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abolitionism. See antislavery resistance
actus reus, 177
Adams, John, 29, 30, 41, 42
“adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort,” 165–73. See also enemies of the United States
allegiance and, 134–35
ambiguous cases, 173
American court cases and, 166
Cramer v. United States, 159, 167–70
donation of services, 187
failed attempts, 170–72, 265n23
First Amendment and, 165–66
Fourteenth Amendment and, 127
Gadahn and, 142, 196–97
Philippine treason statute and, 89–90
prisoner of war abuse and, 166–67, 170
radio broadcasting and, 154–157, 162, 163, 166, 187, 267n26
traitorous intent and, 179–83, 266nn9–11
in Treason Clause, 3, 6, 134–37, 165
wars declared by Congress and, 136
words used for, 162–63, 262n46, 262n48
Afghanistan, 137
African-Americans
charged with treason, 68, 74, 93–94
Dred Scott case and, 75, 94
first to serve on federal grand jury, 126–27
Fugitive Slave Act and, 68–70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77–79, 80
African-American self-protection society, 71–73
Afroyim v. Rusk, 97, 99
allegiance, 83–99
ambassadors and, 86
citizenship and, 83–84, 87–88, 90, 93, 94, 97–99, 105
corporations and, 94–97
of Davis to United States, 123–24
enemies and, 134–35
enemy soldiers and, 86, 92, 98
New Mexico inhabitants and, 103, 105–6, 107–9, 110, 112, 250–51n30
permanent, 84, 90, 91, 112
Salazar and, 103
state treason laws and, 92–94
temporary, by noncitizens, 84–86, 93, 97, 98, 112
temporary, to other countries by U.S. citizens, 90–92, 99, 244nn22–23
termination of, 97–99
U.S. nationals and, 88–90
Allen, Walter, 52, 62, 238n27, 238n29
Al-Qaeda, 142–43, 176, 183, 194, 195–98, 200
ambassadors, 86
American Indians, 86–87
American Law Institute, 178
The American Law of Treason (Chapin), 32
American overseas territories, 90
American Revolution, 21–22, 51–52, 67, 119, 171–72, 205. See also under Arnold, Benedict
American Samoa, 90, 243n16
American treason law
“adhering to the enemy, giving it aid and comfort,” 165–73
allegiance and, 83–99
Arnold, Benedict, as founding traitor, 13–24
Burr, Aaron, case of, 39–50
Davis case and the Confederacy, 117–31
enemies of the United States and, 133–47
Gadahn, Adam, and terrorism, 193–203
Hanway case and the Fugitive Slave Act, 67–81
“levying war against the United States,” 25–38
Salazar case and New Mexico inhabitants tried for treason, 101–15
Tokyo Rose and radio propaganda, 149–63
traitorous intent requirement, 175–91
treason against a state, 51–66
Treason Clause of the Constitution, 1–11
Amery, John, 205
Ames, Aldrich, 139–40
André, John, 18
Angney, William Z., 108
anti-Semitism, 155–57
antislavery resistance, 52, 57–60, 71–79, 124–25, 126
Appalachian Mountains, 43
Appomattox, 119–20, 124
Arizona, 111
Arnold, Benedict, xvi, 13–24, 104
American monuments to, 23
attainted as traitor in Pennsylvania, 19
burned in effigy, 24
Burr’s service under, 41
Davis compared to, 130–31
escape to British, 18, 19, 21–22
fighting against British, 15–16, 22, 23
fighting for British, 20, 23
name synonymous with treason, 14–15
as traitor against United States, 52
West Point betrayed by, 13–14, 17–19, 20
wife Peggy, 13–14, 16–17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 228n2
Article II of the Constitution, 271n8
Article III, Section 3 of the Constitution. See Treason Clause of the Constitution
Article IV of the Constitution, 64, 69, 93, 94
Article V of the Constitution, 206
Articles of Confederation, 51–52, 63
Ashcroft, John, 196
Ashmead, John W., 74, 77–78
attainders of treason, 9, 10
attempted treason, 170–72, 265n23
Axis Sally, 150, 156, 198
Bacon’s Rebellion, 63
Baltimore, Maryland, 47, 73, 77, 80, 196
Barbary States, 137
Bas v. Tingy, 254n4
“Battle Cry of Freedom” (song), 118–19, 131
Beauvoir, 129–30
Bellamy, J. G., 4
Benjamin, Judah, 121
Bent, Charles, 105
Benton, Thomas Hart, 249n19
Berlin, Germany, 155
Best, Robert H., 150, 155–56, 158, 260n21
betrayal of the United States. See disloyalty or betrayal
Biddle, Francis, 161
Biloxi, Mississippi, 129
Blackstone, William, 95, 141–42
Blair, Francis “Frank,” 106, 107–8, 109, 110, 113–14, 248n14
Blair, William A., 102, 252n3
Blair Mountain, Battle of, 61
Blennerhassett Island, 39–40, 43–44, 45, 46–47, 49
Blizzard, William, 62
Boehner, John, 175
Bollman, Erick, 44
Bolt, Robert, 208–9
Boone County, West Virginia, 60, 61
Booth, John Wilkes, 59, 70
Bowdoin College, 121
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 262n48
Brown, John, 52, 57–60, 65, 92–94, 102, 238n29
Brumwell, Stephen, 17
Buchanan, James, 58
Buena Vista, Battle of, 120
Buley, Noah, 70–71
Burgman, Herbert John, 260n24
Burning of Benedict Arnold Festival, 24
Burr, Aaron, xvi, 39–50. See also Ex Parte Bollman
Blennerhassett Island and, 39–40, 45
Bollman decision and prosecution of, 44–45
Hamilton killed by, in duel, 40–41, 42–43, 43n
indictment of, 43–44
as Jefferson’s running mate, 41, 42
other charges against, following treason trial, 234n16
treason trial of, 27–28, 30, 34, 40–41, 45–49, 231n3, 258n27
western travels and activities of, 43, 48–49
Bush, George W., 194
California, 69, 111, 193–95
Canada
American citizens tried/executed for treason in, 90, 244n23
Arnold in, 22–23
escape of enslaved persons to, 69, 73
in failed treason attempt example, 172
invasion of, 256n15, 257n26
siege of Quebec, 15
Carlisle v. United States, 84–85
Carmichael, Stokely, 189
Chandler, Douglas, 150, 154–55, 158, 161–62, 260n20
Change.org, xiii
Chapin, Bradley, 32
Charlestown, Virginia, 58
Charlestown, West Virginia, 60, 61–62
Chase, Salmon P., 126–29
Chase, Samuel, 29–30
Chaves, Manuel, 108
Cheetham, Francis T., 249n20
Chicago, Illinois, 180, 181
China, 94–95, 133, 137, 206
Chomsky, Noam, 189
Christiana, Pennsylvania, 71–73, 74, 75, 76
Christiana Riot, 71–79, 94
CIA, 139, 194
Cincinnati, Ohio, 118
citizenship
allegiance and, 83–84, 87–88, 90, 93, 94, 97–99
American overseas territories and, 90
New Mexico captured by U.S. and, 105–6, 107–8, 109, 110–12
racism and, 75, 88, 89, 94
renouncing, 97–99
Citizens United v. FEC, 245n33
Civil War, xvi, 24, 26, 113–14, 117–24, 126–27, 130–31, 135, 202, 205
Clark, Ramsey, 189
Clark, Tom, 158, 189
Cleaver, Eldridge, 189
Clinton, Henry, 20
Clinton, Hillary, xii, 144
Close, Frederick P., 153, 160
Coke, Edward, 5, 84
Cold War, 138–39, 163
Colfax, Schuyler, 114
Collins, Wayne, 159–60
Colorado, 111, 180
Comey, James, xii
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 95
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, 90
Compromise of 1850, 69
Confederate Army, 118, 119–20, 202
Confederate Constitution, 121
Confederate States of America. See also Davis, Jefferson
Davis as citizen of, 123–24
Davis elected president of, 121
legacy of, 131
secession from the Union, 121, 124–25, 129
sympathizers after the war, 123
as traitors, 117–118, 252n3
treason by, question of prosecutions for, 122–129
confessions, 7–8, 37, 227n10
Congress, U. S.
American military activities in New Mexico and, 109, 113
counterfeiting and, 3
declaration of war by, 136, 142
impeachment and, 271n8
punishment for disloyalty and, 10–11
punishment for treason and, 8
Connecticut, 15–16, 19–20, 24, 53
Constitutional Convention (1787)
Statute of Treasons and, 2, 3, 5
treason against states and, 63, 64
Treason Clause drafted by, xvii, 1–3, 7–10, 67, 205
constitutional law, American, 225–26n17
Constitution of the United States. See also Treason Clause of the Constitution; specific amendments to
amendment process, 206–7
corporate rights under, 96–97
Electoral College and, 41–42
Extradition Clause of, 64
Fugitive Slave Clause of, 69
impeachment and removal from office, 271n8
Privileges and Immunities Clause of, 93, 94
secession and, 124–25
state governments and, 57, 63–64, 66
wars formally declared under, 136
Continental Army, 21–22, 23, 41
Continental Congress, 16
Cook, John, 237n19
Cooley, Franklin, 55
Copeland, John Anthony, 93–94
Coppoc, Edwin, 52, 58–59, 60, 238n29
corporations, 94–97, 173
corruption of blood, 8–10
counterfeiting, 3
Cousens, Charles, 153
Cramer, Anthony, 167–70
Cramer v. United States, 159, 167–70, 172, 179–80, 266n9
Crane, Paul, 170
Crutchfield, James, 249n20
Cruz, Ted, 175–76
Cumberbatch, Benedict, 14
cyberwarfare, 36–38
Cyrus, Miley, xiii
Dana, Francis, 65–66
Dana, Richard Henry, 128
D’Aquino, Felipe, 158
D’Aquino, Iva Toguri. See Toguri, Iva
Davis, Jefferson. See also Confederate States of America
elected president of the Confederacy, 121
impediments to prosecution of, 122–29
indictment for treason, 126–27, 130
The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 129
statue and library at Beauvoir, 129–30
statue in U.S. Capitol, 130
statues removed, 117, 131
as traitor, 120, 122, 130–31
death penalty, 8, 11, 38, 66, 92, 205, 270–71n2
Deek, Khalil, 195
deep-fake technique, 200
Democratic National Committee, xii, xiii, 36
Department of Justice, U.S.
Al-Qaeda as enemy and, 142, 197
Pound case and, 156–57
prosecutions for treason and, 143, 154–157, 170
Toguri case and, 154, 158, 163, 207
two witness requirement and, 198, 199
Department of State, U.S., 197
“Devil Speech,” 208–9
DeWolfe, Thomas, 154, 158
dicta, 256n20
Dirksen, Everett, 190
disloyalty or betrayal
government officials and, 271n8
lacking traitorous intent, 183–84, 186
punishment for, 10–11, 147, 209–10, 271n8
treason vs., 133–34, 138–41, 146, 147, 205–6
Truman administration and, 158, 163
“District Court of the Territory of New Mexico,” 101–2
District of Columbia, 44
Dōmei News Agency, 152
Dorr, Thomas Wilson, 52, 54–56, 238n29
Dorr Rebellion, 55, 56–57, 65, 236–37n11
Dorsey, Sarah, 129
Douglas, William O., 169
Douglass, Frederick, 73, 77
Dred Scott case, 75, 94
drone attacks, 194, 201–3
dual citizenship, 87–88
due process of law, 201–2, 225–26n17
Edward J. Herlihy Citizenship Award, 161
Egypt, 85
Eighth Amendment, 66
Electoral College, 41–42
enemies of the United States, 133–47. See also “adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort”
definition of, 135–36, 254n1
disloyalty vs. treason, 133–34
federal courts and, 143–44, 255n5
federal government determination of, 143–44
groups other than nations, 141–43
treason allegations and, 138–41
Treason Clause and, 134–37, 142–43, 146–47, 255n4, 255n6
enemy soldiers, 86, 92, 98
England, xiv, 4–5, 23. See also English treason law; Great Britain; United Kingdom
English Parliament of 1351, 2–3, 4–5
English treason law. See also Statute of Treasons
allegiance to the King in, 84
corporations and, 95
enemies and, 134, 136–137, 141–42, 145–46, 147, 257n26
failed attempts of treason and, 171
foreign ambassadors and, 86
levying war and, 26–30, 31, 32, 44, 78–79
traitorous intent and, 181–82
enslaved people, 57, 93, 121, 239n36. See also Fugitive Slave Act; slavery
escheat rule, 4
espionage, 10, 11, 139, 140, 147, 209–10
Ex parte Bollman, 44–45, 208, 210
Extradition Clause of the Constitution (Article IV), 64
failed attempts of treason, 170–72, 265n23
FBI, xii, xiii, 147, 157, 159, 196, 197, 199
federal courts and enemies of the U.S., 142, 143–44, 255n5
Federal Emergency Management Agency, 130
Federalists, 42
Feinstein, Dianne, 175
Ferguson, Robert, 22
feudal system in England, 4–5
Field, Stephen, 135, 171
Fifth Amendment, 201
Fillmore, Millard, 74, 239–40n36
First Amendment, 161–63, 165–66, 186, 188, 262–63n48
First Circuit Court of Appeals, 161–63
Fleming v. Page, 112, 250–51n30
Fonda, Jane, 176–77, 183, 184–90, 198, 199, 267n26
Ford, Gerald, 161
Ford, Nelson, 70–71
forfeiture of property, 8–10
Fort Ticonderoga, 15
Fortress Monroe, 121
Foster, Michael, 27, 28, 141–42, 145–46, 171, 244n22
Fourteenth Amendment, 87, 127–28
France, 15, 17, 22, 46, 99, 137, 254–55n4
Franklin, Benjamin, 21
Franklin, William, 21
Freedom of Information Act, 256n20
freedom of speech, 96, 161–63, 165–66, 186, 187–88, 245n33, 262–63n48
French language, xvii, 2
Fries, John, 29–30, 74
Fries’s Rebellion, 29–30, 31, 32, 33
Fugitive Slave Act (1793), 69
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 68–70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77–79, 80
Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution (Article IV, Section 2), 69
Gadahn, Adam, 142, 193–98, 201, 203. See also terrorist attacks and organizations
Gadahn, Seth, 193–94
Gates, Horatio, 23
George III, King, 20
Georgia, 73, 77, 121
German Radio Broadcasting Company, 155
Germany, 84, 90–91, 136, 156. See also Nazis and Nazi Germany
Gettysburg, Battle of, 122–23
Gillars, Mildred, 150, 156, 158, 187
Goebbels, Joseph, 155
Google, 94
Gorsuch, Dickinson, 72
Gorsuch, Edward, 70–73
Gorsuch, Neil, 70
Grant, Ulysses S., 104, 114, 118, 119
Grant v. Lee, 124
Great Britain, xvi, 14, 15, 16, 17–19, 20, 21–22, 65. See also England; United Kingdom
Green, James, 60
Green, Shields, 93
Greene, Nathanael, 18, 22
Grier, Robert, 31, 74–75, 78–79
Griffin, Cyrus, 46
Guam, 90
Hale, Matthew, 86, 181–82, 257n26
Hamilton (musical), 43*
Hamilton, Alexander, 13–14, 40–41, 42–43, 43n
Hammond, George, 70–71
Hammond, Joshua, 70–71
Hanway, Castner, 31, 72–73, 74, 75–79, 80, 124, 207
Harding, Warren G., 60–61
Harpers Ferry raid, 52, 57–58, 65, 92–94
Harvard College, 54
Harvard Law School, 176
Haupt, Hans Max, 180
Haupt v. United States, 227n10
Hawaii, 236n1
high treason
against British government in Quebec, 90
Fries’s Rebellion and, 29–30
learning on doctrine of, 225n16
New Mexico inhabitants tried for, 110
petty treason vs., 3
Salazar executed for, 102–3
Whiskey Rebellion and, 29
Hirsch, Milton, 261n29
Hitler, Adolf, 155, 167
Hobby Lobby v. Burwell, 245–46n33
Hoffer, Peter, 49
Holder v. Humanitarian Aid Project, 263n48
Holzer, Henry Mark and Erika, 267n26
Homestead Strike, 238–39n29
Hope, Bob, 268n31
House of Representatives, 42
Hudson River, 13, 17, 18, 43n
Hurricane Katrina, 129
Hurst, James Willard, 11, 32, 102, 238n27, 265n23
Hussein, Saddam, 137
Idyllwild School of Music and the Arts, 193
Illinois, 238n29
impeachment, 271n8
Independence Hall, xvii, 67–68, 70, 80–81, 205
The Insular Cases, 88–89
intelligence, intercepted, 170–71, 172
invasion and enemy status, 141–42, 256n15
Iraq, 112–13, 137
Irwinville, Georgia, 121
ISIL, 142–43, 176, 184
Islamic extremism, 194–95
Islamic Society, Garden Grove, California, 194, 195
Israel, 133, 137
Italy, 84, 150, 156–57
Jackson, Robert, 168–69, 170
Japan, 84, 87, 150, 151–54, 158, 166, 170, 259n7
Jefferson, Thomas
Barbary States and, 137
Burr and, 40, 41, 42, 43–46, 47, 234n16
enslaved people and treason and, 93
Jefferson County, Virginia, 58
Jefferson County, West Virginia, 61–62
Jefferson Davis Presidential Library and Museum, 129–30
“John Brown’s Body” (song), 120
Johnson, Andrew, 119, 122–23, 129, 131
Johnson, Lyndon, 190
Johnson, William, 63
Joyce, William (“Lord Haw Haw”), 90–92, 97, 99, 205, 244n22
jury trial, right to, 89
Justice Department. See Department of Justice, U.S.
Kaepernick, Colin, xiii
Kane, John J., 74–75
Kaufman, Irving, 138–39
Kawakita, Tomoya, 87–88, 166–67, 170
Kearny, Stephen, 104–6, 107–8, 109–10, 111, 113
Kearny Code, 105–6, 109–10
Keeney, Frank, 62
Kerling, Edward, 167–69
Kleindienst, Richard, 187–88
Kline, Henry H., 71–72, 76
knowledge of consequences of action, 178, 179, 182–83, 266n10
Korean War, 137, 139, 255n5
Korematsu, Fred, 159–60
Krug, Peter, 181
Kurds, 176, 184
LaBeouf, Shia, xiii
Lake Champlain, 15
Lake Ontario, 73
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 71–73, 79
Landrieu, Mitch, 117
The Law of Treason in the United States (Hurst), 102
Lee, Charles, 137
Lee, Robert E., 57, 119
letters of marque and reprisal, 225–26n17
“levying war against the United States,” 25–38
archaic nature of, 37–38
Burr’s treason trial and, 27–28, 30, 34, 45, 46–47, 49, 258n27
Christiana Riot and, 74, 76–79
Confederate Army and, 118, 202
enemy soldiers and, 86, 92
Ex parte Bollman ruling and, 44–45
Fries’s Rebellion and, 29–30, 31, 32, 33
Philippine treason statute and, 89
possible scenarios, 25–26
Salazar and, 102
terrorist attacks and, 33–38, 85–86
in Treason Clause, 3, 6, 26–28, 134, 206
Trujillo and, 106
Whiskey Rebellion and, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33
Lexington, Battle of, 15, 22
Liberation Whigs, 56
Lincoln, Abraham, 59, 104, 119, 122, 126, 202
Livingston, Henry Brockholst, 6–7, 30–31
Logan County, West Virginia, 60, 61
Los Angeles, California, 151
Loyalists, 17, 20, 21, 119
Luther v. Borden, 57
Magna Carta, 5
Maine, 121
Malin, Joseph, 171–72
A Man for All Seasons (play), 208–9
Manila Rose, 259n14
Marcy, William L., 109–11, 251n33
Marshall, John
Burr’s charge of violating Neutrality Act and, 234n16
Burr’s treason trial and, 27–28, 30, 34, 40–41, 46–48, 231n3, 258n27
Ex parte Bollman ruling, 44–45
on limited nature of Treason Clause, 6
Maryland, 57, 70–71, 74, 79–80, 92, 236n1
Mason, George, 63
Massachusetts, 65–66, 95, 120
McCabe, Andrew, xii
McConkie, J. Taylor, 52
McConnell, Mitch, xiii
McKean, Thomas, 28, 119, 142
McKinley, William, 89
McLane, David, 90
McNulty, Paul, 196–97
Memoirs (Grant), 114
Memphis, Tennessee, 129
mens rea, 177
Mexican War (Mexican-American War), 104–12, 120, 136
Mexico, 43, 48, 103–5, 108, 111–12, 133, 137, 247n6
Mexico City, Mexico, 104
Michigan, 181
Milton Academy, 70
Mine Wars in West Virginia, 31–32, 60–63, 64, 65
Mingo County, West Virginia, 60
Mississippi, 120–21
Mississippi River, 43
Missouri, 113–14, 238n29
Model Penal Code, 178–79
More, Thomas, 208–9
Morgan, Daniel, 23
Morgan County, West Virginia, 62
Mormon leaders, indictments against, 238n29
motivation and treason, 191
motive vs. intent, 182, 183, 186
MoveOn.org, xiii
Mueller investigation, xii
Mussolini, Benito, 150
Nazis and Nazi Germany, 90–91, 149–50, 154–56, 167–70, 180–81, 205, 260n24
National Football League, xiii
negligence, 178–79, 266n9
Neutrality Act, 234n16
Nevada, 111
New Brunswick, Canada, 22–23
New Deal, 63
New Hampshire, 236n1
New Haven, Connecticut, 15–16, 19–20
New Jersey, 43
New London, Connecticut, 24
New Mexico, inhabitants tried for treason in, 101–15. See also Santa Fe, New Mexico; Taos, New Mexico
Mexican War and Kearney’s proclamation, 104–11
Salazar’s trial and execution, 102–3, 107–9, 114–15, 251n33
trials in Santa Fe, 106–7, 109, 248n14, 249–50n24
trials in Taos, 107–9, 249n20
unlawfulness of, determined, 111–13, 250–51n30
New Orleans, Louisiana, 34, 43–44, 49, 117
Newport, Rhode Island, 55
New York, 41, 42–43, 65–66, 73, 83, 197, 236n1, 238n29. See also West Point, New York
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Co. v. United States, 95
New York City, 17, 20, 43n, 48
New Yorker, 141
New York Times, xii, 61
Nicoletti, Cynthia, 123
9/11 terrorist attacks, 33–34, 85–86, 142, 194, 196–97
Nixon, Richard, 186–90, 268n31
Norman Conquest, 2
Northampton, Massachusetts, 120
North Vietnam and North Vietnamese, 137, 177, 184–90
Obama, Barack, xiii, 40, 143, 200, 201
O’Conor, Charles, 125
Ohio, 39, 118, 234n16, 236n1
Ohio River, 34, 39, 43–44
open war or hostilities, 118, 135–37, 139, 141–43, 144, 145, 254n1
Orange County, California, 193–94
Oregon, 51, 63, 66
Orphan Anne, 152–53, 261n31
out-of-court confessions, 7–8, 227n10
overseas territories, American, 90
overt acts, 7–8, 46–47, 155, 161, 166–67, 168–69, 199. See also two-witness requirement
Pakistan, 194, 195–96, 203
Parker, William, 71–73, 78
partisan politics, 41–42
Paterson, William, 29
Pearl Harbor attack, 145–47, 152, 155
Pearlman, Agnes, 193, 196
Pearlman, Carl, 193–94
Pearlman, Nancy, 193
Pearlman, Philip (Seth Gadahn), 193–94
Peele, Jordan, 200
Pennsylvania. See also Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American Revolution and treason prosecutions in, 51–52, 171–72
Arnold attainted as traitor in, 19
Christiana Riot in, 71–79
Davis viewed as traitor in, 120, 122–23
Fries’s Rebellion in, 29–30
Homestead Strike and treason indictments in, 238–39n29
lack of state treason offense, 236n1
Shippen, Peggy, banished from, 20
Whiskey Rebellion in, 29, 30, 68, 74
Pennsylvania Supreme Court, 167, 171–72
People’s Constitution (Rhode Island), 53–56
People’s Convention (Rhode Island), 53
People’s Government (Rhode Island), 55, 57
People v. Lynch, 65–66
permanent allegiance, 84, 90, 91, 112
petty treason, 3
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Arnold’s tenure in, 16
Hanway trial in, 74–81
Independence Hall in, xvii, 1, 67–68, 70, 80–81
Shippen, Peggy, in, 13, 20, 21
Philippine Commission, 89
Philippines, 37, 88–90, 259n14
Philippine Supreme Court, 89
Pierce, Franklin, 120
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 42
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 149
Polk, James K., 74–75, 104, 107, 109, 113, 249n19
Potomac River, 57, 92
Pound, Ezra, 150, 156–57, 161, 261n29
Princeton, 41, 106
prisoners of war, abuse of, 87–88, 166–67, 170
prisoners of war, aiding, 180–81, 270–71n2
Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Constitution (Article IV), 93, 94
The Prize Cases, 125–26
propaganda. See radio broadcasts from North Vietnam; radio propaganda, World War II; video propaganda
Providence, Rhode Island, 54, 55
Provisional Constitution (Virginia), 58
Puerto Rico, 90
purposeful action, 178, 179, 181, 182–83, 266n11
Putin, Vladimir, 138, 206
Quebec, 15, 90
racism, 75, 88, 89, 94, 117–18, 159
Radical Reconstruction, 125
radio broadcasts from North Vietnam, 184–90, 267n26
Radio Hanoi, 185, 188, 189
radio industry, 149
radio propaganda, World War II
Fonda’s broadcasts compared to, 186–87, 188
freedom of speech and, 161–63, 262n48
Gadahn case compared to, 197, 198
Nazi Germany and, 90–91, 149–50, 154–56, 260n24
Pound and, 150, 156–57, 161
Toguri accused and convicted of treason for, 150–54, 158–61, 163, 261n31
Tokyo Rose, 150–51, 153–54, 161, 163, 166, 198, 259n14
Radio Tokyo, 150, 152–54, 158, 159, 166, 202
recklessness, 178, 179, 266n9
Reed, Joseph, 16
Regina, Canada, 90
Rehnquist, William, 176
Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 96, 245–46n33
Revolutionary War. See American Revolution
Rhode Island, 52, 53–57
Richmond, Virginia, 43–44, 45–46, 121, 234n16
Riel, Louis, 90
The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (Davis), 129
Riverside County, California, 194
Roberts, Anthony E., 76
Rochester, New York, 73
Roosevelt, Franklin, 63, 150, 156, 157
Roosevelt, Theodore, 130
Roper, William, 208–9
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 11, 20, 138–40, 147, 209–10
rule of law, 209
Russia, xi–xii, 99, 133, 137, 138, 140–41, 144–45, 207
Salazar, Hipolito “Polo,” 102–3, 107–9, 114–15, 205, 251n33. See also New Mexico, inhabitants tried for treason in
San Francisco, California, 158
San Francisco Chronicle, 159
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 101
Santa Ana, California, 193, 194, 196
Santa Fe, New Mexico
history of, 103, 104–5
trials in, 106–7, 109, 248n14, 249–50n24
Saratoga, Battle of, 15, 16
Saratoga Battlefield, 23
Saudi Arabia, 85, 99
Saypol, Irving, 138–39
Schiff, Adam, xii
Schultz, Debbie Wasserman, xiii
Schumer, Chuck, xiii
Schuyler, Philip, 23
secession of Confederate states from Union, 121, 124–25, 129
Secession on Trial (Nicoletti), 123–24
self-protection society, African-American, 71–73
September 11, 2001, 33–34, 85–86, 142, 194, 196–97
Serve, Maria Polonia, 114
Shippen, Margaret (Peggy), 13–14, 16–17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 228n2
Siddiqi, Muzammil, 194
Slaughter, Thomas, 71–72
slave rebellions, incitement of, 57, 239n36
slavery, 103–4, 117–18. See also antislavery resistance; enslaved people
Snowden, Edward, 175–76, 183
South Carolina, 239n36
South Vietnam, 188
Soviet Union, 138–40, 163
Spain and Spanish Empire, 43, 48, 88, 103
Spanish-American War, 88, 90, 136
Speed, James, 122–23, 126
Stars and Stripes, 188
states’ rights, 80
state treason laws. See treason against a state
Statute of Treasons (England)
date for, 226–27n1
honored status of, 5–6
purpose of, 4
seven offenses of, 2–3
as starting point for Treason Clause of the Constitution, xv, 3, 5–7, 26–28, 134, 165, 203
trials and punishments under, 8–10, 11
St. Elizabeths Hospital, 157
Stephan, Max, 181, 270–71n2
Stephens, Alexander, 118
Stevens, Thaddeus, 76, 124–25
Stewart, David, 49
Story, Joseph, 30, 34, 65
Stuart, J. E. B., 57
Supreme Court, U. S. See also Marshall, John; Story, Joseph; Wilson, James
abuse of American prisoners of war and, 166–67
Afroyim v. Rusk, 97, 99
antiwar speech and, 262–63n48
Bas v. Tingy, 254n4
Carlisle v. United States, 84–85
on controversy and difficulty in Treason Clause, xv
corporate rights and responsibilities and, 95–96, 245–46n33
Cramer v. United States, 159, 167–70, 172, 179–80, 266n9
Davis prosecution constitutionality and, 128
Dred Scott case, 75, 94
Ex parte Bollman, 44–45, 208, 210
failed treason attempts and, 171, 172
Fleming v. Page, 112, 250–51n30
Fries’s Rebellion and, 29–30
Gorsuch, Neil, appointed to, 70
The Insular Cases, 88–89
Kawakita v. United States, 87–88, 166–67, 170, 266n9
Luther v. Borden, 57
narrow definition of treason and, 207
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Co. v. United States, 95
out-of-court confessions and, 227n10
The Prize Cases, 125–26
racially discriminatory conduct by prosecutors and, 159
traitorous intent and, 179–80, 266n9
Whiskey Rebellion and, 29
Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, 19, 20
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, 95
Swartwout, Samuel, 44
Syria, 176, 184
Taft, William Howard, 89
Taliban, 137, 176
Tampico, Mexico, 112
Taney, Roger, 75, 94, 126
Taos, New Mexico
history of, 101–2, 103, 105, 247n6
Salazar’s life in, 114
trials in, 107–9, 249n20
Taylor, Zachary, 120
temporary allegiance
New Mexico inhabitants and, 250n30
to other countries by U.S. citizens, 90–92, 99, 244nn22–23
to the United States, by noncitizens, 84–87, 93, 97, 99, 112
Tennessee, 236n1
terrorist attacks and organizations. See also Gadahn, Adam
Al-Qaeda, 142–43, 176, 183, 194, 195–98, 200
attacks by lone individuals, 34–36
cyberattacks, 36–38
drone attacks and, 202
free speech and, 263n48
ISIL, 142–43, 176, 184
“levying war against the United States” and, 33–38, 85–86
punishment for, 38
September 11, 2001, 33–34, 85–86, 142, 194, 196–97
Snowden and, 176
Taliban, 137, 176
thwarted attack on Baltimore and Washington, DC, 196
video propaganda and, 198–99
Texas, 104, 111, 239–40n36, 247n6
Thiel, Werner, 167–69
Thirteenth Amendment, 59–60
Toguri, Iva
Department of Justice and, 154, 158, 163, 189, 207
due process of law example and, 202
early life of, 151–52
Fonda compared to, 186, 187
radio broadcasts by, 152–53, 261n31
as Tokyo Rose, 150–51, 153–54
trapped in Japan during World War II, 152, 259n7
tried and convicted of treason, 151, 158–61
Tokyo Rose, 150–51, 153–54, 161, 163, 166, 198, 259n14. See also radio propaganda, World War II; Toguri, Iva
Trading with the Enemy Act, 173
traitorous intent, 175–91
Cramer v. United States and, 168
criminal law and, 177–83, 266nn9–11
example situations, 175–77
motivation and, 191
treason against a state, 51–66
allegiance and, 92–94
attempted prosecutions for, 238–39n29
Dorr Rebellion and People’s Constitution in Rhode Island, 52, 53–57, 65
Harpers Ferry raid in Virginia, 52, 57–60
Mine Wars in West Virginia, 60–63
state authority to prosecute treason, 63–66
states not defining, 236n1
Treason Clause of the Constitution (Article III, Section 3), vii, xiv–xv, 1–11. See also “adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort”; “levying war against the United States”
amendments to, arguments for and against, 206–10
citizenship and, 83
constitutional law and, 225–26n17
definition of treason in, 2, 3, 5–6, 10, 134–36, 205
drafting of, xvii, 1–3, 7–10, 67
enemies of the United States and, 134–37, 142–43, 146–47, 255n4, 255n6
legal results from definition of treason in, 6–7
narrow nature of, 6, 10–11, 66, 96–97, 205–6, 207
situations unforeseen by framers of, 203
state authority to prosecute treason and, 64
Statute of Treasons as starting point for, xv, 3, 5–7, 26–28, 134, 165, 203
trials and punishments under, 8–10, 11
two forms of treason in, 6
treason law, American. See American treason law
treason law, English. See English treason law
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 111–12
Trudeau, Justin, 144
Trujillo, Antonio Maria, 106–7, 108, 249n19
Truman, Harry, 158, 163
Trump, Donald
allegations of treason against, xi–xii, xv, 11, 138, 140–41, 207–8, 209
betrayal of the Kurds in Syria, 176, 183, 184
drone attacks and, 201
hypothetical Canadian situation and, 144
in Peele video, 200
treason accusations made by, xii, 94–95
Trump, Donald, Jr., 140
Trump Tower, xi
Turkey, 176
Twelfth Amendment, 42
Twenty-Seventh Amendment, 206
two-witness requirement
Cramer v. United States and, 159, 168–70
cyberattacks and, 37
Gadahn indictment and, 198
Pound case and, 157
rarity of convictions and, 206
Toguri case and, 159, 160
in Treason Clause, 7–8
treason trials in Philippines and, 89–90
video evidence and, 198–201
UCLA, 151
Ukraine, xii
Underground Railroad, 68
Underwood, John C., 126, 128
the Union, 118, 119, 121, 124–26
Union Army, 114, 118–19, 121
United Kingdom, 90–92, 99. See also England; Great Britain
United Mine Workers, 62
United States, treason law in. See American treason law
United States Capitol, 130
United States Supreme Court. See Supreme Court, U. S.
U.S. nationals, 88–90, 243n16
U.S. Virgin Islands, 90
Utah, 111
Valcour Island, Battle of, 15
video propaganda and evidence, 196–201
Vienna, Austria, 155
Vietcong, 137
Vietnam War, 136, 137, 176–77, 186–90
Virginia
Bacon’s Rebellion in, 63
Brown and Coppoc convicted and executed in, 52, 58–60, 92–93
Burr’s indictment and trial for treason in, 43–44, 45–46
Davis held in custody in, 121
enslaved men and treason cases in, 93–94
Harpers Ferry raid, 52, 57–58, 65, 92–94
possible trial for Davis in, 123, 126
“Vision of Invasion” (radio broadcast), 156
Voight, Jon, xiii
War of 1812, 86, 92, 136, 238n29, 244n23
War on Terror. See terrorist attacks and organizations
Washington, Bushrod, 255n4
Washington, DC, 86, 107, 157, 196
Washington, George, 5, 13, 14, 15, 17–18, 29, 255n4
Washington Post, 102, 109, 140
Watergate, 37
Webster, Noah, 19–20
West Point, New York, 13, 14, 17–19, 20, 120
West Virginia, 31–32, 39, 52, 57, 60–63, 64, 65, 160
Whiskey Rebellion, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 68, 74
White, Edward Douglass, 88
white supremacy, 117–18
Wilkinson, James, 40
Wilson, James, 5–6, 28
Winchester, California, 194
Wirt, William, 39
Wise, Henry, 59
World War I, 136, 149, 181, 262n46, 262n48
World War II. See also Nazis and Nazi Germany; radio propaganda, World War II
Americans trapped in Japan during, 259n7
British executions for treason during, 205
dual citizenship and treason during, 87–88
formally declared by Congress, 136
permanent allegiance and, 84
Supreme Court on punishment for crimes against country during, 210
traitorous intent and cases from, 180–82
World War II Veterans Committee, 161
writ of habeas corpus, 44, 225–26n17
Yale University, 16
Yorktown, Battle of, 22
“Zero Hour” (radio program), 152–53