Blackout

Indian emissions

in natural gas

pipelines

Russian emissions

sinks

See also Carbon Capture and

Storage

carbon sequestration. See

Carbon Capture and Storage

carbon sinks

carbon taxes

carbonic acid

Carboniferous period

CCS. See Carbon Capture and Storage

cement production

Central America

Centrica

Chavez government

chemical looping combustion CCS

chemicals industry

Chile

China

conversion to reserves

CTL technology

demand

droughts

economy

electric generation

electrical outages

imports

mines

mining accidents

production

reduction of CO₂ emissions,

reserves

transportation

UCG trial

undersea extraction

Chinese Ministry of Land and Natural Resources

Churchill, Winston

CIA World Factbook

Clarke, Alan

clathrates

Clean Air Act

Clean Coal Demonstration Project

“clean” solution scenario

climate change

CO₂ storage

constraints on production

cost of mitigation

discount of future costs

due to coal

effect of CO₂ emissions,

effect of depletion

effect on coal industry

effects of

international actions

models

climate sensitivity models

coal

effect on society

energy content

estimation of reserves

formation of

importance in economy

resurgence of demand

supply forecasts

variability in quality

Coal: A Human History (Freese)

coal Gas-to-Liquids

Coal India Ltd. (CIL)

“The Coal Question and Climate Change,”

Coal Recoverability Studies

“Coal: Research and Development to Support National Energy Policy,”

Coal Research Institute

The Coal Resource

“Coal: Resources and Future Production,”

Coal Resources of the United States (Averitt)

coal washing

coalfields. See mining industry

coalification

coal-to-chemical plants

coal-to-liquids (CTL)

Chinese development of

effect on coal demand

potential for

in South Africa

coal-washing

coking coals

in Australia

in Canada

production

in South America

in US

See also anthracite; bituminous coal

Colombia

exports

production

Colorado

Communist regime

CONSOL Energy

consumption

in China

CO₂ concentration and,

in India

in Indonesia

rates of

reduction of

scenario for increase in,

Cook Inlet, Alaska

costs

of carbon storage

future supply and

of production

production versus importation

quality of coal and

County Durham, United Kingdom

Crichton, Andrew B.

Cultural Revolution

Czech Republic

D

Daly, Herman

Deffeyes, Kenneth

Delaware

Delmarva

Deng Xiaoping

depletion, effect on climate change

deserts

diesel

direct CTL

discount rates

DKRW

Donetsk Basin, Russia

droughts

Duke Energy

Durham, United Kingdom

E

Earth Summit

East Asia

economy

effect of climate change

effect of fossil fuel peak

fossil fuel reduction and,

importance of coal

Elcogas

electricity

China’s generating capacity,

coal generation of

demand for

European production

in Germany

global shortages

in India

in Indonesia

reliance on coal

in South Africa

in UK

See also power plants

“The End of Cheap Oil,”

energy

final crisis

net

policies

scenario for transition to sustainable

energy content of coal

energy crisis

Energy Data Associates

Energy In the Future (Putnam)

Energy Information Administration (EIA)

energy returned on energy invested (EROEI)

energy sources

in Australia

in China

coal as transitional

in Colombia

hydrocarbon market

in India

for industrial societies

non-conventional fossil fuels

in Poland

reliance on coal

in Russia

in US

Energy Watch Group (EWG)

environment

Chinese problems

discount of future costs

effect of CCS

effect of coal

effect of CTL

Indian surface mines

marine

Polish damage

quality of coal and

Russian expansion and

waste coals

See also climate change; pollution

environmental laws

E.ON

Erdos

EROEI. See energy returned on energy invested

Eskom

ethanol

Europe

adoption of coal

CCS technology

CO₂ concentration targets,

consumption increase,

CTL technology

droughts

emission controls

imports

methane

peak consumption

production

reduction of CO₂ emissions,

reserves

resource assessment

UCG projects

use of coal

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

European Commission Joint Research Centre

European Environment Council

European Working Group on UCG

EWG. See Energy Watch Group

Excelsior Energy

exploration

extraction

energy required

profitability of

rate of

techniques

by UCG

F

factories

Fell, Hans-Josef

fertilizers

fires

Fischer-Tropsch process

floods

Florida

fly ash

forecast of coal supplies

forests

former Soviet Union countries

fossil fuels

atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and

depletion and carbon emissions

final energy crisis

peak

supply forecasts

Fox Creek, Alberta

Framework Convention on Climate Change

France

consumption

protected market formation,

resumption of production,

Freese, Barbara

future, discounting of

“The Future of Coal,”

FutureGen project

G

GAO. See US Government Accountability Office

gas. See natural gas

gasfields

gasification

See also coal-to-liquids;

Integrated Gasification

Combined Cycle;

Underground Coal

Gasification

Gazprom

geological storage

Georgia

Gerling, J. Peter

German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)

Germany

consumption

CTL technology

IGCC power plants

production

protected market formation,

recoverable reserves

reserves

global. See world

global warming. See climate change

“Global Warming Exaggerated, Insufficient Oil, Natural Gas and Coal,”

gold mines

Great Britain. See United Kingdom

greenhouse gas emissions

in China

from coal

decreased reserves and

effect on climate

international actions

methane

reduction of

reduction of consumption

and

in South Africa

targets

Greenland

“GTL, CTL Finding Roles in Global Energy Supply,”

Guangdong, China

Guangxi, China

Guasare Basin, Venezuela

H

Hagens, Nate

Hansen, James E.

harbors. See transportation

hard coal. See anthracite

Hastings, Warren

health risks

in China

of coal dust

of coal smoke

in miners

quality of coal and

Healy, Alaska

heat waves

heating value

heavy oil

highwall mining systems

Himalayas

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Höök, Mikael

“How Much Coal Do We Really Have? The Need for an Up-To-Date Survey,”

Hubbert, M. King

Hubbert linearization (HL),

Hull, Edward

Hunan, China

Hunter River, Australia

hunter-gatherer societies

hydrogen

hydrogen sulfide

hydropower

Chinese capacity

Indian shortages

Russian shortages

I

IEA. See International Energy Agency

IFE. See Institute for Energy

IGCC. See Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

Illinois

CTL plant

IGCC power plant

production estimates

recoverability study

reserves

Illinois Basin

“Implications of ‘Peak Oil’ for Atmospheric CO₂ and Climate,”

India

consumption

deposits

electrical outages

imports

production

quality

recoverable reserves

reduction of CO₂ emissions,

reserves

Indiana

indigenous peoples

indirect CTL

Indonesia

exports

production

reserves

Industrial Revolution

environmental effects of coal use impact of coal

Inner Mongolia, China

Institute for Energy (IFE)

Integrated Drying Gasification Combined Cycle (IDGCC)

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

International Energy Agency (IEA)

International Journal of Coal Geology

International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group

Iowa

IPCC. See International Panel on Climate Change

Ipswich, Australia

Iran

iron production

Italy

consumption

IGCC power plants

protected market formation

J

Japan

CCS technology

consumption

emission controls

IGCC power plants

imports

undersea extraction

Java

Jiangxi, China

Jurassic-Cretaceous period

K

Kalimantan, Borneo

Kansas

Kavalov, B.

Kazakhstan

Kentucky

Keynes, John Maynard

Kharecha, P.A.

Korea

Kuzbass, Russia

Kuznetsk basin, Russia

L

labor movement

Laherrère, Jean

Latin America

Li, Mingyu

lignite

in Australia

in Canada

in China

energy content

in Europe

in Germany

in India

in Poland

properties of

in Russia

in US

world reserves

world resources

“Lignite and Hard Coal: Energy Suppliers for World Needs until the Year 2100 — An Outlook,”

lignite steam coal

liquefied natural gas (LNG)

longwall mining systems

Louisiana

Lucenay-les-Aix, France

Ludwig-Bölkow-Foundation

Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik (LBST)

M

manufactured goods

Mao Zedong

marine life

marlstone (shale oil)

Massey Energy Company

Matewan quadrangle, Kentucky

Mat-Su Valley, Alaska

Mattoon, Illinois

maximum burn rate scenario

McKibben, Bill

Medicine Bow, Wyoming

mercury

Mesaba project

metallurgical coals. See coking coals

methane

methane hydrates

Mexico

Middle East

mineral storage

Miners Day

mining industry

annual total ore

in China

closures

electrical outages

environmental effects of

extraction by UCG

in India

miner health

power shortages and

in Russia

safety and accidents

unminable coal seams

US systems

Minnesota

Minnesota Department of Commerce

Mississippi

Missouri

models. See scenarios

Monbiot, George

monsoons

Montana

CTL project

production

reserves

resources

mountaintop removal

Mozambique

Myers, Mark

N

NAFTA

Nakano, Japan

NAS. See National Academy of Sciences

National Academies

National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

National Coal Resource Assessment (NCRA)

National Mining Association

National Union of Mineworkers

natural gas

in China

in Colombia

energy content

in Europe

extraction

formation of

peak studies

prices

in Russia

in UK

variability in quality

as world energy source

world production

Nature

NCRA (National Coal Resource Assessment)

net energy

Netherlands

Nevada

New Guinea

New Mexico

New South Wales, Australia

New Zealand

Newman Spinney, United Kingdom

non-conventional fossil fuels

nonrenewable natural resources, supply forecasts

North America

assessment of resources

methane

reserves

North Dakota

North Sea

Northwest Arctic

Nova Scotia, Canada

NRC

nuclear power

Chinese capacity

in Europe

in India

limitations of

Nuon

O

Oakland, Illinois

Oceania

oceans

Arctic sea ice

carbon absorption

carbon storage

levels

Ohio

oil

atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and

British production

Chinese imports

Chinese production

in Colombia

CTL competition

energy content

as energy source

extraction

forecast calculation

formation of

Indian imports

in Indonesia

North Sea deposits

prices

in Russia

supply forecasts

US production

variability in quality

as world energy source

world production

See also Peak Oil

Oil and Gas Journal

The Oil Depletion Protocol (Heinberg)

oil industry

CO₂ market

electricity for

oilfields

Oklahoma

Oxy-fuel combustion CCS

P

Pakistan

peak

of Chinese coal

European consumption,

German production

of Russian coal

of US coal

Peak Coal

climate change and

effect of Peak Oil

forecast

policies for

reduction of dependence

studies

Peak Gas

climate change and

forecast

reduction of dependence

studies

Peak Oil

atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and

climate change and

effect on Peak Coal

forecast

policies for

reduction of dependence

studies

peat

Pechora basin, Russia

Pennsylvania

People’s Daily

Peteves, S.D.

petroleum, replacement for

Piñon Pine Power Station, Nevada

Pittsburgh

platinum mines

Poland

polar ice cap

Polk Power Station, Florida

pollution

in China

from coal

quality of coal and

in South Africa

See also climate change; environment

population

indigenous peoples

relocation of

Portugal

Post Carbon Institute

post carbon transition scenario

post-combustion CCS

post-Soviet Union

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact

Powder River Basin

power plants

in Australia

in Canada

carbon capture

in China

from coal

IGCC

increase in

in India

low-emissions

in Russia

in South Africa

sulfur scrubbers

types of coal used for

pre-combustion CCS

prices

causes of increases

hard coal

profitability of extraction

world market and

production

annual carbon dioxide

in Australia

in Canada

in China

in Europe

in Germany

hard coal

in Indonesia

oil peak

in Poland

in Russia

in South Africa

in South America

in UK

in US

world

productivity in mines

in China

in India

in Russia

in US

PT Batubara

Puertollano, Spain

Putnam, Palmer

Q

quality

in South Africa

in US

Queensland, Australia

R

radioactive elements

railway

adaptation to coal

in Australia

in China

constraints of

in India

in Russia

in US

recoverable reserves

in China

effect of UCG

in India

in North America

in US

Reno, Nevada

reserves

in Australia

in Canada

in China

CO₂ emissions and

conversion of resources

decline in

downgrading of estimates

in Europe

forecasts

fossil fuels

in Germany

hard coal

in India

in Indonesia

predictions of

quality of data reported,

by region

in Russia

in South Africa

in South America

in US

reserves-to-production (R/P)

ratio

about

accuracy of

in Australia

in India

in Indonesia

in Russia

in South Africa

in South America

in UK

in US

world forecasts

resources

CO₂ emissions and

conversion to reserves

depletion

downgrading of estimates

hard coal

respiratory ailments

Rhineland, Germany

Richards Bay Coal Terminal

Riversdale Mining

R/P ratio. See reserves-to-production ratio

Russia

deposits

energy sources

exports

production

reserves

transportation

Russian Far East

Rutledge, David

RWE

S

safety records

saline formations

Saskatchewan, Canada

Sasol Corporation

scarcity

scenarios

assumptions for

“clean” solution

for climate change

climate sensitivity

environmental effects of,

maximum burn rate,

post carbon transition,

Schindler, Jörg

Schmidt, Sandro

Schweitzer, Brian

Scientific American

sea. See oceans

sea transportation.

See transportation

Secunda, South Africa

Shaanxi, China

shaft mines

shale oil

Shanxi, China

Shell

Shenhua Group

shipping ports.

See transportation

Siberia

Sichuan, China

Siemens, William

Smil, Vaclav

The Smoke of Great Cities (Stradling, Thorsheim)

socioeconomic restrictions

Sokolovska Uhelna

solar power

soot

South Africa

CTL technology

domestic use

electrical outages

exports

production

reserves

South America

assessment of resources

exports

imports

production

reserves

South Asia

droughts

reserves

South Korea

South Sulawesi

Southern Company

Soviet era

Spain

Special Reports on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)

Spoornet

“Statistical Review of World Energy,”

steam coals

in Australia

in Canada

properties of

in South Africa

See also bituminous coal; lignite; subbituminous coal

steam engines

steamships

steel production

STELLA software

Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change

Stradling, David

subbituminous coal

in Canada

in China

energy content

in Indonesia

in Poland

properties of

in Russia

in South America

in US

world reserves

Sudan

sulfur

sulfur dioxide

sulfur scrubbers

Sumatra

supply forecasts

“A Supply-Driven Forecast for the Future Global Coal Production,”

surface mining

in Australia

in Canada

in China

in India

production from

recovery percentages

in Russia

in US

syngas

synthetic fuel

T

Taiwan

Tampa, Florida

Tao, Zaipu

tar sands

“Target Atmospheric CO₂: Where Should Humanity Aim?,”

Tasmania

Tata Power

Tata Steel

“Techniques of Prediction as Applied to the Production of Oil and Gas,”

technology

for consumption

in energy production

future of coal and

impact on reserves

problems of

temperature

Tennessee

Tertiary basin, Australia

Tertiary period

Texas

Thatcher, Margaret

Thielemann, Thomas

thorium reactors

Thorsheim, Peter

transportation

in Australia

for CO₂ storage

constraints of

to consumption areas

costs

dependency on liquid fuels,

in India

quality of coal and

requirements for

in Russia

in South Africa

South America’s exports and,

See also railway

trends, global

Trinnaman, Judy

truck transportation. See transportation

Tunguska, Russia

U

Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)

underground coal mining

in China

in India

recovery percentages

in UK

undersea coal extraction

unions

United Kingdom

consumption

electrical outages

energy transition

forecast of supplies

IGCC power plants

mine closures

navy

oil production

production

report on climate change

reserves

UCG projects

underground mining

undersea extraction

United Nations

United States

CCS technology

coal peak

consumption

CTL technology

decrease in energy use

deposits

electrical outages

emission controls

energy sources

exports

forecast of supplies

IGCC power plants

imports

mining accidents

natural gas imports

oil production

production

quality of coal

reliance on coal

reserves

resources

scenarios for future

surface mining

UCG projects

US Air Force

US Bureau of Labor Statistics

US Bureau of Mines

US Coal Commission

US Department of Defense

US Department of Energy

United States Geological Survey (USGS)

US Government Accountability Office (GAO)

unminable coal seams

Uppsala Hydrocarbon Depletion Study Group

Uruguay

USSR

Utah

Uzbekistan

V

Venezuela

electrical outages

exports

non-conventional fossil fuels,

production

Victoria, Australia

Vietnam

Virginia

Vresova, Czech Republic

W

Wabash River Power Station, Indiana

Washington

waste coals

waste production

water

Waterberg, South Africa

WEC. See World Energy Council

West Antarctica

West Bengal

West Papua

West Terre Haute, Indiana

West Virginia

Western Australia

“What Is the Limit of Chinese Coal Supplies — A STELLA Model of Hubbert Peak,”

White, Lynn

wind power

wood

world

assessment of resources

consumption

demand

effects of climate change,

energy policies

natural gas production

oil production

power outages

production

reserves

World Coal Institute

World Energy Council (WEC)

World Factbook (CIA)

World Food Program (WFP)

World Wars

Wyoming

CTL plant

non-conventional fossil

fuels

production expansion

recoverability study

reserves

surface mining

X

Xinjiang, China

Y

Yankuang coal group

Z

Zhang Guobao

Zittel, Werner