CHAPTER ONE
1. Robert Pear, “Median Income Rises, but Is Still 6% Below Level at Start of Recession in ’07,” New York Times, August 21, 2013.
2. Andrew Kirell, “Tavis Smiley: Black People Are Not Better Off Under Obama,” Mediaite, October 12, 2013, http://www.mediaite.com/tv/tavis-smiley-black-people-are-not-better-off-under-obama-president-ought-to-be-held-responsible/.
3. Carol M. Swain, The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 403.
4. Fredrick C. Harris, “The Price of a Black President,” New York Times, October 27, 2012.
5. See, for example, the Washington Post poll results published in August 2012 showing that 74 percent of all respondents, and 65 percent of blacks, expressed support for voter ID laws, http://www.washingtonpost.com/page/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2012/08/12/National-Politics/Polling/question_6226.xml?uuid=Nd4PSOTWEeGXOe75nF-yhQ.
6. Department of Justice, http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/2011/ag-speech-111213.html.
7. NPR, “Voting Rights: What’s a Reasonable Requirement?” December 18, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/12/18/143916145/voting-rights-whats-a-reasonable-requirement.
8. David B. Muhlhausen, “Photo ID Laws Do Not Reduce Turnout,” Heritage Foundation, May 5, 2009, http://www.heritage.org/research/testimony/photo-id-laws-do-not-reduce-voter-turnout.
9. Artur Davis, “Alabama Voices: Should Have Supported Voter ID Law,” Montgomery Advertiser, October 17, 2011.
10. Bureau of the Census, “Blacks Voted at a Higher Rate Than Whites in 2012 Election—A First, Census Bureau Reports,” press release, May 8, 2013, http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/voting/cb13-84.html.
11. Janell Ross, “Grim Economic Picture Hasn’t Shaken African American Support for Obama,” Huffington Post, August 31, 2011.
12. Clarence Thomas, My Grandfather’s Son: A Memoir (Harper, 2007), 178–79.
13. Norman Podhoretz, ed., The Commentary Reader: Two Decades of Articles and Stories (Atheneum, 1966), 412.
14. Joseph M. Bessette, ed., Toward a More Perfect Union: Writings of Herbert J. Storing (AEI Press, 1995), 257.
15. Michael C. Dawson, Not in Our Lifetimes: The Future of Black Politics (University of Chicago Press, 2011), viii, ix.
16. Robert J. Norrell, Up From History: The Life of Booker T. Washington (Belknap Press, 2009), 13.
17. Ibid., 15, 16.
18. David Remnick, “Going the Distance: On and Off the Road With Barack Obama,” New Yorker, January 27, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/01/27/140127fa_fact_remnick?currentPage=all
19. Ibid., 16.
20. Michael A. Fletcher, “Fifty Years After March on Washington, Economic Gap Between Blacks, Whites Persists,” Washington Post, August 27, 2013.
21. Thomas Sowell, Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality? (Quill, 1984), 32.
22. Michael Barone, The New Americans: How the Melting Pot Can Work Again (Regnery, 2001), 17.
23. Ibid., 20.
24. Ibid., 21, 22.
25. Gary Orfield and Carole Ashkinaze, The Closing Door: Conservative Policy and Black Opportunity (University of Chicago Press, 1991), 4–7.
26. J. Harvie Wilkinson III, From Brown to Bakke: The Supreme Court and School Integration: 1954–1978 (Oxford University Press, 1979), 236.
27. Abigail Thernstrom, Voting Rights—and Wrongs: The Elusive Quest for Racially Fair Elections (AEI Press, 2009), 6.
28. Ibid., 9.
29. Roger Clegg and Joshua P. Thompson, “Two Points on Shelby County v. Holder,” National Review Online, February 25, 2013, http://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/341443/two-points-ishelby-county-v-holderi-roger-clegg.
30. Thernstrom, Voting Rights—and Wrongs, 20.
31. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Cornel West, The Future of the Race (Vintage Books, 1997), 33.
32. Ibid., 36–37.
33. Douglas A. Blackmon, “Who Powered the Passage of the Charter School Amendment in Georgia?” (blog), November 8, 2012, http://www.slaverybyanothername.com/blog/who-powered-the-passage-of-the-charter-school-amendment-in-georgia-african-americans-who-have-been-chronically-denied-good-public-schools/.
34. Tracey McManus, “Georgia Legislative Caucus to Join Lawsuit Against Gov. Nathan Deal Over Charter School Amendment,” Augusta Chronicle, November 11, 2012.
35. David Remnick, The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama (Knopf, 2010), 24.
CHAPTER TWO
1. Margaret Mead, Male and Female: A Study of the Sexes in a Changing World (Dell, 1968), 195–98.
2. Luke Rosiak, “Fathers Disappear From Households Across America,” Washington Times, December 25, 2012.
3. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Peter Knobler, Giant Steps: The Autobiography of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Bantam Books, 1983), 16.
4. John U. Ogbu, Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003), 35.
5. Ibid., 23.
6. Ibid., 24, 25.
7. Felicia R. Lee, “Why Are Black Students Lagging?” New York Times, November 30, 2002.
8. Ogbu, Black American Students, 222.
9. Ibid., 255.
10. Geneva Gay, Culturally Responsive Teaching: Theory, Research and Practice (Teachers College Press, 2010), 23–24, 27.
11. Brian M. Rosenthal, “‘Alarming’ New Test-Score Gap Discovered in Seattle Schools,” Seattle Times, December 19, 2011.
12. Yasmeen Khan, “Most Eighth Graders Matched to a High School of Their Choice,” WNYC, March 15, 2013, http://www.wnyc.org/story/301978-high-school-admissions/.
13. Beth Fertig, “Around Sunset Park, Tutoring Is Key to Top High Schools,” WNYC, March 12, 2013, http://www.wnyc.org/story/301916-around-sunset-park-tutoring-is-key-to-top-high-schools/.
14. Shelby Steele, The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America (HarperPerennial, 1990), 95, 96.
15. Robert Christgau and Greg Tate, “Chuck D All Over the Map,” Village Voice, October 22, 1991.
16. Cornel West, The Cornel West Reader (Basic Civitas Books, 1999), 482.
17. Michael Eric Dyson, The Michael Eric Dyson Reader (Basic Civitas Books, 2004), 408, 416.
18. James P. Comer and Alvin F. Poussaint, Raising Black Children (Plume, 1992), 252, 357.
19. Niko Koppel, “Are Your Jeans Sagging? Go Directly to Jail,” New York Times, August 30, 2007.
20. Juan Williams, Enough: The Phony Leaders, Dead-End Movements, and Culture of Failure That Are Undermining Black America—and What We Can Do About It (Three Rivers Press, 2006).
21. Michael Eric Dyson, Is Bill Cosby Right? Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind? (Basic Civitas Books, 2005).
22. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “This Is How We Lost to the White Man,” in Best African American Essays 2010, eds. Gerald Early and Randall Kennedy (One World/Ballantine, 2009), 161, 168.
23. Nathan Glazer, The Limits of Social Policy (Harvard University Press, 1988), 13.
24. “Idea Broker in the Race Crisis,” Life, November 3, 1967. Cited in Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (Tenth-Anniversary Edition) (Basic Books, 1994), 29.
25. “Black America: Waking Life,” The Economist, August 24, 2013.
26. Thomas Sowell, Black Rednecks and White Liberals (Encounter, 2005), 6.
CHAPTER THREE
1. Cited in Dinesh D’Souza, The End of Racism (Free Press, 1995), 267.
2. Linn Washington, Black Judges on Justice: Perspectives from the Bench (New Press, 1995), 71.
3. “Book Discussion on Black Judges on Justice,” C-SPAN video, 59:02, April 20, 1995, http://www.c-spanvideo.org/videoLibrary/transcript/transcript.php?programid=142160.
4. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New Press, 2010), 11.
5. Ibid., 16.
6. Ibid., 4.
7. Ibid., 148.
8. Ibid., 138.
9. Ibid., 192.
10. Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (Scribner, 2008), 343.
11. Thomas Sowell, The Vision of the Anointed: Self-Congratulation as a Basis for Social Policy (Basic Books, 1995), 28.
12. William J. Stuntz, The Collapse of American Criminal Justice (Belknap Press, 2011), 37.
13. Lucas A. Powe Jr., The Warren Court and American Politics (Belknap Press, 2000), 408.
14. James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein, Crime and Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime (Free Press, 1985), 29, 461.
15. Stuntz, Criminal Justice, 21.
16. Heather Mac Donald, “Distorting the Truth About Crime and Race,” City Journal, May 14, 2010, http://www.city-journal.org/2010/eon0514hm.html.
17. Heather Mac Donald, “Is the Criminal-Justice System Racist?”, City Journal 18 (Spring 2008), http://www.city-journal.org/2008/18_2_criminal_justice_system.html.
18. Ibid.
19. Randall Kennedy, Race, Crime, and the Law (Pantheon, 1997), 371–72.
20. Alexander, Jim Crow, 214.
21. Mac Donald, “Is the Criminal-Justice System Racist?”, http://www.city-journal.org/2008/18_2_criminal_justice_system.html.
22. Wilson and Herrnstein, Crime and Human Nature, 473.
23. John Lott, “Stand Your Ground Makes Sense,” New York Daily News, April 25, 2012.
24. Emily Alpert, “Gun Crime Has Plunged, but Americans Think It’s Up, Says Study,” Los Angeles Times, May 7, 2013.
25. John R. Lott Jr., “Reforms That Ignore the Black Victims of Crime,” Cato Unbound, March 13, 2009, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2009/03/13/john-r-lott-jr/reforms-ignore-black-victims-crime.
26. Franklin E. Zimring, The Great American Crime Decline (Oxford University Press, 2007), v.
27. Ibid., 5.
28. Ibid., vi.
29. Ibid., vi.
30. James Q. Wilson, “Hard Times, Fewer Crimes,” Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2011.
31. Heather Mac Donald, “Courts v. Cops,” City Journal 23 (Winter 2013), http://www.city-journal.org/2013/23_1_war-on-crime.html.
32. Layne Weiss, “NAACP Introduces ‘Trayvon’s Law,’” Digital Journal, August 2, 2013, http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/355702.
33. Shelby Steele, “The Decline of the Civil-Rights Establishment,” Wall Street Journal, July 21, 2013.
34. James Q. Wilson, “Crime,” in Beyond the Color Line: New Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America, eds. Abigail Thernstrom and Stephan Thernstrom (Hoover Institution Press, 2002), 121, 123.
CHAPTER FOUR
1. Paul Moreno, “Unions and Discrimination,” Cato Journal 30, no. 1 (Winter 2010), 69.
2. Ray Marshall, The Negro Worker (Random House, 1967), 63.
3. David Card and Alan B. Krueger, Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage (Princeton University Press, 1995), 4.
4. Gary S. Becker and Guity Nashat Becker, The Economics of Life: From Baseball to Affirmative Action to Immigration, How Real-World Issues Affect Our Everyday Life (McGraw-Hill, 1997), 37.
5. David Neumark and William L. Wascher, Minimum Wages (MIT Press, 2008), 104.
6. David Neumark, in discussion with the author, February 9, 2013.
7. Card and Krueger, Myth and Measurement, 236.
8. Neumark and Wascher, Minimum Wages, 65.
9. Bureau of the Census, http://www.census.gov/population/projections/data/national/2012/downloadablefiles.html.
10. Bureau of the Census, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdf.
11. “The Racial Gap in College Student Graduation Rates,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, October 19, 2012, http://www.jbhe.com/2012/10/the-racial-gap-in-college-student-graduation-rates-2/.
12. Rick Wartzman, “How Minimum Wage Lost Its Status As a Tool of Social Progress in the U.S.,” Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2001.
13. Neumark and Wascher, Minimum Wages, 14.
14. Jim Powell, FDR’s Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression (Three Rivers Press, 2004), 118–19.
15. Morgan O. Reynolds, Power and Privilege: Labor Unions in America (Universe Books, 1984), 96.
16. Review & Outlook, “Look for the Union Label,” Wall Street Journal, June 10, 2008.
17. Richard Vedder and Lowell Gallaway, “Declining Black Employment,” Society 30, no. 5 (July–August 1993), 57.
18. Walter E. Williams, Race and Economics: How Much Can Be Blamed on Discrimination? (Hoover Institution Press, 2011), 34.
19. David E. Bernstein, Only One Place of Redress: African Americans, Labor Regulations, and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal (Duke University Press, 2001), 74–77.
20. David R. Henderson, The Joy of Freedom: An Economist’s Odyssey (Prentice Hall, 2002), 112–13.
21. Thomas Sowell, Intellectuals and Society (Basic Books, 2011), 450.
22. William E. Even and David A. Macpherson, “Unequal Harm: Racial Disparities in the Employment Consequences of Minimum Wage Increases,” Employment Policies Institute, May 5, 2011, http://www.epionline.org/study/r137/.
23. Statement of Robert B. Reich, Secretary of Labor, Before the Joint Economic Committee, February 22, 1995, (congressional testimony), http://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/reich/congress/022295rr.htm.
24. Thomas Sowell, Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economy (Basic Books, 2007), 213.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Andy Smarick, The Urban School System of the Future: Applying the Principles and Lessons of Chartering (Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2012), 13.
2. National Center for Education Statistics, Achievement Gaps: How Black and White Students in Public Schools Perform in Mathematics and Reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, Department of Education, July 2009, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pubs/studies/2009455.aspx.
3. David Salisbury and Casey Lartigue Jr., eds., Educational Freedom in Urban America: Brown v. Board After Half a Century (Cato Institute, 2004), 115.
4. “Achievement Gap,” Education Week, July 7, 2011, http://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/achievement-gap/.
5. National Center for Education Statistics, District Profiles, Department of Education, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/districts/.
6. Michael Winerip, “For Detroit Schools, Mixed Picture on Reforms,” New York Times, March 13, 2011.
7. David L. Kirp, “The Widest Achievement Gap,” National Affairs no. 5 (Fall 2010).
8. The Urgency of Now: The Schott 50 State Report on Public Education and Black Males 2012, Schott Foundation for Public Education, http://blackboysreport.org/urgency-of-now.
9. Andrew J. Coulson, “America Has Too Many Teachers,” Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2012.
10. Paul E. Peterson, Saving Schools: From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning (Belknap Press, 2010), 11.
11. Cindy Johnston, “The Cost of Dropping Out,” NPR, July 24, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/07/24/138508517/series-overview-the-cost-of-dropping-out.
12. Kirp, “The Widest Achievement Gap.”
13. Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips, eds., The Black-White Test Score Gap (Brookings Institution Press, 1998), 6, 7.
14. Abigail Thernstrom and Stephan Thernstrom, No Excuses: Closing the Racial Gap in Learning (Simon & Schuster, 2003), 217, 218.
15. Trip Gabriel, “Despite Image, Union Leader Backs School Change,” New York Times, October 15, 2010.
16. Terry M. Moe, “No Teacher Left Behind,” Wall Street Journal, January 13, 2005.
17. Review & Outlook, “Teachers’ Pets (Cont’d),” Wall Street Journal, January 27, 2006.
18. Nick Anderson, “Input of Teachers Unions Key to Successful Entries in Race to the Top,” Washington Post, April 3, 2010.
19. James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 (University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 4–18.
20. David Whitman, Sweating the Small Stuff: Inner-City Schools and the New Paternalism (Thomas B. Fordham Institute, 2008), 225.
21. Review & Outlook, “Witness Protection for Teachers,” Wall Street Journal, November 24, 2003.
22. Steven Brill, Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America’s Schools (Simon & Schuster, 2011), 16.
23. Ibid., 14.
24. Paul E. Peterson, “Charter Schools and Student Performance,” Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2010.
25. Caroline M. Hoxby, Sonali Murarka, and Jenny Kang, How New York City’s Charter Schools Affect Achievement, second report in a series, New York City Charter Schools Evaluation Project, September 2009.
26. Ron W. Zimmer and Cassandra M. Guarino, “Is There Empirical Evidence That Charter Schools ‘Push Out’ Low-Performing Students?” Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, October 21, 2013, http://epa.sagepub.com/content/35/4/461.
27. Marcus A. Winters, Why the Gap? Special Education and New York City Charter Schools, Center on Reinventing Public Education, September 2013, http://www.crpe.org/publications/why-gap-special-education-and-new-york-city-charter-schools.
28. Jay P. Greene and Greg Forster, Effects of Funding Incentives on Special Education Enrollment, Civic Report no. 32 (December 2002), Manhattan Institute, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cr_32.htm.
29. Brill, Class Warfare, 16.
30. Terry M. Moe, Special Interests: Teachers Unions and America’s Public Schools (Brookings Institution Press, 2011), 266.
31. Sam Dillon, “Large Urban-Suburban Gap Seen in Graduation Rates,” New York Times, April 22, 2009.
32. The Value of Education Choices: Saving the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program, Hearing Before the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Operations, February 16, 2011 (written testimony of Dr. Patrick J. Wolf), http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/download/2011-02-16-wolf-testimony [download].
33. Matthew M. Chingos and Paul E. Peterson, “The Impact of School Vouchers on College Enrollment,” Education Next 13, no. 3 (Summer 2013).
34. Greg Forster, A Win-Win Solution: The Empirical Evidence on School Choice, Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, April 17, 2013, http://www.edchoice.org/Research/Reports/A-Win-Win-Solution—The-Empirical-Evidence-on-School-Choice.aspx.
35. Review & Outlook, “Democrats and Poor Kids,” Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2009.
36. Caitlin Emma, “Louisiana: Vouchers Don’t Hurt Desegregation,” Politico, November 8, 2013, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/louisiana-school-voucher-program-desegregation-99585.html.
37. Anna J. Egalite and Jonathan N. Mills, “The Louisiana Scholarship Program,” Education Next 14, no. 1 (Winter 2014).
38. Sol Stern, Breaking Free: Public School Lessons and the Imperative of School Choice, (Encounter, 2003), 216.
39. Robert Balfanz, John M. Bridgeland, Mary Bruce, and Joanna Hornig Fox, Building a Grad Nation: Progress and Challenge in Ending the High School Dropout Epidemic—Annual Update 2013, a report by Civic Enterprises, the Everyone Graduates Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Education, America’s Promise Alliance, and the Alliance for Excellent Education, February 2013, http://www.americaspromise.org/~/media/Files/Our%20Work/Grad%20Nation/Building%20a%20Grad%20Nation/BuildingAGradNation2013Full.ashx.
40. Douglas Belkin and Cameron McWhirter, “Student-Loan Curbs Leave Black Schools in Peril,” Wall Street Journal, October 2, 2013.
41. “Tracking Graduation Rates at HBCUs,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, January 5, 2012, http://www.jbhe.com/2012/01/tracking-graduation-rates-at-hbcus/.
42. Roland G. Fryer and Michael Greenstone, “The Changing Consequences of Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 1 (January 2010), 118.
43. Ibid., 144.
44. Bill Maxwell, “The Once and Future Promise,” Tampa Bay Times, May 27, 2007.
45. Cynthia Tucker, “Don’t Waste Opportunity to Merge Black, White Colleges,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, December 10, 2008.
46. Adam Lynch, “Jackson State President: HBCUs’ Future at Risk,” Jackson Free Press, January 29, 2010.
47. Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (Times Books, 1998), 232.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Nathan Glazer, Affirmative Discrimination (Harvard University Press, 1987), xi.
2. Peter Kirsanow, “Government-Sponsored Discrimination Proliferates,” National Review Online, May 31, 2011.
3. Randall Kennedy, For Discrimination: Race, Affirmative Action, and the Law (Pantheon, 2013), 18.
4. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Dalia Sussman, “Gay Marriage Seen in Poll as Issue for the States,” New York Times, June 7, 2013.
5. Stuart Taylor, “Do African-Americans Really Want Racial Preferences?” National Journal, December 20, 2002.
6. Glazer, Discrimination, viii.
7. Adam Liptak, “Justices Step Up Scrutiny of Race in College Entry,” New York Times, June 25, 2013.
8. Russell K. Nieli, Wounds That Will Not Heal: Affirmative Action and Our Continuing Racial Divide (Encounter, 2012), 383–84.
9. Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible (Simon & Schuster, 1997), 186–87.
10. Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton University Press, 1996), 48.
11. Sean F. Reardon and Kendra Bischoff, Growth in the Residential Segregation of Families by Income, 1970–2009, Russell Sage Foundation, November 2011, http://www.scribd.com/doc/72915429/Growth-in-the-Residential-Segregation-of-Families-by-Income-1970-2009.
12. Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa, Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (University of Chicago Press, 2011), 46–47.
13. Thernstrom and Thernstrom, Black and White, 398–400.
14. Nieli, Wounds, 106–07.
15. Black First-Year Students at the Nation’s Leading Research Universities, JBHE Annual Survey 2012, Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, December 2011, http://www.jbhe.com/2011/12/jbhe-annual-survey-black-first-year-students-at-the-nations-leading-research-universities/.
16. Michael A. Fletcher, “Wider Fallout Seen From Race-Neutral Admissions,” Washington Post, April 19, 2003.
17. Richard Pérez-Peña, “In California, Push for College Diversity Starts Earlier,” New York Times, May 7, 2013.
18. Richard H. Sander and Stuart Taylor Jr., Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It’s Intended to Help, and Why Universities Won’t Admit It (Basic Books, 2012), 154.
19. Brief for Gail Heriot, Peter Kirsanow, and Todd Gaziano, members of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, in Support of the Petitioner, Fisher v. University of Texas, No. 11-345 (2012), http://www.americanbar.org/publications/preview_home/11-345.html.
20. Heather Mac Donald, “Affirmative Disaster,” Weekly Standard, February 20, 2012.
21. Sander and Taylor, Mismatch, 4.
22. Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, “Reflections on The Shape of the River,” UCLA Law Review 46 (June 1999), 1610–11.
23. Kennedy, Discrimination, 9–10.
24. William O. Douglas, The Court Years, 1939–1975: The Autobiography of William O. Douglas (Vintage Books, 1981), 149.
25. Stephen L. Carter, Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby (Basic Books, 1991), 15–16.
26. Thomas, A Memoir, 142.
27. Ibid., 87.
28. Noah Bierman and Frank Phillips, “Bad Week May Haunt Warren,” Boston Globe, May 5, 2012.
29. Scott Jaschik, “Asians and Affirmative Action,” Inside Higher Ed, May 30, 2012, http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/05/30/asian-american-group-urges-supreme-court-bar-race-conscious-admissions.
30. Ibid.