NOTES

Prologue: Everything to Fear

“you may need”: For the quotes, see Leuchtenburg, Hoover, 144–6; New York Times, January 1, 1933; Kennan, Kennan Diaries, 83; Kennedy, 131; Levine, 208; Katznelson, 30–1; Davis, New York Years, 446; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 4–5.

successful presidential term: Farley, Behind the Ballots, 208–9.

sense of desperation: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 3, 155–7, 248–51; Amadeo, “US GDP by Year”; Kennedy, xiv, 65–9; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 1–3, 18–19.

a failing economy: Rosenman, Public Papers, 1933, March 4, 1933; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 244–6.

on the nation: Rosenman, Public Papers, 1933, March 4, 1933.

work and prosperity: Schlesinger, 252; Kennedy, 89.

indolence and quick-rich schemes: My analysis rests on Levine’s penetrating discussion of popular culture at the start of the Depression, 209–21.

along with the economic crisis: The Dos Passos quote is in Hofstadter, American Political Tradition, xxxiii.

the country’s “great cities”: Hofstadter, Age of Reform, 174–84, 287–91, 295–9; Gusfield; Levine, 193–5, 199–200; Kennedy, 13–6.

darkest days of the Depression: Hofstadter, Age of Reform, 291–5; Levine, 196–9; Kennedy, 19–20.

“throughout the decade”: Levine, 200–5.

“played in human affairs”: Steel, 327.

“now of foreign affairs”: Dingman; Kennedy, 93–4; Leuchtenburg, Hoover, 122–5.

a compelling argument: New York Times, January 7, 1933.

“more courage” than electoral systems: Steel, 279, 299–300.

“amiable boy scout”: Posner, xiv–xv; Steel, 291–2.

Chapter 1: The Making of a Patrician

“believed to be so”: Jay, 364.

America’s other leaders: Ibid., 363.

study at Hyde Park: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, chapter 1, esp. 27, 36–9, 76; Smith, FDR, 3–5, 10–16; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1224; Roosevelt, “History of the President’s Estate,” in the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library [FDRL]; Freedman, 655–6.

apparent to Franklin: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 46–9, 56–7, 70–4; Smith, FDR, 17–23; Roosevelt’s Recollections, n.d., in the FDRL.

other boys his age: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, chapter 2, and 73–8; Smith, FDR, 22–6; Roosevelt to the Robbinses, May 30, 1891, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 35. His father’s “invincible sense”: Davis, 16.

“too slight for success”: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 117–9, 125, 128.

lacking “school spirit”: Smith, FDR, 26–8; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 101–4, 109–11; Roosevelt to his parents, October 1, 1896, and May 15, 1897, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I. Also see 33, 42, 100 of that work.

people he wished to control: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 130–1, 34.

“masters and boys alike”: Ibid., 253–4, 34.

“whole school cheered”: Ibid., 110, 226, 230, 379.

“perpetually growing larger”: Peabody’s quote is in Davis, 130.

ethnic political bosses: Smith, FDR, 28–9; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 129–30.

and constitutional government: Smith, FDR, 30; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 423–5.

gloomy holiday season: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 425–38; Davis, 143–7.

through the Norwegian fjords: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 438–58.

ended his memorable visit: Ibid., 459–68, especially 467–8; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 149–53.

part of his life’s work: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 150, 153; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 434–6, 486–502.

most elite of the elite: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 152, 155–6; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 322–3; Brands, 24.

place of remembrance: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 155–7.

friends and subordinates: Ibid., 157–64.

world under their command: The photos are in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, between 480 and 481.

“Mais elle n’est pas gaie”: Lash, chapters 1–8, especially 33, 46, 74, 84, 86, 87.

like her late husband: Ibid., chapter 10, especially 84, 105, 107.

“be absolutely happy”: Ibid., 105, 109.

“this golden loop”: Ibid., 109–13, and 162 for James’s quote; Smith, FDR, 47, 56.

notice of the assembled party: Lash, 136–41; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 191–3.

at least not yet: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 73; Lash, 145–6; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 191, 194.

fostered by their kinsman: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 4–85, especially 10–11 and 84 on TR; Lash, 147–51.

striking out against her: Lash, 152–66, especially 156–7, 161–4.

municipal court cases: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 208, 212; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 136.

foresee in 1910: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 212–4; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 139.

Chapter 2: The Making of a Politician

“express the private man”: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 331; on what Richard Hofstadter called the status politics of the progressive era, see Hofstadter, Age of Reform, 135–66.

“president of the United States”: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 62–3, 220–1.

so well in the past: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 151–5; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 221–3.

progressive statewide candidate: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 153–8; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 331–2; Davis, 239–42.

“split it wide open”: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 332; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 245–8; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 20.

onto the national scene: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 158–9.

political change was succeeding: Ibid., 160–3; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 333–4; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 18–9; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 248–57; Jay, Oxford Dictionary of Political Quotations, 370.

happy to pay lower rates: Perkins, 9–14; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 334–9; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 19–21; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 257–66.

conduct its public affairs: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 336–8.

“All my plans vague”: Link, Road to the White House, chapters x–xiii, especially 413; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 192; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 270–7.

acceptable to the progressives: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 277–82.

lined up behind him: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 192–6.

“wishes to ride in front”: Ibid., 197; for a superb portrait of Howe and Roosevelt’s reelection campaign, see Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 283–96, 301–5; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 342–3.

“May history repeat itself”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 199–200; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 348; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 27; Link, Progressive Era, 81; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 321.

resign his office: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 344–5; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 320–2.

“hated by everybody”: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 348; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 309–14.

preparing for a possible conflict: Link, Road to the White House, 84–7; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 348–9; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 329–33.

rhetoric was not appreciated: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 349; Link, Progressive Era, chapter 5; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 333–9.

“very sweet but very sad”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 228–30, 232–3, 235–9, 243.

“handing out to a gullible public”: Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 263; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 246, 248–9, 256–7.

Republicans in November: Link, New Freedom, 164–73; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 356–62.

new Navy Department entity: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 269–72, 291–3; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 390–3, 406.

involvement in the war: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 282–4, 288–9; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 414–5.

center of national events: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 300–3, 338–9; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 350; Brands, 76–7.

he said later: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 351; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 430; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 29.

commitment to self-determination: For discussions of the Wilson administration’s foreign policy thinking and view of World War I in particular, see Osgood, Ideals and Self-Interest, and Hofstadter, Age of Reform, 270–80.

better off under American control: Link, Progressive Era, 99–103; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 435–42.

fighting was meant to restore: Link, Road to the White House, 281–2; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 449, 454–7.

Wilson told Daniels: Burns and Dunn, 151–3.

violence by vigilantes: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 347–73; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 507–8, 512; Burns and Dunn, 154.

service than the smaller crafts: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 351–2, 354, 362; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 466–7.

the end of the war: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 355–6; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 469–76.

passed it along to Wilson: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 374–441, especially 414, 416–7, 420–2; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 516–30.

other than Franklin’s lover: Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt: 1884–1933, 217–32; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, note on 493.

herself or her family: Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt: 1884–1933, 232–6.

an “ill-advised” initiative: Burns and Dunn, 156–7.

summer of 1920: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 614, 588–93, 603.

fighting fronts invaluable: Golway, 247–9.

vice-presidential standard-bearer: Hofstadter, Age of Reform, 279–80, on progressive exhaustion; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 607–14.

“I am very grateful”: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 360–3; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 615–7; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 39; Burns and Dunn, 161.

how prophetic his words were: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 364–6; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 39–40; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 617–26; Burns and Dunn, 161–2; Lash, chapter 24.

Chapter 3: Polio

another round of reform: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 626–7, 640.

American politics required: Richard Hofstadter used the atmosphere metaphor in a conversation with me in 1963.

into harbor on August 8: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 640–6; Tobin, 15–6, 27, 29, 32–3, 40–2.

had from past afflictions: Tobin, 40–9.

mistaken about this as well: Ibid., 50–1, 56–60.

“treatment in New York”: Ibid., 61–78.

extent of Franklin’s disability: Ibid., 83–6.

temporarily laid low: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 663–4.

require substantial practice: Ibid., 663–6, 668–9, 671–2; Tobin, 110–1, 341.

transform her future: Lash, 268, 271–2; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1933, 309–11.

“weak character forever”: Lash, 268, 273–6.

“watches or pajamas”: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 629–30; Lash, 271.

capacity to lead the nation: Ansbacher and Ansbacher, Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler; Way, Alfred Adler.

the user’s immobility: When the Franklin D. Roosevelt memorial in Washington, D.C., opened in 1998, it included a statue of him seated in the kitchen chair with the small wheels that gave no clear evidence of his disability. Protests from the disability community, however, persuaded the memorial commission to add a statue of Roosevelt in a recognizable wheelchair at the entrance to the site.

efforts to mask his disability: Smith, FDR, 193–7.

resume his labored walk: Ibid., 197–8, 200–1.

“pajamas, nighties, and bathing suits”: Ibid., 204–7; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 534–5. Also see Tobin’s fascinating discussion of the inner life of those with disabilities, 116–21.

“could well be established here”: Tobin, 199–203; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 564–9; Smith, FDR, 215–6.

political and philanthropic talents: Smith, FDR, 216–9; Tobin, 205–7, 213–26.

wrath for sinful actions: Tobin, 241–2.

enjoyed normal mobility: Ibid., 158; Adler, Understanding Human Nature, 69, 191.

youthful, vibrant Franklin intact: Perkins is quoted in Tobin, 155; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 530–1.

make the same sacrifice: Smith, FDR, 198–9.

“usual male environment”: Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1933, 248–9, 256–7, 329; Lash, 277–8.

a run for office: Lash, 277–8, 281–3.

“And sit down”: Ibid., 278–82; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1933, 338–42; Smith, FDR, 199–200; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 689–90.

association with progressive causes: Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1933, 342–6.

politically useful to the other: For the details and quotes, see Golway, 256–7; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 720–8, 735–6, 757–8; Tobin, 186–95; Burns and Dunn, 188–9.

promoting peace abroad: Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1933, 351–2; Lash, 287–8.

minimum of help: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 609, 625; Tobin, 229–33, 242; Smith, FDR, 220.

Democratic Party in 1928: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 773, 775–9, 801; Golway, 261–2.

“make you the fair-haired boy”: Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 800–3; Tobin, 217, 235–7, 247.

himself to the public good: The Smith quote is in Tobin, 257. The best brief life of Hoover is Leuchtenburg, Hoover. Also see Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 824–6, 829–30.

“for me to walk in”: Smith, FDR, 221–5; Tobin, 253–65; Davis, Beckoning of Destiny, 838–40, 842–53; Davis, New York Years, 29–30.

compelling public talks: Davis, New York Years, 29–30, 32–5.

profits at the public’s expense: Ibid., 39–43; Smith, FDR, 226–7; Tobin, 270–4.

made Roosevelt the governor-elect: Davis, New York Years, 44–7; Smith, FDR, 227–8.

Chapter 4: “Chameleon on Plaid”

progressive Democratic administration: Smith, FDR, 229–30; Tobin, 275–6.

“I won’t either,” Franklin answered: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 386–7; Smith, FDR, 230–2; Tobin, 276–9; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1933, 362–80, especially 379 for her comment on Roosevelt’s victory. For a definitive study of Moses, see Caro, Power Broker, 29: What Rosenman saw “very early: Roosevelt was going to be his own Governor and take full charge. Any thought anyone of us might have had that Smith was going to run things was almost immediately dispelled.”

conversation with him: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 387–8, 393; Smith, FDR, 230–3, 238; Davis, New York Years, 72–3; Perkins, 72; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 39–40.

“session of a legislative body”: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 393; Tobin, 288.

government, not business: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 389–91; Smith, FDR, 237–41; Davis, New York Years, 89–90.

Democratic nomination in 1932: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 41–7; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 390–5; Smith, FDR, 240–5; Tobin, 288. On Hoover’s response to the crash, see Leuchtenburg, Hoover, chapter 7.

his own against polio: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 48–53; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 276–81; Smith, FDR, 249–51; Davis, New York Years, 236–43. For Hopkins’s early life, see McJimsey.

“prefix charged with hate”: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 244–5; Tobin, 297; Leuchtenburg, Hoover, 126, 128–31.

“would defeat Mr. Hoover”: Leuchtenburg, Hoover, 131–5, 138.

“report the facts”: For the Will Rogers quotes, see online: “Will Rogers Quotes—Brainy Quotes.”

organized stop-Roosevelt movement: Smith, FDR, 258.

first lady in new directions: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 282; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1933, 378–80, 445–7; Smith, FDR, 270.

converted him to their position: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 286–8.

winning two-thirds margin: Ibid., 284–5.

the vice-presidential nomination: Ibid., 285–6; also see “John Nance Garner” Google online.

“above all try something”: Burns and Dunn, 230–2; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 283–4.

“‘weave the two together’”: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 426–8; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 10, 33.

“have a little faith”: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 289; Burns and Dunn, 225–7.

“like to be President”: Davis, New York Years, 252–3, 256, 295.

Paris for the peace talks: See Gelfand.

would help or hinder: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 56–8; Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism, 210–3.

“efficiency of great value”: Davis, New York Years, 289; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 398–400.

“contact with destiny itself”: Davis, New York Years, 268–72; Tugwell, Democratic Roosevelt, 213.

“has told him,” Moley observed: Moley, 10–11.

getting to the White House: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 32–4; Berle and Jacobs, xv–xx; Davis, New York Years, 276–89, for an excellent discussion on Berle.

Hoover would defeat him: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 4–10; Burns, Lion and the Fox, 134–8; Smith, FDR, 263–75, is an excellent account of the nominating process. Freidel, on the kangaroo ticket, Rendezvous with Destiny, 73. Interview with McCormick: “Roosevelt’s View of the Big Job,” New York Times Magazine, September 11, 1932.

1930 film, Chasing Rainbows: See Burns and Dunn on Hoover’s search for a song as a remedy, 209–10. On “Happy Days,” see Smith, FDR, 268–9.

emblematic of the administration: Smith, FDR, 275–7; Burns and Dunn, 236–8; Winik, 23; Rosenman, Public Papers, 1928–1932: “I Pledge You—I Pledge Myself.”

“stay alive until election day”: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 413, 416.

“Right here at home”: Ibid., 256–65; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 13–6; Burns and Dunn, 241; Davis, New York Years, 344–53; Tugwell, Brain Trust, 427–34.

“Mayor [Jimmy] Walker”: Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 74, 76.

for a European tour: Davis, New York Years, 353–5; Burns and Dunn, 238–9.

years in his political career: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 423–39; Burns, Lion and the Fox, 141–4; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 10–13; Davis, New York Years, 355–74; Smith, FDR, 279–82, 285–7.

“road ahead would be”: Smith, FDR, 287–8; Leuchtenburg, Hoover, 141; Roosevelt, This I Remember, 74–5.

himself as president: Dallek, Roosevelt, vii; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 452; Tugwell, Democratic Roosevelt, 62, 27.

“greatest actors in America”: Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 205; Steel, 301; Alter, 53, 65; the Welles anecdote is in Moe, 310.

preserve the country’s political institutions: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 440–55.

“in slow waltz time”: Burns, Lion and the Fox, 146–7; Smith, FDR, 289–90.

struggle with the Great Depression: Moley, 139; Davis, New York Years, 427–37; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 169–74.

Chapter 5: “Instrument of Their Wishes”

“situation that now confronts us”: Lippmann is quoted in Steel, 300; Reed is quoted in Katznelson, 12; Landon in Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 3. The Hearst anecdote, as well as the America Legion speech, is in Alter, 4–7.

“puffy and expressionless”: Davis, New Deal Years, 19–26; Boller, 95–6.

“I take it”: Rosenman, Public Papers, 1933, 11–16.

recovered from his paralysis: The cartoons can be found online under FDR’s First Hundred days—FDRL. Just google what I cited. Hill’s discussion of FDR’s disability is in Smith, FDR, 301.

“all back on the 9th”: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 4–8; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 41–4.

applauded his performance: Smith, FDR, 309–10; Roosevelt Press Conference, March 8, 1933, online under The American Presidency Project.

working to make them whole: Roosevelt’s Fireside Chat, March 12, 1933, is available at the Miller Center, University of Virginia, online. Also see Alter, 263–6.

“was a God-sent man”: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 12–3; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 44–5; Alter, 268.

enact a New Deal agenda: Roosevelt Press Conference, March 15, 1933; Burns, Lion and the Fox, 167–8; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 47–8; Smith, FDR, 317.

“made the New Deal possible”: The quotes are in Hofstadter, American Political Tradition, 410, 413, 432; and Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 500. Again, the first press conference is online under the American Presidency Project.

one divided by factionalism: Burns, Lion and the Fox, 168–9; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 48–52; Fireside Chat, March 12, 1933, online.

“people needed to hear”: The cartoon is in Burns, Lion and Fox, 169; Bellow is quoted in Alter, 220–1.

“by an interior decorator”: Moley, 369–70.

roots of American democracy: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 48–52, 72–8; Kennedy, 142, 200–7, 213; Alter, 279–83.

“almost always meant never”: Alter, 284; Kennedy, 205, 207–10; Katznelson, 141, 166–7; Burns and Dunn, 185; Dallek, Unfinished Life, 596, 600.

his cousin Theodore: Roosevelt Press Conference, March 22, 1933, online; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 337–41; Burns, Lion and the Fox, 169, 243–6; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 174; Kennedy, 144; Alter, 291–9; Davis, New Deal Years, 383–4. The fullest account of Roosevelt’s devotion to conservation is Brinkley, Rightful Heritage.

devil-may-care attitude: Perkins, 182–5; Sherwood, 1–2, 5–6; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 263–7.

“they eat every day”: Sherwood, 52, 106.

fallen on hard times: Perkins, 186; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 268, 270–3; Faber; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1938, 477–80, 483–4; the photograph is in Smith, FDR, after 332; Goodwin, 219–22; Kennedy, 161–2, 169, 171, 173–4; Ward, 20–21.

“Depression in this country”: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 274–5; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 120–4; Davis, New Deal Years, 306–14; Kennedy, 175–6.

“confused, two-headed experiment”: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 94–9; Burns, Lion and the Fox, 180–1; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 55–8; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 104–5; Kennedy, 151–3.

“helped preserve American unity”: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, chapters 6–10, especially 103–6, 175–76; Burns, Lion and the Fox, 191–3; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 64–71; Davis, New Deal Years, 249–50, 252–3; Schwarz, 286–98; Kennedy, 177–89; Alter, 300–4; Perkins, 205–6.

“plans are carried out”: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 320; Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, May 7, 1933, online.

signed the law on May 18: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 319–27; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 54–5; Burns, Lion and the Fox, 179; Burns and Dunn, 247–9, 261; Kennedy, 147–9.

“joint efforts to this end”: Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, May 7, 1933.

isolate itself from conflicts abroad: Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 390–407; Dallek, Roosevelt, 36.

“forecasts are dangerous”: Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 458–64, 498; Dallek, Roosevelt, 47.

leading New Deal critic: Dallek, Roosevelt, 39–42, 47–58; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 490–4. Also see Schlesinger’s superb analysis of Roosevelt’s control of subordinates, Coming of the New Deal:, 527–32, 549.

take up arms against Germany: For criticism of Roosevelt, see Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 202–3; Kennedy, 155.

“met a painless Waterloo”: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 59–62; Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, 14–15, 22.

Chapter 6: “Trustee of the Existing Social System”

“quality of the food”: Davis, New Deal Years, 201–8, 212; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 178–80; Williams, 639; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 249; Smith, FDR, 333–9.

suffering during the Depression: Lash, 355–6; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1933, 498–9.

administration of affairs: Lash, 357–8, 382.

“great deal to me”: Lash, 360–5, 373; Burns and Dunn, 265–70.

“don’t think and don’t know”: Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1933, 499–500; Lash, 366.

in the community center: Lash, chapter 37; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt: 1933–1938, 130–2, on Arthurdale, see 132–44; Burns and Dunn, 271–6. See the negative references to Arthurdale in Ickes, Secret Diaries, volume I.

family was enough: Burns and Dunn, 266; Lash, 390–1.

“headed in the right direction”: Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, October 22, 1933, online.

interests in western states: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 72–3, 78–84; Davis, New Deal Years, 284–94, 297–8; Kennedy, 196–9. On the Great Plains and the dust bowl, see Worster.

ground to a halt: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 563–6; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 86, 90–1, 93–5; Burns and Dunn, 283–4; Davis, 319–20.

“hearts of a united people”: Roosevelt speech at Gettysburg, PA, May 30, 1934, online.

committed to the “extreme left”: Davis, New Deal Years, 416.

stones to a better life: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 484–97; Burns, Lion and the Fox, 206–8; Davis, New Deal Years, 399–400, 415–6; Kennedy: the cartoon is between 332–3; Brands, 8–9, 336.

“deified some one man”: Burns, Lion and the Fox, 210–2; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 96–9; Davis, New Deal Years, 493–4; Kennedy, 234–9. Also see, online, Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Diary, December 20, 1934, for Long’s comment to the Mayor, FDRL; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 42–68; Williams, 200, 626, 640, and 699–700; Brinkley, Voices of Protest, 57–64, 171–3; and White, 165, 167–8, 171–2, 197–200.

minor role in American politics: Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 15–28; Brinkley, Voices of Protest, 82–127, 133–4, especially 82–3, 93, 107.

“Abraham Lincoln and General Grant”: Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 29–35; Brinkley, Voices of Protest, 222–6; Kennedy, 224–5; Brands, 300–1.

get out of the Depression: Perkins, 124; Davis, New Deal Years, 402–4, 409, 423–8; Kennedy, 225–7; Brands, 301–2.

so trying an adversary: Sherwood, 9; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 144, 154–5, 207, 218, 222–4, 239–40; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 541–2.

“crowned by the people”: Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 127; Burns, Lion and the Fox, 198–205; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 503–7; Davis, New Deal Years, 421–2; Kennedy, 216–7; Smith, FDR, 349–50.

an act of patriotism: Dallek, Roosevelt, 38–9, 59–66, 78–81, 86–7; Ward, 10.

Lincoln in the making: Sherwood, 8–10.

“I do, I do!”: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 583–4.

Chapter 7: Mastering Washington “Bedlam”

“my happiness,” he told her: New York Times, February 27, 1935; Ward, ix–xvii, 9, 13–5, 17; Goodwin, 39.

barracudas and sharks: Burns, Lion and the Fox, 186–91; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 8.

lead the country into war: Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 4, 1935, online. Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 142.

but world peace: Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 284–5, 287; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 449–52; Dallek, Roosevelt, 95–6.

dictated that he do nothing: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 463–4, 472–6; Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat, 172–3.

“main performance starts”: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 124–5, 131–3; Perkins, chapter 23; Ward, 18; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 466–8.

“give us all a headache”: Farley, Behind the Ballots, 65, 155; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 575; Davis, New Deal Years, 467; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 469–72.

uncertainties of industrial life: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 309–12; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 124–5; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 476.

“dangerous duodenal ulcer”: Ward, 23; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 328–31, 340–1; McJimsey, 78–9, 83–6; Sherwood, 52–3, 68–70, 93; Davis, New Deal Years, 467–71; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 125; Watkins, 394–401.

“any of these projects”: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 125–8; Sherwood, 59–60.

distributed to the NYA: Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 351–2; Lash, 462, 467, 536–40, 544–5; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt: 1933–1938, 268–72; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 125–6.

“what we are talking”: Dallek, Lone Star Rising,123–43; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt: 1933–1938, 154, 159–60, 278–9; Goodwin, 163.

threaten his reelection: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 129; Lash, 544–6.

“doing all the talking”: Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 211–4, 249–50; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 342, 346; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 146.

“You can do it anyway”: Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 214–5; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 143–5; White, 254; Shesol, 41.

“as usual a bedlam”: Shesol, 71, 126–45; Roosevelt, press conference, May 31, 1935, online; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 371–2; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 453, 480–1, 484, 486; Ward, 23, 25–6.

millions of Americans: Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 379–83; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 157–8, 167–9; Davis, New Deal Years, 490–2; Ward, 27, 37.

signature made it law: Kennedy, 296–8; Perkins, 239; Smith, FDR, 357–8.

David Lilienthal announced: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 98, 483; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 302–14, 323–4, 376–9; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 157; Davis, New Deal Years, 529–37; Smith, FDR, 237.

between privilege and poverty: Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 325–34; Morgenthau Diaries, June 14, 1935, online FDRL; Message to Congress on Tax Revision, June 19, 1935, FDRL, online; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 384–5, 472; Kennedy, 275–8; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 252, 492.

“very decidedly so”: Kennedy, 277–8; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 168; Gallup, 2.

entered another war: Ward, 27–8; Gallup, 3, 5.

“would not be understood”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 101; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 499–501.

new acts of aggression: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 472–3, 530–1; Dallek, Roosevelt, 101–108; Kennedy, 393–5.

Chapter 8: Triumph of the New Order

“anything might happen”: White, 239–42; Brinkley, Voices of Protest, 80–1, 243–4; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 452–3.

irritant to the administration: White, 262–6; Roosevelt, press conferences, September 11 and September 13, 1935, FDRL, online; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 462.

“Your affec F”: Goodwin, 36, 119–21; Steel, 316–7; Lash, 337–8, 343–4; Ward, 30, 32, 34–5, 37–49, 54, 420.

“President’s personal popularity”: Roosevelt, speeches, September 30, October 1, October 2, 1935, FDRL, online; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 446; Davis, New Deal Years, 580–2; Sherwood, 80.

was a model host: Sherwood, 78–9; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 446–61.

draw America into the conflict: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 516, 525; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 465; Ward, 50; Gallup, 3, 12, 26.

came to naught: Sherwood, 79; Dallek, Roosevelt, 110–6.

just, equitable, democratic society: Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 55–6; Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 3, 1936, FDRL, online; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 502–4; Ward, 56.

“possible out from that statement”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 544–5, 555–6, 560.

future attacks abroad: Gallup, 14; Dallek, Roosevelt, 117–21.

“a week or two”: C. H. Sherrill to LeHand, September 14, 1935, PSF, FDRL; Ward, 69; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 571.

informed student of politics: Ward, 65, 69–70, 77, 82; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 515; Anne O’Hare McCormick, “Still ‘A Little Left of Center,’” New York Times Magazine, June 21, 1936; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 169–70; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 695, 699.

been able to prevent: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 534, 574, 583; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1938, 353–4.

“a judicial tyranny”: Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 372, 523–4, 530; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 470–4, 487–9, 500, 502, 504–5; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 569; Shesol, 182–97.

overturn Court rulings: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 548–9; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 495, 529; Leuchtenburg, Supreme Court, 89–96.

“charges and countercharges”: Leuchtenburg, Supreme Court, 106; Roosevelt, Jackson Day address, January 8, 1936, FDRL, online.

“durable political realignment”: Smith, FDR, 362–3; Ward, 53–4, 56–8, 70; Kennedy, 283.

ambassador to Great Britain: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 546–7, 552, 560, 569, 573, 577, 585–8; Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 63; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1938, 377–8.

“County and State taxes”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 562, 566, 573, 595–6, 612–3, 615, 623.

as a victory: Davis, New Deal Years, 618–20.

recent presidential elections: Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 550–61, 619–20, 626–30; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 397–8, 602; Gallup, 29–30.

“meant political death”: Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 524–6.

region of the country: Gallup, 1–4, 12, 14–5.

the “big interests”: Ibid., 15–6, 24; Davis, New Deal Years, 623–7; “Alf Landon,” Wikipedia, online; McCoy; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 646, 648–9, 667–8; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 602.

next four years: Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 574–85.

“for the world”: Roosevelt, speech, June 27, 1936, FDRL, online.

ten-page single-spaced reply: Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 58–9; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 601–4; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 635, 638–46; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1938, 376–80.

“any touch of reality”: Gallup, 32–6; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 601–3, 606–7, 611, 614–6, 623–5.

Daisy in November: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 605–6, 610; on the FCC, see Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 248–9; Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, October 12, 1937, FDRL, online; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 500; Ward, 92.

“a great Phillipic”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 611–2, 616–20; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 190–1; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 613, 627, 654, 657.

influence events abroad: Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 655–8, 661–3, 665; Roosevelt, Chautauqua Speech, August 14, 1936, online; Dallek, Roosevelt, 126–9.

becoming a dictator: New York Times, August, 26, August 27, 1936; Davis, New Deal Years, 634–45.

“pounding in the surf”: The speeches are all online at the American Presidency Project; New York Times, November 1, 1936. Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 638–9.

margin in the Senate: Gallup, 38–9; Ward, 88; New York Times, October 23, 1936; Schlesinger, Politics of Upheaval, 640.

meaning to the words: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 184–96; Kennedy, 286.

Chapter 9: Second Term Curse

some degree of opposition: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 624–27; Roosevelt to Daisy Suckley, November 21, 1936, in Ward, 88–9; Roosevelt to Senator George Norris, quoted in Morgan, 530; Ickes, Secret Diaries, I: 703; Gallup, 45; Roosevelt, inaugural, January 20, 1937, online.

King Neptune’s Court: Dallek, Roosevelt, 122–3; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 630–3.

“Wed. eve about 6:30”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 132; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 634–7; Ward, 88–95.

could be unguarded: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 635–7; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1938, 27, 40, 401–3; Davis, New Deal Years, 659–60.

“Fascism or Communism”: “Carlos Saavedra Lamas,” Wikipedia, online; Hull, Memoirs, I: 493–503; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 7; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 638, 648–9, 652, 656; Dallek, Roosevelt, 132–5.

“stands for the Trinity”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 625, 651, 659–60, 653; Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 6, 1937 online; Roosevelt, message to Congress, February 5, 1937, online;]; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 65–6, 74–5; Davis, Into the Storm, 63; Simon, 319; Leuchtenburg, Supreme Court, 130, 132–7; Shesol, 265–73, 304, 309.

“make American democracy succeed”: Roosevelt, address at the Democratic victory dinner, Washington, D.C., March 4, 1937, American Presidency Project, online; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 88–9; Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, March 9, 1937, online.

economic and social reforms: Ward, 95–6; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 669–70, 711; Leuchtenburg, Supreme Court, 137–41, 145–6; Shesol, 274–7, 299–304.

work of the older men: Simon, 341; Gallup, 45, 47, 50–1, 53–5, 57–8, 62, 68–70, 73, 76, 80; Leuchtenburg, American President, 203; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, : 692–94, 710–1; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 183, 222–3; Ward, 101; Levine and Levine, People and the President, 173, 194; Leuchtenburg, Supreme Court, 142–56, and his excellent chapter 7 on which my discussion of Black is based; Shesol, 332, 337–8.

clung to the past: Leuchtenburg, Supreme Court, 156–62; Shesol, 312–3; Farley, Behind the Ballots, 95–6; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, : 619; Ward, 88; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 165–6.

Roosevelt might have added: Roosevelt, speech, April 13, 1943, American Presidency Project, online.

respond to Japanese belligerence: Dallek, Roosevelt, 126–7; Davis, New Deal Years, 596–8; Gallup, 46–7, 49–50, 54, 68–72; Ward, 10.

“first Southern President”: Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 159–61.

further threaten world peace: Dallek, Roosevelt, 127–8; Davis, New Deal Years, 665–7, 734.

“attention to fascist threats”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 135–8, 144; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 680–1, 699–703.

in the event of war: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 695, 709–10.

“how anyone could stand it”: Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 182.

“locked in deadly embrace”: Gallup, 48, 52, 55, 58, 63, 69; Roosevelt press conferences, June 8, June 11, June 15, June 22, June 29, FDRL, online ; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 92; the best discussion of the labor strife is in Kennedy, chapter 10, 288–322, from which several quotes are drawn. The number of strikes and strikers is in Freedman, 421.

out of the downturn: Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 106; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 243–8; Brinkley, End of Reform, chapters 1–5 are helpful in assessing these events; Kennedy, 350–62; Gallup, 75, 78, 80.

“save railroad fares”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 712–3.

“search for peace”: Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 213–4, 221–2; Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, October 5, 1937, online.

“other half misstated”: Gallup, 80; Levine, 11; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 165–8; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 716–9, 732–4; Dallek, Roosevelt, 148–54.

restrictions on labor unions: Brinkley, End of Reform, 86–8.

“more or less given up”: Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 255–60.

“much love. Devotedly, F”: Biographical sketches of the Roosevelt children are available on Wikipedia, online ; Davis, Into the Storm, 159–62; Lash, chapter 42; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1938, 447, 482; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 730.

satisfaction in his private life: Ward, 43, 94–100, 105–7.

Chapter 10: The Worst of Times

American social relations: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 252–3; Gallup, 83, 87, 89, 94–6, 99; Ward, 109–12, 119.

“make fitting response”: Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 286–8, 292; Ward, 119; Leuchtenburg, American President, 203–4; Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 3, 1938, online ; Gallup, 84–5.

feeling largely powerless: Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 256; Brinkley, End of Reform, 88–91; Kennedy, 350–1; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 758–60, 766–7; Gallup, 95; Roosevelt to Speaker Bankhead, January 6, 1938, online ; Dallek, Roosevelt, 151, 154–5, 158–5.

comfortable citizens as well: Roosevelt, speech, March 23, 1938, online.

“dictator under that bill”: Schulman, 46–52; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 277–80; Davis, Into the Storm, 213–4, 220–3; Brinkley, End of Reform, 21–22; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 339, 356–60; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 774; Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 130.

Liberty League in 1936: Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 360.

Morgenthau stayed on: Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 362; Farley, Jim Farley’s Story, 131–2; Brinkley, End of Reform, 94–101; Davis, Into the Storm, 218–29; Kennedy, 350–61.

demands for social justice: Roosevelt, message to Congress, and Fireside Chat, both April 14, 1938, online.

“will really recover”: Gallup, 96, 99–101, 103, 105–6, 108; Levine, 231–2, 235.

“C.[ertain] P.[erson] will understand”: Ward, 113–4, 116–7.

“as Roosevelt’s revolution”: Roosevelt, message to Congress, April 29, 1938, online ; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 257–60; Brinkley, End of Reform, 122–4.

“still loves Roosevelt”: Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1938, 512–4; Schulman, 54–63.

“pretty soggy ground”: Roosevelt, press conference, April 21, 1938, online; Schulman, 46–9; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 262, 342.

opponent brought down: Levine and Levine, People and the President, 247; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 176; “J. Parnell Thomas,” Wikipedia, online.

a good idea: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 176; “Martin Dies,” Wikipedia, online ; Schulman, 55; Gallup, 106, 109.

even opposing them: Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, June 24, 1938, online.

determination to oppose him: Levine and Levine, People and the President, 255–65.

“don’t care who wins”: McJimsey, 117–9; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 745, 786, 799–802; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 393–5; Ward, 114–5, 117–8; Dallek, Roosevelt, 167; Davis, Into the Storm, 275–6.

of whom Connally disapproved: Burns, Lion and the Fox, 360–2; Davis, Into the Storm, 260–5.

“15,000,000 years ago”: Ward, 116–24; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 799.

Wages and Hours Law: Burns, Lion and the Fox, 362–3; “Walter George,” Wikipedia, online ; Roosevelt, speech, August 11, 1938, online.

fifty cents a day: Burns, Lion and the Fox, 363; “Cotton Ed Smith,” Wikipedia, online ; “United States Senate Election in South Carolina, 1938,” Wikipedia, online.

quote what he had said: Roosevelt, press conference, August 16, 1938, online.

Roosevelt said privately: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, : 805–6, 808–9; Davis, Into the Storm, 295; Burns, Lion and the Fox, 363–4.

troubled personal relations: Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1938, 410–1, 538–9; Davis, Into the Storm, 295, 299–300, 324, 328.

“going to stay in bed”: Ward, 124–5.

abandoned to Hitler’s demands: Davis, Into the Storm, 327; Kershaw, 61, and chapter 2.

“you will have war”: Davis, Into the Storm; Dallek, Roosevelt, 161–6; Ward, 125–6.

protect the British Isles: Churchill’s speech in the House of Commons, October 5, 1938, is online.

“require that we be prepared”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 806–7, 816–7, 824–6; Roosevelt, speech, October 26, 1938, online.

that of democratic allies: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 827, 837–8; Dallek, Roosevelt, 171–3.

ordered it to be stopped: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 843; Dallek, Roosevelt, 173–5.

in the coming year: The best description and analysis of Kristallnacht is in Kershaw, 130–43; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 810–11; Roosevelt, press conference, November 15, 1938, online.

millions of Americans believed: Roosevelt, press conference, November 15, 1938 ; Dallek, Roosevelt, 167–8; Breitman et al., chapter 7; Breitman and Lichtman, chapter 6, especially 105, 108–9, 116, 122, for an excellent discussion of the refugee issue; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 342–3; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1938, 556–62, 564–5, 574; Gallup, 121–2, 128–30.

confident of victories: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 826–8, 835–6; Davis, Into the Storm, 362–4, 378–9; McJimsey, 120–4; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 526–8.

Chapter 11: Dangers Abroad, Uncertainties at Home

“operation is successfully over”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 835, 845; Ward, 126–9.

61 to 39 percent: Richard Moe to author, September 15, 2016; Gallup, 130, 134–5, 138–9, 141, 147, 152.

“best of his career”: Gilbert, A Life, 545; Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 4, 1939, online ; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 547–8.

Good Neighbor policy: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 849–50; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 351, 555–6, 595.

“do anything about it”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 832, 847–8; Gallup, 128; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 528–9, 546–9.

“before any actual declaration”: Roosevelt, press conference, January 4, 1939; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 854, 858–60, 862–4, 879–80, 885–6; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, II: 64–78; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 571–2; Dallek, Roosevelt, 174–5, 179, 181–2; Davis, Into the Storm, 417.

“not only here but everywhere”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 182; Brinkley, End of Reform, 140–1; Lash, 469, 500, 511, 551–3; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 577; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 866–71.

commanded Roosevelt’s attention: Gallup, 134, 139–40, 145, 151.

Roosevelt followed their lead: Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 4, 1939, online; Roosevelt, This I Remember, 161–2; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1933–1938, 443–5, 452–6, 496; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 562, 566, 569–70; Dallek, Roosevelt, 177–80.

move against Poland: Kershaw, 163–80.

“to live in”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 182–3; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 865, 872–3.

“if there is war”: Roosevelt, press conferences, March 21, March 31, 1939, online; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 597; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, II: 82–84; Kershaw, 175–6.

advance prosperity everywhere: Roosevelt, press conferences, April 8, April 11, April 15, 1939; Roosevelt, Pan American Day speech, April 14, 1939; Roosevelt, message to Hitler, April 14, 1939. All online.

in the event of war: Dallek, Roosevelt, 186; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 878–9; Gallup, 149–50, 152, 154.

“head of a posse”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 186–7; Gerhard Weinberg, “Hitler’s Image of the United States,” American Historical Review, July 1964; Kershaw, 178, 187–9; Davis, Into the Storm, 439–40.

“armament for this tonnage”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 881.

“Europe demonstrated the need”: Roosevelt, press conferences, March 7 and March 17, 1939, online.

commitments than the Senate: Connally, 226; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 873, 875–6, 891; Hull, Memoirs, I: 641–5; Dallek, Roosevelt, 182–4, 187–8.

soon to be embattled Britain: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, : II: 824–6, 881–5, 893; Davis, Into the Storm, 446–9; Ward, 130–3.

post in London: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 898–902; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 637, 676; Israel, Nevada’s Key Pittman, 166–7; Hull, Memoirs, I: 641–51; Roosevelt, press conference, July 21, 1939, online ; Dallek, Roosevelt, 95, 187–92. “William Borah,” “Hiram Johnson,” Wikipedia, online.

22 percent undecided: Gallup, 170, 178; on Roosevelt and Lindbergh, see Olson; on the domestic economy, see Brinkley, End of Reform, 131–6.

“stronger man is right”: Davis, Into the Storm, 441–3; Ulam, 270–9; Kershaw, 205–230.

“History does in fact repeat”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 193–8; Davis, Into the Storm, 458–61; Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, September 3, 1939, online; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 903–4, 915–7.

Chapter 12: Faux Neutral

reach unprecedented heights: Kershaw, 221–30; Shirer, 152, 156.

businesses and ordinary citizens: Gallup, 152, 154, 160, 177, 180–4, 186–8.

discussions could occur: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 918–9, 921–6, 930–2; the various speeches, including Borah’s and Roosevelt’s of September 21, 1939, are at “1939 Documents relating to World War II,” online. On Borah, see Olson, 66; On Roosevelt’s Oval Office meeting on September 20, see Moe, 68–9. For various discussions Roosevelt had about rescue at this time, see Breitman and Lichtman, chapter 6.

“get the U.S. in”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 921–3, 925–6, 929–30, 932–6, 949–50; Ickes, Secret Diaries, II: 685, 712; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, II: 37, 98, 102; Dallek, Roosevelt, 200–3, 207; Nasaw, 413–5; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 24.

they hoped so: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 942–4, 947.

“qualified for that job”: Ibid., 947–51.

“forgetting the New Deal”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 201; Olson, 91; Goodwin, 19, 205.

course of the war: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 955; Dallek, Roosevelt, 202–5; Olson, 90–3; Roosevelt, speech, October 26, 1939, online.

when he saw one: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 952–4; also see Roosevelt, press conferences, November 7, November 10, November 14, 1939.

expected the war to last: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 959–61.

change intransigent minds: Roosevelt, speech, “Three Fallacies: ‘Isolation,’” November 8, 1939, PSF: Neutrality, FDRL.

U.S. national security: Dallek, Roosevelt, 205–6; also see “Graf Spee” and “Hans Langsdorff,” Wikipedia, online.

“establish domination over it”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 961; Dallek, Roosevelt, 208–12.

writing his memoirs: Roosevelt, speech, November 19, 1939, online.

“seldom was with FDR”: Gallup, 187–8, 191, 196; Moe, 120.

give U.S. efforts greater urgency: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 967–8; Isaacson, 473–8.

end the conflict: Gallup, 201, 208, 211–2; Olson, 94.

“devised by mankind”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 975–7; Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 3, 1940, online.

indispensable world statesman: Dallek, Roosevelt, 215–17.

“what a real problem was”: Sherwood, 134–5; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 9, 261–2; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 216–9; Fullilove, 11–2.

“that is the whole thing”: Roosevelt, press conferences, February 9, 1940, online.

run for a third term: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 996; Fullilove, 30–4; Ward, 134; Lawrence K. Altman, “For F.D.R. Sleuths, New Focus on an Old Spot,” New York Times, January 4, 2010.

role in world affairs: Gellman, 176–8; and Fullilove’s excellent account, 34–7, and notes 77 and 78 on 373–4.

“weirdest individuals in history”: Kershaw, 23–4; Gellman, 179–81; Fullilove, 37–40.

“a criminal genius”: Kershaw, 90–1, 369–79; Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat, 235–7; Gellman, 181–3; Fullilove, 40–4.

“make peace with Hitler”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1004; Gellman, 183–94; Fullilove, 47–56; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 216.

all he could offer: Gellman, 190; Roosevelt, press conference, March 29, 1940, online.

accept the nomination: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1011–2, 1014, 1018–21, 1024, 1026–8, 1035.

carry into the fall campaign: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 975–7, 1016, 1041–2; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, II: 136–7; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 179–81; Dallek, Roosevelt, 219; Leuchtenburg, Roosevelt, 306–7; Goodwin, 22–5, 48–53.

fear of isolationist complaints: Goodwin, 25–6; Roosevelt, press conference, May 10, 1940, online.

sell Britain aircraft: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 37–9.

challenge before it: Roosevelt, speeches, May 10, May 16, and May 26, 1940, online ; Goodwin, 40–2.

a third term: Gallup, 220, 222, 226–7, 230; Olson, 98–105.

“artist of a great history”: Churchill, speech, June 4, 1940, online; Goodwin, 61–4; de Gaulle, 57–8.

“confuse the public mind”: Churchill, Second World War, II: 122–3; Hull, Memoirs, I: 775; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1037–8.

he cabled Reynaud: Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 202–3; Dallek, Roosevelt, 223; Roosevelt, speech, June 10, 1940, online; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 43–52.

very dispiriting time: Sherwood, 145–51; Goodwin, 69–70.

Chapter 13: “Safe on Third”

“negotiations with the French”: Kershaw, 294–300; Goodwin, 72–3.

“except to serve you”: Goodwin, 31–2; Roll, 4–5, 43–4, 49–51, 59; Sherwood, 2–3.

“so little in return”: Smith, FDR, 205–7; Goodwin, 115–21, 241–6.

May Gallup poll: Gallup, 227–31.

popular sitting president: Gunther, 533; Olson, 170, 174; Moe, 148–51.

if he became president: Olson, 170–83; Moe, 143–69.

“unscrupulous . . . corporation man”: Roosevelt, press conference, June 28, 1940, online; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 211–2, 220, 223, 227–8; Olson, 183.

nominated on the first ballot: Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 238, 240, 249–50, 259–63; Sherwood, 176–9; Goodwin, 124–36.

work his will: Roosevelt, speech, July 19, 1940, online ; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1046–8; Olson, 189–90.

hold his hand: Gallup, 232–4, 236–7; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 56–7; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 291–2; Churchill, Second World War, II: 346–7.

“tied up the two deals”: Gallup, 243; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1056–8; Roosevelt, press conference, August 16, 1940, online ; Roosevelt, message to Congress, September 3, 1940, online; Olson, 161–9, 190–3; Moe, 255–71.

advantage over Willkie: Gallup, 236–42; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 312–3.

step forward in national defense: Roosevelt, press conferences, June 7, June 18, August 23, 1940, online; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1058–60; Olson, 196–219.

“safer under Hitler than Churchill”: Breitman and Lichtman, 21–2, 74, 76, 90–1, 93, 108–9, 122; Israel, War Diary, 141–2, 146–8; Gallup, 249; Beschloss, 213–20; Moe, 296–9.

haven for a persecuted people: Breitman and Lichtman, 164–8; Israel, War Diary, 130–1.

53 percent to 47 percent: Gallup, 244–5, 247–8.

win the war: Moe, 256, 272–88; Fullilove, chapter 2.

means of the radio: Gallup, 249, 252; Moe, 277–81; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1072–3.

“except in case of attack”: Roosevelt speech, October 23, 1940, online; Sherwood, 186.

Churchill became prime minister: Roosevelt, speech October 28, 1940, online ; Moe, 291–3.

well-being than Willkie: Roosevelt, schedule, October 30, 1940, online ; Roosevelt, speech, October 30, 1940, online; Moe, 300–1.

“will say: ‘Forward!’”: Sherwood, 195–6; Roosevelt, speech, November 2, 1940, online.

“atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease”: Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 361; Moe, 294–5, 301–2, 308–9; Smith, Gatekeeper, 220; Dr. Jeffrey Kelman, November 27, 2015, conversation with author.

dependable in a world crisis: Burns, Lion and the Fox, 451–5; Davis, Into the Storm, 622–5; Goodwin, 188–9; congressional results, online.

contributing greatly to British rearmament: Sherwood, 221–2; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 9–18; Kershaw, 306–10, 327–36.

Britain might lose the war: Roosevelt, press conference, November 26, 1940, online; Dallek, Roosevelt, 252–3; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 81.

recently acquired bases: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 87–8; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 374–5; Roosevelt, press conferences, November 29, December 3, 1940, online ; Sherwood, 222–3.

serve their common purpose: Churchill, Second World War, II: 475–83; Sherwood, 223–4.

enact the plan: Sherwood, 224–5; Goodwin, 193; Roosevelt, press conference, December 17, 1940, online.

resupply of Britain: “Lend-Lease,” Wikipedia, online; Olson, 220–7; Roosevelt, Arsenal of Democracy speech, December 29, 1940, online; Freedman, 573–4.

“destruction that is too high”: Ickes, Secret Diaries: 232, 322, 339; Dallek, Roosevelt, 236–43; Freedman, 529, 533–6, 550.

Chapter 14: The Path to War

were living through: Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 392, 402; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 36; Evans, 119–20; Goodwin, 202–3.

pass his measure: Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, II: 199; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 409–11; Gallup, 257.

shedding American blood: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1106; Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 6, 1941, online; Freedman, 577.

program of aid effective: Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 386; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 112, 115–6, 120; Nasaw, 489–504.

only dropped once: Sherwood, 234–5; Churchill, Second World War, III: 5–6, 12; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 126; Roll, 49–51.

“everything we can give them”: Sherwood, 235–43.

Overcome with emotion, Churchill wept: Churchill, Second World War, III: 19–21; Goodwin, 212–3.

“an act of war”: Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, II: 212; Kimball, Most Unsordid Act, 124–6, 131–2, 136, 145, 152, 154–5.

“finish the job”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1108–9; Kimball, Most Unsordid Act, 156, 179; Goodwin, 213.

help arm Britain: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I: 1107; Beschloss, 229; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 43–9; Goodwin, 211–4; Nasaw, 511–21.

the head instructor: Roosevelt, press conferences, February 28, March 4, March 7, March 18, 1941; Roosevelt, speech March 29, 1941; Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” April 1, 1941, online; Goodwin, 225–31.

could not afford to lose: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 145, 149–53, 155–6, 165–6, 169–75; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1138, 1142–5, 1148–50.

“sabotage our preparedness program”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 181–2, 184–5; Howard G. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt,” Annals of Internal Medicine, April 1970; Sherwood, 293; Ward, 135; Bullitt, 512–6; Gellman, 235–46; Faderman, 14–6; Gallup, 274–7, 279–81; Goodwin, 235–6; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 472–3, 477, 489–92, 495, 522.

“create an incident”: Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 508–11, 520, 523, 527.

he told Morgenthau: Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, II: 253–4.

less ready to fight: Dallek, Defenseless under the Night, chapter 6; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 518–20; “Fiorello La Guardia,” Wikipedia, online.

against Nazi occupation: Roosevelt, speech, May 27, 1941, online ; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 526; Gallup, 274, 284–6; Sherwood, 298; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1161–2, 1165; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 198; Ward, 136; Goodwin, 238–9.

commitment to “total war”: Roosevelt, press conference, May 28, 1941, online; Sherwood, 298–9, 302, 304; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 526–7; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, II: 254; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 196–7; Dallek, Roosevelt, 264–7, 596–8.

bold move into war: Sherwood, 299; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 552; Kennedy, 494–5.

not a Soviet one: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 208, 211; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 110–2; Goodwin, 254–7; Hull, Memoirs, II: 973; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 548–50; Freedman, 614–5; Sherwood, 306–8; Roll, 112–4; “Joseph E. Davies,” Wikipedia, online; Gallup, 288–9.

“the Russian colossus”: Kershaw, 390, 393–4, 399, 407–12.

“to one side”: Roosevelt, speech, July 4, 1941, online ; Ward, 137–8.

into the war: Sherwood, 308–17, 320, 322; McJimsey, 170–3; Roll, 116–21.

“to our meeting”: Sherwood, 323–48; Roll, 122–36; Deutscher, 461–7; Taubman, 31–2, 41–2; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 592–3; Butler, 38–9; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, II: 263–65; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 226.

the conservative Churchill: Ward, 140; Kaiser, 265–8; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 223; Goodwin, 262–3; Roll, 137–8; Sherwood, 350–1, 236–7.

bring America into the fighting: Dallek, Roosevelt, 281–2, 285; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 126–7; Goodwin, 265–6; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 227–30; Ward, 141.

“get an hour off”: Churchill, Second World War, III: 364–5; Ward, 141–2; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 126; Goodwin, 266–7.

preserving the peace: Churchill, Second World War, III: 366–9, 373–5.

“this [Nazi] horror”: Ward, 142–3; Roosevelt, press conferences, August 16, August 19, 1941, online ; Freedman, 612–3.

“a great many people”: Gallup, 291–2, 295; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 120; Dallek, Roosevelt, 276–7; Goodwin, 267–9; Roosevelt, press conference, August 19, 1941, online.

“his Nazi forces”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 234–5; Dallek, Roosevelt, 286–7; Roosevelt, speech, September 1, 1941, online.

her children could recall: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 237–40; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 139–40, 143; Goodwin, 270–5.

other friendly ships: Roosevelt, speech, September 11, 1941, online.

“throughout the world”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 225–6, 289–90; Olson, 123–5, 337–40.

jumped to 61 percent: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 245–6; Gallup, 297, 299–302, 304, 311; Olson, 400; on Harriman, see Fullilove, chapter 5.

agreeing to war: Roosevelt, speech, October 27, 1941 ; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 264–5; Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 650; Sherwood, 382–3.

at the risk of war: Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 564–7; Gallup, 168, 177, 208, 246, 268–9, 296.

Roosevelt resisted Churchill’s pressure: Ickes, Secret Diaries, III: 588; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 229, 231.

an Atlantic war: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 231, 250, 256–7, 266, 274–6; Sherwood, 426–7; Gallup, 311; Dallek, Roosevelt, 299–311.

knew a raid was coming: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 161–7; Dallek Roosevelt, 311; Goodwin, 288–94.

anchored in shallow waters: Wohlstetter; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 162. Also see Prange.

“power it can generate”: Churchill, Second World War, III: 511–3; Dallek, Roosevelt, 312; Kershaw, 444–6; Asada Sadao, “The Japanese Navy and the United States,” in Borg and Okamoto, 236–7, 254–5, 257.

Chapter 15: Setbacks and Losses: “We Might Lose This War”

way to America: Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, December 9, 1941, online ; Hitler, 188; Dower, chapters 1–5; Kershaw, 487–95; Dawidowicz, 136–9; Friedlander, 339–43; Goodwin, 172–6.

“implementing” the strategy: Sherwood, 445; Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, December 9, 1941, online; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 283–6, 288–90.

“not strictly true”: Roosevelt, press conference, December 23, 1941, online; Sherwood, 442–3; Goodwin, 303.

“Some chicken! Some neck!”: Churchill, Second World War, III: 564–7, 571–2; Goodwin, 304–5, 307–10.

“a drinking problem”: Goodwin, 302–3.

“sign our little document”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1259–60; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 183–5; Dallek, Roosevelt, 318–20.

“freedom and faith”: Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 6, 1942, online.

Alexander the Great and Napoleon: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 181, 201–9; Tuchman, 231, 238, 249–50; Churchill, Second World War, IV: 53–4; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 336–7; Dallek, Roosevelt, 328–31; Nicholas, 22, 27.

“So speak Americans today!”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1294–5, 1298–1300; Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, February 23, 1942; Roosevelt, press conference, March 17, 1942, online.

immobilizing health problems: Roosevelt, press conference, March 10, 1942, online ; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1283; Ward, 147–9, 157–8; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 199–201.

helped vote into office: The best brief discussion of the Japanese American incarceration is in Kennedy, 748–60; Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 6, 1942, online; Ickes, Secret Diaries, February 1, March 1, 1942, online, FDRL; Dallek, Roosevelt, 334–5; Geraldine R. Kronmal, “Jewish Opinion and the Relocation of the Japanese,” senior honors paper, UCLA, January 1965.

“war against tyranny”: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 216; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 326–37, 344–6, 351, 353–4, 356–8, 361–2.

“‘problem’ by the others”: Ward, 148–51.

“their own juice”: McJimsey, 247–8; Churchill, Second World War, IV: 184–6, 190–1; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 374–5, 388–9, 395–6, 402–4, 422, 446–9, 456–7; Sherwood, 512, 531.

“continue to do so”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 394, 420–1; Dallek, Roosevelt, 337–8.

novel of the 1930s: Spector, 154–5; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 436–7, 440–1, 458, 465–6; Butler, 62–5; Roosevelt, press conference, April 21, 1942, online; Dallek, Roosevelt, 334; Kennedy, 535.

guards in concentration camps: Spector, 106–119, 134–9; Kennedy, 526–31.

Midway Island in June: Spector, 158–63; “Battle of the Coral Sea,” Wikipedia, online.

“effects of those losses”: Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, May 28, 1942, online.

“go back and retake it”: Tuchman, chapters 10–11.

entire Far East: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1229–30; Dallek, Roosevelt, 354–6.

“most unfortunate effect”: Collier, 289, 296–302; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 471–3, 494; Dallek, Roosevelt, 350.

cross-Channel assault in 1942: Churchill, Second World War, IV: 284–94; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 494–500.

“plans to meet it”: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 231–5; Ward, 159; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 503–4 .

“airmen and saboteurs”: Friedlander, 349–50; Butler, 71; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1334–5.

happy to agree: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 508–10, 513–6; Ward, 160–1, 163–7; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 235–6.

half year after Pearl Harbor: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 507–8, 510; Spector, 166–78; Kennedy, 535–43.

Chapter 16: The End of the Beginning

did not sway him: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 515, 520–1, 529–33; Butler, 71–5; Dallek, Flawed Giant; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1332, 1346–7.

“bees in his bonnet”: Goodwin, 149–51, 351–5; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1336, 1340, 1343–5; Roosevelt, speech, September 3, 1942, online; Ward, 167–9.

“moments of relaxation are few”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 534, 541–4; Ward, 170–1.

Hitler’s forces in Africa: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 544–6; Butler, 82–3; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1341–2.

“dangerous at the moment”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 546–50, 556–7.

“attitude for a commander-in-chief”: Roosevelt, speech, September 7, 1942, online ; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, III: 81, 82, 85.

part to play: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1349; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 272; Dallek, Defenseless Under the Night.

served in the armed forces: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 268–70; Goodwin, 360–73; Ward, 174–83.

supply Russia’s armies: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1337–9.

enthusiasm for his party: Roosevelt, press conference, October 1, 1942, online; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 584–7, 594.

“stays won,” he said: Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, October 12, 1942, online.

segregated from whites: Goodwin, 166–72, 328–30.

defeating Japan would be: Spector, 190–201, 208–14, 217–8; Dower, 64, 89–91; Kennedy, 547–61.

participation in the war: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 585–9, 594.

came in 1943 or after: Ibid., 595–8, 602, 608–14.

his guest’s joke: Ibid., 616–9; Willkie.

“it will succeed”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 620–5, 628–30.

rally behind Roosevelt: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1355; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 633, 639; Dallek, Roosevelt, 354; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 273–81; Goodwin, 384–5.

winning the war: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 636–9, 643; Roosevelt, press conference, November 6, 1942; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1359; Goodwin, 385–6.

an empty threat: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 640–2, 660–6; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1363–4, 1371; Dallek, Roosevelt, 251, 362–3.

“success it deserves”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 647–51.

doing in the war: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 654–6; Goodwin, 379–84.

“harmony in Chungking”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 354–8.

idealism and hardheaded realism: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1361, 1366–7, 1371–2; Dallek, Roosevelt, 358–61; Ward, 186–8.

“end of the beginning”: Ward, 183–6; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 659–60; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 291–2; Dallek, Roosevelt, 362; Goodwin, 385–9.

“confused and cast down”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I: 667–9; Dallek, Roosevelt, 363–6; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 292–8; Goodwin, 389–90.

opening months of 1943: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 298; Kennedy, 583–4.

Chapter 17: “High Promise of Better Things”

some kind of rescue effort: Gallup, 337, 339, 356; Breitman and Lichtman, 201–10; Goodwin, 396–7; Nicholas, 123.

prevent another war: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1378, 1382, 1384–5, 1389–91; Gallup, 346, 358; Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 7, 1943, online ; Nicholas, 134–6; Gallup, 361.

Stalingrad on February 2: Ward, 193; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 38–43; Collier, 296–311.

one of his chiefs joked: Butler, 101–5; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 51, 53–7, 63, 66–7, 72–4, 77–8, 80–1, 85–6, 108–9; Dallek, Roosevelt, 368–9.

“a wonderful mind set”: Sherwood, 668–9; Ward, 194, 196–8; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1393.

“we will yield”: Sherwood, 670–5; Dallek, Roosevelt, 369–72, 384–7; Kennedy, 585–8.

conversations as “comedy”: Ward, 199; Sherwood, 678–93; de Gaulle, 382–99, 418; Dallek, Roosevelt, 376–9.

destruction of their homelands: Butler, 112–4, 116–7; Dallek, Roosevelt, 373–6.

hers for him was palpable: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 126–7, 156; Sherwood, 695; Ward, 200–5.

China and U.S. internationalism: Nicholas, 154–6, 162–3; Gallup, 371; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, III: 88, 104–6; Ward, 202–3; Sherwood, 660–1; Tuchman, 349–53; Lash, 675–81; Ward, 222; Dallek, Roosevelt, 387–8.

“up and down the Pacific”: Ward, 207; Nicholas, 165–8; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 155–6, 178; Gallup, 371; Dallek, Roosevelt, 389–90.

this resurgent idealism: See Dallek, Roosevelt, 388; and Dallek, American Style of Foreign Policy, chapter 5.

tied to the Allies: Kennedy, 588–91; Dallek, Roosevelt, 380; Butler, 121–2, 128–30.

“hasn’t been disproved yet”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1413, 1421; Sherwood, 734–5.

“his spirits were higher”: Ward, 208–21; Goodwin, 424–7.

Japanese prisoners of war: Goodwin, 421–4, 427–31; “Japanese American Service in World War II,” Wikipedia, online.

win another term: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 183–90, 192–202; Butler, 122–7.

“new form of government” emerged: Churchill, Second World War, IV: 680–1; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 202, 206, 208–211; Sherwood, 727–8.

“afforded tolerable solutions”: Churchill, Second World War, IV: 696.

tales of their own: Ibid., 686–90; Goodwin, 437–9.

“turns the clock upside down”: Churchill, Second World War, IV: 694–6, 701–3; Sherwin, 71–85; Ward, 221; Goodwin, 439.

“possible at this time”: Butler, 136–43.

“you and me”: Ibid., 144–8.

practiced brutal discrimination: Goodwin, 440–7.

Chapter 18: “Dr. Win the War”

“be the host”: Ward. 222–5, 241; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 254–5; Viorst.

“amidst so much clatter”: Nicholas, 208–9; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 290–1.

the two are indelibly linked: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 327; Roosevelt, press conference, July 25, 1943, online; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 381–3.

“its duty in this regard”: Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, July 28, 1943, online.

“equal or sufficient recognition”: Ward, 226–7; Butler, 150–1; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 300–1, 303–4.

served by a monarchial regime: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 323, 328, 333, 336–7, 345, 348–52, 354–5, 360.

foreign office chiefs: Ibid., 387–400, 421; Ward, 228–30, 232; Goodwin, 456–9; Butler, 151–2.

“representatives of the three countries”: Butler, 152–7; Ward, 231.

Hitler’s fascist partner: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 390–4, 399.

reliable future ally: Sherwin, 85–9, 102–3; Sherwood, 748–49.

“we shall win the war”: Roosevelt, press conference, August 31, 1943, online; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 395–8; Breitman and Lichtman, chapter 11.

no external conditions could contain: Ward, 235; Post and Robbins, 27–9; Ward, 238, 249.

“have done the right thing”: McJimsey, 18–9, 126–8, 295; Ward, 235, 239, 245–6; Goodwin, 459; Roll, 284–7.

by a wide margin: Ward, 240, 242, 244; Gellman, chapters 13–14; Faderman, 14–6.

he asked Churchill: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 489–91.

agreed to meet in December: Ibid., 497–9, 501–6, 516–7, 554–7, 562–3.

gathering in Tehran: Ibid., 561; Ward, 249–52; Butler, 161–3, 166–7, 169–84.

to international peace: Ward, 251.

“more gay,” Churchill recalled: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 568; Hull, Memoirs, II: 1313; Sherwood, 766–71; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1469–70; Churchill, Second World War, V: 290; Goodwin, 473–5.

powerful of men “squirm”: Goodwin, 474.

“activity in the Mediterranean”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 594–8, 600–1; Sherwood, 775–6; Dallek, Roosevelt, 424–5.

U.S. designs in postwar Asia: Tuchman, chapters 15 and 16, especially 378–9, 401–2, 410; Dallek, Roosevelt, 426–30.

“a good Conservative”: The Kennan anecdote was told at a World War II panel at an Organization of American Historians meeting in Denver in 1985. Stalin’s comment on the English was in a televised BBC documentary on World War II: “Dividing the World.” For the rest, see Gilbert, Road to Victory, chapter 34; and Montefiore, chapter 42.

a “desolate” Europe: Gilbert, Road to Victory; Montefiore, 467.

renewed threat to Russia: Dallek, Roosevelt, 430–8; Gilbert, Road to Victory.

“for a kopeck”: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 594–601; Dallek, Roosevelt, 440; Bullock, 856.

postwar international affairs: Roosevelt, press conference, December 17, 1943, online.

revert to isolationism: Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, December 24, 1943, online.

safe from another war: Roosevelt, press conference, December 28, 1943, online; Ward, 264, 266, 421; Freedman, 709; Dallek, Roosevelt, 440–1.

Chapter 19: The “Good Soldier”

national well-being: Ward, 264–6, 271–5, 277–8.

for every American: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 421–2, 424; Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 11, 1944, online.

endorsed the idea: Gallup, 427, 433–4, 442.

strains on his health: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 429–37; Goodwin, 484–8.

cost Germany the war: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 647, 728; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 443–6; Goodwin, 488.

might face in France: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 632–3, 636, 656–8, 705, 711–2, 728–9, 757, 759.

arrangements in postwar affairs: Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, III: 207–23; Breitman and Lichtman, 232–7.

regardless of the personal cost: Ward, 284–90, 296; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II: 754–5, III: 59–60; Howard G. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” Annals of Internal Medicine, April 1970; Post and Robins, 27–30; Lawrence K. Altman, “For F.D.R. Sleuths, New Focus on an Odd Spot,” New York Times, January 4, 2010; also see “FDR’s Health,” online.

struggle with personal agitation: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 74, 77–8, 88–126; Ward, 294–5; the health records are available online at “FDR health.”

circumstances might change: Ward, 298–303, 305, 308–9, 311–3, 315; Gallup, 445, 453–4.

if he asked: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 86–90, 102, 104, 108–9, 128–30, 135–8, 145–52, 156–7, 167–8; de Gaulle, 554–9.

“keeping my head above water”: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 753–5; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 146–7, 150, 159–61.

advances in France: de Gaulle, 558; Collier, 387–403; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 164–5, 183, 186.

program could provide: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 165–7; “G.I. Bill,” Wikipedia, online.

France and Russia did: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 498; Ward, 315, 317; Goodwin, 462–5; Tuchman, 369, 460; Spector, chapters 14 and 16.

“post war spheres of influence”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 153–4, 173, 177–82.

their strategic views: Ibid., III: 185–6, 197–9, 212–32.

votes in an upcoming campaign: Ibid., III: 208–10.

“for France or for himself”: Viorst, 190–209; de Gaulle, 570–6; Dallek, Roosevelt, 458–62.

“people of the United States”: Gallup, 454, 458; Roosevelt, press conference, July 11, 1944, online ; Lelyveld, 143–7; Black, 951, 967.

Chapter 20: Winning the War, Planning the Peace

avoid future wars: Gallup, 452; Collier, 394, 400–1, 405, 413–7; Nicholas, 389–90; on the coup, see Bullock, 833–41; Kershaw, chapters 14 and 15.

“sick, discouraged, and exhausted”: Gallup, 453; Ickes to Roosevelt, July 3, 1944 ; “FDR Accepting the 1944 Democratic Nomination,” July 20, 1944, Roosevelt’s Health Records, online; Roosevelt and Schalett, 351–2; Roosevelt, My Parents, 279; Roosevelt, speech, July 20, 1944, online; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 453; Goodwin, 529–30.

“Second Missouri Compromise”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 438–51; Goodwin, 525–30; Black, 965–75.

Sam Rosenman recalled: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 455–9.

after occupying Formosa: Ibid., 456–7; Nicholas, 401; Manchester, 355–72; Spector, 418–20.

after the election: Roosevelt, Personal Letters: 527; “FDR’s Health, September 20–October 4, 1944,” online; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 461–70; Ward, 321; Goodwin, 537.

September 10 or September 11: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 248–51, 266–7, 270–2, 274.

“danger of Communism”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 269–70, 272–6, 278–85; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 881–3, 889–96, 901, 906–8, 911, 923–9.

under Moscow’s control: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 288, 292–7, 309–13.

“was really tired”: Ward, 321–2, 325–6.

bring to fruition: “FDR’s Health: Examination Report Summary, September 20–October 4, 1944” ; and “Historical Perspectives,” citing Ferrell, online ; “The Heart Disease Conundrum,” New York Times, November 29, 2015.

Washington on September 23: Roosevelt, press conferences, August 18, August 25, August 29, and September 8, 1944, online.

“old, unwell and depressed”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 305–7; Gilbert, Road to Victory, , 941–3, 949.

ahead of the Soviets: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 958–9, 961; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 315–6; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, III: 308–16, 322; Dallek, Roosevelt, 469–70.

“learns to toddle”: Butler, 254–8; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 334–6, 339.

such an agreement: Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, III: chapter 7, 375–83; Dallek, Roosevelt, 472–5, 477; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 961–2, 965.

“seems to be slowly failing”: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 965, 969; Ward, 326, 329.

“peace of the world”: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 963–5, 969–70; Dallek, Roosevelt, 470–1.

“Failure now is unthinkable”: Gilbert, Road to Victory, 975–8; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 339–43.

“we are all three together”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 344–5.

a combative candidate: “FDR’s Health,” October 20, 1944, online; McIntire, 14–7; Roosevelt, press conference, October 17, 1944, online.

momentum it achieved: Roosevelt, “Fala” speech, September 23, 1944, online; Ward, 328.

sake of the election: Ward, 330, 332–3.

“my divisions in Heaven”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 339–40, 344, 350–2; Butler, 260–3; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 989–93; Dallek, Roosevelt, 479; “Voices from Russia,” December 10, 2009, online.

access to the Black Sea: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 353, 357–9.

“further military policy: Gallup, 458–60, 464–5, 470; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 359; Butler, 263–4.

Churchill and Stalin: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 329–30, 364; Gallup, 472, 477–8; On Roosevelt’s concern about rescuing Jews as a politically unpopular and isolated cause, see Breitman and Lichtman, 263–4.

victims of Nazi madness: Roosevelt, press conference, March 24, 1944, online; Breitman and Lichtman, chapters 13 and 14; Black, 811–21.

after Germany’s collapse: Tuchman, 491–504; Dallek, Roosevelt, 485–501.

“better future ensured”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, chapter 25; Sherwood, 828–9; Ward, 332; “FDR’s Health” October 21 and November 6, 1944, describes his campaign schedule, online; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 367–8, 383, 385.

Chapter 21: Last Full Measure

“the man for us”: Campbell and Herring, 167; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 389; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1553, 1557, 1563; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 530–1. The two best books on Roosevelt’s last days are Lelyveld and Woolner.

last twelve months: Ward, 340, 344–8.

gave in to Stalin’s demand: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 377–81, 388–9, 395–6, 403–4, 408–9, 411; Montefiore, 479–80.

“put my faith in you”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 389–94, 398–9.

serving both sides: Ibid., III: 407, 419, 421, 424–5.

Churchill sarcastically observed: Butler, 274–5, 280–4; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 497.

rekindle isolationist sentiment: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1559–60, 1564–5.

“danger recedes and faction arises”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 434–9, 451.

not too distant future: Ibid., III: 443–5, 447–58.

“these tangled questions”: Ibid., III: 462–5, 468, 487–8.

“went into his decline”: Ward, 348, 353–5, 361–4, 366–7, 380; Goodwin, 562–5, 568–9, 570–3.

central part in peacekeeping: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1565–6; Roosevelt, State of the Union, January 6, 1945, online.

his admiring guests: Roosevelt, inaugural, January 20, 1945, online ; Goodwin, 572–3.

“from our frankness”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 481–2; Dallek, Roosevelt, 507–8.

mutual goodwill: Dallek, Roosevelt, 505–6.

elusive prize—lasting peace: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 469, 477–9, 481–2, 484, 486, 488, 491.

“health and spirits”: Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 489, 491, 494–6, 501–3, 507, 511; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1158–9, 1167–9, 1171; Goodwin, 576; Plokhy, 29.

their “criminal intentions”: FRUS, 549–52, 574; Dallek, Roosevelt, 508; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1171–3; Goodwin, 576–7; Plokhy, 4–10, 36–9, 44–7, 50–1, 64–5.

“another social system”: Dallek, Roosevelt, 508–9; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 565–6; Goodwin, 580; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1173–4; Plokhy, 72–5; Montefiore, 482.

from General Marshall: FRUS, 574–88; Plokhy, 76–8, 91.

“care not wherefore they sang”: FRUS, 589–90; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1175–6.

at a later time: FRUS, 611–19; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1178–81.

two additional American votes: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 567–8; Dallek, Roosevelt, 510–1; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1187–8.

Russian battlefield gains: FRUS, 667–70; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1183–6; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 569–71; Dallek, Roosevelt, 436–7.

their national security: Dallek, Roosevelt, 514–9; Bullock, 869–70; Gilbert, Road to Victory, 1189–93, 1209; FRUS, 860–3; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 580.

accept the deal: FRUS, 766–70.

realities of Soviet power: Montefiore, 482–3; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 573–4; Dallek, Roosevelt, 519; Goodwin, 585.

his way home: FRUS, 924; Lash, 717; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1570; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 578–9; Goodwin, 583–4.

his own mortality: Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 579; Goodwin, 583–4.

take a leading part: Roosevelt, speech, March 1, 1945, online; Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 581; Dallek, Roosevelt, 520; Steven Lomazow, M.D., “Deadly Secret,” September 30, 2009, online.

abandon their isolationism: Butler, 302–8, 312–5.

“course thus far is correct”: Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II: 1575; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III: 539, 548–51, 560–5, 567–9, 595–7, 613, 617, 620, 624–5; Butler, 310–21.

“is all about”: William Hassett Diary, March 30, 1945, “FDR’s Health,” online; Ward, 400–4, 411.

pronounced him dead: “Dr. Howard Bruenn’s Examination Report of FDR’s Last Day,” April 12, 1945, online; Ward, 408, 410–1, 416–9.

both of them: Lash, 720–1.

“in the White House”: Goodwin, 605–6.

could be given to him: Goodwin, 615.

Epilogue

“were [also] apparent”: Jackson is quoted in Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt: 1939–1962, 205; the quote about the state of the economy is on 141–2. The other quotes are in Leuchtenburg, Shadow of FDR, 3–4, 33.

commitment to American democracy: Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt: 1939–1962, 333–43.

Romania, France, and Hungary: Ibid., 313, 498–501.