Page locators in italics signify photos.
Ademola, Yemi, 52–53, 106, 243
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 59, 95, 146
AID Atlanta, 219
AIDS, 209–24; in Africa, 213–14, 217–18, 221–24; antiviral drugs for, 219–20; and blood supply, 214–15; and George W. Bush administration, 161, 220; CDC response to, 27, 154, 172–73, 210–15; discovery of virus causing, 215–17; and gay community, 219; in Haiti, 214; and hemophiliacs, 212–13, 214; Kaposi’s sarcoma in, 210–11
Allen, Ivan, Jr., 114
American Academy of Pediatrics, 146
American Journal of Medicine, 212
American Medical Association, 168, 184
Amish, 134–35
Anderson, Jack, 65
Annals of Internal Medicine, 211–12
antibiotics, 83, 105, 126, 152, 168
Arnold of Villanova, 108–9
Averroes, 109
Azu, Charles, 52
Bacon, Francis, 109
Bacon, Roger, 109
Bangladesh, 187, 188; cyclone in, 90–91
Baral, J., 179–80
Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise, 216
Bartter syndrome, 43–44
BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin) vaccine, 53
Bellamy, Carol, 142
Berreth, Don, 67, 103, 123, 248
Biden, Joe, 199
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 143, 218–19, 221, 222–24, 251
bloodletting, 20
Botswana, 223–24
botulinum toxin, 1–2
Bourne, Peter, 155
Boutwell, Joseph, 65
Brandling-Bennett, David, 159
Brandt, Ed, 173, 183, 216, 235; and NIOSH, 176, 177; portrayal of, 205, 245
British Medical Journal, 145–46
Buckley, Sonja, 8
Bulle, Gisela, 90
Bulle, Wolfgang, 54–55, 80, 90, 148, 242–43
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 157
Bumpers, Dale and Betty, 135, 171
Bush, George W., 160, 161, 220
Califano, Joseph, 100–101, 102–3, 135, 174, 202–3
Canada, 158–59
Cantor, Eddie, 131
Carter, Jimmy, 45, 100, 135, 150, 204, 207, 208, 218, 251
Carter, Rosalynn, 135, 165, 208, 251; visit to refugee camps by, 162, 163, 164–65, 166
Casals, Jordi, 8
Center for Environmental Health, 175–76
Center for Infectious Diseases, 111–12
Center for Injury Control, 198
Centers for Disease Control (CDC): and AIDS crisis, 27, 172–73, 209–15; and Bartter syndrome, 43–46; bioterrorism strategy of, 2–3; Birth Defects Branch of, 43; BSL-4 laboratories, 235–38, 236, 237; CASE program of, 95–96; and Congress, 48, 64–66, 150–51, 170–78, 199, 245–46; and Cutter incident, 117, 133–34; daily operations of, 116–18; and Ebola outbreak, 11, 12–13, 16; and EIS officers, 30–32, 113, 124, 86–90; and Emory University, 24–25, 27; epidemiology as emphasis of, 22, 28, 107; equal employment opportunities at, 114–16; Foege selection as director of, 101–3; formation of, 21, 22, 23; funding of, 111, 167, 199, 233–38; global health concerns of, 30, 86–90, 153–56, 159–60; health risk appraisals by, 5–6; humor at, 187–94; immunization programs of, 120–21, 135–38; as information provider, 120; and injury control, 195–99, 247; international visitors to, 155–58; and Lassa fever outbreak, 7–10; and last polio outbreak, 134–35; and Legionnaires’ disease, 62–68; and MMWR, 119–20; NIOSH division of, 175–78; partnerships for, 119–20; public health as mission of, 30, 104, 105–6, 120–21; relations with state and local agencies, 40–41, 124; reorganization of, 111–12; and Reye syndrome, 181–86; security at, 4–6; smallpox eradication efforts of, 5, 13, 36–38, 70–78, 83, 91, 93, 96–97, 153, 154; structure of, 106–7; and swine flu epidemic, 49, 58–63; and toxic shock syndrome, 47–50; training programs of, 52, 158–59; and USAID, 75, 153; venereal disease program of, 24, 113; and Vietnamese refugees, 99–100; Violence Epidemiology Branch of, 196; and WHO, 93, 154, 159–60, 161; workforce of, 23, 24, 31, 112–14
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 88
Champion, Hale, 101
China, 22
chloride, 45–46
Cleere, Roy, 41–42
Cleveland, Harland, 77
Clinton, Bill, 178
Close, William, 12–13
Cochi, Steve, 136
Comprehensive Action in a Smallpox Emergency (CASE), 95–96
Confucius, 108
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 12–14
congressional hearings, 48, 170–73, 245–46; on Legionnaires’ disease, 64–66; and Obey, 173–75
contraception, 217, 220, 221, 229
Cook, Philip, 199
Cooper, Ted, 171
Corbett, Jim, Man-eaters of Kumaon, 35, 37
Cordero, Jose, 43–45
Cousins, Norman, 58
Craven, Bob, 62
Crick, Francis H., 26
Curran, Jim, 27, 192, 193; and AIDS crisis, 210, 211, 216–17, 251
cyclone syndrome, 90–91
Dahomey (Benin), 75–76
Dan, Bruce, 47–48
Darwin, Charles, 226
Davenport, Joan, 250
de Leeuw, Evelyne, 189–90
Denver, CO, 34–36
Department of Defense, 3
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 77–78, 233; and injury safety, 197, 198, 199; secretaries of, 201–5
Diesh, P., 244
diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine, 202–3
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), 169
disaster relief: for Bangladesh cyclone, 90–91; need for centralization in, 92; for Nigerian famine, 80–82; use of surveillance in, 82–85, 91–92, 118
Dole, Bob, 198–99
Donne, John, 107
Dowdle, Walter, 67, 111–12, 113, 248
Downs, Wilbur, 8
Drucker, Peter, 113
Duesberg, Peter, 213–14
Dutta, Mahendra, 244
Ebola, 10–17, 27, 154, 246–47; containment of, 17; history of, 10–11; international response to, 13–14, 78, 92, 237; virus causing, 13–14
Eelkema, Robert, 51
Ehrlich, Paul, 157
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 25, 132
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 112
Emory University, 155, 246, 250; and CDC, 24–25, 27
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS): annual conferences of, 6–7, 31–33, 36, 86; as informal network, 42; investigations by, 43–46, 47–50, 62–68, 134, 150, 180–85; Langmuir as founder of, 6, 21, 22–23, 30; recruitment of officers for, 31; training program of, 32–34, 43
epidemiology, 29–30, 116, 214–15; CDC emphasis on, 22, 28, 107; history of, 19–21
equal employment opportunities, 114–16
errors of omission, 148–49
Euripides, 108
famine: in Leningrad, 82, 165–66; in Netherlands, 82, 84; in Nigeria, 79–87, 87; problems of providing food in, 83–84; public health approach to, 86; surveillance systems for, 118
Fansidar, 163–64
Farr, William, 118–19
fatalism, 231–32
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 1–2
Feynman, Richard, 109
Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP), 158–59
Finkle, Jack, 176
Finlay, Carlos, 128
First Do No Harm, 148
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 45, 150, 163, 171, 182, 184, 185, 214
Ford, Gerald, 59
Frame, John, 8
Framingham Study, 22
Francis, Thomas, 38, 130, 132, 133, 250
Fraser, David, 62, 65, 66, 67, 247
Fredrickson, Don, 104
Frieden, Thomas, 16
Friendly, Fred, 132
Fulginiti, Vince, 39
Gallo, Robert, 215–16
Gayle, Helene, 223
Gilmartin, Ray, 221
Giordano, Joe, 164
Glass, Roger, 164
Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), 143
Godal, Tore, 143
Google, 119
Gordon, Alexander, Treatise on the Epidemic of Puerperal Fever, 20
Gottsdanker, Josephine, 133
Grant, Jim, 141, 142, 200, 207
Grasset, Nicole, 245
Guinan, Mary, 251
Haagen, Eugen, 129
Haley, Mrs. Robert, 48
Hardy, George, 176
Harris, Patricia, 203–4
Harvard School of Public Health, 52–53
Harvard University, 224
Hatch, Orrin, 171–72
Hatfield, Mark, 167, 171, 177–78, 245
health risk appraisal programs, 5–6
Heckler, Margaret, 205, 216, 218
Henderson, D. A., 74, 153, 154
Henderson, Rafe, 91, 125, 141, 154, 159; portrayal of, 81, 249
Henderson-Eddins method, 91
hepatitis, 38, 39, 211; vaccine for, 140
Hesburgh, Theodore, 166
Heymann, David, 62
Hill, Lister, 133
Hilleman, Maurice, 139–40
Hirabayashi, Gordon, 55–57, 57
Hirabayashi v. the United States, 56
Hobby, Oveta Culp, 132–33
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr., 20
Hong Kong flu, 140
Hongzhi, Emperor, 231
Hope for African Children Initiative (HACI), 223
Horowitz, Larry, 89–90
Hospice (AIDS program), 223
hospital infections, 151–52
human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, 138
Hunter, John, 20
Imhotep, 108
immigrants and refugees, 98–100
immunization. See vaccines and immunizations
India: AIDS in, 218; smallpox eradication efforts in, 36–38, 96–97
influenza: and Reye syndrome, 181–86; surveillance system for, 117, 119; vaccines for, 111–12, 113, 138, 140; virus, 7, 58, 59, 63, 101, 113, 130, 248, 250. See also swine flu
Injury in America: A Continuing Public Health Problem, 197
Institute of Medicine (IOM), 185, 197
insurance companies, 59–60
International AIDS Vaccine Institute (IAVI), 218
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 79–80, 88
Isocrates, 188
Jackson, Maynard, 207
Jaffe, Harold, 210
Japanese American internment, 56
Japanese B encephalitis, 140
John, Jacob, 244
Johns Hopkins University, 21
Johnson, George, 180
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 106, 119–20, 206
Kaiser, Robert, 153
Kempe, C. Henry, 39
Kennedy, Edward, 48, 89–90, 171, 245
Kennedy, John F., 38
Keys, Ancel, 81–82
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 114
King-Anderson bill, 168
Kingma, Stuart, 2–3, 90, 243–44
Kissinger, Henry, 89–90
Kohlstedt, Shirley and Jim, 241
Koop, C. Everett, 200–201, 221, 245
Korean hemorrhagic fever, 22
Langmuir, Alexander, 43, 86, 107; and Cutter incident, 133–34; and founding of EIS, 6, 21, 22–23, 30; global interests of, 153; and polio vaccine, 34, 126; portrayal of, 6n, 242
Laskin, Carol, 45
Last Chance Diet, The, 150
lead poisoning, 203–4
League of the Red Cross, 79
Legionnaires’ disease, 60–68, 179, 210, 247; CDC investigation of, 62–68; CDC resolution of, 66–68; Congress on, 64–66, 68; Legionella bacterium causing, 60–61, 158; as public health emergency, 60–62
Lehman, Bill, 171, 197, 198, 245–46
Leibowitch, Jacques, 215
Lichfield, Paul, 71
life expectancy, 32, 152, 187–88, 205
liquid protein diets, 150–51
Lott, Trent, 198–99
Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre, 20
Lucas, Adetokunbo, 193–94, 243
Lundberg, George, 119–20
Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS), 53–55
Lythcott, George, 81, 175, 249
Macdonald, Guy, 222
malaria, 21, 99, 153; prophylaxis for, 69–70, 163; surveillance systems for, 117, 133
Malaria Control Program, 21, 22, 113
Mali, 16
Manley, Michael, 231
Mann, Jonathan, 154
marketplace, 149, 167–68, 169, 230
Mason, Jim, 237
maternal mortality, 19
Mather, Anne, 251
Matthews, Gene, 248
Mays, Benjamin, 114
Mbeki, Thabo, 213–14
McCormick, Joseph, 9–10, 11, 247
McDade, Joseph, 66–67, 68, 112, 247–48
McGill, Ralph, 114
McGinnis, J. Michael, 106, 125
McNamara, Robert, 141
measles: CDC Africa program around, 47, 75–77, 83; deaths from, 47, 75, 83, 187; immunization for, 38–39, 136–38
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 129, 140; and autism, 144, 145
Mectizan, 221
Meiklejohn, Gordon, 35–36
Merieux, Charles, 139
Merson, Mike, 154
Millar, J. Donald, 30, 80, 110; and NIOSH, 176, 178; portrayal of, 135–36, 244; and Smallpox Eradication Program, 74, 93, 96, 136
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 125
Miller, Frank, 156
Mills, William Mervin “Billy,” 122–23
“Mohan Singh,” 189–91
Mollahan, Cecil, 35
Montagnier, Luc, 215–16
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 67–68, 100, 151, 163–64, 248, 251; about, 119–20; on AIDS, 209, 211, 214–15; on Reye syndrome, 180, 181–82, 183–86
Morgan, Graeme, 179–80
Morris, Leo, 93
mortality statistics, 106, 110, 165–66
Mosley, Henry, 90–91
Murphy, John M., 64–65, 68, 171
Murrow, Edward R., 132
Museveni, Yoweri, 218
Nader, Ralph, 140
Najjar, Ed, 155
Nakajima, Hiroshi, 142
Nakano, Jim, 96
Natcher, William, 171
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 199
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, 131
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 175–78
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 104, 176–78, 215–16, 219, 234
National Rifle Association (NRA), 198, 229
Native Americans, 122–23
Neff, John, 94
Neo Mull Soy, 44–45
nicotine addiction, 143–44
Nigeria, 53–55, 69–70, 73–74; civil war in, 56–57, 72, 73, 79; and Ebola, 16–17; famine and relief efforts in, 80–90, 162; and malaria, 69–70; and smallpox, 70–73; tribal hostilities in, 193–94
Nixon, Richard, 89
Nkinsi, Luke, 224
Noguchi, Hideyo, 128–29
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 92
Obey, David, 173, 174–75, 177–78
Ochelebe, Lawrence Atutu, 70–71, 80–81
Offit, Paul, 133
Panama Canal, 128
Pan American Health Organization, 138, 160
Paris, Nancy, 219
partnerships, 119–20
Pasteur, Louis, 139
Pasteur Institute, 215–17
Patek, A. J., 213
Paul, Ron, 168
Peace Corps, 36–37
Percy, Charles, 150–51
PERT chart, 95
Phipps, James, 20
Pilot, Lynn, 45
Plantation News, 114
pneumonia, 61, 62, 67–68, 99, 164, 247; and AIDS, 209, 211; vaccine for, 138
polio, 133, 249; declining incidence of, 131, 134; last outbreak of, 134–35; terrorists’ targeting of vaccinators against, 147
polio vaccine: and Cutter incident, 133–34; federal responsibility for providing, 120, 132–33; field test for, 130, 132, 133, 250; risks of, 34–36, 152; Sabin oral vaccine, 34, 59, 134, 152; Salk development of, 38, 52, 129–32; surveillance system for, 117
politics: and NIOSH, 175–78; and politicians, 17, 162–78; and public health, 48, 162, 166; science pushed aside by, 160, 213–14; and USAID, 77–78
Pontiac, MI, 66
Pool, Judith, 213
poverty, 230–31
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), 161, 221
prevention, 149; and public health, 32, 167–68, 169
public health: and appropriate response, 118, 124–25; and behavior change, 46, 225; as CDC mission, 30, 104, 105–6, 120–21; clinical medicine difference with, 50, 152; first school of, 21; funding of, 167–69; historical wisdom on, 108–10; immunization as foundation of, 126, 143–44, 147, 235; and marketplace, 149, 167–68, 169, 230; and politics, 48, 162, 166; and poverty, 230–31; and prevention, 32, 167–68, 169; requirements for programs of, 18, 46; science as bedrock of, 28, 200, 204; single-payer system for, 149, 169, 230; and violence, 106, 195, 198
Public Health Service, 24, 114, 116; budget of, 233; CDC as delivery arm of, 104; objectives of, 125
Public Law 96-359, 45
QUAC stick, 85
Quadros, Ciro de, 93
Rabelais, 109
Ramalingaswami, Vulimiri, 218
Ravenholt, Rei, 30, 31, 106, 242
Red Book Committee, 110
Red Cross. See International Committee of the Red Cross
Reed, Walter, 128
Reingold, Art, 47–48
Reinstein, Cecil, 5–6
religious beliefs, 98, 135, 221, 226–27, 229
Rely tampons, 49–50
Reye, Douglas, 179–80
Reye syndrome, 179–86; about, 179–80; and CDC, 180–85; and salicylates, 180–86; solution to problem of, 185–86; studies of, 180, 181, 184–86
rich and poor, 30–31
Richmond, Julius, 125, 158, 176, 203; portrayal of, 245; and refugee camps, 162, 163, 164
risk: calculating, 49–50; and hospital infections, 152; and vaccines, 94–95, 135, 152
Robbins, Tony, 176
Roberto, Ron, 40
Robinson, Roslyn “Robbie,” 67
Rockefeller Foundation, 128–29, 141, 217, 218
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 4–5
Rollin, Pierre, 16
Roman, Juan, 8
Roosevelt, Franklin, 131
Rosenberg, Mark, 142, 196, 197, 198, 199, 247
Ross, Sir Ronald, 128
Rwanda genocide, 166
Sabin, Albert, 59. See also polio vaccine
Salk, Jonas, 59, 141; and polio vaccine, 38, 130, 131–32, 138, 139, 141
Salote, Queen, 40
Sanders, Robert, 196
Satcher, David, 178
Saunders, Dame Cicely, 223
Schnitker, Paul, 86
Schweiker, Richard, 159, 171, 183; and CDC budget, 233, 235, 236–37; portrayal of, 204–5, 245
Schweitzer, Albert, 109; Out of My Life and Thought, 51
security practices, 4–6
Selecky, Mary, 200
Semmelweiss, Ignaz, 19
Sencer, David, 88, 89, 99, 101, 137, 156; and equal employment opportunities, 114, 115–16; and global health issues, 90–91, 153, 154; humor by, 188–89, 191; and Legionnaires’ disease, 65, 67–68; portrayal of, 243; and swine flu epidemic, 59, 101–2, 171
sensitivity sessions, 114
Serfling, Robert E., 91
Shands, Kathy, 47–48
Sharma, M. I. D., 244
Sharrar, Bob, 62
Shaw, George Bernard, 188
Shepard, Charles, 67–68, 112, 248
Sherman, Ida L., 91
Sierra Leone, 14, 16, 77, 247, 249
single-payer system, 149, 169, 230
smallpox: CASE program for, 95–96; in eastern Nigeria, 70–73; evolution of virus causing, 76; immunization against, in Africa, 71–73, 74–75, 76; India’s eradication efforts against, 5, 36, 96–97; as seasonal disease, 76; surveillance/containment strategy toward, 72, 74–76, 83, 97; West Africa elimination of, 5, 77–78
Smallpox Eradication Program, 13, 70, 83, 91, 93, 153, 154
smallpox vaccine: Jenner efforts toward, 20, 127, 139; risks of, 94–95, 248–49
Sommer, Al, 90–91
South Africa, 213–14
Spector, Arlen, 199
speeches, 121–23
Staphylococcus infections, 19, 32
State Department, 77, 86–88, 158, 205–6
Steffens, Lincoln, 172
Stewart, William H. “Bill,” 41
Stockman, David, 236
Stokes, Adrian, 128
Stonesifer, Patty, 251
Strunk, Bill, 241–42
Stuart, Johannes, 24
Summit for Children, 142–43
surveillance and containment approach, 71, 72, 74–77, 97
surveillance systems, 49–50, 71, 133, 186; for abortion, 200–201, 245; for famine, 82–90, 118; history of, 117, 118–19; hospitals with, 151–52; and relief efforts, 82–85, 91–92, 118
swine flu: CDC response to, 58–60; criticisms of CDC around, 49, 101, 202; immunization program for, 61–62, 101
Syntex Corporation, 44–45
Task Force for Child Survival, 141–42, 157, 217, 221
Task Force for Global Health, 142–43, 247
Taylor, F. H. L., 213
Tejada de Rivero, David, 157
Tennessee Child Passenger Safety Law, 196
tetanus vaccine, 130
Thacker, Steve, 62
Thailand, 159; refugee camps in, 162–66
Theiler, Max, 129
Thompson, Joan, 71
Thurman, Sandy, 219
tobacco, 32, 143–44, 146, 168, 171, 175, 187–88, 203, 227–28
Tonga, 39–40
Tort Claim Act, 61–62
toxic shock syndrome (TSS), 7, 47–50
tuberculosis, 30, 81, 99, 100, 121, 164
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 141, 154
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 75, 77–78, 141, 153, 159
vaccines and immunizations: and AIDS, 220; anticancer, 138, 147; and autism, 144–46; BCG, 53; concept behind, 126, 129; DTP, 202–3; education around, 143–44, 147; federal regulation of, 134; as foundation of public health, 126, 143–44, 147, 235; future of, 147; hepatitis, 140; history of, 127–29, 138–39; HPV, 138; influenza, 111–12, 113, 138, 140; jet injectors for, 39–40, 41; for measles, 38–39, 136–38; MMR, 129, 140, 144, 145; national immunization program, 135–36; polio, 35–36, 38, 52, 117, 120, 129–34, 135–36, 152, 250; and risks, 94–95, 135, 152, 248–49; rubella, 138; smallpox, 20, 72–73, 74–75, 76, 94–95, 127, 139, 248–49; as social contract, 132–33; Swine Flu Program, 59–60; and Task Force for Child Survival, 141–42; tetanus, 130; and thimerosal, 144; yellow fever, 127–28
Venediktov, Dimitri, 157–58
Vietnamese refugees, 99–100
Villa International, 155
Wakefield, Andrew, 144, 145–46
Watson, Bill, 113, 158, 166, 176, 178, 243; portrayal of, 24
Watson, James, The Double Helix, 26
Wecht, Cyril, 64
Weiss, Ted, 172–73
Weller, Tom, 51–53, 129–30, 131, 155, 242
White, Mike, 11
women: in Africa, 217; in EIS, 241; in medical school, 241; as voters, 226–27
Woodruff, Robert, 25
World Health Organization (WHO), 89, 129, 141, 153; and CDC, 93, 153, 154, 159–60, 161; and Ebola epidemic, 11–17; and UNICEF, 157
yellow fever, 127–29
Young, William, 129
Zhdanov, Viktor Mikhailovich, 158
Zimbardo, Philip, 170–71