1. “The Cost of Segregation,” Metropolitan Planning Council, https://www.metroplanning.org/costofsegregation/default.aspx.
2. Amanda I. Seligman, Block by Block: Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago’s West Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 23.
3. “Janitor for Forty Years Retires,” Garfieldian, Aug. 4, 1954. Note: $20,000 in 1929 had the same buying power as $282,376.61 in 2017. Annual inflation over this period was about 3.05 percent. http://www.dollartimes.com/inflation/inflation.php?amount=20000&year=1929
4. $.45 in 1932 was the equivalent of about $7.44 in 2017. http://www.dollartimes.com/inflation/inflation.php?amount=1&-year=1932
5. To see an example of the code my father used, go to http://www.wikihow.com/Create-Secret-Codes-and-Ciphers, #5.
6. Albert Q. Maisel, “Bedlam 1946,” Life, May 6, 1946.
7. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Vintage Books, 2011), 376.
8. 1960 Fact Book; 1980 Fact Book; Department of Development and Planning, City of Chicago, Chicago Statistical Abstract, Part I: 1970 Census, Community Area Summary Tables (July 1973) (hereafter Chicago Statistical Abstract). Table created from data is in Amanda I. Seligman, Block by Block: Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago’s West Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 31.
9. Stephen Grant Meyer, As Long As They Don’t Move Next Door: Segregation and Racial Conflict in American Neighborhoods (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 120.
10. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Vintage Books, 2011), 376.
11. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1987), 196-218: “[B]lack neighborhoods were invariably rated as fourth grade. . . . ” Note: Redlining is a much more complicated subject than can be entertained in a bio-memoir such as this. The bottom line, as expressed in several studies, is that when blacks moved into a community, the area was redlined, making it difficult—if not impossible—for whites or blacks to obtain mortgages in the redlined area. That in turn created economic incentives for whites to keep blacks out.
12. Beryl Satter, Family Properties: Race, Real Estate, and the Exploitation of Black Urban America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010), 42.
13. Ibid.
14. Stephen Grant Meyer, As Long As They Don’t Move Next Door: Segregation and Racial Conflict in American Neighborhoods (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 8.
15. Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940–1960 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983, 1998), Table 1: “The Black Population of Chicago, 1890–1960” (U.S. Census Reports), 17.
16. Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, http://okra.stanford.edu/transcription/document_images/undecided/630416-019.pdf.
17. Amanda I. Seligman, Block by Block: Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago’s West Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 170.
18. Ibid., 35. Per the U.S. Census Bureau, Chicago had 320,372 more blacks in 1960 than in 1950.
19. Ibid., 39.
20. Ibid., 39–40.
21. Ibid., 129.
22. Amanda I. Seligman, Block by Block: Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago’s West Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), Table 5: “U.S. Census, 1960,” 35.
23. Ibid.
24. Michael T. Maly and Heather M. Dalmage, Vanishing Eden: White Construction of Memory, Meaning, and Identity in a Racially Changing City (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2016), 14-15.
25. Claude Sitton, “Alabama Admits Negro Students; Wallace Bows to Federal Force,” in Reporting Civil Rights, Part One: American Journalism 1941–1963 (London: Penguin, 2003), 827. First published in the New York Times, June 12, 1963.
26. “This Day in History: JFK Faces Down Defiant Governor,” History, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jfk-faces-down-defiant-governor.
27. Claude Sitton, “N.A.A.C.P. Leader Slain in Jackson; Protests Mount,” in Reporting Civil Rights, Part One: American Journalism 1941–1963 (London: Penguin, 2003), 835. First published in the New York Times, June 13, 1963.
28. “Byron De La Beckwith,” Biography, http://www.biography.com/people/byron-de-la-beckwith-21442573#conviction-and-death.
29. “Homeowner,” letter to the editor, Garfieldian, May 18, 1966. Quoted in Amanda I. Seligman, Block by Block: Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago’s West Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 2.
30. Amanda I. Seligman, Block by Block: Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago’s West Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), Table 3: “North Lawndale Population,” 34.
31. “Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America,” Digital Scholarship Lab (University of Richmond), https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=4/36.71/-96.93&opacity=0.8.
32. Beryl Satter, Family Properties: Race, Real Estate, and the Exploitation of Black Urban America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010), 96.
33. Ibid., 97.
34. Michael T. Maly and Heather M. Dalmage, Vanishing Eden: White Construction of Memory, Meaning, and Identity in a Racially Changing City (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2016), 14.
35. Laura Shin, “The Racial Wealth Gap: Why a Typical White Household Has 16 Times the Wealth of a Black One,” Forbes, March 26, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurashin/2015/03/26/the-racial-wealth-gap-why-a-typical-white-household-has-16-times-the-wealth-of-a-black-one/. Note: As Shin explains, “The typical black household now has just 6% of the wealth of the typical white household; the typical Latino household has just 8%, according to a recent study called “The Racial Wealth Gap: Why Policy Matters,” by Demos, a public policy organization. . . . The racial wealth gap means families of color may not be able to give young members of their households gifts to invest in their future, similar to what their white friends are likely to receive.”
36. Derek Gee and Ralph Lopez, Laugh Your Troubles Away: The Complete History of Riverview Park, Chicago, Illinois (Chicago: Sharpshooters Productions, 2000), 145.
37. Stephen Grant Meyer, As Long As They Don’t Move Next Door: Segregation and Racial Conflict in American Neighborhoods (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 117–18.
38. Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream” (speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963), American Rhetoric, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm.
39. The black population in Los Angeles increased from about 63,700 in 1940 to about 350,000 in 1965. See “The Great Migration: Creating a New Black Identity in Los Angeles,” KCET, https://www.kcet.org/history-society/the-great-migration-creating-a-new-black-identity-in-los-angeles.
40. Sheila Radford-Hill, phone conversation with author, April 22, 2015.
41. “In Chicago, Scores Hurt in Riot,” Chicago Daily News, August 14, 1965.
42. Ibid.
43. Burleigh Hines, “Hysterical Hate on the West Side,” Chicago Daily News, August 14, 1965.
44. Edmond J. Rooney, “A Night of Shame on Pulaski Road,” Chicago Daily News, August 14, 1965.
45. Notes Amanda I. Seligman, “Everyone remembers this wrongly because Mike Royko [a Chicago Daily News newspaper columnist in 1968] narrated it falsely. The shoot-to-kill order was not made public until about a week after the riots. I looked through the microfilm and discovered the discrepancy.” Amanda Seligman, electronic communication with author, December 27, 2016.
46. Quotes from Barbara Lilly are from a phone conversation with the author, January 24, 2006.
47. “West Madison Street, 1968,” Encyclopedia of Chicago, http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/6354.html.
48. Charla Wilson, Archivist for the Black Experience, Northwestern University Libraries, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il. Email September 21, 2017. “According to the ‘Northwestern University Responses to the Black Student Petition, April 22, 1968,’ 5 black students entered in 1965; 54 entered in 1966; and approximately 100 applicants in 1968.” Northwestern University Responses to the Black Student Petition, April 22, 1968, Box 1, folder 3, Records of the 1968 Black Student Sit-In, Series 31/6/155, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston Il.
49. Black Student Statement and Petition to Northwestern University Administrations, April 22, 1968, Box 1, folder 3, Records of the 1968 Black Student Sit-In, Series 31/6/155, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Il.
50. Northwestern University Responses to the Black Student Petition, April 22, 1968, Box 1, folder 3, Records of the 1968 Black Student Sit-In, Series 31/6/155, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston Il.
Policy Statement, Box 1, folder 3, Records of the 1968 Black Student Sit-In, Series 31/6/155, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Il.
51. Barbara Lilly, phone conversation with author, January 24, 2006.
52. Frank Kusch, Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), p 53.
53. “Marriages and Divorces, 1900–2012,” Infoplease, https://www.infoplease.com/us/marital-status/marriages-and-divorces-1900a2012. Note: Within five years (1975), the divorce rate increased to almost 50 percent.
54. “Son of Sharecropper: Dope Dealer Reaps Riches,” Chicago Tribune, February 25, 1974.