The quotation on page v is from Judah Goldin, ed. and trans., The Living Talmud: The Wisdom of the Fathers (New York, 1957), 86. For abbreviations see Bibliography.
1. BA-MA, BMRS, interview with Hugo Fuchs, 8 July 1995.
2. BA-MA, BMRS, interview with Joachim Schmidt, April 1995.
1. Wilhelm Deist, “Einführende Bemerkungen,” in Rolf-Dieter Müller and Hans-Erich Volkmann, eds., Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realität (Stuttgart, 1999), 39; Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 3, 12.
2. Ian Kershaw, The Hitler Myth: Image and Reality in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1990), 138; John Wheeler-Bennett, The Nemesis of Power (New York, 1980), 425.
3. Matthew Cooper, The German Army 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure (New York, 1978), 159.
4. Gilbert, Second World War, 11, 214–15; Kershaw, Hitler Myth, 153.
5. Kershaw, Hitler Myth, 1.
6. Michael Geyer, “German Strategy, 1914–1945,” in Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton, NJ, 1986), 588; Hitler, Mein Kampf, 660–66; Kershaw, Hitler Myth, 237–38; Michael Burleigh, Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide (New York, 1997), 42.
7. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 10.
8. Cooper, German Army, 285; Alexander Werth, Russia at War: 1941–1945 (New York, 1964), 143.
9. Burleigh, Ethics and Extermination, 41.
10. Ibid., 43.
11. “U.S.A. Military Tribunals: Case No. 12—German Generals,” in Office of the U.S. Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, ed., Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. 2 (Washington, DC, 1946), 10120; Gilbert, Second World War, 296, 311–12, 366.
12. Werth, Russia at War, 131; Geyer, “German Strategy,” in Paret, Makers of Modern Strategy, 566, 590.
13. Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (New York, 1994), 281–82.
14. Alan Clark, Barbarossa: The Russo-German Conflict 1941–1945 (New York, 1985), 250.
15. Werth, Russia at War, xiv.
16. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 31.
17. BA-MA, BMRS, interview Reiss, 15 October 1994; Sajer, The Forgotten Soldier, 223.
18. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 31.
1. BA-MA, BMRS, Heinz Bleicher, 4. Heinz Bleicher is the founder of Bleicher Verlag. He spent much of his life working on how to build better relations and reconciliation between Christians and Jews.
2. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Boston, 1971), 248–49, 400–402.
3. James F. Tent, In the Shadow of the Holocaust: Nazi Persecution of Jewish-Christian Germans (Lawrence, KS, 2003), x.
4. Stephen G. Fritz, Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II (Lexington, KY, 1995), 1.
5. John Keegan, War and Our World (New York, 1998), 46.
6. Ernst Behler, ed., The German Library, Vol. 13, Kant, Philosophical Writings (New York, 1986), 242.
7. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty with the Subjection of Women and Chapters on Socialism, ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge, 1991), 8.
8. BA-MA, BMRS, Dieter Bergman, Diary, 19 July 1941, 31 May 1942.
9. BA-MA, BMRS, Gerlach, Gerlach to Rust, 11 May 1941, 4.
10. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 24; Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford, 1969), 24. See also Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front (New York, 1982), 12, for a description of this obedience.
11. Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz, 14 Nov. 1935, Reichsgesetzblatt (RGBL) 1, no. 135 (1935), 1333–36; Raul Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews (New York, 1961), 48; The Holocaust, Vol. 1, Legalizing the Holocaust—The Early Phase, 1933–1939, Introduction by John Mendelsohn (New York, 1982), 31; H. G. Adler, Der Verwaltete Mensch: Studien zur Deportation der Juden aus Deutschland (Tübingen, 1974), 280; Hilde Kammer and Elisabet Bartsch, with Manon Eppenstein-Baukhage, Nationalsozialismus: Begriffe aus der Zeit der Gewaltherrschaft 1933–1945 (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1992), 39–40; Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris (New York, 1999), 572; Norman Rich, Hitler’s War Aims (New York, 1974), 1–2; Nathan Stoltzfus, Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany (New York, 1996), xxv; Marion A. Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (New York, 1998), 191.
12. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust (New York, 1985), 45–47.
13. Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty, 26; Rolf Vogel, Ein Stück von uns (Bonn, 1973), 238.
14. Karl-Heinz Maier, Und höret niemals auf zu kämpfen (Berlin, 1994), 27–51, 165–66.
15. Bryan Mark Rigg, Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers: The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws and Men of Jewish Descent in the German Military (Lawrence, KS, 2002), 51–67.
16. Arthur Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World (London, 1934), 329; Ruth Gay, The Jews of Germany (New Haven, CT, 1992), 139; Beate Meyer, Jüdische Mischlinge: Rassenpolitik und Verfolgungserfahrung 1933–1945 (Hamburg, 1999), 20; Deborah Hertz, “The Genealogy Bureaucracy in the Third Reich,” Jewish History 11 (Fall 1997), 1; Hitler, Mein Kampf, 120; Joseph Walk, ed., Sonderrecht für den Juden im NS-Staat: Eine Sammlung der gesetzlichen Massnahmen und Richtlinien: Inhalt und Bedeutung, Law from 4 October 1936 (Heidelberg, 1981).
17. Martin Gilbert, The Second World War (New York, 1989), 351; Geoffrey Hartman, ed., Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory (New York, 1994), David Tracy, “Christian Witness and the Shoah,” in Geoffrey H. Hartman, ed., Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory (Oxford and Cambridge, 1994), 83; Aleksandar-Saˇsa Vuletic, Christen Jüdischer Herkunft im Dritten Reich: Verfolgung und organisierte Selbsthilfe 1933–1939 (Mainz, Germany, 1999), 6; BA-MA, BMRS, Hans Günzel and interviews with Dieter Bergman, 10–16 September 1996; Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry (New York, 1990), 73; Chaim A. Kaplan, Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan (New York, 1965), 78–79.
18. Rigg, Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers, 168–69.
19. Institut für Zeitgeschichte, N 71–73.
20. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 309.
21. Ibid., 152; Noakes, “The Development of Nazi Policy towards the German-Jewish ‘Mischlinge’ 1933–1945,” Leo Baeck Yearbook 34 (1989), 338; Kurt Pätzold, ed., Verfolgung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung: Dokumente des faschistischen Anti-semitismus 1933 bis 1942 (Leipzig, 1984), 249, 264–65.
22. Rigg, Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers, 168–69.
23. Ibid., 156–71.
1. Unrecorded interviews with Simon Gossel, 11 January 2005, 27 January 2005.
2. James Bradley, Flags of Our Fathers (New York, 2000), 58; Albert Seaton, The Russo-German War 1941–1945 (London, 1971), 586; Gilbert, Second World War, 746; Keegan, War and Our World, 12; Fritz, Frontsoldaten, viii, 138.
3. See Stoltzfus, Resistance of the Heart.
4. John Keegan, The Second World War (New York, 1989), 198; Werth, Russia at War, 324.
5. Guy Sajer, The Forgotten Soldier (New York, 1971), 302.
6. Hans Ulrich Rudel, Stuka Pilot (New York, 1979), 80.
7. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, 337, 373.
8. Jews or people of Jewish descent committed the Nazi crime of Rassenschande when they indulged in sexual activity with Aryans. Rigg, Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers, 22–23.
9. Werth, Russia at War, 765–66.
10. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, 316.
11. Gilbert, Holocaust, 329–30.
12. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, 94.
13. Elon, The Pity of It All: A History of Jews in Germany 1743–1933 (New York, 2002), 81–90.
14. Ian Kershaw, Profiles in Power: Hitler (London, 1991), 149.
15. Seaton, Russo-German War, 245–48.
16. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 54.
17. Beate Meyer, Jüdische Mischlinge: Rassenpolitik und Verfolgungserfahrung 1933–1945 (Hamburg, 1999), 20–21, 92; Adler, Der verwaltete Mensch, 280–81; Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair, 148–49.
18. Gilbert, Second World War, 351.
19. Akten der Parteikanzlei der NSDAP, 107-00398, 107-00407–408; Stoltzfus, Resistance of the Heart, 54; Vuletic, Christen Jüdischer Herkunft im Dritten Reich, 21; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 49; interview with Colin Heaton, February 2004.
20. From Association of Soldiers of the Former Waffen-SS, Wenn alle Brüder schweigen (Osnabrück, 1973).
21. Hannu Rautkallio, Finland and the Holocaust: The Rescue of Finland’s Jews (Helsinki, 1989), 198–201; Paul Kendall, “The Jews Who Fought for Hitler: ‘We Did Not Help the Germans. We Had a Common Enemy.’” The Telegraph, 9 March 2014.
22. Gottlob Herbert Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front (Lawrence, KS, 2000), 94, 236.
23. Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (New York, 1991), 34–35.
24. Charles Sydnor, Soldiers of Destruction: The SS Death’s Head Division 1933–1945 (Princeton, NJ, 1977), 313–46.
25. Wolf Zoepf, Seven Days in January: With the 6th SS-Mountain Division in Operation NORDWIND (Bedford, PA, 2001); Johann Voss, Black Edelweiss: A Memoir of Combat and Conscience by a Soldier of the Waffen-SS (Bedford, PA, 2002).
26. Judah Goldin, ed. and trans., The Living Talmud: The Wisdom of the Fathers (New York, 1957), 88.
27. Behler, Kant, Philosophical Writings, 65.
28. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust (Franklin Center, PA, 1979), 48.
29. Unrecorded interviews with Frau Karl-Heinz Löwy, 25 August 2005, 10 September 2005.
30. Unrecorded interviews with Simon Gossel, 11 January 2005, 27 January 2005.
31. See Rigg, Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers, 80–85.
32. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 187.
33. Gilbert, Second World War, 38.
34. Keegan, Second World War, 70.
35. Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 14.
36. Clark, Barbarossa, 143; Cooper, German Army, 325.
37. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat, 43, 49.
38. Geyer, “German Strategy,” in Paret, Makers of Modern Strategy, 592.
39. Cooper, German Army, 331.
40. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 107.
41. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, 30.
42. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat, 62.
43. Cooper, German Army, 283.
44. Keegan, War and Our World, 215.
45. Clark, Barbarossa, 207; Werth, Russia at War, 703–708; Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 83, 87.
46. Clark, Barbarossa, 207.
47. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York, 2000), 5.
48. Werth, Russia at War, 397.
49. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat, 57.
50. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, 220–21.
51. Ibid., 438–39.
52. Cooper, German Army, 434.
53. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 3.
1. SA stands for Sturmabteilung (Storm Detachment), a Nazi Party paramilitary formation.
2. Rigg, Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers, 107, 200.
3. Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 36, 38–39.
4. Gilbert, Second World War, 746; Seaton, Russo-German War, 586.
5. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 90, 95.
6. BA-MA, BMRS, Florian Stahmer.
7. U.S. National Archives, Box 329, AE 501661, Fritz Bayerlein, 1–155.
8. BA-MA, BMRS, Herbert Lefévre, 15, 61, 80.
9. Keegan, Second World War, 426–27.
10. Weinberg, A World at Arms, 894; John W. Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986), 47; unrecorded interview with Gerhard Weinberg, 2 September 2005.
11. Dinah Shelton, ed., Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity (New York, 2005), 171.
12. Ibid.
13. Honda Katsuichi, The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan’s National Shame (London, 1999), 287.
14. Tent, In the Shadow of the Holocaust, 30.
15. Keegan, Second World War, 160–72.
16. Ibid., 165–66.
17. Ibid., 166.
18. BA-MA, BMRS, Moshe Mantelmacher.
19. Sammlung wehrrechtlicher Gutachten und Vorschriften, no. 2, 27.
20. Tent, In the Shadow of the Holocaust, 163.
21. Rigg, Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers, 45.
22. Saul Friedman, No Haven for the Oppressed: United States Policy toward Jewish Refugees, 1938–1945 (Detroit, 1973), 12; Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1939–1945 (Detroit, 1981), 26; Rigg, Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers, 59–65.
23. Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front, 101.
24. Jonathan Steinberg, All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941–43 (New York, 2002), 50–51; Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair, 184, 227.
25. Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair, 194.
26. Keegan, War and Our World, 3, 11.
27. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Nathan the Wise, Minna von Barnhelm, and Other Plays and Writings, Peter Demetz, ed. (New York, 1991), 214.
28. Cooper, German Army, 279.
29. Clark, Barbarossa, 181.
30. Ibid.; Cooper, German Army, 333; Rudel, Stuka Pilot, 50.
31. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, 37, 334.
32. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 117.
33. Ibid., 109, 112–13.
34. Werth, Russia at War, 194, 717, 768.
35. Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 83–84.
36. Robert Ericksen, Theologians under Hitler (New Haven, CT, 1985), 148, 154, 166.
37. Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 121–22, 124.
38. Kershaw, Hitler Myth, 105, 111, 116; Ericksen, Theologians under Hitler, 25.
39. Ericksen, Theologians under Hitler, 27.
1. See James S. Corum’s books The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform (Lawrence, KS, 1992) and The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940 (Lawrence, KS, 1997).
2. Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 107.
3. Gilbert, Second World War, 35, 260–61.
4. Wounded soldiers in Stufe (level) III had lost an arm, a leg, both feet, or suffered other types of grave injury. BA-MA, RH 12-23/834, 93.
5. Rudolf Absolon, Wehrgesetz und Wehrdienst 1935–1945: Das Personalwesen in der Wehrmacht (Boppard, Germany, 1960), 120; BA-B, DZA 62 Ka. 1 83, 91–92, Parteikanzlei, Beförderung von Schwerstbeschädigten, 11 October 1941.
6. BA-B, DZA 62 Ka. 1 83, 34, Der Reichsminister des Inneren (Schönfeldt) to Rust, 20 February 1942, and OKW to Kanzlei des Führers, 16 September 1943, and 67b, “Jüdische Mischlinge im Wehrdienst,” von Blankenburg.
7. BA-B, DZA 62 Ka. 1 83, 73, OKW an KdF, 16 September 1943; BA-MA, BMRS, G. F. Müller, 52; BA-MA, BMRS, Haller.
8. The author published a similar article on Milch in World War II Magazine, January 2004.
9. BA-MA, BMRS, Erhard Milch, James Corum to Michael Briggs, March 2001; Corum, Luftwaffe, 125.
10. Corum, Roots of Blitzkrieg, 150–51, 153; Corum, Luftwaffe, 60.
11. Corum, Roots of Blitzkrieg, 150–51; Corum, Luftwaffe, 77, 125; Anthony Read, The Devil’s Disciples: Hitler’s Inner Circle (New York, 2004), 176–78, 205. Corum to Rigg, 28 July 2004.
12. BA-MA, N 179, Milchs Tagebücher, entry from 31 January 1933; Corum to Rigg, 17 July 2004.
13. “U.S.A. Military Tribunals: Case No. 1-2, Nuremberg Trials,” 1776, in Office of the U.S. Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, ed., Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. 2; BA-MA, N 179, Milchs Tagebücher, entry from 1 November 1933, 46; BA-B, R 15.09/90, 2, Göring to Leiter der Reichsstelle für Sippen-forschung, 7 August 1935; BA-MA, BMRS, File Erhard Milch, Heft 3; BA-MA, Pers 8–385; Horst Boog, “Erhard Milch,” in Ronald Smelser and Enrico Syring, eds., Die Militärelite des Dritten Reiches (Berlin, 1995), 351; Robert Wistrich, Who’s Who in Nazi Germany (New York, 1982), 210; Konrad Heiden, Der Fuehrer: Hitler’s Rise to Power (London, 1967), 500.
14. BA-MA, BMRS, Erhard Milch, Heft 3, Heinz Fahrenberg (ex-Major in the Generalstab der Luftwaffe) to Rigg, 18 April 1997 and 22 June 1997, and Walter Frank to Rigg, 18 April 1997, and Dr. Ludwig Spangenthal (relative of Milch) to Rigg, 4 July 1997; BA-MA, N 179, 46, Milchs Tagebücher, 1 November 1933; Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis of Power, 342; Manfred Messerschmidt, Die Wehrmacht im NS-Staat (Hamburg, 1969), 46; Victor Klemperer, Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten: Tagebücher, 1933–1945, Buch 1, 18 October 1936 (Darmstadt, Germany, 1996), 317; BA-MA, BMRS, interviews with Dieter Bergman, 10–16 September 1996; BA-MA, Pers 6/11, 4, “Milchs Vater Anton Milch, Marine-Oberstabs-apotheker”; BA-MA, Pers 8-385; Boog, “Erhard Milch,” in Smelser and Syring, Die Militärelite des Dritten Reiches; Gerhard L. Weinberg, Germany, Hitler and World War II (New York, 1996), 66. Hans Hirsch knew some prominent Jewish Milchs in Germany and asked them about their famous cousin. In reply, they told him they found their cousin embarrassing. Unrecorded interview with Hans Hirsch, 12 July 2005.
15. BA-B, R 15.09/90, 2, Göring to Meyer, 7 August 1935.
16. Unrecorded interview with John E. Dolibois, 22 July 2001. BA-MA, BMRS, John E. Dolibois, Dolibois to Rigg, 23 July 2001. Dolibois worked for the War Crimes Commission and took part in the Ashcan Program. “Ashcan” was the military code word for the Central Continental Prisoners of War Enclosure 32 (CCPWE32), where Göring and many other Nazi officials were incarcerated from May to August 1945.
17. Robert Gellately, ed., The Nuremberg Interviews: Conducted by Leon Goldensohn (New York, 2004), 364.
18. BA-MA, BMRS, Erhard Milch, Heft 2, Klaus Hermann to Rigg, 14 October 1994 and 30 March 1995.
19. BA-MA, BMRS, Erhard Milch, Klaus Hermann to David Irving, 26 October 1997; BA-MA, ZA 3/648, Personal-Nachweis über Erhard Alfred Richard Oskar Milch; BA-MA, RL 3/3271, Personal-Nachweis über Erhard Milch; Gilbert, Second World War, 11–12, 20, 32, 70, 105, 228; Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich: A New History (New York, 2000), 383.
20. Williamson Murray, Luftwaffe (Baltimore, 1985), 6–7.
21. Matthew Cooper, The German Air-Force 1933–1945 (New York, 1981), 13; Corum, Luftwaffe, 125.
22. Corum, Luftwaffe, 161–62, 181; Cooper, German Air-Force, 13. See also Murray, Luftwaffe, 9.
23. Leonard Mosley, The Reich Marshal (London, 1974), 306; Murray, Luftwaffe, 100–103.
24. Adam R. A. Claasen, Hitler’s Northern War: The Luftwaffe’s Ill-Fated Campaign, 1940–1945 (Lawrence, KS, 2001), 99–100, 121, 140.
25. Joel S. A. Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler’s Defeat in the East, 1942–1943 (Lawrence, KS, 1998), 286–310; Murray, Luftwaffe, 148.
26. Cooper, German Air-Force.
27. Corum to Rigg, 17 July 2004.
28. Interviews by Colin Heaton with Johannes Steinhoff, 26–28 January 1984.
29. Heiden, Der Fuehrer, 352; BA-MA, N 179, Telegramm Milchs an Hitler, 21 July 1944.
30. “U.S.A. Military Tribunals: Case No. 1-2, Nuremberg Trials,” 2524.
31. Office of the U.S. Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, ed., Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. 2 (Washington, DC, 1946).
32. Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors (New York, 1986), 286; Joseph E. Persico, Nuremberg: Infamy on Trial (New York, 1994), 370; Office of the U.S. Chief Counsel, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, 445–46; James Corum, “Die Luftwaffe, ihre Führung und Doktrin und die Frage der Kriegsverbrechen,” in Gerd Ueberschaer and Wolfram Wette, eds., Kriegsverbrechen im 20 Jahrhundert (Darmstadt, Germany, 2001), 288–302.
33. “U.S.A. Military Tribunals: Case No. 1-2, Nuremberg Trials,” 77.
34. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 599; Corum to Rigg, 17 July 2004.
35. “U.S.A. Military Tribunals: Case No. 12, Nuremberg Trials,” 10261.
36. Discussion with author on 28 October 1998.
37. Liddell Hart, The German Generals’ Talk (New York, 1979), 198; Behler, German Library, Vol. 13, Kant, 291.
38. Cooper, German Army, 4.
39. Corum, Roots of Blitzkrieg, 151–53.
40. Ibid., 151–53; Corum to Rigg, 17 July 2004.
41. Corum, Roots of Blitzkrieg, 144–68; Corum, Luftwaffe, 30–34, 52, 59–61, 125–27, 142–46, 180; James S. Corum, “The Old Eagle as Phoenix: The Luftstreitkräfte Creates an Operational Air War Doctrine, 1919–1920,” Air Power History 14 (Spring 1992), 13–21; Cooper, German Air-Force, 39, 379–89; A. Baeumker, Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Führung der deutschen Luftfahrttechnik im ersten halben Jahrhundert 1900–1945, Langfristiges Planen der Forschung und Entwicklung No. 44 (July 1971); Helmut Wilberg, Abschliessender Flieger-Erfahr-ungs bericht über die Schlacht in Flandern (Buch- und Steindruckerei der Artillerie-Fliegerschule Ost 1), 1923; Karl Friedrich Hildebrand, ed., Die Generale der deutschen Luftwaffe, 1935-1945, 3 vols. (Osnabrück, 1990–1992), 3: 513–14.
42. Corum, Roots of Blitzkrieg, 151–53, 162.
43. Ibid., 167–68; Corum to Rigg, 17 July 2004.
44. Corum, Roots of Blitzkrieg, 167–68; Corum to Rigg, 17 July 2004.
45. BA-MA, N 761/7, 2, Generaloberst a.D. Erwin Jaenecke, Erinnerungen aus dem spanischen Bürgerkrieg, Typoskript, o.D. (nach 1955); Herbert Molly Mason, Jr., The Rise of the Luftwaffe (New York, 1973), 168–71, 218–21; Corum, Luftwaffe, 147, 183–84, 219–21; Corum to Rigg, 17 July 2004.
46. BA-MA, N 761/7, 2, Bericht Jaenecke, 1–2.
47. BA-MA, N 761/7, 1–2; BA-MA, BMRS, Helmut Wilberg, Boog to Rigg, 31 July 2005.
48. BA-MA, N 761/7, 1–2.
49. Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 39.
50. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, 111.
51. BA-MA, BMRS, Arthur Becker, 5.
52. Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty, 170.
53. Much of the material presented here about Rogge is drawn from BA-MA, BMRS, File Rogge, Heft 1-3; Institut für Schiffaharts und Marinegeschichte in Hamburg, File Rogge; August Karl Muggenthaler, German Raiders of World War II (London, 1980); Wolfgang Frank and Bernhard Rogge, The German Raider Atlantis (New York, 1956); Ulrich Mohr and A. V. Sellwood, Atlantis: The Story of the German Surface Raider (London, 1955); Edward P. von der Porten, The German Navy in World War II (London, 1970).
54. Gellately, Nuremberg Interviews, 13; Muggenthaler, German Raiders, 29.
55. Weisse Segel Weite Meere by Fritz Otto Busch (Berlin, 1939) chronicled a cruise of the Albert Leo Schlageter under Rogge’s command.
56. Muggenthaler, German Raiders, 10.
57. Geoffrey P. Jones, Under Three Flags: The Story of Nordmark and the Armed Supply Ships of the German Navy (London, 1973), 144.
58. Koburger, Charles W., Steel Ships, Iron Crosses, and Refugees: The German Navy in the Baltic, 1939–1945 (New York, 1989), 45–48; Bidermann, In Deadly Combat, 237; Muggenthaler, German Raiders, 140.
59. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, 428.
60. Werth, Russia at War 1941–1945, 961.
61. Joseph Slavick, The Cruise of the German Raider Atlantis (Annapolis, 2003), 229.
62. BA-B, R 43 II/599, Bormann an Lammers, 2 November 1944; BA-B, 43 II/603b.
63. Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front, 10.
1. IfZ, N71–73, “Herrn Minister auf dem Dienstwege,” Zu I e Ei 1 IV/40–5017a, 22 May 1940.
2. This information about Erwin Fischer comes from Amelis von Mettenheim. Jürgen Fischer, Erwin’s grandson, says that many family members doubt this story and he disagrees with the version from his aunt Amelis. He states that Erwin later married again. However, at the time, many homosexuals married to hide their sexual orientation, so marrying again did not necessarily prove he was a heterosexual. BA-MA, BMRS, Dieter Fischer, Jürgen Fischer to Rigg, 3 August 2005.
3. Although interviewees have mentioned that Ostjuden participated in street crimes, this may be more a reflection of their prejudices than what really happened.
4. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 71–72.
5. Rigg, Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers, 114.
6. BA-B (Bundesarchiv-Berlin), DZA 62 Ka. 1 83, 198, “Aktennotiz für Reichsamtsleiter Brack.”
7. BA-MA, N 328/45, Ehrhardt an Förste, 14 November 1956; Heeresadjutant bei Hitler 1938–1943. Aufzeichnungen des Majors Gerhard Engel, ed. and with commentary by Hildegard von Kotze (Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte no. 29), 32; Noakes, “Development of Nazi Policy,” 316, 333.
8. BA-B, NS 19, 3134, 1–2.
9. Ericksen, Theologians under Hitler, 164–65.
10. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 12.
11. Ibid., 7; BA-B, NS 19/3134, 1–2; Werner Maser, Adolf Hitler: Legende Mythos Wirklichkeit (Munich, 1971), 282; Henry Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquartier 1941–1942, Percy Ernst Schramm, ed. (Stuttgart, 1976), 45; Jochen von Lang, The Secretary: Martin Bormann (New York, 1979), 156; Max I. Dimont, Jews, God and History (New York, 1994), 331–32.
12. Horst von McGraw, The Evolution of Hitler’s Germany (New York, 1973), 56; Jochmann, Werner, ed., Adolf Hitler Monologe im Führerhauptquartier 1941–1944 (Hamburg, 1980), 96–99, 412–13; Fritz Redlich, Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet (Oxford, 1998), 309; Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, Vol. 1, The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939 (New York, 1997), 102, 177; Norman H. Baynes, ed., The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, Vols. 1–2, April 1922–August 1939 (Oxford, 1942), 19.
13. Yehuda Bauer, A History of the Holocaust (New York, 1982), 133; Redlich, Hitler, 302; Burleigh, Third Reich, 13–14, 259–60; Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 326–27; Jonathan Steinberg, “Croatians, Serbs and Jews, 1941–5,” in David Cesarani, ed., Final Solution: Origins and Implementation (New York, 1994), 190.
14. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, 334; Cooper, German Army, 333.
15. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 90.
1. Wilhelm Deist, The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament (Toronto, 1981), 70–81.
2. Tent, In the Shadow of the Holocaust, 87.
3. A full account of the rescue was published by Yale University Press in 2004 as Rescued from the Reich: How One of Hitler’s Soldiers Saved the Lubavitcher Rebbe.
4. Bauer, History of the Holocaust, 142–43; Keegan, Second World War, 44–47; Gilbert, Holocaust, 87, 99; Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity (Lawrence, KS, 2003), 1–4.
5. André Brissaud, Canaris (London, 1986), 157.
6. WNRCSM, 811.111.
7. WNRCSM, 811.111, Lubavitch promotional tract; WNRCSM, 15/1, secondary data on the Rebbe; Di Yiddische Heim, “Journey to America,” Israel Jacobson (1956), 3.
8. Rachel Altein, Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of Rabbi Yosef Y. Schneersohn of Lubavitch from War-Torn Europe in 1939–40, Eliezer Y. Zaklikovsky, ed. (New York, 2002), 298–302.
9. The Rebbes, Vol. 2: Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn of Lubavitch (Israel, 1994), 149. One must use the Rebbes book carefully because it is written for a young audience and its sources are not listed. Nonetheless the book tells the story most Lubavitchers accept.
10. Cooper, German Air-Force, 101; Altein, Out of the Inferno, 298–302; Gilbert, Second World War, 19.
11. WNRCSM, 15/1, Hull to Wagner, 23 September 1939.
12. Ibid., 15/2, Wagner to Hull, 26 September 1939, 15/7, Packer to Hull, 30 September 1939.
13. Ibid., 15/2, Rabinovitz to Brandeis, 29 September 1939, 15/3, Cohen to Pell, State Department, 2 October 1939; Di Yiddische Heim, “Journey to America,” 3.
14. WNRCSM, 15/4, memorandum from Pell, 2 October 1939, 1–2.
15. Ibid., 15/6, Hull to Farley, 2 October 1939; BA-MA, BMRS, CLD (Chabad Library Documents), Kleinfield to Farley, 27 September 1939, Chanin to Bloom, 27 September 1939; WNRCSM, 811.111, Department of State to American Legation in Riga, 13 January 1940.
16. WNRCSM, 15/3.
17. Brissaud, Canaris, 158; Karl Heinz Abshagen, Canaris (London, 1956), 150; WNRCSM, 15/5, Geist and Kirck to Hull.
18. Abshagen, Canaris, 150.
19. Rolf Vogel, Ein Stück von uns (Bonn, 1973), 306–7; Nachhut, 15 February 1971, Heft no. 11 S. 12; BA-MA, Msg 3-22/1; Michel Bar-Zohar, Hitler’s Jewish Spy: The Most Extraordinary True Spy Story of World War II (London, 1985).
20. NWHSAD, 100021/49193, 55F, Bürkner to Wohlthat, 15 January 1948; Brissaud, Canaris, 158.
21. Brissaud, Canaris, 153; Bauer, History of the Holocaust, 147; Kershaw, Profiles in Power, 152.
22. NWHSAD, 100021/49193, 55, Bürkner to Wohlthat, 15 January 1948; BA-MA, BMRS, interview with Martin Bloch, 13 October 1996.
23. BA-MA, BMRS, interview with Martin Bloch, 13 October 1996.
24. BA-MA, BMRS, interview with Ursula Cadenbach, 15 October 1996; BA-MA, Pers 6/9887.
25. BA-MA, Pers 6/9887; BA-MA, BMRS, Ernst Bloch; Vogel, Ein Stück von uns, 308–9.
26. BA-MA, BMRS, CLD, Jacobson to Liebermann, 24 October 1939, Pell to Cohen, 28 October 1939; WNRCSM, 15/7, Kirck to Pell, 19 November 1939.
27. BA-MA, BMRS, Schneersohn Folder 2, Rhoade to Cohen, 4 November 1939.
28. BA-MA, BMRS, interview with Klaus Schenk, 18 November 1996; NWHSAD, 56, Bürkner to Wohlthat, 15 January 1948.
29. Raphael N. Cohen, Shmuos Vsipurim (Israel, 1977), 235; Di Yiddische Heim, “Journey to America,” 5.
30. BA-MA, BMRS, Schneersohn folder 2, Rhoade to Kramer, 27 November 1939.
31. WNRCSM, 15/25, Rhoade to Pell, 4 December 1939.
32. WNRCSM, 15/19, Kirck to Pell, 22 December 1939; Isaac Levinson, The Untold Story (Johannesburg, 1958), 121.
33. Rebbes, 154.
34. Ibid.; Vogel, Ein Stück von uns, 311.
35. WNRCSM, 15/20, Rhoade to Rissman, 13 January 1940.
36. Di Yiddische Heim, “Journey to America,” 6; WNRCSM, 15/20; Time, 1 April 1940, 46; Newsweek, 1 April 1940, 31; Rebbes, 157.
37. WNRCSM, 811.111, Schneersohn to Hull, 25 March 1940.
38. Uri Kaploun, ed., Likkutei Dibburim: An Anthology of Talks by Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn of Lubavitch, Vol. 3 (Brooklyn, NY, 1987–1990), 40, 56–57, 62–64, 79, 81–86.
39. Discussion with Norman Lamm, 18 December 2004; Norman Lamm, The Face of God: Thoughts on the Holocaust, Yeshiva University, Department of Holocaust Studies, 1986, 121; John Troyer, “Hatemongers Try to Cleanse History. Gays: Forgotten Heroes of 9/11,” Counter Punch, 3 May 2002 (http://www.counter-punch.org/troyer0503.html; accessed 16 September 2008); Mitchell Plitnick, “Reclaiming Antisemitism,” Jews for Global Justice, 20 July 2003; Anti-Defamation League, “Rev. Falwell’s Statement That the Antichrist Is a Jew Borders on Antisemitism and Is Rooted in Christian Theological Extremism” (press release), 19 January 1999 (http://www.adl.org/PresRele/asus_12/3311_12.asp; accessed 16 September 2008).
40. Interview with Kenneth Roseman, 25 August 2003.
41. Karen Armstrong, A History of God: A 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam (New York, 1993), 376.
42. Harold S. Kushner, When Bad Things Happen to Good People (New York, 1981), 10; BA-MA, BMRS, interview with Chaskel Besser.
43. Discussion with Lamm, 18 December 2004; Lamm, “Face of God,” 120–32.
44. Discussion with Weisfogel, 18 November 2004.
45. Di Yiddische Heim, “Journey to America,” 10; Rebbes, 14.
46. BA-MA, Pers 6/9887, 19; Julius Mader, Hitlers Spionagegenerale sagen aus (Berlin, 1971), 57–66; BA-MA, BMRS, interview with Ursula Cadenbach, 15 October 1996.
47. BA-MA, Pers 6/9887, 35, 42; BA-MA, BMRS, interview with Martin Bloch; BA-MA, BMRS, interview with Ursula Cadenbach, 15 October 1996.
48. BA-MA, BMRS, interviews with Martin Bloch, 13 October 1996 and 4 December 1996, interview with Ursula Cadenbach, 15 October 1996; BA-MA, BMRS, Ernst Bloch, Bloch to Bloch, 10 April 1945.
49. BA-MA, Pers 6/9887, 41–43.
50. BA-MA, BMRS, Ernst Bloch, interview with Ursula Cadenbach, 15 October 1996, Register’s Officer to Preis, 1 November 1946.
51. Louis P. Lochner, ed., Goebbels Diaries (New York, 1948), 241.
52. Brissaud, Canaris, 153.
53. Walter Laqueur, “The Failure to Comprehend,” in Donald L. Niewyk, ed., The Holocaust: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (New York, 2003), 260–62.
54. Talmudic Tractate Sanhedrin 37a and Baba Batra, 11-a.
55. See Rigg, Rescued from the Reich.
56. Letter to author, 12 March 2003.
1. BA-MA, BMRS, interviews with Dieter Bergman, 10–16 September 1996.
2. David Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941–1945 (New York, 1989), 5.
3. Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust, 19, 58.