Entries correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Abbeville, S.C., 229
Abbeville District, S.C., 60, 160
Abolitionist and abolitionism, 133, 161–62, 165, 169, 187–88, 272–73, 275, 284
Abram (slave of William Ellison), 138
Adams (E. L.) and Frost (E. H.), 120, 129, 270, 318
Adger, James, 8, 11, 253
Adger, Joseph Ellison, 120
Adger’s North Wharf, 120, 252–53
Africa, 30, 39, 161–62, 230, 285
African Church of Charleston, 38–39
African Methodist Episcopal Church, 38, 231
Afro-American: the term defined, xv–xvi
see also Black; Brown; Colored; Free people of color; Mulatto; Negro
Alabama, 68, 69–70, 105, 288
American Colonization Society, 161, 218, 225, 227
American Missionary Association, 333–34
Anderson, Richard (of Maryland), 27
Anderson, Richard (of Stateburg), 92, 318, 323
Anderson, Robert, 288, 289, 290
Anderson, William Wallace, 26–28, 77, 92, 100, 106, 124, 128, 143, 192, 313
as doctor to Ellison family, 27–28, 73, 88, 100, 103, 112, 121, 122, 295–96
as doctor to Ellison slaves, 77, 138–39
as guardian of William Ellison, 93–94, 98–99, 106, 242, 295
Anderson, William Wallace (son), 313, 317, 318, 322, 327, 330–31, 334
Anderson family, 27, 100, 143, 298
Andress, John, 53
Andress, Rosanna, 53
Andrews, Robert W., 137
Angel, Justus, 64
Archer, Tom, 48–49
Arkansas, 164–65
Artisans. See Free mulatto elite;
Free people of color; Slaves;
White workingmen
Atlanta, Ga., 309
Augustus (slave of William Ellison), 138
Badges. See Slaves, badges required for; Laws
Ballard, William, 45
Baltimore, Md., 32, 196
Barbados, 206
Barnwell District, S.C., 59, 60, 63
Barquet, Mr., 272–73
Bass, H. L., 250
Bass, Job, 214
Bass, William, 165–66
Battery Wagner, 307
Beard, Edward, 223, 246
Beard, Samuel, 223
Beaufort District, S.C., 53
Bell, John, 264
Belleville, Va., 137
Bells, Henry, 54
Bells, Martha, 54
Ben (slave of William Ellison), 138
Benbow, William, 127
Benenhaly, Elizabeth, 146
Benenhaly, John, 315
Benenhaly, Laurendon, 315
Benenhaly, Lawrence, 315
Benenhaly, S., 146
Benenhaly family, 273, 307
Bennett, Ellison, 315
Bennett, Rolla, 39
Berry, John, 63
Berry, London, 129
Billy (slave of James D. Johnson), 155
Bing, Frances, 60
Bing, William, 60
Black: the term defined, xv–xvi
see also Afro-American; Brown; Colored; Free people of color; Mulatto; Negro
Black, Joe, 314
Black River Watchman, 71
Blue Ridge Railroad, 267
Boatwright, James S., 71–72, 73
Boatwright, J. H., 293–94
Bonneau, Eliza. See Johnston, Eliza (Bonneau)
Bonneau, Frances Pinckney. See Holloway, Francis Pinckney (Bonneau)
Bonneau, Harriett Ann. See Ellison, Harriett Ann (Bonneau)
Bonneau, Jeanette (Mrs. Thomas S.), 108, 119–20, 121, 146, 157, 203–4, 226
Bonneau, Louisa Potter. See Weston, Louisa Potter (Bonneau)
Bonneau, Martha S. See Wilson, Martha S. (Bonneau)
Bonneau, Mary Elizabeth. See Ellison, Mary Elizabeth (Bonneau)
Bonneau, Sarah Ann. See Weston, Sarah Ann (Bonneau)
Bonneau, Thomas Collins, 108, 119
Bonneau, Thomas S., 88, 108–9, 119, 126, 198, 208, 212, 222, 223, 227
Bonneau family, 109, 118, 146, 208, 223, 227
“Borough House,” 27, 92, 99
Boston, Mass., 219, 233, 251
Bowen, Jack, 317
Bowen, William H., 147, 148–49
Boykin, A. H., 307
Bradley, S. J., 301
Brass Ankles, 145
Brazil, 100
Breck, J. Lloyd, 230
Breckinridge, John C., 264
Briggs, R. R., 316
Broad River, 5
Brown: the term defined, xv–xvi
see also Afro-American; Black; Colored; Free people of color; Mulatto; Negro
Brown, John, 165, 188
Brown, Malcolm, 222
Brown, Morris, 38
Brown Fellowship Society, 107, 108, 227
as benevolent society, 216, 219, 222
as exclusive organization, 172, 212–13, 215, 217
Brownfield, R. J., 330
Buchanan, James, 195, 196, 288
Buckheads, 145
Buckner, Eliza Ann (Ellison). See Ellison, Eliza Ann
Buckner, Harriet Ann, 123, 157
Buckner, Henry Ellison, 331, 333
Buckner, Jane (Johnson), 123, 228
Buckner, John William, 331
Buckner, John Wilson, 94, 111, 228
death of, 327, 332
as ginwright, 317, 331, 332
inheritance of, 330–31, 332–33
marriages of, 123, 147, 157, 262, 304, 332
as member of Ellison family, 73–74, 85–86, 110, 111, 120, 122, 123, 124, 304, 315, 332–33
military service of, 307, 312
politics of, 325–26, 327–28
Buckner, Samuel, 333
Buckner, Sarah (Oxendine), 147, 304, 330, 332
Buckner, Willis, 85, 105, 111
Buckner family, 330
Budd, Thomas G., 270–71
Budd, Thomas S., 270–71
Burn, R. L., 320–21
Butler, Pierce, 10
Butler, Pierce M., 105
Caldwell, James M., 201, 309, 313, 315
Callahan, Sarah, 60
Camden, S.C., 5, 87, 118, 134, 150, 228, 307
businesses in, 68, 71, 323, 329
insurrectionary plots in, 23, 307
slavery in, 127, 128
Camden Gazette, 71
“Camden Soliloquies,” 328–29
Canada, 87–88, 219, 232, 284, 336.
See also Johnson, Charles
“Charley”
Cantey family, 298
Capitation tax, 44, 45, 60, 186–87,
199, 238, 240, 257, 261, 313. See
also Charleston Free Negro Tax
Book; Enslavement crisis; Laws
Cardozo, F. L., 333
Cardozo, Thomas, 333, 334
Carmille v. Administration of
Carmille, 46
Carlos (slave of William Ellison), 80
Cash, Bogden, 329
Cash family, 328–29
Charleston, S.C.:
Civil War in, 288–90, 296
Democratic convention in (1860), 195–98
free people of color in, 16, 32–33, 83, 88, 107–9, 118–19, 156, 158–59, 168, 170, 171–73, 186, 188–92, 198, 201–12, 226–27, 231–32, 248–49, 280–83
J. M. Johnson as resident of, 153, 158, 187, 196, 197–98, 227–28, 232, 237, 258–59, 263, 264, 269–70, 278, 279, 280–83
police in, 187, 196, 199, 236, 238, 244, 250, 257, 259–60, 261, 275
racial tension in, 200–201, 248–50, 261, 263
relations of Ellison family in, 107–9, 118–21, 157, 255, 270, 303–4
residential patterns in, 226–27
slave population of, 16, 37, 38–41, 126, 178, 206–7, 227
white population of, 177, 178–79, 190, 193–94, 205, 226, 227
yellow fever epidemics in, 179–80, 263, 268
See also Brown Fellowship Society; Enslavement crisis; Free mulatto elite; Free people of color; J. D. Johnson; Laws; White workingmen; Whites
Charleston City Council, 179, 180, 183–84, 190, 199
Charleston Club, 246, 254
Charleston Courier, 159, 166–68, 169–70, 171, 236–37, 238, 240, 251, 257–58, 267–68, 269, 277–78
“Charleston defense,” 171, 280–81
Charleston Free Negro Tax books, 238, 257–58, 278–79, 280, 292
Charleston Grand Jury, 173, 184, 191
Charleston Mechanics’ Society, 173, 197
Charleston Mercury, 169, 179, 197, 273–74, 276, 289, 308
Charleston and Savannah Railroad, 197
Charleston–Camden Road (Old King’s Highway), 17, 25, 26, 93, 96, 138
Charlotte (slave of William Ellison), 138, 140
Chesapeake Bay, 30
Chesnut, James, 5
Chesnut, James Jr., 87, 92, 274, 289
Chesnut, John, 7
Chesnut, Mary Boykin (Miller), 5, 83, 92, 289
Chesterfield District, S.C., 59
Chippewa Indians, 230
Christ Church Parish, S.C., 229
Christian and Convivial Society, 200
Christian Benevolent Society, 222–23
Cincinnati, Ohio, 195
Civil War, 288–90, 298–99, 301–4, 309–11
Claremont Depot, 119
Claremont Episcopal Church, 18
Claremont Society, 18
Clarendon District, S.C., 113
Clarke, Sallie, 118
Coffin, George, 268, 269
Coghlan, Thomas Jefferson, 330
Cole, Mr., 225
Coles, Mr., 301
Colleton District, S.C., 64
Collins, Morgan, 60
Collins, Robert, 63
Colonel Howard, 218
Colored: the term defined, xv–xvi
see also Afro-American; Black; Brown; Free people of color; Mulatto; Negro
Columbia, S.C., 17, 71–72, 105, 127, 206, 207, 293, 302–3, 309, 323
Columbia State, 100
Columbia-Sumterville Road, 17, 25, 79,93
Columbus, Ga., 72
Coming Street, Charleston, 155, 156, 226–27
Committee of Safety, 188
Committee on the Colored Population, 105, 166, 181–83, 278, 280–81
enslavement legislation considered by, 166, 181, 183–84, 276, 281
Committee on the Judiciary, 281
Confederacy, 288, 301, 302, 305–6, 307, 309–10
Conscription Act (1862), 306
Constitutional Union party, 264
Converse, Augustus L., 85, 110, 139, 143–45
Cooper, George, 128
Cooper, William J. Jr., 327
Cotton:
boom period for, 10, 25, 32, 33, 117, 161
as cash crop, 9, 10, 67
corn as replacement for, 299, 300, 301, 304
green seed or short staple, 9, 10, 16
price of, 68–69, 177, 316
production of, 9–10, 67, 68–69, 70, 95, 289, 290, 297–300, 303, 316
slave labor needed for, 10, 68, 161, 174, 177–78
sorghum as replacement for, 299–300
Cotton factors. See Adams and
Frost
Cotton gins:
brush assembly for, 21–22
hopper board of, 22
invention of, 9–10, 11, 12, 21
manufacture of, 9, 10, 11–12, 73–75
market for, 68–70, 71–73, 297–98
price of, 69–70
repair of, 13, 15, 17, 20–25, 25, 72, 298
saws for, 21, 24, 69, 72, 73
variations of, 10, 12, 319
Crop liens, 322, 323
Country stores, 320–21, 322–23
Cross, C, 100
Dacoster, William P., 198
Darlington District, S.C., 60, 72, 329
Davis (slave of Richard Singleton), 137
Davis, Monday, 314
Davis, Thomas Frederick, 228
“Davis Hill,” 79
Definition of terms: Afro-American, black, brown, colored, mulatto, Negro, xv–xvi
DeForrest, John W., 178
DeLarge, John, 279, 280
DeLarge family, 325
Demar, Samuel, 245–46
Democratic party, 195–97, 264
Dereef, Abby, 255
Dereef, Jessie, 255
Dereef, Joanna, 217
Dereef, Joseph, 203, 222, 237, 239, 245, 266, 293
Dereef, Mary, 255, 335
Dereef, Richard E., 202, 203, 217, 225, 293
Dereef family, 212, 225, 241, 262
DeSaussure, Henry, W., 249
DeSaussure, William Henry, 3, 4
DeSaussure, Wilmot Gibbes, 280
Desverney, Peter, 39, 40, 168
Diana (slave of Reuben Ellison), 151
Donnetti and Wood’s troupe, 190
Dotterer, Thomas, 266
Douglas, J. K., 134
Douglas, Stephen A., 264
“Drayton Hall,” 110, 113, 115, 123, 155–56, 331, 332, 337
Dred Scott decision, 163–64
Dubuclet, Auguste, 128
R. G. Dun Mercantile Agency, 323–24
Dunmore, Lord, 31
Durant, R. M., 298
Eason, James M., 179, 266–69
enslavement legislation by, 276, 278–81, 294
Eason, Thomas, 266
Edgefield District, S.C., 62
Edgerton, E. W., 183
Eggart, Michael J., 214, 215–18, 220, 283
Elliot, J. N., 72
Elsey (slave of William Ellison), 138
Ellison, Amelia Ann (Shrewsbury) [daughter–in–law], 333–35, 337
Ellison, Amelia G. [granddaughter], 334–35, 337
Ellison, Catherine [wife of William John], 336
Ellison, Eliza Ann [daughter], 14–15, 66, 84–86, 87, 133, 140, 296
death of, 330
manumission of, 23, 63–64, 83, 94, 102, 103, 104–5
marriages of, 85–86, 105, 109–10, 111, 114–15, 122–23, 155–59, 228, 262, 312, 330, 331
work of, 84, 86
youth of, 83–85
see also Ellison family; J. M. Johnson
Ellison, Elizabeth Anna [granddaughter], 110, 270–73
Ellison, Gabriella (Miller) [daughter–in–law], 156–57, 159, 219, 235, 332, 334, 337–38
Ellison, George [grandson], 334, 337
Ellison, Harriett Ann (Bonneau) [daughter–in–law], 108, 110, 111, 122, 151
Ellison, Henrietta Inglis [granddaughter], 110–11, 270–73
Ellison, Henry [son], 23, 36, 94, 109, 114, 115–18, 119, 120, 140, 146, 234, 242, 263, 296, 297, 330–31
and Charleston ladies, 200, 201–2, 209, 228, 255, 262
death of, 334–35
as farmer, 111, 112, 297–303, 312–16, 318–20
as ginwright, 75, 78, 86–89, 112–13, 124–25, 297–98, 316–17
marriages of, 107–8, 110, 111, 121, 198, 208–9, 333–34
as merchant, 317–25
politics of, 325–26, 327–28
as slaveholder, 111–12, 311–12
youth of, 86–89, 94, 109
see also Ellison family
Ellison, Henry McKensie [grandson], 111, 122
Ellison, Henry Shrewsbury [grandson], 334, 335, 337, 338
Ellison, John (of Fairfield District), 8
Ellison, Joseph (of Fairfield District), 14
Ellison, Louisa [granddaughter], 334, 337
Ellison, Maria Ann [daughter], 101–6, 151, 242–43, 325
Ellison, Mary Ann (of Fairfield District), 349n
Ellison, Mary Elizabeth (Bonneau) [daughter–in–law], 107–8, 110, 111, 121, 146
Ellison, Mary Thomson (Mishaw) [daughter-in-law], 107, 109, 110–11, 118–19, 121–22
Ellison, Matilda [granddaughter], 110, 111, 119, 147, 157
Ellison, Matilda [wife], 109
death of, 121
manumission of, 23, 63–64, 66
marriage of, 14–15, 81, 83, 85, 86, 100, 103–4, 109, 110, 111, 121, 296, 360n
respect of whites for, 100
work of, 84, 86
Ellison, Ralph, 349n
Ellison, Reuben [son], 23, 36, 78, 103, 104, 115–18, 119, 122, 146
death of, 151
as ginwright, 78, 86–89, 112–13, 116–17, 391n
marriage of, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 122, 198, 208
slave children fathered by, 150–52
as slaveholder, 111–12, 150–52
youth of, 85, 86–88, 89, 94
Ellison, Robert (of Fairfield District), 5, 6, 7–8, 11, 14, 102–3
Ellison, Robert Mishaw [grandson], 111, 122
Ellison, Sarah Elizabeth (of Fairfield District), 8, 120
Ellison, William (April):
advertisements by, 67, 71–73
Anderson as guardian of, 93–94, 98–99, 106, 242, 295
as apprentice to McCreight, 6, 11–15, 16, 17, 78, 106
blacksmith business of, 75, 77, 80, 124
bookkeeping skills of, 12
carpentry business of, 75, 77, 80, 124
census data on, 75, 76, 88, 124, 126, 127–28, 132
as church member, 26–28, 85, 99, 109, 143–45
contemporary opinions of, 100–101, 147–49, 328–29, 334–35, 336
as cotton planter, 66, 76, 80, 123, 124, 125, 129–30, 134, 138, 315, 316
daughter and wife bought and freed by, 23, 63–64, 83, 94, 102, 104–5
death of, 295–96, 305, 329
diversification by, 75, 77, 80–81
economic strategy of, 66–68, 76, 79, 8o–8l, 89, 98, 111–14, 123–34, 141, 148, 327–28
emigration considered by, 254–55, 283, 286–87, 291–92
enslavement crisis and, 171, 277, 278, 279, 287
estate of, 297, 305, 330–31
family freedom guarded by, 3, 23, 41, 52, 66, 81, 82–83, 94, 99,106, 107, 117–18, 142–43, 150–52, 238
father of, 5–6, 102–3
financial dealings of, 73–74, 75, 78, 97
as free person of color, 20, 25, 28,
71, 100, 130–31, 134, 141–43, 145, 149–50, 249
freedom purchased by, 15–16, 32, 148
gins repaired by, 13, 15, 17, 20–23, 25
as ginwright, 3, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28, 37, 52, 56, 58, 67–68, 69–70, 72–78, 80, 94, 97–98, 100–101, 123–25, 129, 138, 148, 277, 278, 279, 284, 329, 335, 336
as harsh master, 135–36, 141, 367n
illegitimate daughter of, 101–6, 242–43
labor hired by, 74–75, 76, 124–25
manumission of, 3, 6, 14, 15–16, 32, 63
marriage of, 14–15, 360n
as master craftsman, 13, 62–63, 65–66, 67, 70, 75–76, 89, 93, 98
mother of, 5, 102–3, 362n
as mulatto, 4, 5, 19, 30, 32, 97, 136, 141–42, 320
name changed by, 3, 25, 71, 97
origins of, 4–7
patent by, 72–73
as patriarch, 81, 82, 86, 88–89, 111–13, 115–18, 142–43
personality of, 13, 14, 28, 67, 81, 96, 101, 130–31, 135, 148, 150
property owned by, 25, 62–63, 65–66, 67, 76, 79–8o, 81, 89–92, 93, 94, 112, 116, 123–34, 286–87, 292, 330–31, 335
reputation of, 23, 25–26, 28–29, 65–66, 75, 78, 100–101, 134–36, 141, 147–49, 329
as resident of Stateburg, S.C., 4, 16, 17–18, 19, 55, 99–100
respectability attained by, 25–26, 28, 82–83, 85, 98, 100–101, 106, 123, 145, 147, 329, 334–35, 336
shoe business of, 113–14
as slave, 3, 5–6, 11–15, 96, 102–3, 106, 138, 148, 287, 295, 320
slave girls sold by, 132–35, 136, 141, 314
as slaveholder, 23–25, 28, 63–64, 66, 75, 76–81, 107, 111–12, 124, 125–26, 128–29, 130, 131–43, 147, 148, 149, 337
social norms followed by, 13, 23, 36–37, 89, 95–98, 116, 118, 123, 149–52, 327–28
Sumter’s land sold to, 25, 70, 77, 147, 331
Vesey compared to, 40–41
wealth of, 76, 78, 107, 108, 127–29, 133, 141, 148
whites as customers of, 21–23, 26, 28–29, 56, 67, 72, 191–92, 286–87
whites as viewed by, 13, 23, 25, 66–67, 81, 82, 89, 95, 116, 118, 123, 145, 149, 150
will of, 101, 106, 115, 330
“yellow man,” 3, 4, 5, 19, 55
see also Ellison family; Free mulatto elite
Ellison, William (of Fairfield District):
family history of, 5–8
as owner of William (April) Ellison, 3, 5–6, 35, 102–3, 138, 148
Ellison, William Jr. [son], 23, 36, 115–18, 120, 140, 157, 219, 242, 296, 327, 330–31
death of, 336–37
as farmer, 112, 297–303, 312–16, 318–20
as ginwright, 75, 78, 86–89, 112–13, 124–25, 297–98, 316–17
marriages of, 107, 109, 110–11, 121–22, 332, 334
as merchant, 317–25, 335
politics of, 325–26, 326–28
sends children to Philadelphia, 270–73
as slaveholder, 111–12
youth of, 86–89, 94, 109
see also Ellison family
Ellison, William John [grandson], 110, 270–73, 327, 336
Ellison family:
and Anderson family, 26–28, 73, 77, 93–94, 98–99, 100, 103, 112, 121, 124, 138–39, 242, 295–96
and Barquet family, 272–73
and Benenhaly family, 145–47, 273, 315, 332–33
and Bonneau family, 108, 118–20, 121, 157, 198, 208
cemetery of, 100, 121, 122, 151, 296, 330, 332, 337, 338
community power over, 95
and the Confederacy, 299–306, 307, 309–10
as cotton planters, 298–300, 306, 315–17, 319–20
deaths in, 121–23, 150
as Democrats, 325–27
and Dereef family, 255, 262, 375n
disintegration of, 329–38
economic strategy of, 297, 319, 327–28
emancipation as viewed by, 312, 319–20, 321, 326
emigration considered by, 220, 262, 269–73, 274, 282–87, 291–92
enslavement crisis and, 237–38, 264, 270, 273
and Forten family, 272–73
as general merchants, 317–18, 320–25, 326, 332, 335
as ginwrights, 298–99, 305, 316–17, 318–19
and Holloway family, 208, 223, 272–73
house servants of, 112, 131, 139, 308
and Johnson family, 109–10, 113–14, 115, 123, 140, 155–56, 159, 171, 200–201, 254–55, 269–70, 282–83, 285, 296, 304
and Lee family, 254, 279–80
letters of, xii
and McKinlay family 202, 226
as members of Holy Cross Episcopal Church, 26, 28, 85, 99, 110, 122, 139, 143–45, 308–9, 328
and Mishaw family, 107, 110, 118
as mulattoes, 136, 271, 293, 326
and Oxendine family, 147, 332
personal freedom guarded by, 118, 273, 309–10
religion of, 109, 114, 228, 328
reputation of, 323–24, 328–39
as slaveholders, 272–73, 301–2, 311–12, 313–15, 319–20
and Sumter family, 25, 70–71, 74, 81, 100–101, 135
unity of, 76, 82, 110–11, 114–18, 123, 297
see also Free mulatto elite
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 162
Eminent Americans (Lossing), 147
Enslavement crisis:
causes of, 159, 160, 162–63, 164–67, 183, 190, 199–200, 201, 257–59, 291, 296, 308
Eason’s role in, 276, 278–81, 294
Ellison family and, 237–38, 264, 273
emigration and, 159, 160, 161, 162, 247, 248, 254, 260, 261–62, 266, 272–73, 274–75, 282–87, 290–93, 294–95, 311
freedom challenged by, 238–46, 247–48, 257–58, 390n
Macbeth’s role in, 236, 237, 238, 239, 242, 249, 257–58, 260–61
Memminger’s role in, 159, 167–68, 171–73, 183, 192, 207
as reported by J. M. Johnson, 159–60, 168, 171–73, 183, 190, 194, 200, 236, 240, 241, 244–49, 252, 254–56, 258–59, 261–62, 283–84
slave badge law enforced in, 187, 199–200, 236–37, 240–41, 242, 244–45, 253–54, 255, 257, 259, 260, 261
travel restrictions in, 235–36, 251–54, 263–64, 270–73
white elite involved with, 258–61, 263, 265–66
see also Ellison family; Free mulatto elite; Free people of color; J. M. Johnson; Laws; White workingmen
Episcopal church. See Protestant Episcopal church; specific churches
Fairfield District, S.C., 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 102–3, 106
Fehrenbacher, Don E., 164
Fitzhugh, George, 162–63
Florence, S.C., 155, 156
Florida, 288
“Folk culture,” 96–97
Fordham, William, 245
Fort Moultrie, 288
Fort Sumter, 195, 288, 289, 290, 291
Forten, Harriet, 273
Forten, James, 272
Forten, Margaretta, 272, 273, 283
Free mulatto elite:
“Charleston defense” of, 171, 280–81
color consciousness of, 142, 189, 203, 206, 208–9, 212–13, 215–18, 220–21, 225–26, 227, 241, 326, 327, 334
community life of, 202–3, 205–6, 212–14, 223–27
confidence of, 168, 171, 221, 237
despair of, 238, 248
education of, 83, 88, 169, 188, 216–17, 222–23, 333–34, 335
Eggart as spokesman for, 214, 215–18, 220, 283
and enslavement crisis, 205, 218–20, 248–64, 277–80, 282–86, 292
and Episcopal church, 227–30, 231
exclusiveness of, 203, 206, 207, 225, 241
as intermediate social class, 206, 215–16, 218, 220–21, 224, 225, 226, 241, 276, 293–94, 310, 328
marriages among, 169, 188–89, 208–9, 213
as a “people,” 207, 218, 220, 235, 237, 241
political activity of, 171–72, 217–18, 293–95, 325
as slaveholders, 169, 203–6, 270, 280, 292, 294
traits of, 171, 192–93, 222–27, 251–54
wealth and property of, 128, 203–4, 205, 206, 211, 225, 244, 247, 255, 260, 275, 286
and whites, 169–71, 173, 193–94, 196–97, 198, 200–201, 218, 225, 239, 247, 251–52, 256, 258–61, 275, 281, 294, 310, 388n
see also Charleston, S.C.; Ellison family; Enslavement crisis; Free people of color; Laws; Mulattoes; Personalism; Whites
Free people of color:
as artisans, 57, 58, 117, 185–86, 270, 276–77
capitation tax on, 44, 45, 60, 186–87, 199, 238, 240, 257, 261, 313
census data on, 85, 206, 209, 211
in Charleston, S.C., 107–9, 118–19, 156, 158–59, 168, 170, 171–73, 186, 188–92, 198, 201–12, 226–27, 231–32, 248–49, 280–81
as competitors with white workingmen, 184–87, 189, 190, 198–99, 256, 260–61, 266, 267, 268–70, 276–82
in the Confederacy, 295–97, 307–8, 310
contracts allowed to, 28, 51, 55–56, 65, 276–77
as disfranchised, 192, 193, 327 documentation of status of, 34–35, 43, 44
economic conditions of, 56–57, 59–63, 64, 166, 202
emigration of, 159, 160, 161, 162, 245–47, 248, 254, 260, 261–63, 266, 272–73, 274–75, 282–87, 290–93, 294–95, 311, 387n, 390n
families of, 41, 51–52, 61, 208, 209–10, 222
freedom important to, 36–37, 163, 165–66, 173, 221, 222, 237, 238–46, 256, 257, 270, 279, 282–83, 292–93, 294, 296
guardians for, 43–45, 50, 51, 60, 98, 99, 117, 149, 225, 241–42, 249, 259, 278
harassment of, 47–48, 49–50, 168
immigration of, 33, 36
inferior status of, 35, 48–51, 163–64, 167, 169̵70, 192–94, 206, 207, 215, 221–22, 276
interracial marriages of, 52–54, 169
kidnapping of, 51
legal protection of, 50–51
legal restrictions on, 46–48, 54–55, 65, 159, 160, 161, 166–73, 184–87, 224, 238–46, 257–58
local white control over, 35, 36–37, 41–42, 43, 45, 48–50, 54–55, 56, 105–6, 116–17, 222, 225
in Louisiana, 128–29, 185, 210
marriages by, 51, 52–54, 55, 208–10
as Methodists, 231
as mistaken for slaves, 175, 236–37, 240–41, 245–46
mothers of, 30, 238, 239–40, 245
in North, 161, 162, 170, 185, 218, 219, 284
occupations of, 55–59, 61–62, 185–86, 209–12
population of, 30, 31–32, 33–34, 36, 44, 85, 160–61, 164,170, 185–86, 206–7, 209, 211
poverty of, 59–63
property of, 55, 58–59, 65, 128
racial etiquette observed by, 88–89, 95–98, 191
religion of, 227–32
reputation important to, 36, 50, 56,82
rural vs. urban, 211–12, 237
slaves vs., 25, 46–47, 60–61, 194, 208, 209, 210–11, 216, 220–21, 222, 223, 231, 237, 241, 246, 253–54, 270–71, 319–20, 326
in Sumter District, S.C., 4, 19–20, 44–45, 128, 191
Sumter Turks and, 145–47
tests for freedom of, 35–36, 41–42, 44, 45, 49–50, 61, 105–6
upcountry planters vs., 152, 170–71, 172, 173, 198–99, 237, 256, 266
as viewed by O’Neall, 36, 47, 48, 49,55
voluntary enslavement of, 164–66, 276
wealth of, 59–60, 61, 62
white prejudice against, 25, 42, 48, 66, 81–82, 160–63, 166–67, 187–91, 222, 224, 226–27, 237, 256, 277, 282–83, 298–99, 307–8
women as, 52, 53–54, 57, 58, 59, 61, 185, 208–10, 211, 238, 239–40, 245–46
see also Charleston, S.C.;
Enslavement crisis; Free mulatto elite; Laws;
Mulattoes; Whites
Freedmen’s Bureau, 312
Free Soldiers, 149, 162
Friendly Moralist Society, 213–14, 215, 216, 218, 219
Frierson, Caesar, 305
Frierson, J. D., 191
Frierson, J. N., 192, 274
Frierson, John, 305
Frierson, John (of “Pudden Swamp”), 99, 134, 135
Frierson family, 26, 143, 298
Fuller, Nat, 158
Gabriel (slave of William Ellison), 140
Gadsden, Christopher P., 158
Gale, R., 304
Galliard, P. P., 307
Gantt, Thomas J., 293, 294
Garrison, William Lloyd, 233
Gell, Monday, 39, 41
Genovese, Eugene D., 354n
George (slave of Alfred Huger), 193
George (slave of Thomas Waties), 23
Georgetown District, S.C., 18, 59, 62, 63
Georgia, 9, 10, 68, 202, 288
German Rifle Club and Turners’ Association, 200
Germans, 177, 178, 180
Gilmore Brass Band, 197
Gist, William H., 277
Glover, James, 249
Goodwyn, Eliza, 315
Gordon, Rixy, 202
Gotgen, John, 180–81
Gourdin, Robert N., 269
Grace Episcopal Church, 156, 157, 172, 200, 227–28, 279
Graddick, H. T., 290–91
Grand Trunk Railroad, 233
Greene, Catherine, 9, 10
Greensboro, N.C., 338
Greenville, S.C., 320
Gregory, Richard, 214
Greland, Aurora, 84, 85
Haiti, 38
emigration to, 39, 218, 284–85, 291, 294–95, 333
Hammond, James Henry, 88–89, 116
Hampton, Ann, 108
Hampton, Christopher Fitzsimons, 108
Hampton, Wade I, 7, 8
Hampton, Wade II, 108, 139
Hampton, Wade III, 327
Hampton family, 306
Hannah (slave of Reuben Ellison), 111–12, 150
Hare, Mr., 225
Harper, William, 54–55
Harpers Ferry, 165, 187, 188, 200
Harrals, H. R., 263–64
Harris, Margaret, 62
Harth, Mingo, 39
Hibernian Hall, 196
“Hickory Hill,” 127
Hicks, James, 249
High Hills Baptist Church, 26, 309, 332
High Hills of the Santee, 4, 18–19, 95–96, 101, 137, 143, 299–300, 323
Hindus, Michael, 47
Hodge, Mr., 298
Hoff, John, 262
Hollin, Theodore, 285
Holloway, Edward, 219
Holloway, Frances Pinckney (Bonneau), 146, 208, 223
Holloway, James H., 306–7
Holloway, Jane, 146
Holloway, Richard, 231, 293
Holloway, Richard Jr., 208
Holloway family, 208, 212, 293, 333
Holmes, Emma, 307, 310–11
Holy Cross Episcopal Church, 19, 27, 228, 332
Ellison family as members of, 26, 28, 85–86, 99, 110, 114, 121, 122, 130, 139, 143–45, 151, 296, 308–9, 328
Hooper, Mary MacKenzie, 27
Hooper, Thomas, 27
Horry, Mistress L., 64
Houston, Richard, 172
Houston, Robert, 172, 173, 183, 204, 207, 212, 222, 278–79
Houston, Sarah, 172
Howard, Robert, 263, 293
Howard Association, 179–80
Hudson and Brother, 71
Huger, Alfred, 192–94, 207
Huger, Gabriella, 84
Humane Brotherhood, 213, 214
Hundley, Daniel R., xiii, xiv
Hursh, C. M., 330–31
Husband, John H., 72
Indigo, 7, 10, 30
Inglis family, 110–11, 145
Institute Hall, 196
Irish, 8, 177, 178, 180, 192
Isaac (slave of William Ellison), 126, 140, 313, 315
Jack (freedman), 314
Jacob (slave of William Ellison), 139
Jacobs, Ann, 104
Jacobs, Henry, 103–4, 325
Jacobs, Maria Ann (Ellison). See Ellison, Maria Ann
Jamaica, 219, 220, 381n
James, Charlotte, 314
James, C.L.R., 41
January (slave of William Ellison), 126
Jefferson, Thomas, 31, 38, 161
Jenkins, Isaac, 126, 140, 313, 315
John (slave of William Ellison), 138, 139
John (slave of Reuben Ellison), 151
Johnson, Charles “Charley,” 155–56, 332, 334
as tailor, 155, 157, 234–35
in Toronto, Canada, 157–58, 159, 194, 205, 219, 233–35, 263
Johnson, Charlotte, 235
Johnson, Delia, 153, 155, 156, 296
Johnson, Eliza Ann (Ellison). See Ellison, Eliza Ann
Johnson, Gabriella (Miller). See Ellison, Gabriella (Miller)
Johnson, Hale, 75
Johnson, James (of Sumter District), 153
Johnson, James Drayton, 213, 222, 332
and Ellison family, no, 140, 155–56, 157, 296
emigration considered by, 283, 285–86
gun sold by, 232, 249, 260
property owned by, 155, 156, 203–4, 260, 285–86
as slaveholder, 153–55, 156, 203–4, 286
as tailor, 109–10, 153–58, 160, 172, 236, 286
in Toronto, Canada, 194, 232, 233–36, 237, 263–64
Johnson, James Drayton (son of Charles and Sarah Johnson), 156
Johnson, James Marsh, 140, 213
enslavement crisis reported by, 159–60, 168, 171–73, 183, 190, 194, 200, 202, 236–39, 240–42, 244–49, 252, 254–56, 258–59, 261–62, 269–70, 281–84
and free mulatto community in Charleston, 158–59, 200–201, 202–3, 221, 225, 228–30
as relation of Ellisons, 109–11, 113–15, 123, 200–201, 228, 234–35, 259, 269–70, 305, 315, 330, 332
religion of, 227–30, 255–56
shoe business of, 114, 304–5
as tailor, 109–10, 113, 155, 158, 201, 262–63, 274, 284, 309, 331–32
see also Charleston, S.C.; Ellison family; Enslavement crisis;
Free mulatto elite; J. D. Johnson
Johnson, Jane. See Buckner, Jane (Johnson)
Johnson, Mary, 45
Johnson, Sarah, 156
Johnson, William, 98
Johnson family, 118, 146, 156, 157, 168, 196, 201, 219–20, 292, 304
Johnson family (of Sumter district), 45
Johnston, 198, 208, 283
Johnston, Eliza (Bonneau), 208
Jones, Jehu, 252
Judy (slave of J. D. Johnson), 155, 156
Julius (slave of William Ellison of Fairfield), 6
Kansas Association of Sumter, 149
“Keith Hill,” 127
Kenifick, John, 183
Kennedy, Lionel, 224
Kershaw, Joseph, 7
Kershaw Gazette, 329
Keystone State, 270, 272
Killingsworth, William H., 74
Kincaid, James, 10
Kingville, S.C., 225
Kinlock family, 18, 19
Kinsey, Lewis, 63
Kirkwood’s Rangers, 329
Krystalnacht, 237
Lancaster District, S.C., 103
Laws:
assume blacks are slaves, 34–35
define Negro, 54
Dred Scott decision, 163–64
localize determination of free status of Negroes, 35–36, 43
permit impressment by Confederacy, 301, 302
prohibit aiding runaway slave, 270–71
prohibit freedom for Negroes in Arkansas, 164–65
prohibit interracial marriage, 53
prohibit kidnapping free Negroes, 51
prohibit manumission, 15, 35, 36, 42, 46, 75, 105, 169, 238, 247–48
prohibit meeting of free Negroes behind closed doors, 50
prohibit schools for free Negroes, 50, 88, 169, 224
prohibit slaves from hiring own time, 176
prohibit free Negro artisans in Cheraw District, S.C., 308
prohibit free Negroes from carrying firearms, 50
prohibit free Negroes from entering S.C., 36
prohibit free Negroes from giving sworn testimony, 47
prohibit free Negroes from military service, 306
prohibit free Negroes from returning to state, 43, 235–36, 251–54
prohibit free Negroes from selling liquor, 50
prohibit free Negroes from serving on juries, 47
prohibit free Negroes from striking white person, 48, 250
proposed to enslave free Negroes, 164, 166–67, 276
proposed to prevent free Negroes from working as artisans, 169, 183, 184
proposed to prohibit free Negroes from owning slaves, 169
proposed to prohibit interracial marriages, 169
protect right of contract of free Negroes, 51, 55
protect right of suit and habeas corpus of free Negroes, 51
require curfew for Negroes, 249
require free Negroes be punished like slaves, 47
require free Negroes to pay capitation tax, 44, 60
require free Negroes to register, 44
require guardians for free Negroes, 43, 98, 169, 241–42
require service in patrols by whites, 49
require slave badges, 175, 384n
require trial of free Negroes before magistrate’s and freeholders’ court, 47
restrict white workingmen from entering Charleston, 275
sporadic enforcement of free Negro laws, 65
see also Charleston, S.C.;
Enslavement crisis; Free mulatto elite; Free people of color; Slaves; Whites
Lease, Henry, 59
LeBleux, L. F., 181
Ledinham, Mr., 74
Lee, Henry, 233
Lee, John, 245–46, 254, 279–80, 293
Lee, Oran D., 74
Lee family, 254
Leman, Christiana, 202
Lenoir, Isaac, 127, 146, 192, 313
Lenoir, W. M., 327
Lenoir family, 298
Levy, Edwin, 252–53
Levy, Moses, 252–53
Liberia, 160, 161, 162, 218, 252, 380–81n
Lieber, Oscar, 306
Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, 100
Lincoln, Abraham:
election to presidency of, 195, 264, 265, 273–74, 298
race relations as viewed by, 162, 164
Logan, Edward, 214
Lombard Street Primary School, 272–73, 283
Lossing, Benson J., 147
Louisiana, 288, 300
free people of color in, 128–29, 185, 210
Lynching, 327, 328
Macbeth, Charles, 190, 199, 251, 275
in enslavement crisis, 236–37, 238–39, 242, 249, 257–58, 260–61, 294
McCreight, David, 11
McCreight, James, 102
McCreight, R. C, 71
McCreight, Robert, 102
McCreight, William, 8, 21, 329
Maria Ann Ellison sold to, 101–2, 103, 104, 105, 106, 242–43
William (April) Ellison as apprentice to, 6, 11–15, 16, 17, 67, 78, 106
McCreight family, 11
“McCreight plan,” 12
McGill, Samuel, 137
Mack, Richard, 149
McKenzie, Archibald, 190
MacKenzie, Mary Jane, 27
McKinlay, William, 202, 203, 204, 212, 223, 226, 263, 293
McKinlay family, 325
McSwain, George, 28–29
Madison, James, 38
Maffitt’s Channel, 290
Magistrate’s and freeholders’ court, 47, 167, 171, 222
Magrath, Andrew Gordon, 262, 274
Manchester, S.C., 137, 309
Manning, John L., 118
Manning, Richard I., 87
Manning family, 300
Manumission:
ban on (1820), 94, 101, 105, 161, 186, 189, 236, 238, 240, 243, 248
of Eliza Ann and Matilda Ellison, 23, 63–64, 83, 94, 102, 103, 104–5
illegal, 45–47, 101, 186, 257–58
legal restrictions on, 35, 36, 42, 44, 63, 239–40
procedures of, 15, 35, 239–40
prohibition of ineffectual, 45–47, 189
by self-purchase, 31–32
by service, 31–32 trusts for, 46, 101–2, 169, 236, 242–43, 259, 260, 268
by will, 31–32, 45–46, 247–48
of William (April) Ellison, 6, 14, 15–16, 63
Marcus (slave of Reuben Ellison), 151
Marion, 270, 271, 272, 290, 291
Marlboro District, S.C., 59, 166
Maroon, 202–3
Marshman, Captain, 271
Maryland, 27, 30, 225
Masonic Hall, 173, 180
Master, Mr., 299
Mathews, John B., 245–46
Mathews family, 245–46
May Festival, 200–201
Mayor’s Court (Charleston), 186–87, 236, 249–50, 257–58
Mayrant family, 18, 26
Means, David J., 101, 102, 105
Means, John, 102
Means, Thomas, 102
Memminger, Christopher P., 229, 230, 372–73n
enslavement legislation opposed by, 159, 167–68, 171–73, 183, 192, 207
Memminger, Fanny, 172
Methodist Episcopal church, 38, 231–32, 382–83n
Mike (slave hired by William Ellison), 304
Miller, A., 75
Miller, Gabriella. See Ellison, Gabriella (Miller)
Miller, George, 334
Miller, John B., 134
Miller, Mary Boykin, 92
Miller, Phineas, 10
Miller, Stephen D., 79, 83, 89, 92, 93
Mills, Robert, 18, 95
Mills House, 196, 197
Minnesota, 230
Minors’ Moralist Society, 222–23
Minto (freedman), 314
Minute Book and Roll of the Stateburg Democratic Club, 327
Minute Men companies, 274, 276
Mishaw, Elizabeth, 108
Mishaw, John, 107, 108, 110, 212–13, 214
Mishaw, Robert, 214
Mishaw family, 118
Mississippi, 68, 69, 79, 98, 147, 288
Missouri question, 38
Moody, Burrel, 192, 321, 322
Moody, James, 304
Moody, R. J., 322
Moody family, 75, 80, 113, 114, 298, 317, 322
Moore, Edward, 166, 167, 168
Moore, Isham, 313, 316
Moore, Susan, 62
Moore family, 298
Morris, Perlina, 60
Moultrie, William, 8
Mulatto: the term defined, xv–xvi
see also Afro-American; Black; Brown; Colored; Free people of color; Negro
Mulattoes:
blacks vs., 61–62, 136, 141–42, 148, 203, 209–10, 211, 212, 213–14, 215–16, 217, 225–26, 241
definition of, 54, 213, 214–15
emigration of, 219–20, 254–55, 271, 282–87
white attitudes toward, 97, 141–42, 215, 216, 217, 220–21
see also Free mulatto elite; Free people of color
Murrell, Louisa, 120
Nancy Ann (slave of William Ellison), 139
Natchez, Miss., 98, 147
Ned (slave of Alfred Huger), 193
Negro: the term defined, xv–xvi
see also Afro-American; Black; Brown; Colored; Free people of color; Mulatto
New Jersey, 87
New Orleans, La., 33, 185, 206, 210
New York City, N.Y., 8, 137, 197, 219, 251, 252, 254, 272, 291, 324
New York Tribune, 225, 275, 289, 290, 295
Newberry District, S.C., 62
Niagara Falls, 233
Noisette, Joseph, 252–53
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 161
North Atlantic Wharf, 270, 271
North Carolina, 7
Nott, Josiah, 139
Oakes, Samuel, 263
O’Neall, John Belton:
free people of color as viewed by, 36, 47, 48, 49, 55
slaves as viewed by, 45, 46, 47
Orangeburg, S.C., 328
Oxendine, Sarah, 147
Oxendine family, 332
Panama, 220
Panama Railway Company, 220
Patterson, James, 105
Patterson, Mary, 105
Patterson, Orlando, 34
Patterson, Sarah, 105
Payne, Daniel, 88, 109, 223, 224
Payne, John, 230
Peake, Henry T., 268, 269, 274
Pencil, William, 40, 108
Pennsylvania, 7, 8, 272–73, 274–75
Personalism:
Ellison family and, 6, 13, 15, 16, 26, 27–28, 73, 75, 77, 97–98, 100–101, 106, 113, 120, 138, 143, 145, 148–49, 241–42, 270, 299, 303, 307, 308–9, 321–23, 324, 327–28, 334–35, 336–38
as “folk culture” of the South, 96–97
free people of color in Charleston and, 156, 158, 171–73, 197, 200, 201, 226–28, 230–32, 251, 253–54, 255, 262, 263, 276, 278–80, 281, 293
guardian system and, 43–45, 98–99
limits of as defense of free status, 239, 256, 258–61
Philadelphia, Pa., 84, 272–73, 274–75, 285, 336
Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, 273
Philadelphia Inquirer, 289–90
Phillips, John, 229
Phillips, Wendell, 233
Pickens, Francis W., 293, 294–95
Planters:
assent of in S.C. back country, 7–8
business habits of, 73
family life of, 14, 18, 82, 83–84, 86–87, 89,108, 114–15, 116, 117, 130
need for gins of, 12, 16–17
opinions of free Negroes of, 173
post-war agriculture and, 312–14, 319, 321
power of, 4, 96
slavery and, 79, 134–36, 138, 141, 142
wealth of in Charleston, 205
Pledger, Philip W., 165
Port Royal, 296
Portland, Maine, 237
Potter, David M., 96–97
Potter, Edward E., 309, 310, 311, 316
Potts, Elizabeth, 8
Poyas, Peter, 39
Preston, Louisa Penelope, 87
Preston family, 306
Prince George Winyaw District, S.C.g, 278
Prince of Wales, 234
Princeton University, 87
Pritchard, Gullah Jack, 39
Protestant Episcopal church, 227, 228–30
Purvis, Robert, 273
Rafting Creek, 124
Raleigh, N.C., 335
Ramsay, David, 18
Ravenal, William, 183
Rawlinson, Brutus, 314
Read, John Harleston Jr., 278–79, 280–81
Reconstruction Act (1867), 325
Red Bones, 145
Red Legs, 145
Redpath, James, 284–85, 294–95, 333
Rembert, Caleb, 69–70
Republican party, 194, 264–65, 266, 325–26
Reynolds, Mark, 319
Reynolds family, 298, 327
Rhett, Robert Barnwell Jr., 269
Rice, 7, 30
Richard, C, 128
Richard, P. C, 128
Richardson, John S., 191, 274
Richardson, Thomas E., 322
Richardson, W. E., 315
Richardson family, 19, 298, 300
Richmond, Va., 32
Rials, Mary, 59
Rose, James, 280
Ruffin, Edmund, 274
Rumsey’s and Newcomb’s Band of Campbell Minstrels, 190
St. Helena Parish, S.C, 160
St. John’s Protestant Episcopal Church, 227
St. Louis, Mo., 129
St. Luke’s Protestant Episcopal Church, 158–59, 166, 227
St. Mark’s Protestant Episcopal Church, 227
St. Michael’s Protestant Episcopal Church, 227
St. Paul’s Protestant Episcopal Church, 227
St. Philip’s Protestant Episcopal Church, 108, 109, 156, 227
St. Thomas, 37
Sam (slave of William Ellison), 138
Sanders, W., 192
Santo Domingo, 33, 37, 38
Sarah (slave of William Ellison), 132, 139, 140, 159
Sarah Ann (slave of William Ellison), 139
Sasportas, Frederick, 202, 223, 293
Sasportas family, 212, 325, 333
Saturday Evening Post, 147–49
Saunders, Wade, 62
Savannah, Ga., 158–59, 290, 309
Schnierle, John, 197, 259
Screven, John Henry, 166–68, 171
Secession convention, 280–82
Secession crisis, 195, 265–70, 273–81
Seward, William H., 193
Seymour, Robert W., 260
Shannon, Charles John, 329
Shannon, William McCreight, 329
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 309
Shrewsbury, Henry L., 333
Shrewsbury family, 325
Sickles, David, 318
Simons, H., 59
Singleton, Angelica, 84
Singleton, John, 18, 69, 70, 73
Singleton, Marion, 84, 85
Singleton, Mathew, 18, 87
Singleton, Rebecca, 69, 70, 84
Singleton, Richard, 17, 18, 21, 70, 72, 81, 98, 113, 126, 137, 252, 309
Singleton family, 26, 143, 298, 302
Slaveholders:
Ellison family as, 272–73, 301–2, 311–12, 313–15, 319–20
free people of color as, 37, 63–64, 169, 203–4, 206, 270, 280, 292
guardians compared to, 44, 50, 60
rights of, 45–46, 47, 174, 175–76, 177, 181, 182, 184, 192, 193, 229–30, 240–41, 244, 245, 247–48, 261, 271
white workers vs., 177, 181, 183, 184, 190, 266, 268
William Ellison as example of, 23–25, 28, 63–64, 66, 75, 76–81, 107, 111–12, 124, 125–26, 128–29, 130, 131–43, 147, 148, 149, 337
see also Ellison, William; Ellison family; Slavery; Slaves
Slavery:
abolitionists against, 161–62, 164, 169, 188, 233, 272–73, 274
agruments for, 162–63, 167, 169–70, 178, 193
as punishment, 163, 167
Southern society supported by, 42, 193, 265–66, 282–83
voluntary, 165–66, 276
see also Ellison, William; Ellison family; Slaveholders; Slaves
Slaves:
badges required for, 175–76, 186, 187, 199–200, 236–37, 240–41, 242, 244–45, 253–54, 255, 257, 259, 260, 261
buying and selling of, 76, 126–27, 132–35, 177–78
in Charleston, S.C., 16, 37, 38–41, 177–78, 206–7, 227
children as, 151, 209
as competitors with white workingmen, 173–84, 186, 187, 190, 193, 194, 199, 257, 258, 266, 268, 269, 308
economic need for, 10, 30–31, 33, 68, 161, 174, 177–78
emancipation of, 310–15, 319, 325
free people of color as sympathetic to, 42–43, 50, 160, 165, 166, 167–68, 187–88, 191
free people of color mistaken for, 175, 236–37, 240–41, 245–46
free people of color vs., 25, 46–47, 60–6l, 194, 208, 209, 210–11, 216, 220–21, 222, 223, 231, 237, 241, 246, 253–54, 270–71, 319–20, 326
freedom of, see Manumission
freedom purchased by, 15–16, 32
hiring out of, 173–84, 186, 187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 257, 266, 268
insurrections by, 23, 31, 33, 34, 37–40, 41, 42, 50, 65, 66, 108, 165, 168, 176–77,187–88, 192, 224, 231, 248, 307–8, 310
legal restrictions on, 35, 46–48, 176–77, 181–84, 253
marriage of, 51, 137, 228–30
medical care of, 138–39
in Northern states, 34
patrols for, 49–50
poverty of, 34
prejudice against, 34–35, 42
price of, 33, 63, 177
property rights vs. rights of, 31–32, 34, 66, 163, 184, 193
religion of, 139
runaway, 32, 136–37, 138, 241, 254, 270–71
skilled, 32, 127, 137–38, 301–2
support of by D. Vesey, see Vesey, Denmark
as viewed by O’Neall, 45, 46, 47
William (April) Ellison as example of, 3, 5–6, 11–15, 96, 102–3, 106, 138, 148, 287, 295, 320
women as, 78–79
see also Laws; Slaveholders; Slavery
Smiling family, 45
South:
Civil War in, 288–90, 298–99, 301–4, 309–11
and the Confederacy, 288, 301, 305–6, 307, 309–10
domestic industry in, 178–79, 266–68, 277
education in, 82–84
“folk culture” in, 96–97
Lower vs. Upper, 32–33, 44
lynching in, 327, 328
paternalism in, 134–35, 142
patriarchy in, 82, 86, 88–89, 115–16, 117
personalism in, see Personalism
plantation system in, 313–14, 321
political unity of, 189, 190, 261, 265, 274–75, 277, 282
racist society in, 34, 47, 81–82, 88–89, 91–97, 141–43, 149–50, 152, 225–26, 277, 325–28
Reconstruction period of, 322–23, 324, 325–26, 327
secession by, 190, 195, 198, 261, 264–70, 273–74, 275–76, 277, 281–82, 297–98
sharecropping in, 312, 314, 315–17, 319
as slave society, 42, 193, 265–66, 282–83
see also Slaveholders; Slavery; White workingmen
South Carolina:
legislature of, 10, 159, 160, 165–66, 166–69, 171, 172, 181, 182–83, 184–85, 222, 234, 276–81, 308
planter class in, 7, 8–9, 13, 20
secession convention of, 265–70, 273–74, 281–82
settlers of back country in, 4, 6–7, 18, 53
upcountry planters in, 16, 18, 30
see also Charleston, S.C.; Sumter District, S.C.
South Carolina Black Codes, 318
South Carolina Mechanics’ Association, 173, 184
South Carolina Railroad, 119, 266, 274
South Carolina Library, xii
Spann, L. M., 299, 315
Spann, R. R., 73
Spann family, 143, 298, 327
Spartanburg District, S.C., 47
Spencer, Isabella, 315
Spencer, Minto, 315
Spencer, Peter, 315
Springfield, Ill., 164
Star of the West, 290, 291, 293
Stateburg, S.C., 17
Ellisons as residents of, 4, 16, 17–18, 19, 99–100, 328–29
racial codes of, 95, 191–92
Stateburg Democratic Club, 336–37
State v. Harden, 36
Stephen (slave of William Ellison), 138
Stephens, John, 59
Stroyer, Jacob, 302
Sullivan’s Island, 250, 288, 290
Summerton, S. C., 113
Summerville, S.C., 255
Sumner, Charles, 233
Sumter, Brazilia, 85
Sumter, Natalie Delage, 100–101, 135
Sumter, Thomas
Ellison purchases land from, 25, 70, 77, 147, 331
Sumter Turks defended by, 19–20
as upcountry aristocrat, 7, 17, 18, 147
Sumter, Thomas Jr., 100, 126, 135
Sumter, Thomas S., 74, 100
Sumter Banner, 71
Sumter District, S.C., 17–18
free people of color in, 3, 4, 19–20, 44–45, 108, 145, 160, 325, 366n
High Hills planters in, 16–17, 18–19, 20, 28, 68–69, 95, 101, 127, 128, 134, 301–2, 322–23, 326
Sumter family, 19, 79, 81, 120, 125, 127, 145, 298, 327, 330
Sumter Gazette, 71
Sumter Minute Men, 274
Sumter Southern Whig, 71
Sumter Turks, 273
Ellison family and, 120, 145–47, 273, 332–33, 337
whites and, 19–20, 26, 145–46, 307, 332, 337
Sumter Tri-Weekly Watchman, 308
Sumter Watchman, 148, 309
Sumter Watchman and Southron, 334–35, 336–37
Sumterville, S.C., 3, 71, 127, 274, 309, 323
Susan (slave of Reuben Ellison), 151
Talvande, Ann Marsan, 83
Taney, Roger B., 163–64
Texas, 288
Thomas, Jack, 95, 220
Thompson, Louisa, 249–50, 259
Thompson, William, 250, 259–60
Tobacco, 7, 10, 30
Tom (slave of William Ellison), 138
Toronto, Canada, 157, 194, 219, 233–35, 263–64
True Southron, 328
Tunic (slave of William Ellison), 138
Turner, Peter, 110
Ugly, 7
Union Church, Miss., 147
University of Virginia, 87
Usher, James, 137
Van Buren, Mr., 74
Vanderhorst, Eliza, 334
Vaughan, H., 70
Veree, John, 254
Vesey, Denmark:
Ellison compared to, 40–41
insurrection conspiracy led by, 37–42, 50, 65, 66, 108, 165, 168, 169, 176–77, 187, 192, 224, 231, 248
Vesey, Joseph, 37
Vinson, A. P., 315, 330–31
Virginia, 7, 30, 139
Wade, Jack, 314, 315
Washington (slave of William Ellison), 138
Washington, George, 31, 38
Washington, Martha, 31
Wateree River, 4, 5, 17, 19, 74, 309
Wateree Swamp, 119, 136
Waties, Anna, 18–19
Waties, Thomas, 18, 21–23, 77
Waties family, 18, 26, 143
Webb, Thomas, 259–60
Weston, Anthony, 203, 243–44, 251, 269, 277, 278, 293
Weston, Hannah, 250–51
Weston, Jacob, 119, 203–4, 208, 222, 226, 243, 279–80, 283, 293
Weston, John Furman, 119, 208
Weston, Louisa Potter (Bonneau), 208, 304
Weston, Maria, 203, 243
Weston, Plowden, 243
Weston, Samuel, 204, 231, 243, 250–51, 283
Weston, Sarah Ann (Bonneau), 208
Weston family, 202, 208, 212, 250–51, 270, 333
Whaley, William, 259
“What Shall Be Done With the Free Negroes” (Fitzhugh), 162–63
Whitaker, Jeem, 150
White workingmen:
economic conditions of, 177, 178–79, 275
and the enslavement crisis, 173, 184–87, 190, 199–200, 257–59, 276–78
free people of color as competitors with, 184–87, 189, 190, 198–99, 256, 260–61, 266, 267, 268–70, 276–82, 308
immigration of, 179, 275
political influence of, 178, 190, 257–59, 266–70
slaves as competitors with, 173–84, 186, 187, 190, 192, 193, 194, 199, 257, 258, 266, 268, 269, 308
white elite vs., 168, 177, 181, 183, 184, 190, 192, 194, 207, 266, 268
see also Charleston, S.C.; Enslavement crisis; Slaveholders
Whites:
attitudes toward free people of color, 25, 42, 61–62, 66, 75, 98, 160–62, 187, 190, 192, 256–58, 260–61, 324
class hostility among, 168, 177, 181, 182, 184, 190, 192–94, 207, 267–68, 278
unity among, 162, 189, 190, 260–61, 265–66, 274–75, 277, 279, 282
see also Free mulatto elite; Free people of color; Laws; Personalism; Slaveholders; Slavery; South; White workingmen
Whiting, Jacob, 45
Whitney, Eli, 9–10, 11, 12, 21
William (slave of Richard Singleton), 113, 137
William Ellison vs. George McSwain, 28–29
Williams, Eliza, 315
Wilmington, N.C., 137
Wilson, George, 40
Wilson, James, 208
Wilson, Martha S. (Bonneau), 208
Wilson, Robert, 328
Winn, John, 7
Winnsboro, S.C., 5, 8, 11, 15, 16, 21, 72, 101–3, 309
“Wisdom Hall,” 92–93, 96, 100, 110–11, 116, 123, 130–31, 309, 331,332, 335–36, 338, 360n
Wood, Fernando, 197
Wyatt-Brown, Bertram, 82
Yeadon, Richard, 269
York District, S.C., 60, 160, 166–68
Young, Mr., 298