SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arnesen, Eric. Brotherhoods of Color: Black Railroad Workers and the Struggle for Equality. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.

Berlin, Ira, and Leslie M. Harris. Slavery in New York. New York: New Press, 2005.

Bolden, Rev. Richard Manuel. “Rev. R.M. Bolden Begins Series of Articles on Harlem Characters—Lieut. Battle and Chief Williams This Week.” New York Age, December 10, 1932.

Bontemps, Arna. “A Woman with a Mission.” In The Old South : “A Summer Tragedy” and Other Stories of the Thirties. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1973.

“Boss of the Bag Toters: ‘Cap’ Williams Heads Force of 414 at Grand Central; Friends of World’s Great Men; Lives Quietly at 60.” Baltimore Afro-American, November 26, 1938.

Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

“‘Chief’ Williams Remains Silent as Grand Central Red Caps Hold Labor Representation Elections.” New York Age, September 16, 1939.

Cleveland, Grover. Letters and Addresses of Grover Cleveland, ed. Albert Ellery Bergh. New York: Unit Book Publishing Co., 1909.

Corbould, Clare. “Race, Photography, Labor, and Entrepreneurship in the Life of Maurice Hunter, Harlem’s ‘Man of 1,000 Faces.’” Radical History Review 132 (2018): 144–71.

Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cayton. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1945.

Edwards, R.A.R. Words Made Flesh: Nineteenth-Century Deaf Education and the Growth of Deaf Culture. New York: New York University Press, 2012.

Fletcher, Tom. 100 Years of the Negro in Show Business. New York: Burdge, 1954.

Handy, W. C. Father of the Blues: An Autobiography. Edited by Arna Bontemps. New York: Macmillan, 1947.

Hill, Abram. “Chief James H. Williams.” Federal Writers Project, August 30, 1939.

Hughes, Langston. “Radioactive Red Caps.” In The Best of Simple. New York: Hill and Wang, 1961.

Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995.

James, Edward T., Janet Wilson James, and Paul S. Boyer. Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press: 1971.

Johnson, Howard Eugene, and Wendy Johnson. Dancer in the Revolution: Stretch Johnson, Harlem Communist at the Cotton Club. New York: Fordham University Press, 2014.

Johnson, James Weldon. Black Manhattan. New York: Perseus, 1930.

Johnson, William Henry. Autobiography. Albany, N.Y.: Argus, 1900.

Macdonald, Allan. “Up from Slavery: Four Generations of the Williams Family Span the Modern History of the Republic, From Pre-War Slavery Days to the Present, Each and All Actively Exemplifying the Qualities of Loyalty and Courage.” World Magazine, March 27, 1927.

Marshall, David. Grand Central. New York: Whittlesey House, 1946.

Osofsky, Gilbert, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 1890–1930. New York: Harper and Row, 1966.

Paulsson, Martin. The Social Anxieties of Progressive Reform, Atlantic City, 1854–1920. New York: New York University Press, 1994.

“Progress of Grand Central ‘Red Caps.’” New York Age, July 6, 1918.

Robins, Anthony W., and Maxinne Leighton. Grand Central Terminal: 100 Years of a New York Landmark. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2013.

Robinson, J. E. “James H. Williams and His Success at Grand Central Terminal.” Colored American, August 1909.

Romero, Patricia. “The Early Organization of Red Caps, 1937–1938.” Negro History Bulletin 29, no. 5 (1966): 101–14.

“R.R. Attendants Organize.” New York Age, July 21, 1910.

Scott, Emmett J. Scott’s Official History of the American Negro in the World War Chicago: Homewood Press, 1919.

“300 Red Caps Employed at Grand Central R.R. Station Serve Thousands Each Day.” New York Age, July 21, 1923.

Trotter, James Monroe. Music and Some Highly Musical People. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1878.

Tunis, John R. “The Red Cap Tells the World.” Elks Magazine, June 1927.

Walton, Lester. “Square Deal for Red Caps.” New York Age, June 8, 1918.

Wilk, Daniel Levinson. “The Red Cap’s Gift: How Tipping Tempers the Rational Power of Money.” Enterprise and Society 16, no. 1 (2015): 5–50.

Zeisloft, E. Idell, ed. The New Metropolis: Memorable Events of Three Centuries, 1600–1900. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1899.