PREFACE
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INTRODUCTION
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3. Edward Neville Da Costa Andrade, Rutherford and the Nature of the Atom (New York: Doubleday, 1964), p. 111.
CHAPTER 1: DEMOCRITUS AND ARISTOTLE PONDER THE EXISTENCE OF ATOMS
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CHAPTER 2: ARISTOTLE, ARISTARCHUS, COPERNICUS, AND GALILEO SEEK TO DETERMINE EARTH'S PLACE IN THE COSMOS
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2. Archimedes, The Sand Reckoner in T. L. Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus: A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus Together with Aristarchus’ Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, a New Greek Text with Translation and Notes (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1913), p. 302.
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4. Stephen Webb, Measuring the Universe: The Cosmological Distance Ladder (Berlin: Springer Praxis, 1999), p. 38.
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8. Galileo Galilei, Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems, transl. Stillman Drake (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1953; rev., 1967).
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CHAPTER 3: ISAAC NEWTON, ROBERT HOOKE, AND GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ ARGUE ABOUT MOTION AND CALCULUS
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2. Ibid.
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4. Wikipedia, s.v. “Robert Hooke,” last modified November 16, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke.
5. Lisa Jardine, The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man Who Measured London (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), pp. 5–10.
6. Tim Sharp, “Edmond Halley Biography: Facts, Discoveries, and Quotes,” Space.com, February 12, 2014, accessed September 2015, http://www.space.com/24682-edmond-halley-biography.html.
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9. Jardine, The Curious Life of Robert Hooke, pp. 15–18.
10. “Flamsteed, John,” in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, Encyclopedia.com, accessed November 2015, http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Flamsteed.aspx.
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13. Wikiquote, s.v. “Isaac Newton.”
CHAPTER 4: THE BATTLING BERNOULLIS AND BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
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3. Richard S. Westfall, Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 582.
4. Ibid., p. 583.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Carl B. Boyer, A History of Mathematics (New York: Wiley, 1968).
CHAPTER 5: ANTOINE LAVOISIER AND BENJAMIN THOMPSON (COUNT RUMFORD) HAVE RIVAL THEORIES OF HEAT
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2. Science Newsletter 14 (1928): 52.
3. Wikiquote, s.v. “Joseph Louis Lagrange,” last modified October 29, 2015, https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Lagrange.
4. Robert T. Grimm, Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002), p. 320.
5. Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCommach, Cavendish (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1996), p. 351.
6. Ioan James, Remarkable Physicists from Galileo to Yukawa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 85.
7. William Gurstelle, The Practical Pyromaniac (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2011), p. 55.
CHAPTER 6: MENDELEEV, MEYER, MOSELEY AND THE BIRTH OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
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6. “Henry Moseley,” Famous Scientists, December 29, 2014, accessed January 6, 2016, http://www.famousscientists.org/henry-moseley/.
7. Ibid.
CHAPTER 7: WESTINGHOUSE AND TESLA VERSUS EDISON—AC/DC TITANS CLASH
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5. Mark Essig, Edison and the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009), p. 136.
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CHAPTER 8: ALFRED WEGENER STANDS HIS GROUND ABOUT CONTINENTAL DRIFT
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3. Ibid.
4. “Excerpts and Readings on Alfred Wegener (1880–1930),” Pangaea, accessed January 6, 2016, http://pangaea.org/wegener.htm.
CHAPTER 9: PART 1: ALBERT EINSTEIN, MARCEL GROSSMANN, MILEVA MARIĆ, AND MICHELE BESSO STRUGGLE WITH RELATIVITY
1. Wikipedia, s.v. “Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century,” accessed December 11, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century.
2. Ibid.
3. Albert Einstein, Anna Beck, and Peter Havas, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 1: The Early Years, 1879–1902 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), p. xviii.
4. Ibid.
5. Dennis Overbye, Einstein in Love: A Scientific Romance (New York: Penguin, 2000).
6. “Albert Einstein Quotes,” BrainyQuote.com, accessed December 1, 2015, http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/alberteins121678.html.
7. Jürgen Neffe, Einstein: A Biography (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005), p. 31.
8. Ibid.
9. Jürgen Renn and Robert Schulmann, eds., Albert Einstein/Mileva Maric: The Love Letters, trans. Shawn Smith (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 41.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Overbye, Einstein in Love, p. 43.
13. “The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein; Volume 1, The Early Years, 1879–1902, no. 49,” accessed September 2015, http://www.einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu, http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol1-trans/150.
14. Overbye, Einstein in Love.
15. Barry R. Parker, Creation: The Story of the Origin and Evolution of the Universe (Berlin: Springer, 2013), p. 132.
16. Einstein, Beck, and Havas, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 1, p. xxii.
17. Karen C. Fox and Aries Keck, Einstein A to Z (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2004), p. 19.
18. Albert Einstein, Anna Beck, and Peter Havas, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 2: The Swiss Years: Writings, 1900–1909 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 171.
CHAPTER 10: PART 2: ALBERT EINSTEIN'S STRUGGLES CONTINUE
1. Barry R. Parker, Creation: The Story of the Origin and Evolution of the Universe (Berlin: Springer, 2013), p. 172.
2. Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007).
3. Dennis Overbye, Einstein in Love: A Scientific Romance (New York: Penguin, 2000).
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5. Overbye, Einstein in Love, p. 252.
6. Ibid.
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8. Overbye, Einstein in Love.
9. Abraham Pais, Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 250.
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11. Overbye, Einstein in Love, p. 353.
12. Manjit Kumar, Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the Great Debate about the Nature of Reality (New York: Norton, 2011).
13. Parker, Creation, p. 210.
14. Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe.
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19. Jürgen Neffe, Einstein: A Biography (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005), p. 104.
20. Parker, Creation, p. 231.
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23. Fox and Keck, Einstein A to Z, pp. 52–53.
24. Ibid., p. 129.
25. “Einstein's Quest for a Unified Theory.”
CHAPTER 11: EDWIN HUBBLE AND HARLOW SHAPLEY CLASH/COOPERATE OVER THE UNIVERSE'S SIZE
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3. Gale E. Christianson, Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 25.
4. Ibid., p. 78.
5. Ibid., p. 82.
6. Ibid., p. 87.
7. Ibid., p. 109.
8. Ibid., p. 110.
9. SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System, accessed January 7, 2016, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1954MNRAS.114..291. P. 291.
10. Christianson, Edwin Hubble, p. 122.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p. 132.
13. Carl C. Gaither and Alma E. Cavazos-Gaither, Gaither's Dictionary of Scientific Quotations (Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012), p. 200.
14. Christianson, Edwin Hubble, p. 158.
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16. Ronald Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times (London: A&C Black, 2011).
17. Christianson, Edwin Hubble, p. 211.
18. Wikipedia, s.v. “Edwin Hubble,” last modified December 29, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble.
CHAPTER 12: DISASTROUS CONSEQUENCES OF LISE MEITNER AND OTTO HAHN'S DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR FISSION
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3. Laura Fermi, Atoms in the Family: My Life with Enrico Fermi (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), p. 139.
4. Dietrich Hahn, ed., Otto Hahn—Leben und Werk in Texten und Bildern (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp Insel, 1988), p. 59.
5. Ruth Lewin Sime, Lise Meitner, A Life in Physics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), p. 17.
6. Philipp Frank, Einstein: His Life and Times (London: Jonathan Cape, 1948), p. 139.
7. Sime, Lise Meitner, p. 233.
8. Lise Meitner and O. R. Frisch, “Products of the Fission of the Uranium Nucleus,” Nature 143 (March 1939): 471–72.
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10. William Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man behind the Bomb (New York: Skyhorse, 2015).
11. Cynthia C. Kelly, ed., Manhattan Project: The Birth of the Atomic Bomb in the Words of Its Creators, Eyewitnesses, and Historians (New York: Hachette, 2009), p. 39.
12. Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows.
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19. Robert James Maddox, Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2004), p. 67.
20. Kelly, Manhattan Project, p. 287.
21. Harry S. Truman and Robert H. Ferrell, Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997), p. 55.
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23. Lansing Lamont, Day of Trinity (New York: Atheneum, 1985), pp. 332–33.
24. David B. Green, “This Day in Jewish History the Woman Who Discovered Nuclear Fission Dies,” Haaretz, October 27, 2014, accessed January 7, 2016, http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/.premium-1.622862.
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CHAPTER 13: MAURICE WILKINS, ROSALIND FRANKLIN, JAMES WATSON, AND FRANCIS CRICK DETERMINE THE STRUCTURE OF DNA
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4. James D. Watson, A Passion for DNA Genes, Genomes, and Society (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2000), p. 4.
5. Ibid.
6. J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick, “A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid,” Nature 171 (April 25, 1953): 171, 737–38, accessed January 7, 2016, http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/coldspring/ideas/printit.html.
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10. Anne Sayre, Rosalind Franklin and DNA (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000).
11. Jenifer Glynn, My Sister Rosalind Franklin: A Family Memoir (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 158.
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13. James D. Watson, The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (New York: Touchstone, 1968).
14. Ira H. Carmen, Politics in the Laboratory: The Constitution of Human Genomics (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004), p. 31.
15. Wikipedia, s.v. “James Watson,” last modified December 31, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson.
16. Ibid.
17. “Russia's Usmanov to Give Back Watson's Auctioned Nobel Medal,” BBC.com, December 9, 2014, accessed January 7, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30406322.
18. Keith Perry, “James Watson Selling Nobel Prize ‘Because No-One Wants to Admit I Exist,’” Telegraph, November 28, 2014, accessed January 7, 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/11261872/James-Watson-selling-Nobel-prize-because-no-one-wants-to-admit-I-exist.html.
CHAPTER 14: J. CRAIG VENTER, JAMES WATSON, AND MICHAEL HUNKAPILLER RACE FOR THE HUMAN GENOME
1. Robert M. Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars: Science, Politics, and the Human Genome (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), p. 88.
2. J. Craig Venter, A Life Decoded: My Genome: My Life (New York: Penguin, 2007), p. 110.
3. “A Brief History of the Human Genome Project,” National Human Genome Research Institute, accessed January 7, 2016, http://www.genome.gov/12011239.
4. Ibid.
5. Kevin Davies, Cracking the Genome: Inside the Race to Unlock Human DNA (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 60.
6. Ibid.
7. Venter, A Life Decoded, p. 137.
8. Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars, p. 328.
9. Venter, A Life Decoded, p. 127.
10. Ibid., p. 173.
11. Shannon O'Lear, Environmental Politics: Scale and Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 55.
12. Venter, A Life Decoded, p. 207.
13. Ibid., p. 228.
14. Ed Regis, “Other People's Molecules,” March 16, 2003, New York Times, accessed September 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/books/other-people-s-molecules.html.
15. Venter, A Life Decoded, p. 278.
16. Davies, Cracking the Genome, p. 275.
17. Ibid., p. 236.
18. Ibid., p. 242.
CHAPTER 15: TEN HONORABLE MENTION MINI-CHAPTERS
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10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
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24. Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan, foreword to The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark (New York: Ballantine, 1996).
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35. Ibid.
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AFTERWORD
1. Wiktionary, s.v. “The more things change, the more they stay the same,” accessed January 7, 2016, https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/the_more_things_change,_the_more_they_stay_the_same.