Notes

Note on sources

The following abbreviations have been adopted in the notes:

B & L Archives: the former Archives of Business and Labour, now the Noel Butlin Archives Centre, ANU, Canberra

NAA: National Archives of Australia

NSW SL: State Library of NSW (Mitchell Library)

SLV: State Library of Victoria

Preface

1 For a view of a rank-and-file Movement member (and successful trade union operative), see interview with John Forrester, 1 December 1982, NSW SL MLOH 777.

2 Bruce Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy? Catholics and the anti-communist struggle in Australia, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2001; Gerard Henderson, Santamaria: a most unusual man, the Miegunyah Press, Carlton, 2015.

3 David Horner, The Spy Catchers: the official history of ASIO, volume I, 1949–1963, Allen & Unwin, 2014; John Blaxland, The Protest Years: the official history of ASIO, volume 2, 1963–1975, Allen & Unwin, 2015. John Blaxland and Rhys Crawley, The Secret Cold War: the official history of ASIO, volume 3, 1975–1989, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2016.

Chapter 1 / Modelled completely on the Communist Party

1 This is the most reliable version of the genesis of the organisation, given by Santamaria’s long-time colleague and first recruit to The Movement, Norm Lauritz, who was present at the inception. See Lauritz’s speech to NCC members, 17 February 1959, in Patrick Morgan (ed.), B.A. Santamaria: Running the Show, selected documents: 1939–1996, the Miegunyah Press, Melbourne, 2008, pp. 456–57.

2 In his autobiography, Santamaria wrote that he was accompanied to his initial discussion with Mannix by H.M. (Bert) Cremean. B.A. Santamaria, Against the Tide, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1981, p. 73.

3 Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, pp. 456–57, and memo of 6 July 1944, from Richards to Mosely, NAA A6122, item 129.

4 Paul Ormonde, The Movement, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne, 1972, p. 17.

5 Robert Murray, The Split, Cheshire, Melbourne, 1972, p. 129; and Arthur Calwell, Be Just and Fear Not, Rigby, Melbourne, 1978, p. 166.

6 ‘Movement members were … required to take a pledge never to disclose “the existence or the activities of this Movement”.’ Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, p. 103.

7 Murray, The Split, p. 129. Some details of Lalor are given in Ormonde, The Movement, pp. 17–19, 46, and I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the late John Cowburn in providing other biographical information. See NSW SL ML MSS 9329, Box 33, John Cowburn file.

8 Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, pp. 125–26.

9 Memo of 6 July 1944, from Richards to Mosely, NAA A6122, item 129.

10 Stuart Macintyre, The Reds: The Communist Party of Australia from origins to illegality, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1998, p. 398.

11 Memo from Deputy Director for W.A. to Director General, 6 July 1944, NAA A6122, item 129.

12 Memo from Richards to Deputy Director for W.A., 6 July 1944, NAA A6122, item 129.

13 Memo from Director General to Deputy Director for W.A., 18 July 1944, NAA A6122, item 129.

14 Memo from Mosely to Director General of Security, W.B. Simpson, 2 August 1944, NAA A6122, item 129.

15 Memos from Deputy Director for W.A. to Director General, 6 July 1944, and Mosely to Director General of Security, W.B. Simpson, 2 August 1944, and attached ‘Report on Anti-Communist Campaign’, NAA A6122, item 129. Richards had actually reported that he had been informed that it was ‘a special conference’. Memo from Deputy Director for W.A. to Director General, 6 July 1944, NAA A6122, item 129.

16 On 24 April 1944, the Australian bishops met in Sydney for their biennial conference. The official minutes of that meeting make no mention of the meeting of Victorian bishops in late 1943, nor was Santamaria’s report of early 1944 officially considered at this meeting, but there is no doubt that it was what Santamaria labelled as his ‘first annual report’ when he presented his second annual report to the bishops’ September 1945 extraordinary national conference. Indeed, there was no discussion at all of the formation of The Show at the 1944 bishops’ conference, as disclosed by the extract of its minutes supplied to me by Father Stephen Hackett, the general secretary of the Australian Catholic Bishops’ Conference via its archivist/librarian, Leonie Kennedy.

17 Lauritz speech to NCC members, 17 February 1959, in Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, p. 456.

18 Memo from Mosely to Director General of Security, W.B. Simpson 2 August 1944, and attached ‘Report on Anti-Communist Campaign’, NAA A6122, item 129.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid. It is of interest to note that at the end of this report Santamaria included a section headed ‘THE ASSISTANCE OF WHICH THE ORGANISATION STANDS IN NEED.’ The second point was an appeal to the bishops for the ‘Development of a Factory Y.C.W.’ to ensure that only trustworthy men were used in the fight and that opportunists would be excluded thereby. This referred to the Young Christian Workers’ Movement, a section of Catholic Action that over the following years was a major thorn in Santamaria’s side as he tried to utilise it for his own purposes. Its head, Father Frank Lombard, opposed both the authoritarian discipline and the increasing involvement of The Movement in ALP politics, advocating that individual Catholics should be free to pursue the anti-communist struggle as they saw fit, not be conscripted and directed by Santamaria. This dispute was raised repeatedly with the bishops by Santamaria, but the YCW never bent to his dictates. For a good account of this, see Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, pp. 71, 80–81, 100–101, 131–32, 155, 184, 198–200, 239.

21 Memo from Mosely to Director General of Security, W.B. Simpson, 2 August 1944, and attached ‘Report on Anti-Communist Campaign’, NAA A6122, item 129. The Movement’s National Conference held on 20 September 1945 in Sydney agreed ‘to the principle of a National Movement rather than a Federation of State Movements’. Minutes of 1945 National Conference, SLV MS 13492, series IX, box 1, folder 2.

22 Memo from Mosely to Director General of Security, W.B. Simpson, 2 August 1944, and attached ‘Report on Anti-Communist Campaign’, NAA A6122, item 129. I have used the Reserve Bank of Australia’s pre-decimal currency inflation calculator to estimate the value of pre-February 1966 Australian pounds in 2015 dollars. See the bank’s website at http://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualPreDecimal.html.

23 Santamaria’s alleged unease has been given credence by a document he presented to the January 1947 Movement National Conference headed ‘The Problem of Secrecy’. Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, pp. 160–64. This was never acted upon, and throughout his leadership (1942–98) secrecy was an essential characteristic of the organisation, even after it became widely known as a major force in politics in the mid-1950s.

24 Santamaria’s control of The Movement’s personnel was established from the very beginning. Prior to the bishops extending their formal imprimatur to the organisation in September 1945, Santamaria had already put key people on the payroll, including Norm Lauritz, William Crowe, and Frank McManus. At the first National Conference of the organisation in 1944, Lauritz was elected as national secretary, ‘unopposed’, and McManus’s status was reflected in the decision to distribute his speech made at the previous National Committee meeting; Lauritz was re-elected at the National Conference held in Sydney on 20 September 1945, the day after the bishops had endorsed The Movement; there is no mention of this historic event in the minutes of The Show’s National Conference. Minutes of 1944 and 1945 National Conferences, SLV MS 13492, series IX, box 1, folders 1 and 2.

Following the bishops’ decision to formally endorse The Show, Santamaria wrote to Bishop O’Collins of Ballarat (who was effectively the treasurer of the bishops’ committee supervising the organisation), requesting that these three be now formally appointed to ‘the National headquarters of the Movement’. O’Collins and the other bishops on the committee approved his recommendation, establishing a pattern that dominated for over five decades: Santamaria selected loyalists for all key executive and administrative positions, thereby ensuring that at all times he effectively had the ‘numbers’ on the key policy committees to squash any dissent and assert his own personal authority and control of The Movement. See letters from Santamaria to O’Collins of 8 December 1945, O’Collins and Sydney’s Archbishop Gilroy to Santamaria of 19 December 1945, and Santamaria’s to O’Collins and Gilroy of 24 December 1945. Copies in author’s possession.

25 Memo from Mosely to Director General of Security, W.B. Simpson, 2 August 1944, and attached ‘Report on Anti-Communist Campaign’, NAA 6122, item 129.

26 Ibid.

27 Catholic Action at Work, CPA publication, Sydney, December 1945, p. 3.

28 B.A. Santamaria, Against the Tide, p. 87. There is no mention in the minutes of the conference of the decision to provide this £10,000 to The Movement, but Santamaria’s account would be correct. There is no doubt that such a sum was agreed and that each diocese was given a quota to fulfil; John Grenville read correspondence in the Ballarat diocese archives between Bishop O’Collins (the treasurer of the bishops’ committee controlling and financing The Movement) and various bishops conveying to them their individual quotas and their responses in paying them. Bruce Duncan deals extensively with The Movement’s funding by the bishops, Crusade or Conspiracy?, pp. 82–3. One example he gives notes that in fifteen months in 1954–55 the bishops had provided £15,427, 8 shillings, and 2 pence [$516,146] for wages alone. Ibid., p. 438, endnote 46.

29 Memo from Mosely to Director General of Security, W.B. Simpson, 2 August 1944, and attached ‘Report on Anti-Communist Campaign’, NAA 6122, item 129.

30 Edmund Campion, The Santamaria Movement: a question of loyalties, Working Paper No: 83, Working Papers in Australian Studies, Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, 1992–93, pp. 4–5.

31 This bishop was James Carroll of Sydney; Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, p. 288.

32 Some of the original church documents are reproduced as Appendix C in Ormonde, The Movement, pp. 179–86.

33 In Crusade or Conspiracy?, Duncan deals forensically with Santamaria’s systematic dishonesty on this issue. See Parts III and IV.

Chapter 2 / Truth will out

1. News Weekly, special supplement, ‘National Civic Council Fortieth Anniversary Dinner Souvenir’, 13 January 1982, speech by NCC President B.A. Santamaria.

2 Official records of the CPA’s congress, in author’s possession.

3 Ibid.

4 Robin Gollan, Revolutionaries and Reformists: Communism and the Australian Labour Movement, 1920–1955, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1975, p. 130.

5 At the time the bishops’ meeting occurred, Santamaria was the assistant director of the Australian National Secretariat of Catholic Action, and a few months later he engineered himself into the director’s position. Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, pp. 90–92. Santamaria had drafted a resolution for the bishops’ consideration, proposing that The Movement should ‘be recognised as being in principle a Movement of [Catholic Action] entitled as such to the full and unwavering support of all Catholics and to the full co-operation of other recognised Movements of [Catholic Action].’ Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, p. 148.

His proposal was rejected by the bishops, however. The official minutes of the ‘Extraordinary Meeting of the Hierarchy held in St Mary’s Cathedral Presbytery, Sydney, 19 and 20 September 1945’, record at item 9, ‘Approval of the recently formed Industrial Movement’:

Before discussion on the motion for the formal approval of the Industrial Movement, as outlined in the General [Santamaria] Report sent to all the Bishops, Archbishop Simonds asked the meeting to decide whether or not this Movement should be given a Mandate within the scope of the approved movements of Specialised Catholic Action. He pointed out that its aim, scope and methods are not in harmony with the Popes’ teachings on Catholic Action. He moved a motion that the Movement be not given a Mandate by the Bishops as Catholic Action, and the motion was seconded by Bishop Roper. Bishop Gleeson spoke against the motion, but it was eventually carried by the meeting. Bishop H. Ryan then moved, and Bishop Henschke seconded that the Bishops give their approval and support to the General Principles of the Movement, as set out in the Memorandum, with such amendments as this Meeting may determine. The discussion on this motion had not concluded when the conference adjourned for tea. In the evening session, at 7:30 pm, Mr. B.A. Santamaria was invited to be present, in order to answer questions about the Movement proposed by various Bishops. On his departure, it was moved by the Bishop of Wagga Wagga and seconded by the Archbishop of Adelaide that the Movement be controlled, both in policy and finance, by a Special Committee of Bishops, consisting of the Archbishop of Melbourne (President), the Archbishop of Sydney (Secretary) and the Bishop of Ballarat (Treasurer). With this amendment to the Constitution, the motion to approve the Movement was carried. A further amendment to the draft Constitution was moved by Archbishop Beovich and seconded by Bishop O’Collins that a clause be inserted in the Memorandum empowering each Bishop to appoint a priest to assist groups in his diocese wherever it is deemed necessary. The motion was carried unanimously.

This extract of the minutes was supplied to me by Father Stephen Hackett, the general secretary of the Australian Catholic Bishops’ Conference via its archivist/librarian, Leonie Kennedy. The minutes provide the founding mandate of the organisation, clearly indicating that The Movement was an industrial, not a political, body, which Santamaria later came to contest when he explicitly used the bishops’ resolution as the rationale to take over the ALP.

6 This pamphlet appeared in its first edition in December 1945.

7 Santamaria, Against the Tide, p. 86.

8 Long-time Show member John Grenville heard the story directly from Santamaria in the late 1960s or early 1970s. Grenville always thought this account did not ring true, and when we jointly began the research for this book in 1991 he was adamant we should get to the bottom of Santamaria’s allegation. As a result, I unravelled the mystery by interviewing key CPA members involved in the story, as detailed in the following pages. Interview with Grenville, 20 March 2016.

9 Gerard Henderson, ‘The Catholic Church and the Labor Split’, in Jim Davidson (ed.), The Sydney–Melbourne Book, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1986, p. 222. Murray in The Split also gives a version of how the CPA came into possession of the Movement’s report to the 1945 bishops’ conference, which supports Henderson’s in some respects. Murray does not name Duhig as the culprit, and states that it was lost by a ‘Bishop returning by train from Sydney after the historic 1945 conference’. [Emphasis added.] This is in conflict with both Santamaria’s and Henderson’s version that Duhig left it on the train on his arrival in Sydney.

10 In this version, Henderson wrote: ‘when travelling overnight from Brisbane to Sydney, he placed the document under his pillow. It seemed like a good idea at the time. Except that when disembarking at Sydney’s Central Railway Station, the Archbishop of Brisbane forgot to check his bed. The top-secret document was discovered, presumably by a unionist with connections to the Communist Party, and handed over to the CPA.’ Gerard Henderson, Santamaria. Kindle file, Location 3638. On 24 May 2011, I — together with Bob Carr — addressed the Sydney Institute, of which Henderson is the executive director, on the topic ‘Communism and the Labour Movement during the Cold War’. In my formal address, the version which is contained in this book was outlined, and in the final, published version the following appears:

Communists had gained an invaluable insight into the forces that were marshalling against them in late 1945. In something of a cloak-and-dagger scene, a man quietly entered the Melbourne CPA office and leaked to them a printed copy of Bob Santamaria’s ultra-secret report to the September 1945 Bishops’ conference. There is still mystery surrounding this leak but according to the senior CPA official who received it, the original source was a dissident Catholic who was probably opposed to the Church’s direct involvement in politics. Santamaria’s explanation for the leak was that Brisbane’s Archbishop Duhig had left his copy of the report under his pillow after reading it on the overnight train to Sydney. According to this account, it was discovered by a CPA supporter in the Australian Railways Union who handed it over. None of the CPA officials involved in the affair believed this to be true, although the possibility exists that a printer sympathetic to the CPA was the source, as for some inexplicable reason the report had been professionally printed.

See the Sydney Institute’s Sydney Papers Online, Issue 12. During general discussion, Henderson rejected this version, repeating Santamaria’s version. I corrected this by reference to interviews conducted with the relevant CPA officials, as cited below.

11 Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, endnote 62, p. 419. Ross Fitzgerald also recounts a version of the Duhig story in The Pope’s Battalions: Santamaria, Catholicism and the Labor Split, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 2003, p. 73.

12 The first mention of this important revision of Santamaria’s defamation of Duhig came during an interview with John (Jack) Hughes on 4 April 1991 when he highlighted Blake’s role in obtaining the document. The exact words quoted in the text at this point are from a tape-recorded interview on 10 November 1991. Other interviews with Hughes were recorded on 13 August and 3 October 1991.

13 Macintyre, The Reds, p. 176.

14 Interview with Jack Blake, 3 May 1991.

15 Santamaria, Against the Tide, p. 86.

16 Interview with Jack Blake, 3 May 1991.

17 Ibid.

18 See, for example, Louis Nowra, ‘The Whirling Dervish’, The Monthly, February 2010.

19 Murray, The Split, p. 49.

20 Edmund Campion, in his paper The Santamaria Movement: a question of loyalties, p. 1, thanks Sister Margaret M. Press RSJ for providing his copy, which he generously allowed me to copy. Sister Margaret obtained her copy while working in Adelaide on the history of the South Australian church.

21 Catholic Action at Work, p. 18.

22 Ibid., pp. 1, 10–11.

23 The official minutes of the meeting record that Santamaria answered the bishops’ questions about The Movement during the evening session on 19 September. In a typical example of Santamaria’s false modesty, he described his presentation to the bishops as ‘abysmal’. Santamaria, Against the Tide, p. 87. Santamaria’s own papers, lodged in the State Library of Victoria, shed no light on this issue. The folder concerning The Movement’s National Conference held in Sydney the following day (20 September 1945) are strangely silent about this momentous event and Santamaria’s important role in making a presentation direct to the bishops. The minutes of this conference do not even mention the bishops’ meeting, nor Santamaria; there is nothing in this file indicating that Santamaria even reported the event to his colleagues, merely a mysterious reference to the fact that the Melbourne delegate ‘was requested to open the discussion.. The file contains a lengthy report on the work of The Movement’s Sydney region, but nothing at all on the activities of the Melbourne or wider Victorian organisations. It is as though someone has been through the file and extracted key elements to expunge Santamaria’s role from history. Minutes of 1945 National Conference, SLV MS 13492, series IX, box 1, folder 2.

Chapter 3 / An intelligence agency

1. See, for example, the article by former US labour attaché in Australia, Herbert E. Weiner, ‘The Reduction of Communist Power in the Australian Trade Unions’, Political Science Quarterly, volume LXIX, number 3, September 1954; Murray, The Split; Susanna Short, Laurie Short: a political life, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 1992; Robert Murray and Kate White, The Ironworkers: a history of The Federated Ironworkers’ Association of Australia, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1982; Paul Duffy, Demons and democrats: 1950s Labor at the crossroads, Freedom Publishing, North Melbourne, 2002; Bruce Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?; and Ross Fitzgerald, The Pope’s Battalions.

2 In his autobiography, Santamaria made it abundantly clear that The Movement was a guiding force in the ALP’s decision to establish the Industrial Groups: Santamaria, Against the Tide, pp. 97–102.

3 Henderson, Santamaria. Kindle file, Location 1094.

4 Op. cit., Location 1521.

5 During the war, Franco claimed that 20,000 priests had been killed by the Republican side; then, after the war, this was revised down to 7,937 religious. According to Antony Beevor, however, in The Battle for Spain: the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2006, pp. 82–3, that was still too high: Beevor wrote that thirteen bishops, 4,184 priests, 2,365 members of other orders, and 283 nuns were killed, most of them in the summer of 1936. He also wrote that there were many false claims of nuns being raped. As is well established, most of the atrocities happened in the period of the breakdown of law and order in the Republican-controlled areas during the early months of the war, and, as Beevor observed, mostly consisted of spontaneous revenge taken by ordinary Spaniards who saw the clergy as class enemies. This does not diminish the brutality used in the killings, but it was a brutal war on both sides.

6 Henderson, Santamaria. Kindle file, Location 1371.

7 For example, see Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, pp. 168, 213. For a somewhat peculiar account of Santamaria’s relationship with Evatt, see speech of Norm Lauritz to NCC members, 17 February 1959, in Morgan (ed.), B.A. Santamaria: Running The Show, pp. 480–83.

8 See Ormonde, The Movement, pp. 59–61 for an account of Evatt’s statement.

9 See, for example, Duncan Crusade or Conspiracy?, p. 267.

10 Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, p. 156.

11 Duncan Crusade or Conspiracy?, pp. 156, 176.

12 Reproduced in Patrick Morgan (ed.), B.A. Santamaria: Your Most Obedient Servant, selected letters: 1938–1996, the Miegunyah Press, Melbourne, 2007, pp. 73–74.

13 Op. cit., p. 74.

14 Op. cit., p. 75.

15 John Challis, ‘Recollections of a Perth Movement Chaplain, 1952–1958’, Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society, 35 (2014), p. 81.

16 Josephine Laffin, Matthew Beovich: a biography, Wakefield Press, Kent Town, 2008, p. 193.

17 Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, p. 194. Morgan has speculated that it was the treasurer of the bishops’ committee in charge of The Movement (James O’Collins of Ballarat) who was responsible for ‘informally approving each expansion of the Movement’s mandate as it happened, and that the other bishops may not have been aware of this.’ Op. cit., p. 144. O’Collins was extremely close to both Santamaria and Mannix, and it is more likely that this triumvirate coordinated this process, if Santamaria ever requested permission of anyone — other than himself. The text of the resolution carried at the bishops’ 1945 meeting is set out in full at endnote 5 of chapter two. In Against the Tide, p. 89, Santamaria wrote that he had first been informed of the details of the resolution a few months after the meeting, so he had been in possession of the facts since at least late 1945–early 1946.

18 Challis, ‘Recollections of a Perth Movement Chaplain, 1952–1958’, p. 80.

19 Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, pp. 146, 218.

20 Duncan cites many internal Movement documents demonstrating the intention to ‘control the ALP Executive and Conferences and eventually Caucuses by force of number of its own representatives and CONTROL of those representatives by their obedience to the authority of the organisation [The Movement], that is, ultimately by religious authority’. The Sydney bishops came to disagree strongly with this objective, especially as The Movement used the name of the hierarchy to promote it. Crusade or Conspiracy?, pp. 219, 314–15.

21 See David McKnight, Espionage and the Roots of the Cold War, pp. 153–171 for an account of this situation; and also Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, p. 29. The CPA’s organisation inside the NSW ALP was confirmed to me by its chief architect, John Hughes. Interview of 13 August 1991.

22 An account of Ryan’s life — and the debate with Ross — is given in James Franklin, Catholic Values and Australian Realities, Connor Court Publishing, Bacchus Marsh, 2006, chapter two.

23 Gerard Henderson, Mr Santamaria and the Bishops, Studies in the Christian Movement, Sydney, 1982, p. 103; Murray, The Split, pp. 128–29; Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, pp. 308, 316.

24 Gilroy’s abdication of his responsibility for the Sydney Movement began in late 1945, soon after it received the bishops’ official imprimatur. See letter from Gilroy to Santamaria of 19 December 1945 in which he conveys Ryan’s views on Santamaria’s proposals for The Show’s full-time national personnel as though they were his own. (‘I delayed answering your letter … to go thoroughly into the matter with Dr. Ryan … One feature that Dr. Ryan wishes to have stressed at the outset…’.) Copy in author’s possession. On Gilroy’s non-attendance at meetings of the Episcopal Committee on the Catholic Social Studies Movement, see Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, p. 83.

25 Henderson, Mr Santamaria and the Bishops, p. 26.

26 Ormonde, The Movement, pp. 34, 42–3; Murray, The Split, pp. 62, 129; and Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, pp. 181, 208–09.

27 See, for example, memo of 19 September 1952 to Acting Director NSW, NAA A6122, item 1198. There is a limited account of Ryan’s relationship with ASIO and its predecessors in Franklin, Catholic Values and Australian Realities, pp. 33–5. Franklin’s assertion that The Movement and such intelligence agencies did not share a close relationship is, however, not supported by the evidence.

28 ‘LIAISON WITH CATHOLIC ACTION’, memo of 27 October 1953, NAA A6122, item 1198.

29 Document J.25, NAA A6283, item 18.

30 Memos of 7, 9 and 30 November 1951 and 6 December 1951, and memo of 19 September 1952, NAA A6122, item 1198.

31 Memo of 15 October 1953 from Senior Section Officer to Director NSW, NAA A6122, item 1198.

32 Report of 19 September 1952 to Acting Director NSW, NAA A6122, item 1198. Santamaria described the functions of Movement ‘groups’ in very similar terms: ‘the accumulation of real up-to-date intelligence’. Santamaria’s opening address to the NCC National Conference, June 1966. Minutes of 1966 National Conference, SLV MS 13492, series IX, box 5, folder 2. The focus on intelligence-gathering is reinforced in another Movement document: ‘It is necessary firstly to train the individual as an intelligence agent’. Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, p. 145.

33 Report of 19 September 1952 to Acting Director NSW, NAA A6122, item 1198.

34 Ibid. The stenographer was June Mills, née Amelia Aarons, my great aunt.

35 Horner, The Spy Catchers, p. 197.

36 We spoke with one of the Movement liaison agents, who confirmed much of the information in the ASIO files, including that the £2 was deducted from his Movement salary; he insisted, however, that some of ASIO’s information was inaccurate. Interview of 13 September 1994.

37 All the above quotes come from report of 19 September 1952 to Acting Director NSW, NAA A6122, item 1198.

38 Memo of 23 October 1952, NAA A6122, item 1198.

39 Memo of 13 November 1952, NAA A6122, item 1198.

Chapter 4 / The Show and ASIO

1 Memo of 15 October 1953, NAA A6122, item 1198.

2 Ibid.

3 Memo of 11 December 1953, NAA A6122, item 1198.

4 Ibid.

5 Report of 14 December 1953, NAA A6122, item 1198.

6 Memo of 6 January 1954, NAA A6122, item 1198.

7 Memo of 8 January 1954, NAA A6122, item 1198.

8 Report of 10 February 1954, NAA A6122, item 1198.

9 Ibid.

10 Report of 10 March 1954, NAA A6122 item 1198.

11 Handwritten note on memo of 24 March 1954, NAA A6122, item 1198.

12 Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, p. 209.

13 Murray, The Split, p. 62.

14 Memo of 22 April 1954, NAA A6122, item 1198.

15 Memo of 27 April 1954, NAA A6122, item 1198.

16 Memo of 5 May 1954, NAA A6122, item 1198.

17 See ‘Note for File’ of 10 December 1956, undated memo (number 168) of circa 7 December 1956, ‘Note for File’ of 10 December 1956 and memo of 14 December 1956, NAA A6122, item 1198.

18 See David McKnight, Australia’s Spies and their Secrets, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1994, pp. 200–01 and 204–08 for an account. The Movement liaison agent who we spoke to stated that Jack Clowes was the ASIO officer most involved in this relationship, confirming McKnight’s research. He also told us that Clowes often proffered ASIO intelligence and was the only ASIO officer in his experience to engage in a genuine two-way traffic of information. Interview of 13 September 1994.

19 Memo of 25 November 1957, NAA A6122, item 1198.

20 Cassandra Pybus, The Devil and James McAuley, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 2001, p. 126 and endnote 20, p. 293.

21 Horner, The Spy Catchers, p. 198.

22 Blaxland, The Protest Years. Gerard Henderson took issue with Blaxland over his historical errors concerning The Movement/NCC in his ‘Media Watch Dog’, Issue number 301, 29 January 2016. See also Blaxland and Crawley, The Secret Cold War.

23 John Lyons, ‘Santamaria admits links to ASIO in 1960s’, Sydney Morning Herald, 17 March 1990. On this point, see also Blaxland and Crawley, The Secret Cold War, Kindle edition, locations 2593–2619.

24 John Lyons, ‘Santamaria admits links to ASIO in 1960s’, Sydney Morning Herald, 17 March 1990.

25 Ibid. and John Lyons, ‘Against the Tide’, Good Weekend, 17–18 March 1990.

26 On the RSL, see Blaxland and Crawley, The Secret Cold War, Kindle file, location 2593.

27 Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security Fourth Report [re Australian Security Intelligence Organization] Volume 1, NAA A8908, 4A, p. 101.

28 Op. cit., p. 262.

29 ASIO covering note to ‘Extract from Appendix W to part IV of the unpublished history of ASIO’, in my possession.

30 ‘Extract from Appendix W to part IV of the unpublished history of ASIO’, in my possession.

31 This will be discussed in chapter 9, but is an analysis of the splits in the CPA dated 9 November 1970, NAA A6122, item 1522.

32 Interview with a former Movement member who wishes to remain anonymous, 13 September 1994. On Clowes’s two-way exchange of intelligence with The Show and the ALP right, see also McKnight, Australia’s Spies and their Secrets, pp. 22–23, and on Clowes’s activities in the unions more generally, pp. 205–08.

Chapter 5 / The conspiratorial method

1 Memo of 11 September 1952 and copies of vertically cut letters, NAA A6122, item 1222.

2 B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197. According to Patrick Morgan, The Show ‘had suspicions of Communist supporters on the postmaster general’s department, who might intercept letters.’ Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, p. 145.

3 I am grateful to former Movement priest in Perth, John Challis, for this information.

4 Memo of 11 September 1952, NAA A6122, item 1222.

5 An excellent account of the development of the Movement’s Perth branch is contained in John Challis’s memoir of his time as a Movement parish chaplain, ‘Recollections of a Perth Movement Chaplain, 1952–1958’, pp. 73–84.

6 Interviews with John Grenville, circa August 1977, and John Forrester, circa July–August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

7 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777. A vast collection of the NCC’s Victorian membership index cards can be found in NSW SL, ML MSS 9329, Box 17, NCC membership lists and cards file.

8 Letter from Adelaide to Sydney, 17 October 1956, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

9 Ibid. The Adelaide delegate to The Movement’s 1944 National Conference reported that it was run by a five-member directorate, each having responsibility for one of the organisation’s sections, which were defined as industrial issues, propaganda, finance, the census and the ALP, which members were instructed to join. Minutes of 1944 National Conference, SLV MS 13492, series IX, box 1, folder 1.

10 Letter (in two parts, taped back together) from Sydney to Adelaide, 28 November 1956, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

11 Santamaria, Against the Tide, p. 76.

12 The collection of the South Australian Movement branch — known as the Farrell papers — is replete with examples of these codenames, as is a file of James Normington Rawling’s papers dealing with the Adelaide Movement. Farrell wrote to Boylan specifically giving his codenames: see letter from Adelaide to Sydney, 17 October 1956, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2. The Farrell papers are found in the B & L Archives under items Z197 and N119. These records are listed according to the title of the institution at the time John Grenville and I examined them in the early 1990s (the Archives of Business and Labour, or B &L Archives), not by the title it is now known as (the Noel Butlin Archives Centre). Farrell’s use of the name J. Edwards is also recorded in his letter to Lauritz of 10 July 1945, in the Rawling’s papers dealing with Adelaide, B & L Archives, N57/547. David Shinnick, a member of the Adelaide Movement from 1952, when shown correspondence addressed to L. Norman, immediately identified the recipient as Norm Lauritz. He also was surprised at Farrell’s lapse of security in addressing him as ‘Dear Norm’ in one letter. Interview with Shinnick, 3 December 1991.

13 See Mark Aarons, The Family File, Black Inc, Melbourne, 2010, p. 112.

14 Malcolm Saunders, ‘A Note on the Files of “The Movement” in South Australia’, Labour History (99), November 2010, pp. 181, 182 and endnote 17; and Laffin, Matthew Beovich, p. 172.

15 Interview with John Warhurst, circa June–July 1977, SL NSW MLOH 777.

16 I first studied these files after reading Professor Warhurst’s article ‘United States’ Government Assistance to the Catholic Social Studies Movement, 1953–54’, Labour History (30), May 1976, pp. 38–41, in mid-1977. The papers were then in Warhurst’s possession, and I visited him in Warrnambool, where he was teaching at that time, and he kindly provided access to them. The priest who obtained these files was John Hepworth, who received them from his colleagues around 1971–72 after Gleeson replaced Archbishop Matthew Beovich upon his retirement in May 1971. See Malcolm Saunders, ‘A Note on the Files of “The Movement” in South Australia’, p. 183.

17 Saunders, ‘A Note on the Files of “The Movement” in South Australia’, p. 184.

18 I am grateful to Bruce Duncan for drawing this aspect to my attention. He wrote extensively about the YCW’s disagreements with Santamaria in Crusade or Conspiracy?. See p. 269 for his account of Farrell’s role in convincing Archbishop Beovich to reject the formation of a breakaway party during the Labor Split.

19 Printed document, signed Ted, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, Box 2.

20 Ibid

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid.

23 Letter from Farrell to Lauritz, 11 April 1944, Rawling’s papers, B & L Archives, N57/547.

24 Letter from Farrell to Lauritz, 7 August 1944, and attachment, Rawling’s papers, B & L Archives, N57/547.

25 Letters from Farrell to Lauritz, 19 November 1944 and 3 December 1944, Rawling’s papers, B & L Archives, N57/547.

26 See handwritten copies of internal FIA correspondence of 26 May 1944 and 5 September 1944, and letter from Farrell to Lauritz, 14 January 1945, Rawling’s papers, B & L Archives, N57/547.

27 Letter from Sydney to Adelaide, signed F. Kayes, 3 July 1948, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2. ‘Ferguson’ was Jack Ferguson, later NSW deputy premier under Neville Wran and father of the Ferguson clan of trade union leaders and politicians, including Martin, Laurie, and Andrew.

28 Handwritten notes, undated, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

29 Note of 13 January 1953, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, N119/16 S, Concertina File, box 1.

30 Series of handwritten notes, first and third undated, second of 3 August 1955, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

31 Handwritten notes, 1954, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

32 Handwritten notes, August 1954, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 3.

33 Interview with Jim Moss, 2 December 1991.

34 Handwritten notes, 20 December 1954, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 3, and interview with Jim Moss, 2 December 1991.

35 Handwritten notes, undated, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 3.

36 Typed notes, 14 May 1955, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 3.

37 Handwritten notes, June 1955, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 3.

38 Handwritten and typed reports, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

39 Letter from Sydney to Adelaide, 18 December 1952, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2. ASIO did compile a hefty file on Bandler, recording that he had first come under ‘adverse notice’ in 1941 (two years after arriving in Australia), had been dismissed by the Tasmanian Hydro-Electric Commission in August 1951 for his communist activities, and had admitted his CPA membership but stated he had left the party in 1948. There is no mention of the Adelaide job in his publicly available ASIO file. See report of 27 September 1951 and Minute Paper of 4 August 1975, NAA A6119, items 1594 and 1595.

40 I discussed this with Hans Bandler soon after I had seen this document when I visited John Warhurst in Warrnambool to inspect the Farrell papers in 1977. Bandler confirmed his application for this position.

Chapter 6 / The jewel in Ted’s Crown

1 The first report on the incident was dispatched to ASIO headquarters on 15 September 1952, as mentioned in memos from Regional Director South Australia to Headquarters, 14 November 1952 and to Regional Director NSW, 29 September 1952, NAA A6119, item 764.

2 Memo from Regional Director South Australia to Regional Director NSW, copied to ASIO headquarters, 29 September 1952, NAA A6119, item 764.

3 Memo from Security Officer to Chief Security Officer (probably of the Department of Supply), 9 September 1952, NAA A6119, item 764.

4 This version was given by Maynes to John Grenville who, as federal secretary of the Federated Clerks’ Union in the 1970s, had asked Maynes (federal president of the union) how he had obtained proof that the South Australian union secretary Harry Krantz was a secret CPA member. Maynes replied that Krantz’s name appeared in many places in Moss’s papers. Interview with Grenville, 9 March 2016.

5 ASIO ‘pen-picture’, attached to Minute to Director B1 of 1 July 1954, NAA A6119, item 765.

6 Interview with Jim Moss, 2 December 1991.

7 Speech to Movement school by Ted Farrell, June 1947, Rawling’s papers, B & L Archives, N57/547.

8 Interview with David Shinnick, 3 December 1991.

9 Memo to ASIO Headquarters from Regional Director South Australia, 14 January 1953; memo to Regional Director South Australia from ASIO Director General, 19 January 1953; and memo to ASIO Headquarters from Acting Regional Director South Australia, 5 July 1954, NAA A6119, items 764 and 765.

10 Memo to Chief Security Officer, Department of Supply, from ASIO Director General, 10 December 1952, NAA A6119, item 764.

11 B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 3. When interviewed, Moss identified with precision 54 items of his papers. Interview with Jim Moss, 2 December 1991.

12 Interview with Jim Moss, 2 December 1991.

13 Memo to ASIO Headquarters from Regional Director South Australia, 14 January 1953, NAA A6119, item 764.

14 Interview with Jim Moss, 2 December 1991.

15 Memo to ASIO Headquarters from Regional Director South Australia, 24 November 1952, NAA A6119, item 764.

16 Memo to ASIO Headquarters from Regional Director South Australia, 14 January 1953, NAA A6119, item 764.

17 Memo to ASIO Headquarters from Regional Director South Australia, 14 October 1954, NAA A6119, item 765.

18 Report to ASIO Headquarters, 23 October 1952, NAA A6119, item 764.

19 B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 3 and interview with Jim Moss, 2 December 1991.

20 Krantz’s ASIO file is replete with evidence of his secret CPA membership and his denials of such membership. See, for example, memo from South Australian Regional Director to headquarters, 1 December 1955; report of the CPA’s 19th Annual South Australian State Conference, 20 October 1953, at which Krantz was a prominent participant; Commonwealth Investigation Service report, 6 June 1949, for an example of Krantz’s public denial of his CPA membership; and numerous Army reports and Krantz’s letters, subjected to wartime censorship, which demonstrate his membership began in the early 1940s. NAA A6119, item 203. Moss was not the only senior CPA leader to confirm his membership; others included my father, Laurie Aarons, who was an official of the South Australian CPA in the 1940s, and later CPA national secretary.

21 Handwritten notes, undated, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 3.

22 Handwritten lists, undated, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

23 Handwritten notes, undated, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

24 Memo to Chief Security Officer, Department of Supply, from ASIO Director General, 10 December 1952, NAA A6119, item 764.

25 Memo to ASIO Headquarters from Regional Director South Australia, 14 January 1953, NAA A6119, item 764.

26 Interview with Jim Moss, 2 December 1991.

27 Ibid.

28 Ibid.

29 Letter from Santamaria to O’Collins of 8 December 1945. Copy in my possession.

30 Interview with Jim Moss, 2 December 1991.

31 Speech to Movement school by Ted Farrell, June 1947, Rawling’s papers, B & L Archives, N57/547. Sydney had introduced the concept of a Gospel Discussion as a part of every Movement meeting in 1945. See report of the Sydney delegate to the National Conference of 20 September 1945, covering the period 31 March–20 September 1945. Minutes of 1945 National Conference, SLV MS 13492, series IX, box 1, folder 2.

32 Speech to Movement school by Ted Farrell, June 1947, Rawling’s papers, B & L Archives, N57/547.

33 Morgan (ed.), B.A. Santamaria: Running The Show, p. 140. The pledge evolved over time, a more modern version being: ‘As I have freely entered this Movement I acknowledge my duty to accept its policies and its discipline. I undertake to work for all its objectives and I promise to perform the tasks allotted to me under its authority, particularly those tasks given to me at this meeting. I undertake to respect at all times the trust reposed in me, even if I cease to be a member.’ See Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, 12 December 1982.

34 In the transcript of his speech, he is noted simply as ‘Father Kelly’, but David Shinnick identified him as Father Paddy Kelly. Interview with David Shinnick, 3 December 1991. Malcolm Saunders cites him as the editor of Southern Cross, ‘A Note on the Files of “The Movement” in South Australia’, p. 183.

35 Speech to Movement school by Father Paddy Kelly, June 1947, Rawling’s papers, B & L Archives, N57/547.

36 Ibid.

37 Speech to Movement school by Norm Lauritz, June 1947, Rawling’s papers, B & L Archives, N57/547.

38 Ibid.

39 Letter from Sydney to Adelaide, 26 March 1953, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

40 Letter from Sydney to Adelaide, 8 July 1953, and letter from Adelaide to Sydney, 22 July 1953, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

41 Letters from Adelaide to Sydney, 9 April 1954 and 10 June 1954, and letter from Sydney to Adelaide, 8 September 1954, B & L Archives, Farrell Collection, Z197, box 2.

42 Interview with John Warhurst, circa June–July 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777. Warhurst first wrote about this relationship in his article ‘United States’ Government Assistance to the Catholic Social Studies Movement, 1953–54’, pp. 38–41.

43 On aspects of the relationship between the AFL–CIO and US labour attachés, see Robert W. Cox (with Timothy J. Sinclair), Approaches to World Order, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996, note 32, p. 465. This relationship was first exposed by Senator J. William Fulbright in congressional hearings examining the American Institute of Free Labor Development in 1969.

44 Warhurst, ‘United States’ Government Assistance to the Catholic Social Studies Movement, 1953–54’, p. 38.

45 Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, p. 209.

46 For an account of the CPA’s dire financial situation, see Aarons, The Family File, chapter fifteen.

Chapter 7 / Spy versus Spy: parΔt one

1 ASIO report of 5 May 1958, NAA A6126, Item 625.

2 Ibid.

3 History of Vic Campbell (Victor GORE), circa 1950, and Second ‘[Hartley] Eighth Report’ of 13 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17, copies in author’s possession. These files were handed to me by former CPA union official and senior party functionary John Hughes in 1991. They were subsequently lodged in the Mitchell Library (State Library of NSW) by the SEARCH Foundation, but they remain inaccessible to researchers as of 2017. The documents from these files cited in this book were copied by me and are held in my possession.

4 History of Vic Campbell (Victor GORE), circa 1950, CPA CDC files, C17; undated circular to all branches from section executive, NAA A6122, item 596; and interview with CPA wharfie Ric Divers, 2 August 1994.

5 Interview with Eric Parker, 2 August 1994.

6 Ibid.

7 ASIO report of 19 October 1951, NAA A6119, item 304. When shown this document in 1994, McPhillips denied that this event had happened: ‘That’s wrong’, he stated, claiming he ‘wouldn’t have known him then, not until around 1954 … When I was an FIA official I was not particularly acquainted with Campbell … That statement about Campbell in 1951 is rubbish, it’s not true.’ Interview with Jack McPhillips, 21 September 1994. How ASIO’s agent attending the meeting could have inserted that into his report is mysterious, but then McPhillips and the truth on such matters were often strangers.

8 For an account of these events, see Short, Laurie Short, chapters ten and eleven.

9 ASIO reports of 4 April 1952, NAA A6122, item 335; and 16 April 1952, 19 May 1952, 13 June 1952, NAA A6119, item 1213; and 18 June 1953, NAA A6119, item 304.

10 ASIO index card of details from report Number 2746, 12 September 1952, NAA A6119, item 124; interview with CPA wharfie Ric Divers, 2 August 1994; and undated report on the CPA WWF National Fraction meeting of 22–23 November 1952, NAA A6119, item 1213.

11 ASIO index card of details from report Number 2746, 12 September 1952, NAA A6119, item 124; and undated report on the CPA WWF National Fraction meeting of 22–23 November 1952, NAA A6119, item 1213.

12 ASIO report of 25 August 1954, NAA A6119, item 213.

13 There are numerous such incidents dealt with in Campbell’s CDC file. See, for example, note of 18 September 1951 ‘Re V. K. Cambell [sic],’ from Queensland State Committee, and from E.B. (Ted Bacon) per JRH (Jack Hughes); Report of 7 January 1953, ‘Interview Vic Campbell, re assault charges,’ in front of HBC (Herbert Bovyll Chandler), JG (Jess Grant) and JAG (unknown); Report of 11 December 1957, ‘Re Vic Campbell, from Don Morcom’; Report of 3 December 1954, ‘From Tom Nelson, re Vic Campbell’; Report of 20 January 1955, ‘From Vic Campbell’; Note from Wally Stubbings sent through the Queensland State Executive, January 1955; Letters and notes of 8 February, 4, 5 April, 8, 9, 10 May 1956; note of 15 January 1957, ‘matter of Vic Campbell’, CPA CDC files, C17. For an example of Campbell’s clashes with Nelson see ASIO report of 27 September 1957, NAA A6119, item 1214.

14 Interview with Bill Brooks, 29 August 1994.

15 Report of 11 December 1957, ‘Re Vic Campbell, from Don Morcom,’ CPA CDC files, C17.

16 Notes of 17 April 1956, CPA CDC files, C17. Hughes scrawled some initial notes on the incident: ‘Bad — should be severely reprimanded and decision that he give up the drink — as offerred [sic] by him and to extent we discussed with him any further lapses will lead to much greater penalty. Before whole membership.’

17 Letter of 15 June 1956 from District Executive to City Section Committee, CPA CDC files, C17.

18 ASIO report of 24 July 1956, NAA A6119, Item 306.

19 Report of 11 December 1957, ‘Re Vic Campbell, from Don Morcom,’ CPA CDC files, C17.

Chapter 8 / Spy versus Spy: part two

1 Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, p. 129; interview with a former Movement member who wishes to remain anonymous, 13 September 1994.

2 Interview with a former Movement member who wishes to remain anonymous, 13 September 1994.

3 Interview with Bill Brooks, 29 August 1994.

4 Interview with Ron Maxwell, 5 August 1994.

5 Those present included Ted Ross, Glen Fingleton, Norm Woodley, and Sippy Davis, with Neville Isaksen sending an apology. Ross, Woodley, Davis, and Isaksen were ALP supporters who had previously stood on unity tickets with the CPA for the Sydney branch executive, while Fingleton was a leading Grouper and secretary of the Sydney WWF Mechanical Branch. Undated ‘[Hartley] Third Report,’ CPA CDC files, C17.

6 CPA CDC files, C17.

7 ‘Healy, Nelson and some of the other CPA functionaries would’ve been involved … probably Don Morcom … and they kept it pretty close to their chests until they were ready to blow it.’ Interview with former CPA WWF member, who wishes to remain anonymous, 4 August 1994.

8 Interview with former CPA WWF member, who wishes to remain anonymous, 4 August 1994.

9 It was a propitious moment for Hartley to challenge Campbell, because he had just attended a meeting of the Groupers’ Sydney inner sanctum — Brooks, Macken, and Fingleton — at a local waterfront watering hole, the Dumbarton Castle hotel. Apparently now desperate to demonstrate his preparedness to co-operate with his old comrades, Campbell produced a copy of the Groupers’ leaflet supporting John (Paddy) Kenneally for the position of returning officer in the union national election. Nine-page statutory declaration of Vic Campbell, 8 April 1958; and anonymous report of 20 February 1958 (written by Jack Hartley), CPA CDC files, C17. Bill Brooks confirmed the basic accuracy of most of Campbell’s statutory declarations, although he maintained that there were some exaggerations on some points. Interview with Bill Brooks, 29 August 1994.

10 ‘Last Sunday 16th February, I was in the Trade Union Club and got into a discussion with C[ampbell]’. After the confrontation, Campbell ‘took me to the phone and invited me to listen whilst he called Fingleton … I listened in on the phone. He spoke to Fingleton about a meeting that was to take place in Melbourne of opponents of the existing Federation officials.’ Hartley then listened in to Campbell and Macken’s phone conversation. ‘Mains (sic) was going through to Brisbane to try and convince the Assistant Secretary, Wilkinson to run against Roach. Bill Brooks, and G. Fingleton are in on this and are the leading lights in it in Sydney. The suggestion is that F. Ellis will oppose Nelson, but he will not get the support of the Groupers. The Groupers are trying to set C. in for the [Sydney] Secretaryship.’ Anonymous report of 20 February 1958, (written by Jack Hartley), CPA CDC files, C17.

11 Nine-page statutory declaration of Vic Campbell, 8 April 1958; anonymous report of 20 February 1958, (written by Jack Hartley); and undated ‘[Hartley] Report No. 2’, CPA CDC files, C17.

12 Anonymous report of 20 February 1958, (written by Jack Hartley); undated ‘[Hartley] Report No. 2’; and nine-page Statutory Declaration of Vic Campbell, 8 April 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

13 Op.Cit. Hartley’s life now became hectic. He met Campbell again on 23 February, obtaining ‘some notes from him which were handed over to the General Secretary.’ Undated ‘[Hartley] Third Report,’ CPA CDC files, C17.

14 ‘[Hartley] Seventh Report’ of 6 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

15 Interview with John Burraston, 18 August 1994.

16 Second ‘[Hartley] Eighth Report’ of 13 March 1958, and Statutory Declaration by Vic Campbell of 8 April 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

17 Second ‘[Hartley] Eighth Report’ of 13 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

18 Interview with John Burraston, 18 August 1994.

19 Second ‘[Hartley] Eighth Report’ of 13 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

20 ‘[Hartley] Seventh Report’ of 6 March 1958, and Second ‘[Hartley] Eighth Report’ of 13 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17. Hartley had reported that Shortell was to arrange for accommodation at the Quay for them so that they would have an office. Hartley had listened to Campbell’s phone call to Fingleton about Shortell getting them an office at the Quay. Fingleton told Campbell ‘they would have to see’ Macken about this. Undated ‘[Hartley] Fifth Report,’ CPA CDC files, C17. But when approached, Macken was adamant that Campbell ‘raise that in Melbourne with Maynes’, who later confirmed that it would be in Customs House. Anonymous report of 20 February 1958, (written by Jack Hartley), CPA CDC files, C17. On The Movement’s support for Shortell, see Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, p. 187.

21 Undated ‘[Hartley] Report No. 2.’, CPA CDC files, C17.

22 ‘[Hartley] Sixth Report’ of 4 March 1958, and ‘[Hartley] Seventh Report’ of 6 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

23 Leaflet of 13 March 1958 issued by Tom Nelson, Jim Young, and Sid Barrett, copy in my possession.

24 Wharfie, 13 March 1958, copy in my possession. The CPA press followed up with major front-page feature length articles on the affair. See, for example, The Guardian, 17 April 1958.

25 A few days later, Campbell informed his CPA handler, Jack Hartley, that Macken had told him that they intended to sue the union over the leaflet’s contents. Macken ‘had made arrangements for a person to be at the meeting to take shorthand notes’. This did not concern the CPA, which knew it had the goods on its enemy. ‘[Hartley] Ninth Report’ of 17 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

26 ‘[Hartley] Tenth Report’ of 18 March 1958 and ‘[Hartley] Report’ of 20 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

27 Hartley reported on 25 March that Campbell ‘says … it does not look like, we can continue, or go much further over this week.. O’Brien, Burraston, and Brooks were also present at the meeting with Alford and Macken. ‘[Hartley] Report’ of 25 March 1958 and ‘[Hartley] Report’ of 28 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

28 ‘[Hartley] Reports’ of 28 March and 1 April 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

29 ‘[Hartley] Report’ of 31 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

30 Campbell’s ‘wife answered each time and stated that C was not home’. ‘[Hartley] Report’ of 31 March 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

31 ‘[Hartley] Report’ of 1 April 1958, CPA CDC files, C17.

32 Interview with a former Movement member who wishes to remain anonymous, 13 September 1994.

33 Interview with Bill Brooks, 29 August 1994.

34 For examples of this propaganda, see All Branches and Federal Councillors national office circular, 17 April 1958, and Rank and File Committee leaflet, late June 1958, B & L Archives, Z248, box 63 and box 68A, WWF records.

35 General Secretary’s Report, Seventh All Ports Biennial Conference, 22 September 1958, B & L Archives, Z248, box 56, WWF records.

36 Conversations between the author and Norm Docker, late 1970s and early 1980s.

37 See ASIO Index Card summarising agent’s report of 5 June 1959, report from ASIO WA Regional Director to NSW Regional Director, 8 June 1960, and ASIO index cards summarising reports of 7 December 1961, 5 and 15 November 1962, 1 February 1963, 26 November 1963, 4 and 6 December 1963, 25 July 1964, NAA A6126, Item 625.

38 Interview with Sydney wharfie Paddy Kenneally, 19 September 1994.

Chapter 9 / The ghost of Stalinism

1 Memo to ASIO headquarters from Regional Director NSW, 8 December 1970, NAA A6122, item 1522.

2 Report of 9 November 1970, NAA A6122, item 1522.

3 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777. Maynes also received an honorarium as Victorian president.

4 Interview with John Grenville, 15 November 2014.

5 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

6 Interview with John Grenville, 15 November 2014. Maynes was supremely confident that Jordan would deliver on this undertaking, as he reported to the June 1966 NCC National Conference on the situation at the Trades Hall: ‘Position gradually improving. (Expect appointment of favourable Research Officer.)’ Industrial notes presented to 1966 National Conference, SLV MS 13492, series IX, box 5, folder 2.

7 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

8 Ibid.

9 Interview with John Grenville, 15 November 2014.

10 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

11 Interview with John Grenville, 15 November 2014.

12 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

13 David McKnight, Age, 20 February 2003. On Lindahl, see Richard C. S. Trahair and Robert Lawrence Miller, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations, Enigma Books, New York, 2012, p. 211.

14 Letter of 13 September 1971 to Duncan Cameron, Victorian Secretary clerks’ union, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 26, Allegations about Grenville’s membership of the Federated Clerks’ Union file.

15 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

16 Ibid.

17 NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 26, Allegations about Grenville’s membership of the Federated Clerks’ Union file.

18 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid.

23 Ibid.

24 See ‘Union head from the other side’, Business Age, 18 September 1975 for an account of Egan’s union career. For his own account, see Barry Egan interview transcript, 25 January 1980, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 30, Barry Egan Interview file.

25 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

26 Interview with Barry Egan, 25 January 1980, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 30, Barry Egan Interview file.

27 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

Chapter 10 / The Show, the CIA, and international unionism

1 There is a rich amount of source material dealing with this issue. See, for example, Fred Hirsch and Richard Fletcher, CIA and the Labour Movement, Spokeman Books, London, 1977; Lenny Siegel, ‘AFL–CIA’ in Pacific Research & World Empire Telegram, volume VI, number 1, November–December, East Palo Alto, 1974; Lenny Siegel, ‘Asian Labor: The American Connection’, in Pacific Research & World Empire Telegram, volume VI, number 5, July–August, East Palo Alto, 1975. On US congressional inquiries, the report of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence conducted in 1975–76 and chaired by Otis Pike was never officially released; however, the final draft report was leaked to the media and published in Britain as CIA: the Pike Report, Spokesman Books, London, 1977. The United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, chaired by Senator Frank Church, published fourteen damning reports on a number of US intelligence agencies, particularly the CIA.

2 For example, Ronald Radosh published an influential book in 1969 exposing many aspects of US-directed operations in the international trade union movement, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, Random House, New York, 1969.

3 On the origins of IFPCW, see Steve Lucas, Freedom’s War: the US Crusade Against the Soviet Union, 1945–56, New York University Press, New York, 1999, p. 113. On Haskins, see Les Leopold, The Man Who Hated Work and Loved Labor: the life and times of Tony Mazzocchi, Chelsea Green, White River Junction, 2007.

4 On the British Guyana operation, see Stephen G. Rabe, U.S. Intervention in British Guyana: a Cold War Story, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2005.

5 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

6 Letter of 19 September 1973 from Maynes to O’Keefe, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 26, International file. O’Keefe’s role on behalf of the CIA was the subject of hearings before the Church Committee (the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities), chaired by Frank Church. O’Keefe was also one of the CIA–Labor operatives involved in the British Guyana covert operation to destabilise the Cheddi Jagan government, see Richard J. Barnet, Intervention and Revolution: the United States in the Third World, World Publishing, 1968 and Rabe, U.S. Intervention in British Guyana. Grenville stated that at the February 1973 meeting of the clerks’ union’s federal executive committee, Maynes arranged that he would have sole preserve in the international arena. Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

7 Interview with Barry Egan, 23 July 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

8 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

9 Interview with Barry Egan, 23 July 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

10 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid. Santamaria had been building a base in Asia for the previous twenty years. See Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, p. 275.

14 Interview with John Forrester, 1 December 1982, NSW SL MLOH 777; and Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, 12 December 1982.

15 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

16 Op. cit.

17 Op. cit.

18 Report by J. P. Maynes, clerks’ union federal president, ‘Where I Went and Why’, 14 May 1974, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 26, International file.

19 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

20 See series of four articles by Goldberg in the AFL’s Free Trade Union News, 1952.

21 Report by J. P. Maynes, clerks’ union federal president, ‘Where I Went and Why’, 14 May 1974, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 26, International file. On Lee’s role in the British Guyana operation see Rabe, U.S. Intervention in British Guyana.

22 Goldberg’s reports were supplied to me by David Ransom, commencing with two reports from the beginning of February 1966, then 21 February, 1 May, 18 July, 23, 28, and 29 November 1966.

23 Sydney Morning Herald, 28 March 1960.

24 As described to me by my father, Laurie Aarons.

25 Harry Goldberg, report on his Australian visit, Honolulu, 9 April 1960, published in Underground Tribune, 1961; republished Tribune, 11 May 1977.

26 Ibid.

27 Ibid.

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid.

Chapter 11 / The NCC schism

1 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

2 Interviews with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777 and 24 April 2016.

3 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777. John Forrester was also adamant that Maynes and Harry Hurrell (of the ironworkers’ union) were the two principal ‘bagmen’ for the NCC in collecting funds from large employers, especially from the aluminium, oil, and chemical industries. Interview, circa July–August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777. Greg Sheridan gives an insider’s account of the NCC’s fundraising among big business in When We Were Young & Foolish: a memoir of my misguided youth with Tony Abbott, Bob Carr, Malcolm Turnbull, Kevin Rudd & other reprobates …, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, 2015. He especially credits NSW DLP Senator Jack Kane with being the source of much of this finance, a great deal coming from the Packer family, Frank and Kerry, but also from a wide range of business contacts. See, for example, Kindle edition, Locations 2951, 2969, 2970, and 2980. Sheridan also gives a lively account of the NSW ALP right wing’s fundraising with big business, especially by union and party powerbroker John Ducker.

4 Interview with John Grenville, 24 April 2016.

5 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777. The letter Grenville quoted is dated 9 April 1975. See NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Health Funds Exposure file.

6 Interview with John Grenville, 24 April 2016.

7 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

8 Ibid.; letter from John Forrester to Bob Santamaria, 21 May 1975; letter from John Grenville to Bob Santamaria, 15 May 1975, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Appeals of Grenville and Forrester to B.A. Santamaria and related papers file.

9 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

10 Letter from John Forrester to Bob Santamaria, 21 May 1975; letter from John Grenville to Bob Santamaria, 15 May 1975, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Appeals of Grenville and Forrester to B.A. Santamaria and related papers file.

11 Letter from John Grenville to Bob Santamaria, 15 May 1975, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Appeals of Grenville and Forrester to B.A. Santamaria and related papers file.

12 Letter from John Forrester to Bob Santamaria, 21 May 1975, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Appeals of Grenville and Forrester to B.A. Santamaria and related papers file.

13 Interview with John Grenville, 24 April 2016.

14 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

15 Ibid.

16 Two letters from John Forrester to Bob Santamaria, 21 May 1975; letter from John Grenville to Bob Santamaria, 15 May 1975, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Appeals of Grenville and Forrester to B.A. Santamaria and related papers file.

17 Letter from John Grenville to Bob Santamaria, 15 May 1975, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Appeals of Grenville and Forrester to B.A. Santamaria and related papers file.

18 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

19 Interview with John Grenville, 24 April 2016.

20 Interviews with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777 and 24 April 2016.

21 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

22 Ibid.

23 Forrester letter to Santamaria, 12 August 1975, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Appeals of Grenville and Forrester to B.A. Santamaria and related papers file.

24 Interview with John Grenville, 24 April 2016.

25 Ibid.

26 Interview with John Grenville, 3 December 1982, NSW SL MLOH 777.

27 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

28 Ibid.; letter by Brian Mullins to ‘Dear Pat’, NSW SL ML MSS 9329.

29 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777; letter by Brian Mullins, NSW SL ML MSS 9329.

30 Letter of 18 August 1976 to T W Sullivan, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 33, NCC and FCU file. Forrester also discussed this conversation with Santamaria in a recorded interview conducted circa July–August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777. John Grenville corroborated Forrester’s account, reporting he had a similar conversation with Santamaria in May 1975, in which he was informed that Santamaria had had to cancel a planned trip to visit Lausanne, Switzerland, because of embarrassment caused by Maynes’s globe-trotting. Interview, 30 June 2016.

31 Interview with John Grenville, circa August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777.

32 Ibid.

33 For an excellent account of these events see Duncan, Crusade or Conspiracy?, especially chapters 16 to 22.

34 Lindsay Tanner, The Last Battle, p. 41.

35 Op. cit., p. 67.

36 Op. cit., p. 82.

37 Op. cit., p. 94.

38 Op. cit., pp. 145–46.

39 News Weekly, 17 August 1991.

Chapter 12 – The cult of persoΔnality

1 Gerard Henderson, ‘B.A. Santamaria, Santamariaism and the cult of personality’, in 50 Years of the Santamaria Movement, Eureka Street Papers Number 1, Melbourne, N.D., pp. 43–44.

2 In his 2015 biography, Santamaria: a most unusual man, Henderson altered this — without explanation — to: ‘The original agenda, as circulated, lists a total of eight papers to be delivered over two days — all but two are to be by Santamaria.’ Kindle file, Location 6954.

3 Henderson, ‘B.A. Santamaria, Santamariaism and the cult of personality’, p. 44.

4 Op. cit., pp. 44–45.

5 Louis Nowra, “The Whirling Dervish”, The Monthly, February 2010.

6 National Civic Council: Fortieth Anniversary Dinner Souvenir, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Fortieth Anniversary Dinner file.

7 Letter written by John Cotter, 3 August 1981, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Fortieth Anniversary Dinner file.

8 Ibid.

9 B.A. Santamaria, The Price of Freedom, The Campion Press, Melbourne, 1964, p. 28.

10 B.A. Santamaria, Against the Tide, p. 76.

11 Mosely to Director General of Security, W.B. Simpson, 2 August 1944, and attached ‘Report on Anti-Communist Campaign’, NAA A6122, item 129.

12 Santamaria, Against the Tide, p. 76, and minutes of The Show’s 1944 National Conference, SLV MS 13492, series IX, box 1, folder 1.

13 Morgan (ed.), B.A. Santamaria: Running The Show, pp. 456–57. Santamaria’s account of these events makes no mention of Lauritz’s involvement, instead giving prominence to H.M. (Bert) Cremean’s role. Against the Tide, p. 73.

14 Morgan (ed.), B.A. Santamaria: Running The Show, p. 458.

15 Laffin, Matthew Beovich, p. 170.

16 Memo from Mosely to Director General of Security, W.B. Simpson, 2 August 1944, and attached ‘Report on Anti-Communist Campaign’, NAA A6122, item 129.

17 Annual Report presented by Santamaria to the bishops’ conference, 19 September 1945. My copy was obtained from Ed Campion.

18 Memos from Richards to Deputy Director for W.A., 6 July 1944, Deputy Director for W.A. to Director General, 6 July 1944, and Mosely to Director General of Security, W.B. Simpson, 2 August 1944, and attached ‘Report on Anti-Communist Campaign’, NAA A6122, item 129.

19 The official minutes of the meeting record the following: ‘In the evening session, at 7:30 pm, Mr. B.A. Santamaria was invited to be present, in order to answer questions about the Movement proposed by various Bishops.’ This information was provided by Father Stephen Hackett, the general secretary of the Australian Catholic Bishops’ Conference via its archivist/librarian, Leonie Kennedy.

20 Henderson, ‘B.A. Santamaria, Santamariaism and the cult of personality’, p. 46.

21 Writ issued on the 8th day of October 1982, In the Supreme Court of Victoria, No. 8038 of 1982, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Supreme Court file.

22 Affidavit of Gerald Mercer, In the Supreme Court of Victoria, No. 8038 of 1982, 14 October 1982, p. 7, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Supreme Court file. John Forrester traced the divisions between Santamaria and Maynes back to at least the early 1970s. One issue he highlighted was Maynes’s failure to visit South Vietnam regularly in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which Santamaria was critical of, especially as he visited the country regularly himself and travelled widely throughout the countryside. Forrester interview, circa July–August 1977, NSW SL MLOH 777. For another account of the divisions and ultimate split in the NCC, see Henderson, Santamaria, chapter seventeen. See also Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, chapter twelve, which confirms the Maynes group’s account of the immediate causes of the split.

23 Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, p. 386.

24 Statement by the NCC national executive, Newsweekly, 27 October 1982.

25 Industrial Action Fund brochure, ‘Keep the fight going’, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF file.

26 Bob Carr, ‘Split reported in the NCC’, The Bulletin, 15 July 1980.

27 Affidavit of Gerald Mercer, In the Supreme Court of Victoria, No. 8038 of 1982, 14 October 1982, p. 7, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Supreme Court file.

28 Writ issued on the 8th day of October 1982 (Statement of Claim), In the Supreme Court of Victoria, No. 8038 of 1982, p. 6, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Supreme Court file.

29 Carr, ‘Split reported in the NCC’, The Bulletin, 15 July 1980.

30 Writ issued on the 8th day of October 1982 (Statement of Claim), In the Supreme Court of Victoria, No. 8038 of 1982, p. 6; Industrial Action Fund brochure, ‘Keep the fight going’, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Supreme Court and IAF files; Henderson, Santamaria, Kindle file, Location 7721; and Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, p. 379.

31 Industrial Action Fund brochure, ‘Keep the fight going’, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF file.

32 Santamaria letter of 20 May 1983, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF file.

33 Affidavit of Gerald Mercer, In the Supreme Court of Victoria, No. 8038 of 1982, 14 October 1982, p. 9, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Supreme Court file.

34 Affidavit of Peter Westmore, In the Supreme Court of Victoria, No. 8038 of 1982, 19 October 1982, p. 3, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Supreme Court file.

35 Affidavit of Gerald Mercer, In the Supreme Court of Victoria, No. 8038 of 1982, 14 October 1982, p. 13, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Supreme Court file.

36 Op. cit., p. 14.

37 Santamaria letter of 20 May 1983, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF file.

38 Quoted in Henderson, Santamaria, Kindle file, Location 7819. In fact, Santamaria had first issued this edict many weeks earlier, in July 1982; in replying to Maynes’s proposal for a phased reunification of the organisation, Santamaria had written that then current full-time officers ‘would be offered re-employment on the basis’ that they ‘accept direct responsibility to the N.P. [National President — that is, Santamaria] as chief executive officer (according to the 1966 Resolution) and to no other person’. He also made it clear in his reply to Mercer (although in a somewhat more muted form), writing that he and the other dissidents must be ‘subject to accountability to whoever may be the superior officer’. Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, pp. 388–89.

39 Santamaria letter of 20 May 1983, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF file.

40 Judgement of Justice Beach, In the Supreme Court of Victoria, No. 8038 of 1982, 14 October 1982, pp. 6–7, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Supreme Court file.

41 Op. cit., p. 8.

42 Letter from Rennick & Gaynor (Santamaria’s solicitors) acting on behalf of both parties, 9 May 1983, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Supreme Court file.

43 Henderson, Santamaria, Kindle file, Location 7763.

44 IAF letter by Appeal Chairman John Fox, 13 May 1983, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF file.

45 See Industrial Action Fund brochure, ‘Keep the fight going’ and Santamaria’s Statement of Claim, In the Supreme Court of Victoria, ND, pp. 2–3, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF and Supreme Court files; Henderson, Santamaria, Kindle file, Location 7771.

46 Santamaria statement, 24 June 1980, quoted in Industrial Action Fund brochure, ‘Keep the fight going’, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF file.

47 Santamaria statement, 25 June 1980, quoted in Industrial Action Fund brochure, ‘Keep the fight going’, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF file.

48 Santamaria letter of 20 May 1983, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF file.

49 Ibid. In a somewhat caustic phrase, after the split was finalised Santamaria ironically referred to the ‘purged group … as “our separated brethren”.’ Morgan (ed.), Running the Show, p. 380.

Postscript

1 Interview with Frank Knopfelmacher, 6 December 1982, NSW SL MLOH 777. His reference to Hans Kuhn was in error. The book he mentions was The Politics of Cultural Despair: a study in the rise of the Germanic ideology by Fritz Stern.

2 Morgan (ed.), B.A. Santamaria: Your most obedient servant, pp. 73–74.

3 Industrial Action Fund brochure, ‘Keep the fight going’, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, IAF file.

4 For an account of such matters, see Ben Schneiders and Royce Millar, ‘Shopped Out’, in the Fairfax magazine The Good Weekend, 3–4 September 2016.

5 Sydney Morning Herald, 28 May 1983.

6 See David Hirst’s article, ‘Santamaria and the deeply divided NCC’, The Australian, 27 May 1983, and Santamaria’s letter published in The Australian Financial Review, October 1982.

7 B.A. Santamaria, ‘The Movement into the Eighties: A Study Paper’, National Civic Council Extension Committee, ND, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Fortieth Anniversary Dinner file.

8 Interview with John Grenville, 3 December 1982, NSW SL MLOH 777.

9 B.A. Santamaria, ‘The Movement into the Eighties: A Study Paper’, National Civic Council Extension Committee, ND, NSW SL ML MSS 9329, box 27, Fortieth Anniversary Dinner file.

10 Ibid.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

14 Ibid.

15 Geoffrey Barker, ‘Cold Warriors’, The Australian Financial Review Magazine, 29 November 1996.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.

18 Interview with John Forrester, 1 December 1982, NSW SL MLOH 777.

19 Ibid.