4. Anti-what now?

1 Naomi R. Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904, Cambridge University Press, 1985.

2Richard Adelstein, ‘The Last Autonomist’, essay prepared for Louis D. Brandeis 100: Then and Now, celebrating the centennial of Brandeis’ appointment to the Supreme Court, Brandeis University, 2016.

3 Michelle Meagher, ‘Powerless Antitrust’, Competition Policy International, 7 November 2019.

4 Herbert Hovenkamp, Enterprise and American Law, 1836‒1937, Harvard University Press, 1991.

5 Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890–1916: The Market, the Law, and Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1988.

6 Daniel A. Crane, ‘The Dissociation of Incorporation and Regulation in the Progressive Era and the New Deal’, in Naomi R. Lamoreaux and William J. Novak (eds), Corporations and American Democracy, Harvard University Press, 2017, pp. 109‒38.

7 Louis D. Brandeis, ‘A Curse of Bigness’, Harper’s Weekly, 10 January 1914.

8 Louis Brandeis, ‘Shall We Abandon the Policy of Competition?’ in Daniel A. Crane and Herbert Hovenkamp (eds), The Making of Competition Policy, Oxford University Press, 2013, Chapter 6.

9 Robert Van Horn, ‘Jacob Viner’s Critique of Chicago Neoliberalism’ in Robert Van Horn, Philip Mirowski and Thomas A. Stapleford (eds), Building Chicago Economics, Cambridge University Press, 2011, Chapter 10.

10 Daniel Stedman Jones, Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics, Princeton University Press, 2012, p. 97.

11 Daniel A. Crane, ‘Antitrust and Democracy: A Case Study from German Fascism’, Law & Economics Working Papers, 155, University of Michigan, published 17 April 2018.

12 Daniel Stedman Jones, Masters of the Universe, p. 36.

13 Friedrich Hayek, ‘The Intellectuals and Socialism’, The University of Chicago Law Review, 1949, Vol. 16, No. 3, 417‒33.

14 Angus Burgin, The Great Persuasion: Reinventing Free Markets since the Depression, Harvard University Press, 2012.

15Richard A. Posner, ‘The Chicago School of Antitrust Analysis’, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1979, Vol. 127, No. 4, 925‒48.

16 Ioannis Lianos, ‘Lost in Translation? Towards a Theory of Economic Transplants’, Current Legal Problems, 2009, Vol. 62, No. 1, 346–404.

17 Sanjukta Paul, ‘Antitrust As Allocator of Coordination Rights’, UCLA Law Review, 2020, Vol. 67, No. 2, forthcoming.

18 Tim Wu, The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age, Columbia Global Reports, 2018, p. 17.

19 Lina M. Khan, ‘The Ideological Roots of America’s Market Power Problem’, Yale Law Journal Forum, 2018, Vol. 127, 960‒79.

20 Barak Orbach, ‘Was the Crisis in Antitrust a Trojan Horse?’ Antitrust Law Journal, 2014, Vol. 79, No. 3, 881‒902.

21 Mel Marquis and Brigitte Leucht, ‘American Influences on EEC Competition Law: Two Paths, How Much Dependence?’ in Kiran Patel and Heike Schweitzer (eds), Historical Foundations of EU Competition Law, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 125‒61.

22 Mario Monti, former Competition Commissioner, ‘The Future for Competition Policy in the European Union’, speech at Merchant Taylors’ Hall, London, 9 July 2001.

23 Joaquín Almunia, ‘Competition and Consumers: The Future of EU Competition Policy’, speech at European Competition Day, Madrid, 12 May 2010.

24 For the broader view, going back to the actual wording of the European Treaties, see Simon Holmes, ‘Climate Change, Sustainability and Competition Law’, draft article, 26 September 2019, available at: https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/simon_holmes.pdf (accessed January 2020).

25 Anne C. Witt, The More Economic Approach to EU Antitrust Law, Hart Publishing, 2016; David J. Gerber, ‘Two Forms of Modernization in European Competition Law’, Fordham International Law Journal, 2008, Vol. 31, No. 5, 1235‒65.

26 Suresh Naidu et al., ‘Antitrust Remedies for Labor Market Power’, Harvard Law Review, 2018, Vol. 132, 537‒601.

27Response sent by the Competition and Markets Authority to a letter from the Rt. Hon. Robert Halfon MP, dated 25 May 2018, available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5b1515b9e5274a1912717858/letter_to_robert_halfon.pdf (accessed January 2020).

28 Deepak Gupta and Lina Khan, ‘Arbitration as Wealth Transfer’, Yale Law & Policy Review, 2017, Vol. 35, No. 2, 499‒520.

29 Sandeep Vaheesan, ‘Accommodating Capital and Policing Labor: Antitrust in the Two Gilded Ages’, Maryland Law Review, 2019, Vol. 78, No. 4, 766‒827; Sanjukta Paul, ‘The Enduring Ambiguities of Antitrust Liability for Worker Collective Action’, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, 2016, Vol. 47, 969‒1048.

30 Marshall Steinbaum, ‘Antitrust, the Gig Economy, and Labor Market Power’, Law & Contemporary Problems, 2019, Vol. 82, No. 3, 45‒64.

31 Maarten Pieter Schinkel and Yossi Spiegel, ‘Can Collusion Promote Sustainable Consumption and Production?’ International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2017, Vol. 53, 371‒98.

32 Authority for Consumers & Markets, ‘Industry-wide arrangements for the so-called Chicken of Tomorrow restrict competition’, 26 January 2015.

33 See Rutger Claassen and Anna Gerbrandy, ‘Rethinking European Competition Law: From a Consumer Welfare to a Capability Approach’, Utrecht Law Review, 2016, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1‒15; Julian Nowag, Environmental Integration in Competition and Free Movement Laws, Oxford University Press, 2016.

34 US Council of Economic Advisers, ‘Benefits of Competition and Indicators of Market Power’, Issue Brief, May 2016; Open Markets Institute, ‘Monopoly by the Numbers’, research available at https://openmarketsinstitute.org/explainer/monopoly-by-the-numbers/ (accessed January 2020).

35 Data collected by the Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions & Alliances, available at: https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-us-united-states/ (accessed January 2020).

36Jonathan Tepper, The Myth of Capitalism: Monopolies and the Death of Competition, John Wiley & Sons, 2018, p. 163.

37 Hart-Scott-Rodino Annual Report, fiscal year 2015.

38 European Commission merger statistics, 21 September 1990 to 30 November 2019.

39 Digital Competition Expert Panel, Unlocking digital competition, report published March 2019.

40 Tim Wu, The Curse of Bigness, p. 123.

41 Lina M. Khan, ‘Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox’, Yale Law Journal, 2017, Vol. 126, No. 3, 710‒805.

42 Tommaso M. Valletti and Hans Zenger, ‘Increasing Market Power and Merger Control’, Competition Law & Policy Debate, 2019, Vol. 5, No. 1, 26‒35.

43 Daniel Stedman Jones, Masters of the Universe, p. 32.

44 Daniel Stedman Jones, Masters of the Universe, p. 91.

45 Milton Friedman, ‘Policy Forum: “ Milton Friedman on business suicide ”’, Cato Policy Report, March/April 1999.

46 Norbert Wiener, The Human Use Of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society, Avon Books edition, 1973, pp. 250‒54.