The other families were scattering into the landscape, finding their emergency hiding places. Craft’s party couldn’t afford that luxury; they had to get the weapons to Hero. They started out as rapidly as their burdens and the smaller steps of the children permitted.
They left the long house behind, walking north to find Hero’s party. They took advantage of the cover of the trees growing on the slopes, but still had to cross a good deal of open sections. Craft was not at all easy about this, but they had no choice. If there were Green Feather scouts in this area, there would be mischief.
Rebel lifted her chin, sniffing the air. The dogs did the same, the hair on the necks lifting somewhat, confirming her concern. She had fine senses, and in fact was a fine figure of a woman. “We’d better hurry,” she murmured.
They hurried, but their burdens and the children still limited them. Craft was not at all easy with this. His sister was not given to false alarm. She must have winded Green Feather in the area. The last thing they wanted was to be caught as they were by an enemy party.
“We’ve got to move faster,” Rebel said, slinging her bow across her back. She picked up Dex.
Crenelle didn’t argue. She picked up Sin. Both women started running.
An arrow flew just ahead of them and landed in the ground. It was fletched with a green feather.
“Warning shot,” Craft said. “They’ve got our range.”
“They want us to stop and surrender,” Keeper agreed.
“But we can’t let them take us,” Crenelle cried, well understanding the consequence of that. She might have wanted her marriage to begin with a friendly rape, but she didn’t want the hostile rape and brutality of the Green Feather.
“How many of them are there?” Craft asked.
“Four,” Rebel replied tersely. “You go for that copse; I’ll lead two of them astray.” Before Craft could protest, she set Dex down, threw down her bow, then stripped her jacket, baring her breasts. She ran in the direction the arrow had gone. There could be no mistaking her gender or her desirability.
Keeper touched Brownback. “Go, Rebel.” The dog took off after his favorite person. He could complicate her capture, assuming the enemy caught her. But Keeper doubted they would; Rebel was as fleet of foot as she chose to be. She would run just slow enough to satisfy them that they were gaining, then give them the slip when they were far afield.
It worked; in a moment they saw two enemy men setting off in pursuit. Two, because the men knew that after they caught her, one would have to hold her while the other raped her. They wouldn’t shoot her or club her senseless, because she was too pretty; they wanted to enjoy her whole and screaming. She had made sure they understood. They might also suspect that she was the only one really worth raping, so was trying to flee alone.
Craft shoved his bundle of arrows into Dex’s arms, then picked up the boy. “Go!” he cried, and they lumbered toward the copse. Two remaining Green Feather pursued, but did not fire; they were satisfied that they had the quarry trapped.
Yet with only two, how could they be so certain that the two fleeing men would not turn and fight on an even basis? That didn’t make sense. So this must be the advance contingent of a larger enemy party. There might be four more men coming up behind. So it would be the purpose of the advance party to locate and pin down the quarry, waiting for greater force to dispatch it.
An arrow thunked into Craft’s back. It didn’t hurt, because it had struck his pack and lodged without penetrating to his flesh. “Ooh!” he cried loudly, and staggered. But almost in the same breath he reassured the others. “I’m not hurt, but they won’t know that. Better to have them think I’m injured.” He set Dex down.
Keeper came close to help him walk. They staggered, almost dropping their remaining burdens. It was a good show. If it fooled the enemy, the Green Feather would be less alert for some sudden move.
Still, it wasn’t safe to try to go beyond the copse, burdened as they were; arrows in the back could take them down at the enemy’s will. The others weren’t wearing packs; it had been sheer luck that the arrow had struck Craft. They would have to try to defend themselves and their cache of weapons in the island of trees, until Rebel notified Hero where to find them. Time would be on their side, if they could hold out long enough.
They reached the copse. It was small, but the foliage of the trees was thick enough to put the center into shadow. “We need a strategy,” Crenelle gasped as she set Sin down.
Craft nodded. “There will be four or six men coming in after us, soon. We need to surprise them.”
Keeper nodded. “They’ll shoot the dogs first, and try to capture the children. They know we’ll be helpless if the children are hostage.”
“I have a notion,” Crenelle said. “Set up a mock group in the center. When they close on that, ambush them.”
His wife was smart, and he respected her judgment. But he didn’t follow this. “Mock group?”
“They know we are three adults and two children. If they spy those, they won’t look too carefully elsewhere.” She took Keeper’s bundle of spears and untied it. She jammed two spears into an old rotting stump, then got cord from Craft’s pack and tied some brush against them so that it stood about head high.
Now Craft caught on. She was making a dummy! It wasn’t much, but if come upon by surprise here in the gloom, by those whose eyes were adjusted to the bright light outside, it might do.
Soon all of them were making dummies. Dex and Sin made stick models of themselves, while the adults perfected two male and one female models. Spears and brush, cord and skins—would it be enough?
“They can’t be silent,” Crenelle decided. “Or motionless. I’ll tend the injured one. You two hide the children and dogs, and set an ambush.”
“But you can’t risk—” Craft began, appalled.
She stripped off her shirt, becoming bare-breasted in the manner Rebel had. She was thicker set than Rebel, and her breasts had grown with nursing; the effect was striking. “They won’t shoot me. But you be ready.”
Craft and Keeper hustled the children to either side, and lifted them into trees with cautions about silence. The dogs slunk out of sight, on Keeper’s orders. Then the two men hid in the brush, holding their bows with arrows nocked. This was a desperation ploy, but surely unexpected. At least it should enable them to get some slight advantage they wouldn’t otherwise have.
Crenelle played her part, ministering to the wounded dummy. “This is awful,” she lamented. “You could bleed to death. But I don’t have anything to bind your wound, even if I get the arrow out.” Would anyone question why she was attending him bare-breasted? With luck the men would be too busy staring to wonder about that.
“If only I had some water to wash it,” she said loudly. “Hey, other Man, can you fetch me some?” She didn’t need to use names, because few of the Green Feather understood the home dialect. They should just pick up on the essence, that the woman was tending to the injured man, distracted, and that she was a buxom prize.
“No, it’s dangerous out there,” she said in a lower tone, speaking for the balky other man. “Get it yourself.”
“Get it myself!” she screeched indignantly. “What do you think I am!”
There was a giggle from the tree where Dex was hiding. Craft shushed him. If the enemy caught on too soon that the children were not in the center group, they would be alert for a trap, and would foil it.
“Then give me a kiss,” the other man figure said.
“Here your brother’s dying of blood flow, and you want a kiss?” she demanded.
“Yes, that’s wrong,” the other agreed. “Make it two kisses.”
There was another stifled giggle. Crenelle was putting on a nice show, complete with humor. He had not realized before how apt she was at it. Of course she told the boys stories all the time, so knew how to do it, but this was surprising.
“Oh, all right,” she agreed with bad grace. “For two skins of water.”
“For one,” the figure said. “A second skin will cost more.”
“More!” she cried, outraged again. “What more?”
“A squeeze of your breast.”
“A squeeze? For water? How dare you!”
“For milk, then.”
There was faint choking in the tree, as the laughter threatened to burst out. The children liked her stories too well.
Then Craft saw a shadow between two trees. An enemy man was sneaking in. This show did not have much longer to run. The moment they caught on—
“You are impossible,” Crenelle reproved the dummy figure. “If it weren’t that my husband is dying, I wouldn’t do this.” She moved toward the dummy. Now Craft saw that she had also removed her skirt, and was naked.
Another dark figure appeared between two other trees. A second enemy man was revealing himself. This was amazing carelessness.
Crenelle shook herself, making all her flesh jiggle, and addressed the other dummy. The two enemy figures stood still, watching. Craft realized that they must understand more of the language than he had anticipated, and had become foolishly fascinated with the drama the woman was enacting. Would she kiss the demanding brother?
Then it seemed that the dummy lifted an arm and touched her body. “Get your hand off!” she cried, slapping it away.
Was that a Green Feather chuckle?
Then there was a whistle. Suddenly both visible men aimed their bows, drew, and fired arrows into the dummies. There had to be a third man, that Craft hadn’t seen, because at least three arrows struck.
Crenelle screamed, though she had not been hit. Of course not; the last thing the men intended was to kill this luscious woman. They were advancing on her, smiling with grim anticipation.
Craft loosed his arrow into the back of the nearest man. Almost simultaneously, the one nearest Keeper groaned and fell. Meanwhile Craft was nocking another arrow and orienting on the region where the third man had to be.
In a moment that figure came clear, because it was moving, turning to retreat. Craft loosed his arrow, and the figure cried out and fell.
“There’s one more,” Crenelle cried, throwing herself to the ground so as to get out of the way. “There.” She pointed.
The fourth man cursed, drawing his bow. Then Keeper’s arrow caught him in the chest, and he went down.
But was that all of them? They had to be sure, because Craft and Keeper could be ambushed as readily as they had ambushed the others.
“Whitepaw, Toughtail,” Keeper snapped. “Find!”
The two dogs leaped out of hiding and circled the copse, questing for enemy scents. In a moment they found one, and ran in pursuit, their noses down.
A shape loomed before the dogs. Craft oriented on it, waiting to be sure it was an enemy.
It drew a bow, aiming at a dog. That sufficed. Craft loosed his arrow, catching the man in the belly. He groaned and sagged. Then the dogs were on him, tearing at his throat.
That was the last of them. By the time Craft had made certain that all four Green Feather were dead, Crenelle was clothed again. He was almost disappointed; her charade had been intriguing, as had her body. He had of course possessed that body a thousand times, but in this unusual context it had assumed more startling allure than ever. She had done it, of course, to distract the enemy men, but in the process she had also distracted him, and perhaps Keeper.
That made him wonder, passingly. He had always assumed that if something happened to him, Crenelle would seek to marry Hero. He was, after all, the chief, and a fine, strong man. But might it be the younger brother instead? No, that seemed just too unlikely. Keeper was after all only twenty, a year younger than she was. Craft couldn’t imagine her ever marrying him.
They made ready to resume their trek to deliver the weapons to Hero. But the dogs sniffed the air, and paced nervously.
“I think there are more enemy in the region,” Keeper said.
Craft nodded. “We were lucky to escape without injuries. Best not to risk it again. We’ll have to hide here until it seems safe.”
“Then we’d better bury the bodies,” Crenelle said.
They got to work. They were carrying weapons, not digging tools, but Craft was able to fashion two approximate spades from branches. Tools were always a great help, even imperfect ones. They excavated shallow pits beside each of the fallen men, Crenelle and the boys stripped the bodies of anything useful, interesting, or valuable. This was a good education for the lads. Nothing should be carelessly wasted. Then they rolled the bodies in and scraped the earth over them. The point was to conceal the fact that there had been a battle here, and to alleviate whatever smell might develop.
Burying was tedious work, and by the time they had finished, it was getting late in the day. The dogs remained nervous, which meant that Green Feather remained in the area. They would have to remain here the night, trusting that the morning would be better for completing their mission.
Crenelle foraged, checking around the copse to find edible fungus, tubers, leaves, and roots. Keeper helped her, for he knew more about plants than anyone. There would not be much in this limited section, but they did not dare go beyond it. Craft hoped they would find some water, too, for thirst was growing in him, and surely in the others too. It would also be chilly at night, for they did not dare start a fire.
Meanwhile it had fallen to him to watch the boys. So he produced stone knives, and found suitable sticks for carving. “We were doing birds,” he said. “Let’s make nice ones for your mother.”
They agreed with young enthusiasm. He knew that whatever they carved and presented, Crenelle would welcome as wonderful. But it was good practice regardless of its merit, for carving birds should help them develop skill that might later be employed to carve useful tools.
In due course Keeper and Crenelle returned, and while the woman set about doing what she could to make a palatable meal without fire, Keeper considered the boys’ carvings. “Very good,” he said. “I wonder if I could do as well?”
Keeper set about carving a stick, and it was clear that he knew what he was doing. But he pretended to be unsure. “What shall I make?” he inquired.
“A bird,” Dex said.
“A girl,” Sin said.
Keeper pretended perplexity. “What bird? What woman?”
They hadn’t thought of that. “A big hawk,” Dex decided.
“Mommy,” Sin said.
“All right.” He worked vigorously, shaping the image in the soft wood.
Craft and the boys watched, curious which it was actually to be: bird or woman. Either kind was acceptable, but obviously it had to be one or the other.
They saw the head of the bird form. So it was to be a bird. Dex smiled. But then the breast of a woman developed. And indeed, it became a hawk-headed woman. Now he was working on the hips and thighs, with the legs trailing into the wood, the feet not yet emerged. Keeper was indeed good at this. Evidently he considered a woman to be another type of animal, so he could render her well.
“It’s ready,” Crenelle said.
Keeper stood and presented her with the bird woman. “This is for you,” he said. “By order of your sons.”
She stared. Then she laughed. “That’s me, all right! Woman-breasted and birdbrained.”
The boys laughed, agreeing. It was no affront to have the wisdom of a bird; a bird goddess was very smart. And the breasts were indeed like hers.
The meal was far from perfect, but the mixture of things was edible, and even the boys did not complain. They all knew that she would have done much better if they had had their normal foraging range.
They settled down for the night. Crenelle lay down with a boy embraced on either side, and Craft gathered leaves and mounded them over all three for warmth. Then Craft and Keeper took turns standing guard, for the Green Feather were treacherous and might come upon them when they least expected it. Craft was first, and Keeper made his own pile of leaves beneath a tree and slept.
After an hour, Crenelle stirred. She opened her eyes and looked around. Craft went over to reassure her. “No enemy near.”
“Good. But what I had in mind was a friend.” She raised her hand, and he caught it and helped draw her neatly out of the leaf-bed, leaving the two boys sleeping undisturbed.
“I know it’s not fun out here,” he said as she came into his embrace. “You have coped very well.”
“As have you, my love.” She looked around. “But we should be quick, if you don’t mind.”
“And silent,” he agreed, understanding her. She was offering him fast one-sided sex, not seeking any pleasure for herself other than that of giving him pleasure. Some other time she would demand far more from him, and he would gladly oblige, but this was not the occasion. “When you distracted the Green Feather, I thought you were the most lovely creature I had ever seen.”
“I knew you were watching too,” she said. “I wished death for them, and passion for you.”
“Both occurred.”
They walked to a tree, and she stood against it and embraced it for support. He stood behind her and reached around to caress first her breasts inside her jacket, then her buttocks under her trousers. He drew the trousers down just enough, and brought his member up to her bottom until it lodged in her warm cleft. She pressed back and he pressed in, until they were perfectly merged. He wanted to hold back, to prolong the delight of her soft posterior, but she mischievously clenched on him, and he climaxed immediately. Yet even one-sided as it was, with no pretense of gratification on her part, he found it trans porting.
“Oh, Crenelle,” he breathed in her ear. “I love you so!” For answer, she tightened her buttocks, squeezing him lingeringly in her fashion.
Thereafter she returned to her bed, and he returned to his guard duty, much refreshed.
In due course he woke Keeper, and lay down to sleep in Keeper’s bed of leaves.
In the morning they knew they would have to go on, because thirst would not allow them to remain here another day. Fortunately the two dogs were relaxed, so it seemed safe.
They detoured from the direct route just enough to intercept a stream they knew of, and eagerly slaked their thirst. Then they moved on with greater strength.
They reached Hero without further event. He was holed up in a rocky fort with a number of men. They had balked the Green Feather to a degree, but had not been able to go out and fight openly because they were short of spears and arrows. Now that was changed. They organized for a counterattack to drive the Green Feather out.
Rebel was there, with Harbinger and Brownback. The dog greeted his siblings enthusiastically, and so did Rebel. “I made it here, but couldn’t go back,” she said. “They would have followed me, and you already had enough trouble.”
“We killed them, thanks to Crenelle’s distraction,” Craft said.
She drew back the jacket she had gotten, as if to show a breast, lifting an eyebrow. He nodded. She understood the nature of the distraction. She had surely used it on Harbinger, in the night, too.
Hero was pleased to learn that the enemy force had been depleted by four men. That definitely gave the home force an advantage. Craft knew that they should be able to kill many enemy, and drive them well away from the homeland. It was an uplifting prospect, for they owed the Green Feather many bad turns.
Mal’ta represents the easternmost range of the “Venus” figurines that were known across Asia and Europe. The Mal’ta figures were not obese in the way of western images, but were definitely female. They also did birds, and some bird-women, as described. The figures that survived were in ivory and stone, but surely there were many others in perishable material.
Craft’s revelation about the importance of tools to make tools was a true one. Only mankind does this to any significant extent, and it has led to considerable technological sophistication, as modern radios, submarines, and CAT scans show. The breakthrough of human specialization facilitated this, so that individuals like Craft could, through the ages, develop ever more intricate variations.
The evidence is that bad as warfare is in the present, it was worse in prehistoric times, being more brutal and with fewer ameliorating conventions or means to save the wounded from infection and malaise. Chronic warfare probably served as a significant limiting factor for population. Only in relatively recent times has population increase become phenomenal, so that mankind is displacing other species all around the globe.
After this time, there was a series of significant climatic changes that affected all the world, and this region. Steppe alternated with woodlands, until the end of the glacial period about 10,000 years ago. Then it changed rapidly and drastically. Rising sea levels swallowed Beringia and much of the northeast Siberian coast. With the warming came more diverse animals: cattle, ibex, sheep, red deer, roe deer, moose, reindeer, wolf, red fox, brown bear, wolverine, and arctic hare. The mam moth, bison, and horse disappeared in that region.
The people survived. But eventually they moved or were driven west, emerging to history perhaps as the Ira ni an peoples. One of these was the Sarmatians, and one of three Sarmatian tribes became known as the Alani, or Alans. It is the Alani we shall be following.