This history is based on eleven years of continuous research in archives and published works. For the German side, it relies heavily on the daily war diaries of German naval headquarters in Berlin and U-boat headquarters at various locations, and on the war diaries (or patrol reports) of individual U-boats. For the Allied side, it relies heavily on after-action reports from convoys and from warships and aircraft that tangled with U-boats, on interrogation reports of captured German and Italian submariners, and on codebreaking documents in London and Washington.
The war diaries of the various U-boat commands, amounting to thousands of pages (most translated into English) are immensely detailed. They include sailing and return dates and daily positions (known and assumed) of all U-boats on patrol, names, composition and action of groups (“wolf packs”), sightings, chases and sinkings of Allied ships, battle damage or mechanical breakdowns incurred, information regarding offensive and defensive weapons, and assessments of strategy and tactics by Karl Dönitz and others. Using these diaries and confirmed Allied ship losses to U-boats as compiled by others, a mass of newly released intelligence documents derived from the German naval Enigma decrypts, and data from other sources, including individual U-boat war diaries and interviews with captains and crewmen, it has been possible to re-create almost all significant features of the patrols of virtually all the U-boats.
Although this study is based for the most part on primary documents—war diaries, after-action reports, unit histories, and the like—I have, of course, consulted published sources. These vary quite widely in authenticity, reliability, and literary quality. Those I found of greatest merit include the official and semiofficial Allied war histories; all the writings of the esteemed German scholars Professor Jürgen Rohwer, Eberhard Rössler, Jak Mallmann Showell, and Axel Niestlé as well as the works of Günther Hessler and Karl Dönitz. Also of special notice are the works of the British authors Geoffrey P. Jones and Norman L. R. Franks, who have diligently probed official British archives to record specific U-boat kills by British and other Commonwealth air and naval forces. For equally competent and reliable research of this type, the American authors Philip K. Lundeberg, William T. Y’Blood, and Max Schoenfeld and the Canadian authors W.A.B. Douglas, Michael L. Hadley, and Marc Milner must be mentioned.
Herr Horst Bredow, director of the impressive Stiftung Traditionsarchive Unterseeboote in Cuxhaven, Germany, provided much general help as well as background and specific documents of great value. One is a list (in booklet form) of all German U-boats built in World War II. The data for each boat include type, place of construction, dates of launching and commissioning and assignment to battle-front flotilla (or schools, and so on), skippers and dates they commanded, and final fate of boat and crew. Another document is a compilation of Allied warships and merchant ships that were sunk by each U-boat, broken down by skippers of those individual U-boats. Herr Bredow also helped arrange our interviews with German U-boat veterans.
The most tedious and exacting challenge in this work was the compilation of accurate lists of Allied ships sunk by U-boats and, conversely, U-boats sunk by the Allies. Many such lists published in earlier years, including official government lists, are not accurate. In more recent times, British, German, and other scholars have vetted and published these lists and continue to vet them as new information comes to light. For ships sunk by U-boats, we have, of course, relied on the 1983 edition of Professor Rohwer’s indispensable Axis Submarine Successes 1939-1945. Regrettably, a new (1998) edition was not available in time for us to consult, but it definitely should be used by others who study this period of history. For U-boats sunk by the Allies, we have relied on the first (1998) edition of German U-boat Losses During World War II, by Axel Niestlé, a work of awesome detail and accuracy and therefore also indispensable.
Many other persons assisted us in our research, and for that help we are deeply grateful. We would especially like to thank Marcia Carr; my wife’s brother, Charles H. (“Ham”) Rutledge; and Frederic Sherman. Marcia, the chief librarian of the Washington Island Library, obtained for us literally hundreds of books and periodicals (some of them quite obscure) through the Wisconsin Interlibrary Loan system. Ham Rutledge, a professional computer wizard, created a program to compile the indices and nursed Joan through countless PC complications and challenges. Purely as a favor, our dear friend Fred, a retired newspaper editor, read and suggested corrections on the manuscripts of both volumes before I turned them over to the publisher. His suggestions, gratefully received, significantly improved the manuscripts.
We are also deeply indebted to the noted Enigma historian Ralph Erskine, who lives in Northern Ireland. He read the pages in Volume II that pertain to Enigma and Allied bombes, correcting errors and freely sharing his vast knowledge of Enigma with us. It needs pointing out that much of this story was not declassified by NSA until the spring of 1996 and that many more thousands of documents remain to be released before historians are satisfied that the full story is available from primary documents.
Finally, we thank the many persons at Random House, Inc., who supported this work and helped see it to completion. These include, notably, our editor, the incomparable Robert D. Loomis; our production editor, Sybil Pincus; and our copy editor, Chuck Thompson.
Others who have helped us over the years in (audiotaped) interviews or by correspondence include Joachim Ahme; Debbie Anderson (née Desch); Phillip Bochichio; Horst Bredow; Gus Britton; Colin Burke; Otto von Bülow; Robert M. Cop-pock; Joseph J. Eachus; Alfred Eich; Wolfgang von Eickstedt; Carl Emmermann; Kristina Engstrom; Wilhelm Grap; Lucille Gutterman; Reinhard Hardegen; Hans-Georg Hess; Veronica Mackey Hulick; Walter Kaeding; Frank Kaspras; Siegfried Koitschka; Hans-Günther Lange; Georg Lassen; Robert W. Love, Jr.; Bruce I. Meader; Hans Meckel; Allan Rockwell McCann; George P. McGinnis; Timothy P. Mulligan; Jürgen Oesten; Helmut Pich; Georg von Rabenau; Alfred Radermacher; Jürgen Rohwer; Hans-Rudolf Rösing; Heinrich Schroeteler; Friedrich Schumann-Hindeberg; Herbert Sohler; Hans-Harald Speidel; Werner Techand; Louis W. Tordello; Robert H. Weeks; Otto Westphalen.
The massive research collected in the preparation of this work, including thousands of pages of documents and microfilm and microfiche, has been deposited with my papers for Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan and other books and papers relating to my professional and personal activities at the American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming in Laramie. Serious researchers of World War II naval operations and Allied codebreaking should find this collection especially of value.
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
FROM THE NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER (NHC/NARA)
When I began research for, I found a rich source of primary documents at the Naval Historical Center (NHC), located at the Washington, D.C., Navy Yard. In the mid-1990s, almost all of this material was transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in College Park, Maryland, a suburb of Washington. Many of the documents are copied onto microfilm and duplicates are obtainable from NARA.
In our work at the Center, as in other work before, we were ably—and cheerfully—assisted by Bernard Cavalcante and Kathy Lloyd of the staff of the Operational Archives (hereafter NAVOPARCH). We owe them many thanks. We also wish to thank Dr. Timothy Francis in the Ship’s History Division and the staff of the Navy Library. Unpublished documents at the Center that were especially useful:
Administrative Histories of the U.S. Navy in World War II. Rare typescripts at the Navy Library, NHC. Some histories are available on microfiche. A printed guide to the histories is also available. We consulted:
Assmann, Kurt. “Headline Diary.” 228 pp. In English. GNR Boxes T-64 and T-78. (Microreels T-10, T-11, T-54.)
Assmann, Kurt, and Walter Gladisch. “Aspects of the German Naval War.” Essay. 29 pp. In English.
GNR Boxes T-64 and T-81.
“Blockade Running Between Japan and Germany.” 8/27/45. Essay. 34 pp. GNR Box T-78. (Microreel T-23.)
Boehm, Hermann. “The War at Sea.” Essay. 11 pp. In English. GNR Box T-66. (Microreel T-47.) Clark, William Bell. “Submarines in the Western Hemisphere 1942 and 1943.” 3 vols. (Scrapbooks of newspaper clippings re U-boat campaign.) Unique. Navy Library, NHC.
Daily Position Reports of Allied Warships, Merchant-Ship Convoys, and Axis Submarines. (On large Atlantic maps.) Chief of Naval operations: World War II Command File.
Dönitz, Karl. “Capitulation Address.” 5 pp. In English. GNR Box T-66. .
——.“The Conduct of the War at Sea.” 34 pp. Essay. In English. 1/15/46. GNR Box T-66. (Microreel 1985.)
——. Documents about or relating to. From German records and other sources. Includes his official fitness reports (in German), a secret USN interrogation of him on 8/16/45, and a copy of the USSBS interrogation of him on 6/28/45 (see NARA documents). GNR Box T-87 TR-50. (Microreel T-50.)
——. “Talk to the Officers’ Corps.” [Circa 5/8/45.] In English. GNR Box T-66. Dossiers of Some German U-boat Officers. (Microreel T-51.)
1. Wilhelm Canaris
2. Karl Dönitz
3. Hans-Georg von Friedeburg
4. Werner Hartmann
5. Fritz-Julius Lemp
6. Heinrich Liebe
7. Karl-Heinz Moehle
8. Günther Prien
9. Erich Raeder
10. Joachim Schepke
11. Viktor Schütze
Freiwald, Kurt. [CO. U-18L] “U-boat Activity in the Indian Ocean.” 1/13/50. Essay. 16 pp. In English. GNR Box T-66. (Microreels T-27 and T-47.)
Fuerbringer, Wagner. ‘The U-4T’s Scapa Flow Undertaking.” 4/3/48. Essay. 6 pp. In English. GNR Box T-66. (Microireel T-47.)
German Arctic Operations. Twenty essays based on data provided by German naval officers who fought in the Arctic. GNR Box T-94. (Microreel T-48, Misc. Series 118-A to 118-U.) See especially:
118-M U-boat War versus USSR shipping, 23 pp.
118-0 U-boat mine laying, 6 pp.
118-S U-boat Ops, technical, 13 pp.
German Arctic Operations. The Arctic sea route of the German auxiliary cruiser Komet, 8/14/40 to 9/5/40. Admiralty Report 12/4/45. GNR Box T-80.
German Midget Submarines: Marder, Biber, Molch, Hecht, Seehund. GNR Box T-95.
German Minesweeping and Estimated Shipping Losses to Allied Mines. Two reports by USN Historical Team, 1950.43 pp. GNR Box T-93.
German Naval Air 1933-1945. Historical essay, based on German Naval Staff documents. Office of Naval Intelligence, 1/15/47. 37 pp. (Microreel T-48, Misc. Series, Item 4.)
German Naval Policy in Face of the Air Menace from the West (Summary). Report of British Bomber Survey Unit, 9/7/45. 85 pp. GNR Box T-79.
German Submarine Type XXI. Method of production. Admiralty Report of January 1945. (Based on about 5,000 documents captured at the Hermann Göring Werke, Strassburg.) 27 pp. GNR Box T-79.
German Submarine Type XXI. Report from USN Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, March 1946. (Technical evaluation.) Submarines/Undersea Warfare Division. Series 3, File 3, Box 9. (Microreel NRS 517.)
German Technical Aid to Japan: A Survey by the Division of Naval Intelligence. 6/15/45. GNR Box T-95.
“German U-boats from Which Prisoners Were Taken During Hostilities by British and American Forces.” 15 pp. N.d. (Postwar.) Lists showing U-boat, type, date, skipper, Allied agency responsible for the destruction, and numbers of officers and enlisted men captured per boat. GNR Box T-76.
Godt, Eberhard. “Critical Review” of an essay, “Die Unterseebootswaffe im Dritien Weltkrieg” [“The Submarine Arm in World War II”], by Karl-Heinz Moehle. 11/27/50. 20 pp. In English. GNR Box T-67.
“The War At Sea.” Essay. 17 pp. November 3, 1945. GNR Box T-64. (Microreel 1985.) Handbook for U-boat Commanders, 1942 edition. 117 pp. In English. (Microreel T-50, Item TR 41.) See similar item by E. J. Coates, listed in Books section.
Heye, Hellmuth. “The Naval Aspects of the War.” Essay. 33 pp. In English. GNR Box T-66. (Microreel NRS 1985.)
Operation of German Small Battle Units (KdK). (Midget Submarines.) 5/22/45. 8 pp. GNR Box T-100.
Holtorf, Erich, and Alfred Behr. “Defensive Measures Against Enemy Type XXI and Walter Type XXVI U-boats.” 2/14/51. 14 pp. In English. GNR Box T-68.
“Fighting Enemy Submarines with Three-Dimensional Torpedoes.” 33 pp. In English. GNR Box T-69.
“German Torpedo Fire-Control Systems in WW II.” 5/22/51. Essay. 17 pp. In English. GNR Box T-69. (Microreel NRS T-47.)
“LUT Torpedo Firing Method from Depth.” 2/26/51. Essay. 18 pp. In English. GNR Box T-69.
Interrogation of U-boat Survivors, 1942-1944 (American “post mortems”): History, sinking and technical details of some U-boats destroyed by American forces, based on information from POW survivors. Most of these are extensive reports running to scores of pages and in a few cases, many more. Except in the five instances noted, these documents are also on microfilm (NRS 1979-107 and NRS 1980-28). An NRS number in parentheses designates additional information on other microfilm from the American forces that made the kill.
Note: Rough drafts and duplicates of the above and in some cases added documents and photos may also be found in NARA, Record Groups 38, 80, and 165. See below.
In addition, documents relating to the following U-boats, which surrendered after hostilities, may be found in the Command File:
| U-234 | U-1228 |
| U-805 | U-1230 |
Documents regarding the sinking or surrender of the following U-boats by or to American forces are on microfilm:
Kennedy, Joseph P., Jr. Papers relating to the Navy career and wartime death of. (Microreel NRS 1974-74.)
King, Ernest J. Papers of. Series XI, Box 13. Folder: "Review of Marshall, Arnold and King correspondence re ASW, 1942-1943,"
Knowles, Kenneth A., H.Q. USN, and K. E. Donegar, H.Q. British Admiralty. "German U-boat Fleet in World War Ilk Final Disposition." (Sunk, scuttled, etc.) 9/1/45, 144 pp. GNR Box T-97. (Microreel NRS T-48, Misc. Series Item 155.)
Leuthen, Group. Attack on convoy ON 202 ("Zaunkönig convoy"). September 1943. Narrative, translated from German with a Dönitz comment. 13 pp. GNR Misc. Series, Box T-95.
Location of U.S. Naval Forces. Chief of Naval Operations: World War %o Command File. (A daily listing of the location and readiness of all warships and patrol bombers.)
Lockwood, C[harles] A. Jr. (Naval Attaché, London.) "Translation of Operation Order of 5120141 captured from German tanker Gedania." 14 pp. GNR Box T-96.
Low, Francis S. "A Personal Narrative of Association with Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, U.S. Navy." 49 pp. 1961. (Microreel NRS 1975-61.)
Lüth, Wolfgang. "Problems of Leadership in a Submarine." Or, alternatively, "On Being a U-boat Captain." 15 pp. GNR Boxes T-69 and T-84. (Microreel NRS 1973-1 10.)
Lüdden, Siegfried. Document re Far East U-boat operations he prepared at sea 5/6/44. Captured by French Resistance forces. Forwarded to ONI 11/9/44. 14 pp. In English. GNR Box T-76. (Microreel NRS T-23.)
Mejer, Otto, and H. Reinecke. “Cooperation of U-boats and Luftwaffe in Attacks on Convoys.” 8 pp. In English. GNR Box T-69. (Microreel NRS T-47.)
Merker, Otto. USN interview with, re German shipbuilding, with emphasis on types XXI and XXIII U-boats. (Microreel NRS T-25.)
Metcalf, Martin K. See Tenth Fleet.
Moehle, Karl-Heinz. “Report on, with Reference to Orders Alleged to Have Been Given to the 5th U-Boat Flotilla.” Box T-77. (Laconia order interpretation.)
Mommsen, Hans-Günther. USN interview with, re labor and materials for German shipbuilding. (Microreel NRS T-25.)
Peters, Rudolph. (FdU U-boats, Arctic 1942.) “Submarine War in the Arctic Ocean.” 55 pp. In English. GNR Boxes T-69 and T-92. (Microreel NRS T-30.)
“Q-Ships, Reports and Documents Concerning Operations in World War II.” (Atik, Asterion, Eagle, Big Horn, Irene Forsyte.) World War Two Command File. See also ESF War Diary, Oct. 1943, ch. 2. Approx. 190 pp. (Microreels NRS 478 and NRS 1975-94.) See also War Diary, ESF, etc.
Raeder, Erich. Memo to Admiral [Kurt] Assmann re Hitler’s decision to mount Barbarossa, the invasion of the USSR. 1/10/44. GNR Box T-80.
Rösing, Hans-Rudolf. USN interview with, re U-boat logistics and French Bases. (Microreels NRS T-22 and NRS T-25.)
Ruge, Friedrich, et al. “The Soviet Union as Opponents at Sea.” The naval war between Germany and the Soviet Union, 1941-1945, as experienced and analyzed by the Germans. GNR Box T-70. (Microreel NRS T-33.) Also published in book format by USNI: See Ruge.
Schill, Group. Attack on convoy MKS 28/SL 138, October 1943. Narrative, translated from German with a Dönitz comment. 13 pp. GNR Misc. Series, Box T-95.
chlicke, Heinz. “Electronic Research in the German Navy.” Transcripts of ten lectures given to the U.S.N. 7/19/45 to 7/31/45. In English. GNR Box T-73. (Microreel NRS T-40.)
Schrader, Albert E. “War Diary, Naval Attaché, Berlin 9/1/39 to 3/24/41.” (Microreel NRS 542.)
Schuessler, Captain. “The [German] Navy’s Battle Against the Treaty of Versailles, 1919-1935.” Essay.’ 53 pp. In English; pp. 26-34 re submarines. GNR Boxes T-73 and T-84. (Microreels NRS T-34 and NRS 1985.)
Schuster, Captain, and Otto Schniewind. “The War at Sea.” 76 pp. GNR Box T-73. (Microreel NRS 1985.)
Stark, Harold R. Private papers and letters of, from London to SecNav, Cominch et al., re antisubmarine warfare, 1942-1945. About 200 pp. (Microreel NRS 235.)
Talbot, Melvin F. (USN observer at the Nuremberg Trials.) “The Case Against Grand Admiral Doentiz.” 7/12/46. typescript. 51 pps. GNR Box T-105.
Task Force 24, History of. (January-December 1941.) 150 pp. World War Two Command File. (Microreel NRS 11-453.) See also USN Administrative Histories.
Tenth Fleet. “Assessment Committee: ASW by ‘Incident’ Number in World War II.” (A chronological index to documents re 9,328 “incidents” or Allied attacks on U-boats.) (Microreel NRS 167.)
—. “Assessment Committee: Reports on Damage to Enemy Submarines, 6/4/42-1/7/46.” Rpts
nos. 1 to 72. World War Two Command File, Box 260.
—. Convoy and Routing. Extracts of miscellaneous documents from the files: RCAF weekly ASW
intelligence summaries, 3/21/43-6/14/44. Letter, Noble to King, enclosing minutes and addenda of the 21st meeting of War Cabinet Anti-U-boat Committee, 6/23/43. Atlantic Convoy Conference, February and March 1943: Minutes, subcommittee reports, etc. Documents and messages re convoy policy and operations 7/25/42-12/3/43. (Microreel NRS 1969-57.)
—. “History of the Anti-Submarine Measures.” World War Two Command File. 67 pp. Plus 18- page “Chronology.” (Microreel NRS 11-457.)
—. “History of Convoy and Routing.” World War Two Command File. 145 pp. By Martin K. Met calf. 1949. (Microreel NRS 1971-36.)
U-Boat Standing Orders. 143 pp. In English. GNR Boxes T-91 and T-92.
United States, German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Losses in World War II. Edition of 1963. (Microreel NRS 1976-107.) See also listing at Naval History Division in Books section.
United States Navy. Anti-Submarine Bulletin. (“Yellow Peril,” so-called because the cover is yellow.) A monthly publication, June 1943 to May 1945, and a 44-page “Summary.” World War Two Command File, Boxes 259 and 260. “Summary” only on microfilm. (NRS 1973-4.) A once highly classified account of the Battle of the Atlantic, containing technical details about Allied and Axis weaponry, statistical charts of shipping losses, etc. An invaluable source similar to the British Monthly Anti-Submarine Report. (See Public Record Office.)
War Diary, Eastern Sea Frontier. December 1941 to September 1943. World War Two War Diary Collection. (7 Microreels, NRS 1971-48.) Index, 12/41 to 12/44. (Microreel NRS 1988-23.)
War Diary, Fleet Air Wing 7. World War II. (Microreel NRS 1971-102.)
War Diary, Fleet Air Wing 15. World War II. (Microreel NRS 1974-54.)
War Diary and History, U.S.N. Parol Squadron VP 83 (in May 1943, redesignated VB 107), 9/15/41-10/1/45. Prepared by Boyce S. McCoy.
War Diary (Kriegstagebuch or KTB) of the Commander in Chief, Submarines (Des Fuhrers/Be-fehlshabers der Unterseeboote, or FdU/BdU). In English. GNR Boxes T-40 to T-44. (5 Microreels, KTB, nos. 1-5.) Also available in German on microfilm at NARA: See Mulligan guide.
The KTB of BdU stops at 1/15/45. However, as Mulligan points out on p. 2 of his guide, reports of U-boat operations from 1/15/45 to 4/21/45 may be found elsewhere (in German) on microreels 3900 and 1755-1759, 1995. Also, there is a missing section, 10/16/43 to 10/31/43, in the BdU/KTB. The original is held by the Bundes-Abt. Militärchiv in Freiburg, Germany, item RM 87/32. This missing section can also be partly recovered by consulting the U-boat summaries in the SKL War Dairy (see below) for that period.
War Diary (KTB) FdU U-boats Italy/Mediterranean (Italien/Mittelmeer) 12/8/41 to 12/31/43. In English. GNR Boxes T-45 to T-48. Also available in German on microfilm at NARA: See Mulligan guide.
War Diary (KTB) FdU U-boats Italy/Mediterranean (Italien/Mittelmeer) 7/15/42 to 12/31/42 (period preceding and following Torch). In English. NARA, RG 457, NS A Historical Collection, NR 3547, Box 110.
War Diary (KTB) FdU U-boats Italy/Mediterranean (Italien/Mittelmeer) 1/16/44 to 9/7/44. Rough translation into English. GNR Box T-60. Also available in German on microfilm at NARA: See Mulligan guide.
War Diary (KTB) FdU Norway (Norwegen) 1/18/43 to 10/15/44. In English. GNR Boxes T-49 to T-53. Also available in German on microfilm at NARA; See Mulligan guide.
War Diary (KTB) Naval Group Command, West. 6/1/44 to 6/30/44. (Period of the Normandy Invasion.) 124 pp. In English. GNR Box T-82 TR-5. (Microreel NRS T-7.)
War Diary (KTB) of the Operations Division (der Seekriegsleitung, or SKL) Part A Naval H.Q., Berlin 1939-1945. Boxes T-l to T-39 In English, but with significant gaps. (16 Microreels, TM 100A to TM 100P) Also available in German on microfilm at NARA: See Mulligan guide.
—. Extracts 11/5/42-11/12/42 re U-boat Ops in Mediterranean vs. Torch, 30 pp. In English (filling
a gap). GNR Box T-82 TR-1.
—. Extracts of Appendix, “Supplement to the Submarine Situation”: 10/1/42 to 12/31/42
re U-boat Ops in South Atlantic versus Torch 11/8/42 to 11/16/42. In English. 5 pp. GNR BoxT-92.
War Diaries (KTBs) of U-boats. Extracts in English:
In addition, there are brief extracts or summaries from U-boat war diaries, in English, that are not on microfilm:
Wehr, Oskar, Konteradmiral. Proceedings of the court-martial of him and others for German torpedo
failures. 5/27/41. About 250 pp. In German. (Microreel NRS T-26.) Weichold, Eberhard. “Axis Naval Policy in the Mediterranean, 1939-1943.” 130 pp. In English. GNR
Box T-76.
“German Naval Defense [in 1944] Against the Allied Invasion.” 195 pp. In English. GNR Box
T-74. (Microreel NRS T-32.)
“Survey from Naval Point of View of the Organization of the GAF for Ops over the Sea
1939-1945.” In English. GNR Box T-75. (Microreel NRS T-41.)
“War at Sea in the Mediterranean.” 2/26/47. Essay. 80 pp. In English. GNR Box T-75. (Microreel NRS T-47.)
Whitehead, Thor. “Iceland and the Struggle for the North Atlantic 1940-1941.” MA thesis, University of Georgia, 1972. (Microreel NRS 516.)
Worthington, Joseph M. “A Biography of [Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet] Admiral Royal E. In-gersoll, U.S. Navy” 2 vols. Typescript. 1,009 pp. (2 microreels, NRS 1971-129.) Contains copies of numerous official dispatches re Atlantic Fleet Ops and convoying (etc.) from King to Ingersoll and vice versa and between King and others.
ALSO AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION (NARA)
Apart from the foregoing, there are literally tens of thousands of primary documents and microfilms of primary documents at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) that deal with the U-boat campaigns of World War II. These include, significantly, microfilms of the entire German naval archives, captured at Castle Tambach (near Coburg) by Allied ground forces in April 1945 and removed to England and microfilmed.
The documents relating to the U-boat war at NARA are filed in various categories known as record groups. Because of the vast sizes of these groups, a researcher must be rigidly selective and focus narrowly on those documents that are obviously of exceptional value. In our many visits to NARA, two able officials guided us in our searches and helped arrange the copying of thousands of pages and numerous microreels of documents: John E. Taylor, archivist, and Dr. Timothy P. Mulligan, a specialist in captured German and related records.
Among the captured German records at NARA, those of particular value are the war diaries (Kriegstagebuchs or KTBs) of the three major U-boat commands (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Norwegian) and of 889 individual U-boats. The bulk of these records, known as Microfilm Publication T 1022, was reproduced in 1945-47 by the U.S. Navy Office of Naval Intelligence on 147 rolls of microfilm. These microreels (in German) may be purchased singly for a modest fee. Dr. Mulligan has produced an invaluable guide to these microreels (and instructions for ordering same) that can be obtained at NARA (see Mulligan in Books section). As related, the KTBs of the Atlantic U-boat command (as well as that of SKL, Berlin) are available in English on paper and microfilm. The KTBs of the Norwegian and Mediterranean U-boat commands are available in English on paper (but not microfilm).
The KTBs of the U-boats that survived and returned to base are especially valuable. They include a day-by-day account of the patrol, attacks on enemy shipping, Allied counterattacks, unusual events, meetings at sea with other U-boats, and verbatim official radio messages to and from the boat. A detailed “shooting report” for each torpedo expended is usually appended to the patrol report. The last voyages of many U-boats that failed to return have been summarized (and hypothesized) by U-boat Control based on orders and radio messages, sinking reports, interception of Allied ASW reports, and so on.
Note: Some of the following listed record groups at NARA, which we searched, contain copies of declassified Admiralty documents emanating from the Naval Intelligence Division (NID) that London passed to Washington during the war years.
RECORD GROUP 38 (OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS)
Apart from the material transferred from NHC:
Chart Room Files.
Various boxes. These chronological files contain copies of the entire wartime operational communications of the Commander in Chief (COMINCH) Ernest J. King, both incoming and outgoing. Of particular interest, of course, are the messages pertaining to U-boat operations, convoy composition, convoy routing, convoy escorts, and other aspects of the Battle of the Atlantic. Seldom cited by naval historians, these documents are of unsurpassed value for insights into American, British, and Canadian thinking about the U-boat war, specific policies adopted, steps taken, and warship movements.
We limited our search of these documents to the periods 1/1/42 to about 6/1/42, when Drumbeat, the German U-boat campaign in the Americas, was in progress, and 2/1/43 to 4/1/43, when the Atlantic Convoy Conference convened. Naval historians who have castigated Admiral King for his alleged indifference to German U-boat depredations in American waters will be surprised at the wealth of information in these files that supports a contrary case.
OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE (ONI)
NAVAL ATTACHE REPORTS 1944-47: BOXES I TO 16 AND 214, 327,469.
These documents, especially those from USN officers in London (COMNAVEU and COMTWELFTHFLEET), contain a great deal of technical and operational information about U-boats and ASW derived from British sources, including British interrogations of U-boat POWs. Of exceptional interest:
| U-230 | U-562 |
| U-343 | U-565 |
| U-410 | U-586 |
| U-421 | U-642 |
| U-455 | U-952 |
| U-466 | U-967 |
| U-471 | U-969 |
| Box 469: | Summary of information on German U-boats (less torpedo data). Extraordinarily thorough 37-page document (or “handbook”) prepared by E.G.N. Rushbrooke, Director of Naval Intelligence, Admiralty, 11/29/43. |
| Handbook for the operations of the Type XXI U-boat. 42 pp. In English, 7/10/44. | |
| Report on the capture in Toulon, France, of prefabricated sections and machinery sufficient to assemble two Type XXIII U-boats, 2/2/45. |
Subject File, 1942-1945, OP16Z (from Algiers to British N.I.D./1 PW.) British Final Reports. Box 2.
History, sinking, and technical details of thirty-six U-boats destroyed by British forces, based on information obtained from POW survivors—the final British “post mortems.” U-boats covered in this series:
Note: Duplicates of some of these documents may be found in RG 80 and RG 165 (see Mulligan guide) and at PRO (see below).
Subject File, 1942-1945, OP16Z (BAD Correspondence 1943-1944). Report re German code “Ireland” in POW mail, 10/12/43. Box 2. 2 pp.
Subject File, 1942-1945 OP16Z (Naval Messages to PW Special, 1945). Box 13.
Memo on the code used in correspondence by German U-boat prisoners of war in World War II. 1. Plus appendix of sample correspondence, 7/27/45. In addition, boxes 214, 327, and 469 contain information about:
U-300
U-575
U-732
Special Activities Branch, OP16Z. Interrogation Reports (final and rough).
1. History and technical details of forty-six U-boats destroyed by American forces and one (U-168) by Dutch forces, based on information from POW survivors. In most cases the final reports duplicate the American “post mortems” listed above (noted below in parenthesis) but in many cases the roughs contain interesting additional information and photos. (See also Record Groups 59, 80, and 165.) The destroyed U-boats dealt with in this category are:
2. History and/or technical details of ten U-boats that surrendered to American (US), Canadian (C), or Argentine (A) authorities after cessation of hostilities:
| U-190 (C) | U-873 (US) |
| U-234 (US) | U-889 (C) |
| U-530 (A) | U-977 (A) |
| U-805(US) | U-1228 (US) |
| U-858(US) | U-1230(US) |
RECORD GROUP 59 (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE CENTRAL DECIMAL FILES)
Items 862.30/7-1045 through 8-2145 and 862.30/8-445 through 8-2145 contain information about two U-boats that surrendered in 1945 in Argentina. These were:
U-530
U-977
RECORD GROUP 80 (GENERAL RECORDS. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY)
Box 2334. “Official German Naval Reaction to the Subordination of the German Navy to the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces.” Historical essay based on interrogations of Grand Adöiral Karl Dönitz, VAdm. Otto Schniewind, VAdm. von der Borne, and Otto Mejer. 17 pp. N.d. (Postwar.)
Various boxes in this record group contain some information on U-boats. These boxes have been identified as such: 665, 666, 1679, 1829, 1830. U-boats covered:
RECORD GROUP 165 (WAR DEPARTMENT GENERAL STAFF)
Records of the G-2 (Intelligence) Division (MIS-Y). Boxes 364,441 to 571, 599 to 621,640, 645, 669, 712, 724 to 735, 745, and 746. Records and documents re U-boats, ships, and naval material based on interrogation of or eavesdropping on German POWs. (Some of these reports duplicate or supplement previously described American or British “post mortems”) U-boats and Italian submarines covered:
In addition, the following boxes contain documents of unusual interest:
| 724: | Bound Volume, tabbed. |
| Tab A: An Appreciation of the Air Effort Against Submarines [U-boats] prepared by U.S.A.A.F. Eighth Air Force January 1943. 25 pp. | |
| Tab B: U.S.A.A.F. Anti-Submarine Command Monthly Summary, January 1943. 36 pp. Technical and attack data, history of the command and Track Charts of convoys SC 104 and SC 107, etc. | |
| “Schnorcher: report on by USN OP16Z. 2/15/45. 28 pp. | |
| 727: | POW Interrogations 5G-55NA #643 from U-118 8/23/43. 11 pp. Description of Enigma machine (Schluessel “M”) and operating instructions; description of U-boat’s Array Sonar (Type G.H.G. with 48 sensors); description of U-boat radio equipment and antennae. |
| 745: | Digests of U-boat [Technical] Information from German POW Sources. Digest 1 (12/4/43) to Digest 59 (6/25/45). About 200 pp. |
| 746: | Intelligence Report of 1/21/46 re why it was a mistake to transfer all naval armament production to Speer’s ministry in June 1943. Based on interview with Hans Günter Mommsen (chief, Naval Maténels). |
RECORD GROUP 218 (U.S. JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF)
Joint New Weapons Committee Subject File: May 1942-1945. Boxes 1 and 18.
| Box 1: | Correspondence re ASW between Dr. Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (or his surrogates) and the JCS. 1/4/43 to 3/5/43. |
| Box 18: | Draft manuscript: “Trends in Submarine Warfare.” Typescript. 42 pp. N.d. (circa July 1942). An American summary of ASW weaponry of the past, present, and immediate future and recommendations for lines of R&D to pursue. |
| Report: | “Carriers for ASW Equipment” 14 pp. 7/18/42. A summary of USN ships and aircraft capable of ASW and the weaponry they carry, together with an analysis of U-boat characteristics and operations. |
RECORD GROUP 238 (WORLD WAR II CRIMES)
This group contains the official documents of the War Crimes Trials at Nuremburg. We confined our research to two boxes, 25 and 75.
RECORD GROUP 243 (UNITED STATES STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY. OR USSBS)
Final Reports 92 to 100, with support documents. Boxes 47, 49, and 50.
| Box 47: | Final Report 92. “German Submarine Industry.” 108 pp. |
| Exhibit M-l, M-2, and M-3: Allied aircraft attacks on U-boat yards at Hamburg, Bremen, and Kiel. ‘ | |
| Box 49: | Final Report 92all. Bombing of Submarine Base, Brest, France. 10 pp. |
| Box 50: | Final Report 92al7. Interviews of German submarine builders. See transcripts of four such interviews: |
| Karl Dönitz on 6/28/45. | |
| Eberhard Godt on 7/15/45. | |
| Otto Merker (chief, naval shipbuilding) on 6/20/45. | |
| H. Günter Mommsen, (naval materiels) on 6/28/45. | |
| Minutes of the [German] Central Planning Committee for 5/4/43 (Dönitz presentation re U-boat war and supply lines) and 12/21/45 (Speer presentation re electric motor production) and brief excerpts from other meetings. Excerpts of speeches by Speer re “electro” U-boats on 8/3/44 and 1/13/45. |
RECORD GROUP 457
This collection contains all the documents relating to the Allied penetration of German naval Enigma that have been released to the public by the National Security Agency (NSA) through 1998. The documents include not only translated Enigma decrypts but also technical and historical studies of the U-boat war based on the decrypts, the daily exchanges of U-boat information between the USN, RCN, and RN Submarine Tracking Rooms, daily and weekly summaries of U-boat activities, and the like.
We used two separate and indispensable guides to these documents: a general guide prepared by the Modern Military Branch at NARA (36 pages, n.d.) and a meticulous computerized guide cataloged and indexed by U-boat subject matter, prepared by Irwin G. Newman, a declassification consultant and archivist for the U.S. Naval Cryptologic Veterans Association (64 pages, dated 9/11/92).
Documents of this group that were exceptionally helpful:
In addition, some researchers may profit by consulting NARA Entry 9010 of this series: “German Navy/U-boat Messages Translations and Summaries: 1941 to 1945.” This massive document series in 67 boxes is 29 feet long and consists of 49,668 Enigma messages to U-boats, translated into English and filed chronologically, 1/2/41-7/9/45.
In 1996 the NSA turned over to NARA about 1.3 million more documents relating to the breaking of World War II Axis codes. These documents, also in Record Group 457, are cataloged in a list of 4,923 very briefly described items. Of particular interest to this book is item NR 1736, “Bombe History.” This is an excellent 11-page single-spaced document describing the history of building the American four-rotor bombes for breaking naval Enigma, prepared 4/24/44 by Howard T. Engstrom, Ralph I. Meader, and Joseph N. Wenger, the three men who ran the project. (RG 457, Box 705.)
The catalog of the 4,923 listed items is available at NARA. The catalog (over two hundred pages) can also be downloaded from NARA’s home page on the Internet.
AT THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: MANUSCRIPT DIVISION
The papers of Ernest Joseph King. Fifteen linear feet, about 10,000 items.
General Correspondence, 1908-57. Containers 1-18. See especially boxes 8,9,12,14.
Subject File, 1924-57. Containers 19-26. See especially boxes 21 (General Board) and 22 (Anti-Submarine 1942-1944 and Memoranda for SecNav).
Escort-of-Convoy Instructions (Revised 11/17/41). U.S. Atlantic Fleet. 11 pp. (LANTFLT 9A).
Miscellaneous papers (in German) relating to the following U-boats (containers 161-72; microreels 78-86):
AT THE BRITISH PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
Records of the Royal Navy and of British codebreakers in World War II are kept in the British Public Record Office (PRO) in Kew, a suburb of London. There are finding aids available for these records, which are computerized. Numerous records relating to this history have been microfilmed.
We limited our research mostly to those documents that deal with U-boat operations, U-boat sinkings, and information on U-boats gained from interrogation of German U-boat POWs. Most of the Enigma codebreaking documents (“Ultra”) relating to U-boats are filed under the broad category ADM 223. Most of the pertinent naval documents are filed under categories ADM 1, ADM 199, and ADM 237. The minutes of the weekly meetings of the Battle of the Atlantic and Anti-U-boat committees plus important addenda are filed in ADM 205 (see also War Cabinet file CAB 86). Official internal Admiralty monographs and histories (BR series) relating to U-boats are filed in ADM 186 and ADM 234. The documents at PRO that we consulted for this book:
PAPERS OF THE FIRST SEA LORD (ADM 205)
ADMIRALTY CENTER FOR SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION (ADM 213)
| 213/573 | German submarine construction: “History of Walter Submarine Projects,” including postwar interviews with the commanders of the Walter Type XVIIB U-1406 (Werner Klug) and U-1407 (Horst Heitz). |
| 213/574 | Correspondence between Karl Dönitz and Helmut Walter re new U-boat designs and equipment. In English. |
| German Submarine Construction: “History of the Type XXI.” |
STATION RECORDS: WESTERN APPROACHES (ADM 217)
Convoy narratives and U-boat sinkings. U-boat kills reported. See below.
NAVAL INTELLIGENCE PAPERS (ADM 223)
| 223/8 | Special Studies: |
| Percentage of losses imposed on German U-boats, 8/13/43. | |
| Enemy appreciation of Allied ASW aircraft, 8/24/43. | |
| U-boats in the Indian Ocean, 9/5/43. | |
| Rate of expenditure of U-boats, 10/9/43. | |
| 223/16 | Ultra. U-boat appreciations and stories of convoy battles, 12/41 to 11/43. 136 pp. Convoys detailed: |
| JW 56A | RA 57 | |
| JW 56B | ONS 29 |
| Special Studies: | |
| U-boat operations off South Africa: March-July 1943, 10/24/43. | |
| Resumption of U-boat operations against convoys, 9/20/43. | |
| Claims by U-boats in 1943: Analysis by Naval Section, Bletchley Park (J.H.C. Whitehead). Report of 2/22/44. | |
| Experience of U-boat skippers now on operations. 3/2/44. | |
| U-boat campaign in the Indian Ocean: September-December 1943. Report of 3/18/44. | |
| U-boat war: 1/12/44 to 3/12/44. Report of 3/14/44. | |
| 223/21 | Ultra. Weekly U-boat situation reports, 10/16/44 to 5/21/45. |
| 223/42 | Godt address to U-boat commanders. 6/14/45. 2 pp. |
| 223/88 | Special Study: Admiralty use of Special Intelligence in Battle of [the] Atlantic. 7 pp. N.d. (1945?) |
| Admiralty Use of Special Intelligence in Naval Operations, by G[eoffrey] E. Colpoys, Officer in Charge, Operations Intelligence Center. 379 pp. | |
| 223/96 | Ultra. Weekly U-boat situation reports, 10/26/42 to 1/25/43. |
| 223/98 | Ultra. Weekly U-boat situation reports, 5/31/43 to 9/13/43. |
| 223/152 | U-570, capture of and technical surveys. |
| 223/170 | Ultra. Weekly U-boat situation reports 9/20/43 to 12/13/43. |
| 223/171 | Ultra. Weekly U-boat situation reports, 12/20/43 to 3/20/44. |
| Special Study: The achievements of individual U-boats in 1943. Naval Section (J.H.C. Whitehead), Bletchley Park, 3/21/44. | |
| 223/172 | Ultra. Weekly U-boat situation reports, 3/20/44 to 10/9/44 and convoy battles in April and August 1944: |
| JW 58 | |
| JW 59 | |
| Special Studies: | |
| Note on U-boats in the Mediterranean, 4/18/44. | |
| Experience of U-boat skippers now on operations, 5/8/44. | |
| Movement of U-boats into the English Channel, 5/19/44. | |
| Minutes of meeting re publicity on U-boat kills, 7/10/44. | |
| Experience of U-boat skippers now on operations, 7/12/44. | |
| U-boats sunk or lost, September 1939 to September 1944. Rodger Winn analysis of 10/1/44. |
ATTACKS ON U-BOATS. ASSESSMENTS. INTERROGATION OF POWS. ETC.
Filed in: ADM 1: Admiralty and Secretariat Papers.
ADM 199: War History Cases and Papers.
ADM 217: Station Records: See above.
The following U-boats are described in documents as noted in ADM 1 and ADM 199. (Attacks, sinkings, captures, etc.)
Some of the foregoing document series also include special ASW studies. See for example:
| 199/1245 | The air offensive against U-boats (ORS Report 174A). July 1941-December 1941. Dated 7/10/42. Italian U-boats, Intelligence Report 11/21/42. |
| 199/124-915 | Attempt to capture U-boats—orders for operation. Dated 6/5/40. |
| 199/1491 | Summary of [ASW] operations in the Bay [of Biscay]. 6/14/43 to 9/21/43. |
| 199/2032-2056 | U-boat “incidents.” Daily log of Allied ships sunk; U-boats sighted, attacked, or sunk; POWs taken, etc. (See similar document at NARA, listed under Tenth Fleet.) |
| 1/17561 | Postwar interviews of U-boat POWs conducted by Gilbert Howland Roberts, commander of the RN “Anti-U-boat School”: |
| Eberhard Godt, 5/23/45 | |
| Günther Hessler, 5/24/45 | |
| Kurt Dobratz, 5/24/45 | |
| Ernst Hechler, 5/24/45 | |
| Lieutenant Burkner, 5/24/45 | |
| WaldemarMehl, 5/25/45 | |
| Heinz Walkering, 5/27/45 | |
| Peter Cremer, 5/29/45 | |
| 1/17617 | Summary of [U-boat] information supplied by Eberhard Godt on 5/12/45. 49 pp., plus addenda, which includes a German list of 635 U-boat losses, acknowledged to be incomplete. |
| 199/135 | Reports of C in C, Mediterranean Station, re Allied attacks on Axis submarines in the Mediterranean. Dated 11/5/40, 3/13/41,4/5/41, 8/9/41, and 3/22/42. |
| 199/139 | Currents and tides in the Straits [sic] of Gibraltar. Essay by A. L. Maidens. 8 pp. “Measures taken to prevent U-boats from penetrating territorial waters and entering the Mediterranean.” Report of C in C, Mediterranean Station. 19 pp. |
MONTHLY ANTI-SUBMARINE REPORT SEPTEMBER 1939-DECEMBER 1945 6 VOLS. 2,284 PP. (ON MICROFILM.)
A once highly classified account of the Battle of the Atlantic in a series of monthly booklets. Produced by the Admiralty intelligence division, the issues contain detailed narratives of convoy battles, U-boat kills, descriptions of Allied and Axis weaponry, statistical charts of shipping losses and damage by type and nationality, new ship construction by types, as well as information from interrogations of POWs, and so on. Although the primary focus is on naval actions, the contributions of RAF Coastal Command to ASW operations are not slighted. The issues contain no reference to codebreaking; nonetheless, they remain indispensable to historians of the U-boat war. Of special interest are the narrative accounts of U-boat kills and convoy battles, as noted below.
ADM 199/2057 VOL. I (9/39 TO 12/40), 33I PP.
U-BOATS:
| U-13 | U-39 | Durbo |
| U-26 | U-40 | Galileo Galilei (captured) |
| U-27 | U-42 | Gondar |
| U-31 | U-49 | Liuzzi |
| U-33 | U-55 | Luigi Galvante |
| U-35 | U-63 |
CONVOYS:
| HX 55 | SC 2 | OA204 |
| HX 66A | SC 6 | OB 202 |
| HX 79 | ||
| HX 83 |
ADM 199/2058 VOL. 2 (l/41 TO I2/4I), 446 PP.
U-BOATS:
| U-32 | U-111 | Adua |
| U-70 | U-138 | Anfitrite |
| U-76 | U-501 | Baracca |
| U-95 | U-566 | Ferraris |
| U-99 | U-570 | Glauco |
| U-100 | U-651 | Naiade |
| U-110 |
CONVOYS:
ADM 199/2059 VOL. 3 (1/42 TO 12/42), 475PP.
U-BOATS:
| U-85 | U-379 | Cobolto |
| U-94 | U-433 | Emo |
| U-95 | U-434 | Ondina |
| U-131 | U-464 | Peria (captured) |
| U-162 | U-568 | Pietro Calvi |
| U-210 | U-574 | |
| U-335 | U-581 | |
| U-353 | U-701 | |
| U-372 |
CONVOYS:
ADM 199/2060 VOL. 4 (1/43 TO 12/43), 393 PP.
U-BOATS
| U-118 | U-432 | U-523 |
| U-135 | U-439 | U-528 |
| U-175 | U-444 | U-533 |
| U-185 | U-454 | U-559 |
| U-187 | U-458 | U-604 |
| U-202 | U-468 | U-606 |
| U-203 | U-487 | U-607 |
| U-205 | U-506 | U-659 |
| U-224 | U-512 | U-660 |
| U-331 | U-513 | U-706 |
| U-357 | U-517 | U-732 |
| U-409 | U-521 | U-752 |
CONVOYS:
ADM 199/206I VOL. 5 (1/44 TO 12/44), 415 PP.
U-BOATS:
| U-177 | U-407 | U-744 |
| U-188 | U-536 | U-761 |
| U-223 | U-539 | U-852 (photos) |
| U-247 | U-616 | U-960 |
| U-340 |
CONVOYS:
| SL 139/MKS 30 | RA 57 | JW 62 |
| SL140/MKS31 | JW 56A | JW 59 |
| JW 56B | RA 62 | |
| RA59 | HXS 300 |
ADM 199/2062 VOL. 6 (1/45 TO 12/45), 224 PP.
U-BOATS:
| U-300 | U-681 (Photos) | U-1024 |
CONVOYS:
| HX332 | TBC 135 |
| HX346 |
This volume also contains a number of essays summarizing certain aspects of the U-boat war. See especially “The Radio War” “Statistical Summary of the War on British, Allied and Neutral Merchant Shipping “ “Scientific History of Anti-Submarine Weapon Development” and “Final Assessments.” The last booklet in this volume contains a 14-page document based on 1945 interviews with Karl Dönitz, who outlines in detail the “phases” of the U-boat war as he saw them.
BRITISH “POST MORTEMS” (SPECIAL FILE)
At the Admiralty Office of History: Five oversize, bound volumes:
U-BOATS
ITALIAN SUBMARINES
Anfitrite
Asteria
Avorio
Baracca
Berillo
Cabolto
Calvi
Caracciolo
Durbo
Ferraris
Glauco
Gondar
Millo
Naiade
Ondina
Perla
Saint Bon
Tritone
“HESSLER HISTORY”
The U-boat War in the Atlantic: 1939-1945, by Günther Hessler, assisted by Alfred Hoschatt and Jürgen Röhwer. 396 pp. plus charts.
Written for the British Admiralty and the U.S. Navy in the immediate postwar years by Dönitz’s son-in-law, who made use of the secret War Diary of U-boat Control (FdU/KTB), this is the only known “official” German history of the U-boat war. Translated by unidentified Admiralty linguists, it has been microfilmed. In 1989, HMSO published a revised and corrected version of this indispensable work in one volume (see Books section) with an introduction by Andrew J. Withers, RN.
ADM 186/802 Vol. 1 (BR 305-1): August 1939 to December 1941
ADM 234/67 Vol. 2 (BR 305-2): January 1942 to May 1943
ADM 234/68 Vol. 3 (BR 305-3): June 1943 to May 1945
BOOKS
Abbazia, Patrick. Mr. Roosevelt’s Navy: The Private War of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, 1939-1942. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1975.
Addington, Larry H., et al., eds. Selected Papers from the Citadel Conference on War and Diplomacy 1978. Charleston, S.C.: Citadel Press, 1979. See paper by Boyd.
Admiralty. The Battle of the Atlantic. The Official Account of the Fight Against the U-boats, 1939-1945. Official History. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO), 1946.
——. British Vessels Lost at Sea 1939-45. (Warships, Merchant Ships.) HMSO, 1947. Rpt. Cam bridge: Patrick Stephens, 1976.
——. The Defeat of the Enemy Attack on Shipping, 1939-45: A Study of Policy and Operations (by F. W. Barley and D. Waters). Official History. Two vols. (1A and IB). London: HMSO, 1957.
——. Submarines. Vol. 3 of Operations in Far Eastern Waters. Official History. London: HMSO, 1955.
Alman, Karl [Karl the German; pseud, for Franz Kurowski]. Many books, published in Germany 1971-1988, about the U-boat war, the U-boat “aces” or “knights,” and Dönitz. In a detailed analysis of these books, the Canadian historian Michael L. Hadley (Count Not the Dead, 1995) has aptly described them as “hackwork.” They include hardbacks and paperbacks in the Landser Military Series and from other publishers about: Albrecht Brandi (1988), Engelbert Endrass (1978), Werner Henke (1971), Hans-Günther Lange (1972), Georg Lassen (1976 and 1982), Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock (1978), Wolfgang Lüth (1988), Rolf Mützelburg (1971), Johann Mohr (1975), Günther Prien (1981), Joachim Schepke (1980), Helmut Witte (1977). Much of the same material is rehashed in the following (or vice versa):
——. An alle Wolff: Angriff! [To All Wolves: Attack!]. Lichtsatz: Podzun-Pallas, 1986.
——. Angriff, ran, versenken! [Attack, At ‘Em, Sink!]. Preface by Karl Dönitz. Rastatt/Baden: Erich Pabel, 1975.
——. Graue Wolfe in blauer See [Gray Wolf in the Blue Sea]. [Mediterranean]. Rastatt: Manfred Pawlak, 1985.
——. “Graue Wolfe”—Wilde See: Januar/Februar 1943. [Gray Wolf—Wild Sea]. Rastatt/Baden: Erich Pabel, 1973.
——. Die letzte Feindfahrt: Mai 1943 [The Last War Patrol]. Rastatt/Baden: Erich Pabel, 1973.
——. Ritter der Sieben Meerr [Knights of the Seven Seas]. (Stories of 18 U-boat aces.) Rastatt: Pabel AG, 1975.
Anderson, Frank J. Submarines, Submariners, Submarining: A Checklist. Hamden, Conn.: Shoestring Press, 1963.
Andrew, Christopher, ed. Codebreaking and Signals Intelligence. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1986. See papers by Denniston, Morris, and Welchman. [A hardback edition of volume 1, number 1, of the quarterly British periodical Intelligence and National Security.]
——. Her Majesty’s Secret Service. New York: Viking, 1986.
Andrew, Christopher, and David Dilks, eds. The Missing Dimension: Governments and Intelligence Communities in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1984. See papers by Rohwer and Stengers.
Andrew, Christopher, and J. Noakes, eds. Intelligence and International Relations, 1900-1945. Exeter: Exeter University Publications, 1987. See papers by Beesly, Bennett, Chapman, Hinsley, Röhwer, and Thomas.
Arnold, Henry H. Global Mission. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949.
Auphan, Paul and Jacques Mordal [pseud, for Hervé Cras]. The French Navy in World War II. Trans. A.C.J. Sabalot. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1959.
Axis Submarine Losses: See Naval History Division.
Bagnasco, Erminio. Submarines of World War Two. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1977.
Bailey, Thomas A., and Paul B. Ryan. Hitler vs. Roosevelt: The Undeclared Naval War. New York: The Free Press, 1979.
Barnett, Correlli. Engage the Enemy More Closely. (Royal Navy in World War II.) New York: W. W Norton & Co., 1991.
Bauer, Hermann. Als Führer der U-boote im Weltkriege, 1914-1918 [As Commander of U-boats in i>World War I]. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1942.
——. Das Unterseeboot. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn, 1931.
Baxter, James Phinney 3rd. Scientists Against Time. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1950.
Beach, Edward L. The United States Navy: 200 Years. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1986.
Beaver, Paul. U-boats in the Atlantic: A Selection of German Wartime Photographs from the Bundesarchiv, Koblenz. (Picture book.) Cambridge, U.K.: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1979. Beesly, Patrick. Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914-1918. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1982.
——. Very Special Admiral: The Life of J. H. Godfrey, CB. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1980.
——. Very Special Intelligence. London: Hamish, 1977.
Behrens, C[atherine] B. A. Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War. London: HMSO, 1955. Bekker, Cajus D. [Hans Dieter Berenbrock]. Defeat At Sea or Swastika at Sea [Einzelkhampfer auf i>See]. New York: Ballantine, 1956.
——. The German Navy: 1939-45. (Picture book.) Trans. G. Stalling. New York: Dial, 1974.
——. Hitler’s Naval War [Verdammte See]. Trans. Frank Ziegler. London: Macdonald & Janes, 1974.
——. X-Men. Maidstone: George Mann Ltd., 1973.
Bennett, Ralph. Ultra in the West. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1979.
Bird, Keith W. Weimar, the German Naval Officer Corps and the Rise of National Socialism. Amsterdam: B. R. Griiner, 1977.
Blair, Clay, Jr. Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1975.
Bloch, Gilbert. Enigma avant Ultra [Enigma Before Ultra]. Paris: Privately printed, 1988. For excerpts, see Articles section.
Böddeker, Günther. Die Boote im Netz [Caught in the Net]. Bergsch Gladbach: Gustav Lubbe, 1981.
Böddeker, Günther, and Paul K. Schmidt. Die Gefangenen; Leben und Uberleben [Prisoners: Life and Survival]. Frankfurt: Ull stein, 1980.
Bonatz, Heinz. Seekrieg im Ather [Naval Radio War]. Herford: E. S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH, 1981.
Botting, Douglas, et al., eds. The U-boats. The Seafarers Series. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1979.
Boutilier, James A., ed. The RCN in Retrospect: 1910-1968. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1982. See papers by Beesly, Douglas and Röhwer, Lund, Milner.
Boyd, Carl. The Extraordinary Envoy: General Hiroshi Oshima and Diplomacy in the Third Reich,
1934-1939. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1980.
——. Hitler’s Japanese Confidant. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1993.
Boyd, Carl, and Akihiko Yoshida. The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute. Press, 1995.
Bradley, Omar N., and Clay Blair. A General’s Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.
Bragadin, Marc’ Antonio. The Italian Navy in World War II. Trans. Gale Hoffman. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1957.
Breemer, Jan. Soviet Submarines. London: Jane’s Information Group, 1989.
Brennecke, Hans Jochen. Der Fall Laconia: Ein Hohes Lied der U-boot Waffe [The Laconia Case: A Song of Songs in the U-boat Force]. Biberach an der Riss: Koehlers, 1959.
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Lenton, H. T. British Escort Ships. New York: Arco Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.
——. German Submarines. 2 vols, (vest-pocket size). Garden City: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1965.
Leutze, James R. Bargaining for Supremacy: Anglo-American Naval Collaboration, 1937-1941. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977.
Lewin, Ronald. The American Magic. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982.
——. Ultra Goes to War. London: Hutchinson, 1978.
Liddell Hart, B. H. History of the Second World War. New York: Paragon Books, 1979.
Loewenheim, Francis L., Harold D. Langley, and Manfred Jonas, eds. Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence. New York: Saturday Review Press/E. P. Dutton & Co., 1975
Lohmann, Walter. Kameraden auf See, zwischen Minen und Torpedoes [Shipmates at Sea, Between Mines and Torpedoes]. Berlin: N.p., 1943.
Lohmann, Walter, and Hans H. Hildebrand. Die Deutsche Kriegsmarine, 1939-1945. 3 vols. (See biographies of German naval officers.) Bad Nauheim: Podzun, 1956-1964. Rare. (Copies at NAVOPARCH, GNR Box T-123, Navy Library, and at NARA, Foreign Records Branch.)
Lott, Arnold S. Most Dangerous Sea. (Mine warfare.) Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1959.
Love, Robert William. Jr., ed. Changing Interpretations and New Sources in Naval History: Papers from the Third USN Academy History Symposium. New York: Garland, 1980. See papers by Beesly, Knowles, and Rohwer.
——. The Chiefs of Naval Operations. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1980.
——. History of the U S. Navy. 2 vols. Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1992.
Low, Archibald M. Mine and Countermine. New York: Sheridan House, 1940.
——. The Submarine at War. New York: Random House, 1942.
Lüdde-Neurath, Walter. Regierung Dönitz [The Dönitz Administration]. Gottingen: Musterschmidt, 1953.
Lund, Paul, and Harry Ludlam. Night of the U-boats. (Convoys SC 7 and HX 79.) London: W. Foul-shamn & Co. Ltd., 1973.
Lüth, Wolfgang, and Claus Korth. Boot Greift wieder an: Ritterkreuzträger Erzählen [U-boat Strikes Again: Tales of the Knight’s Cross]. Berlin: Erich Klinghammer, 1944.
Lynch, Thomas G. Canada’s Flowers: History of the Corvettes of Canada. Halifax, N.S.: Nimbus Publishing Ltd., 1981.
Macintyre, Donald. The Naval War Against Hitler. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1971.
——. U-boat Killer. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1956.
Madsen, Chris. The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament 1942-1947. Portland, Oreg.: Frank Cass Publishers, 1998.
Manchester, William. The Arms of Krupp. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1968.
Manson, Janet M. Diplomatic Ramifications of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, 1939-1941. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1990.
March, Edgar J. British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892-1953. London: Seelkey Service, 1961.
Mars, Alastair. British Submarines at War: 1939-1945. London: William Kimber, 1971.
Martienssen, Anthony K., ed. Fueher Conferences on Naval Affairs. (Extensive notes made by Raeder and Dönitz in conferences with Hitler and entered in the official Kriegsmarine record. Captured at Castle Tambach and translated into English by American and British linguists. Edited of verbosity and overly technical details by the Admiralty. Published by HMSO with “background commentary” on the general war situation added by the Admiralty.) Republished in Brassey’s Naval Annual. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1948.
——. Hitler and His Admirals. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1949.
Maser, Werner. Nuremberg: A Nation on Trial. Trans. Richard Barry. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1979.
Mason, David. U-boat: The Secret Menace. London: Pan, 1972.
Massie, Robert K. Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War. New York: Random House, 1991.
Masterman, J. C. The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972.
Matloff, Maurice. Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1943-1944. Washington, D.C.: OCMH, 1959.
Matloff, Maurice, and Edwin M. Snell. Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1941-1942. Washington, D.C.: OCMH, 1953.
Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961.
McCormick, Harold J. Two Years Behind the Mast. (War memoir of a Naval Armed Guard officer) Manhattan, Kans: Sunflower University Press, 1991.
McCue, Brian. U-boats in the Bay of Biscay. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1990.
McLachlan, Donald. Room 39. (British Naval Intelligence in World War II.) New York: Atheneum, 1968.
Meigs, Montgomery C. Slide Rules and Submarines. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1989.
Merten, Karl-Friedrich, and Kurt Baberg. Nein! So war das nicht [No! It Was Not Like That]. (Refuting Buchheim’s U-boot Krieg.) West Germany: J. Reiss Verlag, 1985.
Messenger, Charles. World War II in the Atlantic. New York: Gallery Books, 1990.
Metzler, Jost. Sehrohr Südwärts! [Periscopes southwards!]. Berlin: William Limpert, 1943. Trans, into English and published as The Laughing Cow. London: William Kimber, 1955.
Middlebrook, Martin. The Battle of Hamburg: Allied Bomber Forces Against a German City in 1943. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1981.
——. Convoy. (SC 122, HX 229, and HX 229A.) New York: William Morrow, 1976.
Mielke, Otto. 225 Tage Auf Feindfahrt. [A War Patrol of 225 Days]. (By U-196.) Munich: Arthur Moewig, 1956.
Millett, Allan R., and Williamson Murray, eds. Military Effectiveness, Volume 2. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1988. See paper by Boyd.
Milner, Marc. North Atlantic Run. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1985.
——-. The U-boat Hunters. (RCN versus German submarines.) Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1994.
Monsarrat, Nicholas. The Cruel Sea. (Fiction.) London: Cassell & Co., Ltd, 1951.
Montagu, Ewen. Beyond Top Secret Ultra. New York: Coward, McCann, Geoghegon, Inc., 1978.
Moore, Arthur R. A. A Careless Word... A Needless Sinking. (List of U.S. merchant ship losses.) Kings Point, N.Y.: Merchant Marine Museum, 1983.
Moore, John Hammond. The Faustball Tunnel. (Escape of U-boat POWs.) New York: Random House, 1978.
Morgan, Ted. FDR: A Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. 15 vols. Vol. 1: The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939-May 1943. Vol. 2: Operations in North African Waters: October 1942-June 1943. Vol. 9: Sicily-Salerno-Anzio, January 1943-June 1944. Vol. 10: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943-May 1945. Vol. 15: The Invasion of France and Germany, 1944-1945. Rpt. Boston: Little, Brown, 1984.
Morse, Philip M. In at the Beginnings: A Physicist’s Life. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1977.
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Mulligan, Timothy P. Lone Wolf: The Life and Death of U-boat Ace Werner Henke. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993.
——, comp. Records Relating to U-boat Warfare, 1939-1945. (Guides to the Microfilmed Records of the German Navy, 1850-1945.) Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1985.
Naval History Division. United States Submarine Losses [in] World War II. With an Appendix of Axis Submarine Losses, Fully Indexed. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1963. (Also available at NARA on microfilm NRS 1976-107.)
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Niestlé Axel. German U-boat Losses During World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1998.
Noli, Jean. Les loups de I’Admiral [The Admiral’s Wolf Pack]. Trans. J. F. Bernard. Garden City: Doubleday, 1974.
Nuremberg: Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal. 42 vols. Nuremberg: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947-9. Vol. 5 (Dönitz) and Vol. 13 (Raeder).
Ott, Wolfgang. Sharks and Little Fish [Haie und kleine Fische]. (Fiction.) Trans. Ralph Manheim. New York: Ballantine Books, 1966.
Padfleld, Peter. Dönitz: The Last Führer. London: Victor Gollancz, 1984.
——. War Beneath the Sea. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.
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Plottke, Herbert. Ein U-Boot-Drama: Die Letzen Feindfahrten von U-172 [U-boat Drama: The Last War Patrol of U-172]. Rastatt: Erich Pabel, 1987.
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———. The Supreme Command. Washington, D.C.: OCMH, 1954.
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——.Escort Carriers of World War II. (Paper.) London: Arms and Armor Press, 1989.
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Preston, Antony. Submarines. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982.
——. U-boats. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1978.
Price, Alfred. Aircraft Versus Submarines. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1974.
Prien, Günther. Mein Weg nach Scapa Flow [My Road to Scapa Flow]. Berlin: Im Deutschem Verlag,
1940. Trans, into English by George Vatine and published as I Sank the Royal Oak. London: Gray’s
Inn Press, 1954. American ed.: U-boat Commander. New York: Award Books, 1969.
Puttkamer, Karl Jesko von. Die Unheimliche See [The Dreadful Sea], 1952.
Quine, W[illard] V[an Orman]. The Time of My Life. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985.
Rachlis, Eugene. They Came to Kill. (Saboteurs.) New York: Random House, 1961.
Raeder, Erich. My Life [Mein Leben]. Trans. Henry W. Drexel. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press, 1960.
Range, Clemens. Die Ritterkreuz.trd.ger der Kriegsmarine. Stuttgart: Motorbuch, 1974.
Rayner, D[enis] A[rthur]. Escort: The Battle of the Atlantic. London: William Kimber, 1955.
Riesenberg, Felix. Sea War: The Story of the U.S. Merchant Marine in World War II. New York: Rinehart, 1963.
Rink, Hermann. Kurs Amerika [Course America]. Berlin: Die Wehrmacht, 1943.
Robertson, Terence. Escort Commander. (Johnny Walker.) London: Evans Brothers, 1956.
——. The Golden Horseshoe. London: Evans Brothers, Ltd., 1955. American edition: Night Raider of the Atlantic. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1956. German edition: Der Wolf im Atlantik: Die Kriegeerlebnisse Otto Kretschmer [Wolf in the Atlantic: The Wartime Experiences of Otto Kretschmer]. Wels: Welscrmuhl, 1969.
Röhwer, Jürgen. Axis Submarine Successes, 1939-1945 [Die U-Boot-Erfolge Der Achsenmachte, 1939-1945]. Introductory material translated by John A. Broadwin. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1983.
——. The Critical Convoy Battles of March, 1943. Translated by Derek R. Masters and A. J. Barker. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1977.
——, ed. Decisive Battles of World War II: The German View. See Jacobsen.
——. Die Versenkung der judischen Fluchtlinastransporter.. . im Schwarzen Meer [The Sinking of the Jewish Refugee Ship in the Black Sea]. Frankfurt: Bernard and Graefe, 1965.
Rohwer, Jürgen, and Gerd Hümmelchen. Chronology of the War At Sea: 1939-45 [Chronik des Seekrieges: 1939-45]. Trans. Derek R. Masters. 2 vols. Vol. 1: 1939-1942; Vol. 2: 1943-1945. New York: Arco Publishing Co., 1972-73.
——. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939-1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1992. {Chronology Vols. 1 and 2 updated and combined into a single volume.)
Rohwer, Jürgen, and Eberhard Jäckel, Die Funkaufklarung und ihre Rölle im Zweiten Weltkrieg [The Role of Radio Intelligence in World War II]. Stuttgart: Motorbuch, 1979.
Roscoe, Theodore. United States Destroyer Operations in World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1953.
Rosenman, Samuel I., comp. and ed. The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt. 13 vols. Vol. II: Humanity on the Defensive. New York: Russell and Russell, 1942.
Roskill, S[tephen] W[entworth]. A Merchant Fleet in War. (The story of Alfred Holt & Co., 1939-1945.) London: Collins, 1962.
——. Naval Policy Between the Wars. 2 vols. Vol. 1: The Period of Anglo-American Antagonism, 1919-1929. London: William Collins Sons & Co., 1968. Vol. 2: The Period of Reluctant Rearmament, 1930-1939. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1976.
——. The Secret Capture. (Re U-110, etc.) London: Collins, 1954.
——. The War at Sea: 1939-1945. 3 vols. (1, 2, 3, parts 1 and 2.) London: HMSO, 1954-61.
Rossler, Eberhard. The U-boat. Trans. Harold Erenberg. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1981.
Ruge, Friedrich. Sea Warfare: 1939-1945. Trans, by M. G. Saunders. London: Cassell & Co. Ltd., 1957. ——.
The Soviets as Naval Opponents, 1941-1945. Trans. Thomas Koines. Annapolis: Naval Insti tute Press, 1979.
Runyan, Timothy J., and Jan M. Copes, eds. To Die Gallantly: The Battle of the Atlantic. Boulder:
Westview Press, 1994. See papers by Allard, Barlow, J. D. Brown, King, Love, Lundeberg, Meany, Milner, Rahn, Rohwer, Sarty, Steury, Syrett, Valle.
Rusbridger, James, and Eric Nave. Betrayal at Pearl Harbor. New York: Summit Books, 1991.
Rust, Eric C. Naval Officers Under Hitler: The Story of Crew 34. New York: Praeger, 1991.
Salewski, Michael. Die deutsche Seekriegeleitung, 1939-1945 [Direction of the German Sea War, 1929-1945]. 3 vols. Munich: Bernard & Graefe, 1970-75.
Sawyer, Leonard Arthur, and W. H. Mitchell. The Liberty Ships: The History of the “Emergency” Type Cargo Ships Constructed in the U.S. During World War II. Newton Abbot: David & Charles (Publishers) Limited, 1970.
Schäffer, Heinz. U-boat 977. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1952.
Scheina, Robert L, U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft of World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1982.
Schepke, Joachim. U-Bootfahrer von heute: Erzahlt und Gezeichnet von einen U-Boot-Kommandanten [Submariners of Today: Narrated by a U-boat Commander]. Berlin: Im Deutschen, 1940.
Schoenfeld, Max. Stalking the U-boat. (By the USAAF.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press, 1994. Schofield, B[rian] B. The Russian Convoys. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1964. Schofield, William G. Eastward the Convoys. (War memoir of an Armed Guard officer.) New York: Rand McNally & Co., 1965. Schull, Joseph. Far Distant Ships. (Royal Canadian Navy in World War II.) Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1952. Schutze, Hans G. Operation unter Wasser. Herford: Koehler, 1985.
Seth, Ronald. The Fiercest Battle. (Convoy ONS 5.) New York: W W Norton & Company, 1961.
Shirer, William L. Berlin Diary. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941.
——. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.
Showell, Jak P. Mallmann. The German Navy in World War II. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1979.
——. U-Boat Command and the Battle of the Atlantic. London: Conway Maritime Press Ltd, 1989.
——. U-boats Under the Swastika. London: Allen, 1973.
Simpson, B. Mitchell, III. Admiral Harold R. Stark: Architect of Victory, 1939-1945. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1989.
Slessor, John C. The Central Blue. London: Cassell, 1956.
Smith, Bradley F. The Ultra-Magic Deals. San Francisco: Presidio, 1992.
Snyder, Louis L. Hitler’s Elite. (Nazi notables.) New York: Hippocrene Books, 1989.
Sohler, Herbert. U-Bootkrieg und Volkerrecht [U-boat War and International Law]. Frankfurt: E. S. Mittler & Sohn, 1956.
Southall, Ivan F. They Shall Not Pass Unseen. (History of RAAF Squadron 461.) Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1956.
Spector, Ronald H. Eagle Against the Sun. New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1985.
Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich. London: Weidenfeld, 1970.
——. Spandau: The Secret Diaries. New York: Macmillan, 1976.
Spindler, Arno, ed. Der Handelskrieg mit U-Booten [Trade War with Submarines]. 5 vols. Berlin: E. S, Mittler und Sohn, 1932-44 and London: Cassell & Co., Ltd., 1966.
Spooner, A[nthony]. In Full Flight. (War memoir of a Coastal Command Squadron Leader.) London: Macdonald, 1965.
Stafford, Edward P. Subchaser Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1988.
Stephen, Martin. The Fighting Admirals: British Admirals of the Second World War. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1991.
Stern, Robert C. Type VII U-boats. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1991.
——. U-boats in Action. (Paper.) Warren, Mich.: Squadron/Signal Pub. Inc., 1977.
Sternhell, Charles M., and Alan M. Thorndike. Anti-Submarine “Warfare in World War II. Rpt. Alexandria, Va.: Center for Naval Analyses, 1977.
Stevenson, William. A Man Called Intrepid: The Secret War. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976.
Stimson, Henry L., and McGeorge Bundy. On Active Service in Peace and War. New York: Harper & Bros., 1947.
Syrett, David. The Defeat of the German U-boats: The Battle of the Atlantic. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1994.
Tarrant, V. E. The Last Year of the Kriegsmarine: May ‘44-May ‘45. London: Arms and Armor Press, 1994.
——. The U-boat Offensive: 1914-1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1989.
Tate, Merze. The United States and Armaments. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1948.
Taylor, Telford. The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials. New York: Knopf, 1992.
Terraine, John. Business in Great Waters: The U-boat Wars, 1916-1945. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1989.
Terrell, Edward. Admiralty Brief: The Story of Inventions That Contributed to Victory in the Battle of the Atlantic. London: George G. Harrap, 1958.
Thomas, Charles S. The German Navy in the Nazi Era. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990.
Thomas, Lowell, Raiders of the Deep. (U-boats in WW I.) New York: Garden City Pub. Co., 1928.
Thompson, H. K., Jr., and Henry Strutz, eds. Doenitz at Nuremberg: A Reappraisal. New York: Amber Publishing Corp., 1976.
Time-Life Books Series. The Third Reich. War on the High Seas (1990) and Wolf Packs (1989). Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books Inc.
Tirpitz, Alfred P. von. My Memoirs. 2 vols. New York: Dodd, Mead, & Co., 1919.
Toland, John. Adolph Hitler. New York: Doubleday, 1976.
Topp, Erich. The Odyssey of a U-boat Commander [Fackelniiber dem Atlantik: Lebensbericht eines U-Boot Kommandante]. Trans. Eric C. Rust. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1992.
Tucker, Gilbert Norman. The Naval Service of Canada: Its Official History. 2 vols. Vol. 2: Activities on Shore During the Second World War. Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1952.
Tuleja, Thaddeus V. Twilight of the Sea Gods. (German Navy.) New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1958.
Turner, L.C.F., H. R. Gordon-Cumming, and J. E. Betzler. War in the Southern Oceans, 1939-45. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Tusa, Ann, and John Tusa. The Nuremberg Trial. New York: Atheneum, 1984.
Vaeth, J. Gordon. Blimps and U-boats. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1992.
van der Vat, Dan. The Atlantic Campaign. New York: Edward Burlingame/Harper and Row, 1988.
——. The Grand Scuttle. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986.
Vause, Jordan. U-boat Ace: The Story of Wolfgang Lüth. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990.
——. Wolf: U-boat Commanders in World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1997.
Von der Porten, Edward P. The German Navy in World War II. New York: Thomas Y Crowell Company, 1969.
Waddington, Conrad H. O.R. in World War II: Operational Research Against the U-boat. London: Elek Science, 1973.
Wardlow, Chester. The U.S. Army Transportation Corps. (In World War II.) Part 1, vol. 1: Responsibilities, Organization and Operations. Part 1, vol. 2: Movements, Training and Supply. Washington, D.C.: OCMH, 1951, 1956. See also Bykofsky and Larson.
Warren, C.E.T., and James Benson. Will Not We Fear. (Capture of HMS Seal.) New York: William Sloane Associates, 1961.
Waters, John M., Jr. Bloody Winter. (War memoir of a Coast Guard officer.) Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987.
Watson, D. M., and H. E. Wright. Radio Direction Finding. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1971.
Watts, Anthony John. The U-Boat Hunters. London: Macdonald and Jane’s, 1976.
Weaver, Harry J. Nightmare at Scapa Flow. (U-47 sinks Royal Oak.) Oxfordshire: Cressrelles, 1980.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Weir, Gary E. Building American Submarines, 1919-1940. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1991.
——. Forged in War. (U.S. submarines.) Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1993.
Welchman, Gordon. The Hut Six Story. New York: McGraw-Hill Company, 1982.
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——. The Sigint Secrets: The Signals Intelligence War, 1900 to Today, Including the Persecution of Gordon Welchman. (Paper.) New York: Quill/William Morrow, 1988.
Westwood, David. The Type VII U-Boat. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1984.
Wheeler, Gerald E. Kinkaid of the Seventh Fleet. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1995.
Wheeler-Bennett, John W. Pipe Dream of Peace. New York: William Morrow Company, 1935.
Whinney, Bob [Reginald], The U-boat Peril: An Antisubmarine Commander’s War. London: Blandford Press, 1987.
Whitley, M. J. Destroyer! German Destroyers in World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1983.
Wiggins, Melanie. Torpedoes in the Gulf: Galveston and the U-boats, 1942-1943. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995.
Williams, Kathleen Broome. Secret Weapon. (High frequency direction finding in World War II.) Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1996.
Williams, Mark. Captain Gilbert Roberts, RN, and the Anti-U-Boat School. London: Cassell, Ltd. 1979. Williamson, Gordon. The Iron Cross. Poole: Blandford Press, 1984.
Williamson, Gordon, and Darko Pavlovic. U-Boat Crews 1914-45. (Elite Series, 60.),(Paper.) London: Osprey Publishing Co., 1995.
Willmott, H. P. The Great Crusade: A New Complete History of the Second World War. New York: The Free Press, 1989.
Willoughby, Malcolm F. The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1957. Winks, Robin W Cloak and Gown. (Yale alumni in World War II intelligence.) New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1987.
Winterbotham, F W. The Ultra Secret. New York: Dell Books, 1974.
Winton, John. Convoy: The Defence of Sea Trade: 1890-1990. London: Michael Joseph, 1983.
——. Ultra at Sea. London: Leo Cooper, 1988.
Wise, James E., Jr. Sole Survivors of the Sea. (From lost ships.) Baltimore: The Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1994.
Wolfe, Robert, ed. Captured German and Related Records: A National Archives Conference. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1974.
Y’Blood, William T. Hunter-Killer. (U.S. “jeep” carriers versus U-boats.) Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1983.
Yergin, Daniel. The Prize. (History of oil.) New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991. Young, Edward. One of Our Submarines. (War memoir of a British submarine officer.) London: Hart Davis, 1952. American edition published as Undersea Patrol. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952.
Zimmerman, David. The Great Naval Battle of Ottawa. (Royal Canadian Navy politics in World War II.) Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989.
ARTICLES, ESSAYS, PROFILES, AND SCHOLARLY PAPERS
Cross-references in this list refer the reader to the Books section.
Adams, Thomas A. “The Control of British Merchant Shipping.” See Howarth and Law, eds.
Alden, CarRöll Storrs. “American Submarine Operations in the War.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings,* June 1920.
Alden, John D. “Dutch Submarines in World War II: The European Theater.” Submarine Review, April 1994.
——. “Dutch Submarines in World War II: The Far East.” Submarine Review, April 1993.
Allard, Dean C. “Introduction: An American Assessment.” See Runyan and Copes, eds.
——. “A United States Overview.” See Howarth and Law, eds.
Althoff, William F. “Airships.” USNIP, January 1988.
Ancell, Robert M. Jr. “Grand Admiral Doenitz: Reflections at 80” USNIP, March 1973.
Andrew, Christopher M. “Gordon Welchman, Sir Peter Marychurch and ‘The Birth of Ultra.’“ Intelligence and National Security. May 1986.
——. “Intelligence Collaboration Between Britain and the United States During the Second World War.” See Hitchcock, ed.
Armstrong, W.H.R. “The Sea Devils of the Caribbean.” Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society, November 1960.
Assmann, Kurt. “The Invasion of Norway.” Trans. Roland E. Krause. USNIP, April 1952.
——. “Operation Sea Lion.” Trans. Roland E. Krause. USNIP, January 1950.
——. “Stalin and Hitler.” Trans. Roland E. Krause. “Part I: The Pact With Moscow,” USNIP, June 1949; “Part II; The Road to Stalingrad,” USNIP, July 1949.
——. “Why U-boat Warfare Failed.” Foreign Affairs, July 1950.
Atha, Robert I. “Bombe! I Could Hardly Believe It.” Cryptologia, 1985.
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