CONTENTS
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Acknowledgments
Introduction
What Is the AP Program?
What Is the AP Chemistry Exam?
Cracking the Multiple-Choice Section
• The Basics
• Pacing
• Guessing
• About Calculators
Cracking the Free-Response Section
• Part A—Problems
• Cracking the Problems
• Part B—Reactions and Essays
• Cracking the Essays
About the Topics Covered on the Test
The Months Before the Test
The Week Before the Test
The Day of the Test
The Periodic Table
Electrons
• Quantum Numbers
• The Aufbau Principle
• The Pauli Exclusion Principle
• Quantum Numbers and the Periodic Table
• Hund’s Rule
• Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
• Electrons and Energy
• Names and Theories
Periodic Trends
• Atomic Radius
• Ionization Energy
• Electron Affinity
• Electronegativity
Chapter 3 Questions
Chapter 3 Answers and Explanations
Coulomb’s Law
Bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Lewis Dot Structures
• Molecular Geometry
Bonds Between Molecules—Attractive Forces in Solids and Liquids
• Network (Covalent) Bonds
• Metallic Bonds
• Van der Waals Forces
• Hydrogen Bonds
Chapter 4 Questions
Chapter 4 Answers and Explanations
Some Math
• Significant Figures
• Logarithms
Moles
• Moles and Molecules
• Moles and Grams
• Moles and Gases
• Moles and Solutions
• Percent Composition
• Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Chemical Equations
• Balancing Chemical Equations
• Chemical Equations and Calculations
Chapter 5 Questions
Chapter 5 Answers and Explanations
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
Kinetic Molecular Theory
The Ideal Gas Equation
Dalton’s Law
Graham’s Law
Van der Waals Equation
Density
Chapter 6 Questions
Chapter 6 Answers and Explanations
The Phase Diagram
Phase Changes
• Naming the Phase Changes
• Heat of Fusion
• Heat of Vaporization
The Phase Diagram for Water
The Heating Curve
Chapter 7 Questions
Chapter 7 Answers and Explanations
The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
State Functions
Standard State Conditions
Enthalpy
• Enthalpy Change, ∆H
• Heat of Formation, ∆H°f
• Bond Energy
• Hess’s Law
• Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
Entropy
• Entropy Change, ∆S°
Gibbs Free Energy
• Free Energy Change, ∆
• ∆G, ∆H, and ∆S
• ∆G and ∆G°
• Standard Free Energy Change and the Equilibrium Constant
Energy Diagrams
• Catalysts and Energy Diagrams
Chapter 8 Questions
Chapter 8 Answers and Explanations
Concentration Measurements
• Molarity
• Molality
• Mole Fraction
Solutes and Solvents
Colligative Properties
• Boiling-Point Elevation
• Freezing-Point Depression
• Vapor Pressure Lowering (Raoult’s Law)
• Osmotic Pressure
Density
Solubility
• Solubility Product (Ksp)
• The Common Ion Effect
• Solubility Rules
• Solubility of Gases
Chapter 9 Questions
Chapter 9 Answers and Explanations
The Equilibrium Constant, Keq
Keq and Gases
The Reaction Quotient, Q
Keq and Multistep Processes
Le Châtelier’s Law
• Concentration
• Volume
• Temperature
• Pressure
Chapter 10 Questions
Chapter 10 Answers and Explanations
Definitions
• Arrhenius
• Brønsted-Lowry
• Lewis
pH
Weak Acids
• Weak Acids and Calculations
Strong Acids
• Strong Acids and Calculations
Kw
Acid and Base Salts
• Acid-Base Salts and Calculations
Buffers
Polyprotic Acids and Amphoteric Substances
Anhydrides
Titration
Chapter 11 Questions
Chapter 11 Answers and Explanations
The Rate Law Using Initial Concentrations
The Rate Law Using Concentration and Time
• First-Order Rate Laws
• Second-Order Rate Laws
• Zero-Order Rate Laws
Collision Theory
• The Rate Constant and Temperature
Reaction Mechanisms
Catalysts
Kinetics and Equilibrium
Chapter 12 Questions
Chapter 12 Answers and Explanations
Oxidation States
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Reduction Potentials
Voltage and Spontaneity
Voltage and Equilibrium
Galvanic Cells
Electrolytic Cells
Chapter 13 Questions
Chapter 13 Answers and Explanations
Types of Nuclear Decay
• Alpha Emission (
)
• Beta Emission (
)
• Positron Emission (
)
• Electron Capture (
)
• Gamma Rays (
)
Nuclear Stability
• Half-Life
Mass Defect and Binding Energy
Chapter 14 Questions
Chapter 14 Answers and Explanations
Recommended Experiments
Safety
Accuracy
Lab Procedures
• Methods of Separation
• Measuring Concentration
Identifying Chemicals in Solution
• Precipitation
• Conduction
• Flame Tests
• Acid-Base Reaction
• Colored Solutions
Laboratory Equipment
Chapter 15 Questions
Chapter 15 Answers and Explanations
Hydrocarbons
• Alkanes
• Alkenes
• Alkynes
• Hydrocarbon Rings
Some Functional Groups
• Alcohols
• Organic Acids
• Halides
• Amines
• Aldehydes
• Ketones
• Ethers
• Esters
Isomers
Organic Reactions
Chapter 16 Questions
Chapter 16 Answers and Explanations
The Basics
Scoring
Cracking the Descriptive Chemistry Section
Index
About the Author