Index
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
AFL. See American Federation of Labor (AFL)
African-American miners
participate in Marmet uprising
Allen, Walter
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
stand on Matewan station violence
American Expeditionary Force (World War I)
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
early history
John L. Lewis breaks with
joins with UMW
membership declines
supports Woodrow Wilson’s election
American Legion
Mingo County post
volunteers fight against miners
American Railways Union
Anthracite miners strike (1900)
Aracoma Hotel, Blair, West Virginia
Army, U.S.
called out by Governor Cornwell
deployed for Red Jacket strike
and miners’ uprising at Marmet
requested by Governor Morgan
V Corps
Army Air Service, U.S.
at Blair Mountain battle
and General William Mitchell
sent to Blair Mountain battle
Arnold, Jackson
and Red Jacket coal company strike
Atlantic Monthly
Avis, S. B.
lawyer for mine operators in Senate hearing (1921)
prosecutes Sid Hatfield in murder trial
Bailey, R. D.
and assault on Lick Creek tent colony
and Sid Hatfield murder trial
Baker, Newton
Baldwin, Roger
Baldwin-Felts agents. See also Baldwin-Felts detective agency
employed by mine operators
evict miners from company homes
informers
and Matewan station confrontation
and Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike
and Sid Hatfield murder trial
use machine guns against miners
Baldwin-Felts detective agency
Bandholtz, Harry
directs Federal troops at Blair Mountain
directs Federal troops at Blair mountain
instructs Army Air Service at Blair Mountain
meets with Keeney and Mooney
and miners’ uprising at Marmet
Beckner, E. K.
Belcher, Anthony M.
Bennett, Oscar
Bethel, Walter A.
Big Splint outbreak
Billy Sunday
Blair Mountain battle
aftermath
Army Air Service presence
begins with shooting by Wilburn’s patrol
casualties
Federal troops end war
not linked to communism or IWW
tactics, defenders
tactics, Federal troops
tactics, miners
Blair Mountain/Logan march
Bad Lewis White hijacks train
miners forced to join
shooting at Sharples
Blankenship, George T.
arrests Albert Felts for evictions
and Matewan Massacre
and Matewan station confrontation
as Mingo County sheriff
protects miners
and Red Jacket coal company strike (1920)
Blizzard, William “Bill”
and Blair Mountain battle
charged with murder and acquitted
charged with treason and acquitted
and Matewan station confrontation
takes charge of miners at Blair Mountain
Blount, James
Bluefield, West Virginia
Bolshevism
and Woodrow Wilson
Boohrer, A. J.
Boston, Massachusetts
Bowles, James A.
Bowman, William C.
and murder trial of Sid Hatfield
Breedlove, Alex
Brewer, Isaac
Brockus, J. R.
and assault on Lick Creek tent colony
assumes authority for state police
leads state police against White’s miner contingent
and vigilance committee of Mingo County
and White Star shoot-out
Bronson, Wade
Brown, John
Brown, John (abolitionist)
Bull Moose Party
Bull Moose special
Burgraff, Fred
arrested for shooting Anse Hatfield
and murder trial of Sid Hatfield
Burkhardt, Samuel
Burkinshaw, Neil
Burnwell Coal and Coke company
miners evicted
Butte, Montana
Camp Dix, New Jersey
Camp Knox, Kentucky
Camp Sherman, Ohio
Carpenter, J. W.
Carter Hotel, Welch, West Virginia
Casualties of Blair Mountain battle
Central Competitive Field Agreement
Chafin, Don
arranges for deputies to be paid by mine operators
and miners’ uprising at Marmet
mobilizes troops against White’s miner contingent
refuses to trade prisoners
shot by William Petry
and Standing Army of Logan
uses airplanes for warfare at Blair Mountain
Chafin, Harry
Chafin, Mae
Chambers, Dan
Chambers, Ed
funeral in Matewan
indicted for criminal conspiracy in McDowell County
murdered by C.E. Lively
Chambers, Elsie
Chambers, Hallie
Chambers, Reece
shoots Lee Felts, allegedly
in Sid Hatfield murder trial
Chambers, Sallie
witnesses murder of Ed Chambers
Chambers Hardware store
Charleston, West Virginia
Charnock, John
Chattaroy, West Virginia
Cheating of miners by operators
Child labor
Cigar Makers Union
CIO. See Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Class conflict
Clothier, West Virginia
Coal Age journal
Coal mine owners or operators. See Mine operators
Coal miners. See Miners
Coal mines
non-union. See Non-union mines
production during WWI
production in Mingo County (1919)
proliferation
Coal Operators Association
Cobb, Frank
Colby, Bainbridge
Colfago, John
Collins, Justus
Columbus Barracks, Ohio
Combs, Hugh
in Sid Hatfield murder trial
Communism
galvanized by Blair Mountain miners’ march
Company stores
“Company Town” (Sandburg)
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Conniff, John J.
defends Sid Hatfield in murder trial
Constitutional rights of union miners
Coolidge, Calvin
Cooper Union
Corbin, David
Cornwell, John J.
attacks United Mine Workers union
calls out U.S. Army for Red Jacket strike
condemned by ACLU
and Judge James Damron
and labor union conspiracy
and march on Logan County
and Matewan shooting trial
supports coal companies
Counts, G. C.
and murders of Sid Hatfield and Ed Chambers
Cox, James M.
Cribbing
Criminal conspiracy indictment of Sid Hatfield
Cummins, William N.
Cunningham. B.
Damron, James
background
confronts Governor Cornwell
investigates Matewan shoot-out
opposes martial law for Red Jacket strike
prosecutes Sid Hatfield in murder trial
Dangers of coal mining
death rate
Daniels, Josephus
Daugherty, Harry
Davis, David
Davis, Sam
Davis, Thomas B.
administers West Virginia’s martial law
background
and Big Splint outbreak
commands temporary militia
and vigilance committee of Mingo County
Debs, Eugene V.
victimized by Espionage Act
Devil Anse. See Hatfield, William Anderson (Devil Anse)
Dillon, Harvey
District 17 of UMW
membership during WWI
Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland
Eight-hour day for railroad workers
Elections
West Virginia primary (1920)
Emergency public safety law (1919), West Virginia
Ernst, H. M.
Espionage Act
Eubanks, William
commands National Guard
replaced by Federal troops
Evictions of coal miners
by Albert Felts
from company homes
ex parte Milligan
Fayette County, West Virginia
Federal Fuel Administration
controls coal mines during WWI
Federal troops
called for Logan County march
Governor Cornwell’s appeals
presence welcomed
requested by Governor Morgan
tactics at Blair Mountain
Felts, Albert
arrested by Blankenship
kills Testerman, allegedly
murdered in Matewan Massacre
shot by Hatfield, allegedly
Felts, Lee
death of
shot by Reece Chambers, allegedly
Felts, Thomas
and Matewan Massacre
and Sid Hatfield murder trial
Ferguson, J. W.
Fitzpatrick, John
Gaujot, Anthony “Tough Tony,”
General Motors strike
Glasscock, William
Gompers, Samuel
as labor leader
and Lever Act
and President Harding
as president of AFL
reacts to Matewan station battle
Goodykoontz, Scherr, and Slaven law firm
Goodykoontz, Wells
Gooslin, Ambrose
Gore, John
Grand jury
indicts Mooney and Keeney for Three Days’ Battle
investigates Matewan shoot-out
investigation of Matewan shoot-out
witnesses assassinated
Gray Eagle Coal Company
Green, William
Greer, William
Grosscup, Paul
Hall, Herman
Hall, Norman
Hallinan, Walter
Harbord, James G.
sends Federal troops to Blair Mountain
Harding, Warren G.
and martial law for West Virginia and Kentucky
and miners’ uprising at Marmet
Mother Jones’s fake telegram
opposes prosecution of miners
political background
refuses federal troops for Governor Morgan
Harliss, W. F.
Hatfield, Anse
shot for testifying against Sid Hatfield
Hatfield, Berman
Hatfield, Henry
and Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike
as Republican governor
and Thomas B. Davis
Hatfield, Jake
Hatfield, Jessie. See also Testerman, Jessie
and McDowell County indictment of Sid Hatfield
witnesses murder of Sid Hatfield
Hatfield, Sid
charged with Anse Hatfield’s murder
funeral in Matewan
indicted for criminal conspiracy
marries Jennie Testerman
and Matewan Massacre
as Matewan police chief
murder trial
murdered in McDowell County
prosecutors’ case against
testifies at Senate hearings on labor unrest
and White Star shoot-out
Hatfield, “Squire” Andy
Hatfield, William Anderson (Devil Anse)
Hatfield, William (sheriff, McDowell County)
and indictment of Sid Hatfield
leads volunteers in Blair Mountain battle
Hatfield-McCoy feud
Hayes, Frank
Haywood, Bill
Hearst, Frank P.
Heiser, J. L.
Higgins, Troy
Hitchman Coal Company
Hogan, Timothy S.
Holbrook, J. C.
Hollingsworth, Ivan G.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell
Holt, Savoy
Hoover, J. Edgar
Houston, Harold D.
UMW attorney in Senate hearings on labor unrest
Howard Colliery
Howatt, Alexander
Hunt Forbes Coal Company
Immigrant workers
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). See also Wobblies
not linked to Blair Mountain miners’ march
Inflation, effects on labor movement
Injunctions brought against UMW mine workers
Jack, Joe C.
testifies against Sid Hatfield in murder trial
Johnson, Davenport
commands Army Air Service at Blair Mountain
Johnson, Hiram
Jones, Mary V. See Mother Jones
Journalists at Blair Mountain battle
Jury selection at Sid Hatfield murder trial
Justice, Martin
Justice Department, U.S.
alleged undercover tactics
drops prosecution of miners
Kanawha County Coal Operators Association
Kanawha-New River Coal field
Kanawha Valley, West Virginia
Keeney, Frank
in aftermath of Blair Mountain battle
in aftermath of Hatfield and Chambers murders
appeals to Woodrow Wilson
berated by Mother Jones
charged and acquitted of murder
counters Bad Lewis White’s incursion
flees the state
forced out of UMW by John L. Lewis
and Governor Cornwell
and miners’ uprising at Marmet
rejects leftist ideologies
testifies for union position at Senate hearings
and White Star shoot-out
Keeney, Tom
Kelly, Charlie
and Matewan Massacre
Kentucky National Guard
Kenyon, William Squire
background
chairman of Senate hearings on labor unrest (1921)
and Matewan station confrontation
questions Lively in Senate hearings
questions Olmstead in Senate hearings
questions Sid Hatfield in Senate hearings
Kirkpatrick, Jim
Knights of Labor
Knights of Pythias, West Virginia
Koontz, Arthur B.
Labor Argus
Labor Department, U.S.
Labor movement
early history
and Woodrow Wilson
Lansing, Robert
Lavinder, A. D.
beaten and jailed for carrying pistol
Law and order committee. See Vigilance committee of Mingo County
Lawrence, Massachusetts
League of Nations
Leslie’s Weekly
Leuchtenberg, William
Lever Act
Lewis, John L.
accused by Governor Morgan of complicity in Blair uprising
becomes involved with CIO
and Governor Cornwell
life of
organizes Mingo County, West Virginia
on peacekeeping mission at Blair Mountain
and President Harding
reacts to Matewan Massacre
stages nationwide strike
and Warren G. Harding
and Woodrow Wilson
Lick Creek tent colony
assaulted by vigilance committee
Lively, C. E. “Charlie,”
executes Sid Hatfield in McDowell County
gives press conference on McDowell County murders
and indictment of Sid Hatfield
as informer for Baldwin-Felts detective agency
testifies against Sid Hatfield in murder trial
testifies in Senate hearings on labor unrest
Logan County, West Virginia
anti-union volunteers assemble
as base of mine operators’ power
sheriff’s deputies paid by mine operators
state police and miners clash
Looting by Blair Mountain/Logan marchers
Lucas, Hughey
Mail bombs
Marcum, John
prosecutes Sid Hatfield in murder trial
Marmet, West Virginia
demonstrators organize to march
Keeney and Mooney persuade armed miners to go home
Martial law
challenged legally by UMW
as issue
limited
not declared at Federal level
proclaimed by Governor Morgan
for Red Jacket coal company strike
state supreme court rules proclamation invalid
in West Virginia under Thomas Davis
Martin. A.
Matewan, West Virginia
Matewan Massacre. See Matewan station confrontation
Matewan station confrontation
effects of
Judge Damron’s investigation
trial
McCoy, Calvin
McCoys-Hatfield feud
McDowell, John
McDowell County, West Virginia
aftermath of Hatfield and Chambers murders
indictment of Sid Hatfield
skirmish (1920)
volunteers at Blair Mountain battle
McKeaver, J. S.
McKellar, Kenneth
questions Lively in Senate hearings
McKinley, William
McNulty, H. L.
Medley, Charles O.
Menoher, Charles T.
Merrimack, West Virginia
Militia, temporary
Miller, Burrell
Milligan, Landon
Mine operators
and cribbing
efforts to have martial law declared
exploitation using company stores
import strikebreakers
manufacture Molly Maguire threats
pay sheriff’s deputies
resist UMW in West Virginia
seek treason convictions of miners
and Senate hearings into labor unrest (1921)
and Sid Hatfield murder trial
welcome presence of Federal troops
Mine Workers Journal
Miners
battle state police at Sharples
charged with treason
evicted from company homes
forced to join Blair Mountain/Logan march
join Bad Lewis White’s contingent
of Mingo County
organize to demonstrate and march at Marmet
surrender to Federal troops at Blair Mountain
tactics at Blair Mountain
welcome presence of Federal troops
working conditions
Mines. See Coal mines
Mingo County Defense League
Mingo County, West Virginia
coalfield
non-union mines
strikes
Mitchell, Fulton
Mitchell, John
Mitchell, William
advocates air attacks on miners’ uprising at Marmet
banned from Blair Mountain conflict
Mohawk mining camp raid
Molly Maguires
Montgomery, Samuel B.
in aftermath of Hatfield and Chambers murders
delivers eulogy at Sid Hatfield’s funeral
and Sid Hatfield’s McDowell County indictment
supported by labor
Mooney, Fred
in aftermath of Blair Mountain battle
appeals to Woodrow Wilson
berated by Mother Jones
charged with murder and acquitted
and Charlie Lively
conveys Bandholtz’s message to miners at Marmet
counters Bad Lewis White’s incursion
describes constitutional rights of miners
flees the state
forced out of UMW by John L. Lewis
and Governor Cornwell
and Matewan Massacre
meets with Bandholtz on Marmet uprising
rejects leftist ideologies
spokesman for UMW in Senate hearings
Morgan, Ephraim, governor of West Virginia
accuses UMW leadership of links to Bolsheviks
Morgan, Ephraim (continued)
aligns with mine operators
appeals for Federal action against miners
asks Harding for martial law
and court ruling against martial law
delays sending promised trains for miners
influences Mother Jones
proclaims martial law in West Virginia
receives UMW proposals from Mooney and Keeney
shuts down railroad service to miners
Morgan, J. P.
Morrow, Edwin P., governor of Kentucky
arms volunteers to fight miners
Mother Jones
in aftermath of Hatfield and Chambers murders
influenced by Governor Morgan
life of
and miners’ uprising at Marmet
and Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike
Mullins, Bob
Munsie, Jim
Murray, Philip
and Blair Mountain battle
Nation, The
National Federation of Miners
National Guard
of Kentucky
mobilized in West Virginia
reestablished in West Virginia
National War Labor Board
New Deal pro-labor legislation
New Freedom policies of Woodrow Wilson
New York Times
New York Tribune
New York World
Non-union mines
of Mingo County
produce coal throughout 1919 strike
Norfolk and Western Railroad
Norris, George
Ohio Miners’ Amalgamated Assn
Ohio State Journal
Olmstead, Harry
and Red Jacket coal company strike
representing Williamson Coal Operators Association
testifies in Senate hearings on labor unrest
Outlaw train commandeered by miners
Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike (1912–1913)
effects of
and Mother Jones
and Thomas B. Davis
Palmer, Alexander Mitchell
attempted bombing of
brings injunction against mine workers
establishes General Intelligence Division
Passwords
of defenders, Blair Mountain Battle
of miners, Blair Mountain Battle
Paterson, New Jersey
Pence, George “Buster,”
executes Sid Hatfield and Ed Chambers
Pennsylvania Railroad
Petry, William
shoots Don Chafin
Pike County, Kentucky
National Guard ordered
strikes
Pinkerton detective agency
Pinson, A. C.
as Mingo County sheriff
and vigilance committee of Mingo County
Pipe bombs
Plain Words
Poison gas
Police
battle with anthracite miners (1874)
Boston walkout (1919)
state force created by Governor Cornwell
strikes
Pond Creek Coal Co.
Porter, W. O.
and Matewan station confrontation
UMW official
Porterfield, John T.
Powell, E. O.
Ratchford, Michael
Read, George A.
and miners’ uprising at Marmet
responds to Governor Morgan’s appeal for troops
Red Bandanna warriors
Red Flag law
Red Jacket coal company strike (1920)
injunction against UMW mine workers
martial law declared
Red Revolution
Red Scare (1919–1920)
Rednecks
Reynolds, Ed
leads miners aboard outlaw train
takes charge of miners at Blair Mountain
Rockefeller, John D.
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
and John L. Lewis
rescues labor movement
Roosevelt, Theodore
Russian Bolshevik regime
Salter, Bill
executes Sid Hatfield and Ed Chambers
Sandburg, Carl
Sanders, Joseph M.
prosecutes Sid Hatfield in murder trial
Savage, Lon
Scabs. See also Strikebreakers
Scales, Stella
Seattle, Washington
Senate, U.S.
hearings on Baldwin-Felts agents’ excesses
investigates labor unrest, West Virginia (1921)
investigates labor-mine operators (1913)
investigates Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike
Sharples battle between state police and miners
Shortridge, Samuel
Simpkins, Edward
Slaven, Lant
Smilin’ Sid movie
Smith, P. F.
Socialism. See also Socialist Party
Socialist and Labor Star
Socialist Party
members in U.S.
Sparkes, Boyden
Spivak, John
Sprigg, West Virginia
State police
at Big Splint outbreak
in Blair Mountain battle
and Red Jacket coal company strike
routed by miners in Logan County
sent to stop White’s miner contingent
sent to White Star coal company
Staton, Harry C.
Steelworkers
strike (1919) broken by Woodrow Wilson
strikes
Sterling, Thomas
Stone Mountain Coal Company
Strikebreakers
imported by Mingo County mine owners
pressed into vigilante service by Chafin
Strikes
of 1919–1920, 3
anthracite miners (1900)
blamed on Bolshevism
martial law declared
nationwide
Paint Creek-Cabin Creek. See Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike (1912–1913)
Red Jacket coal company (1920)
steelworkers (1919)
by UMW in West Virginia (1897)
Strother, James French
Struggle in the Coal Fields
Subversives arrested by J. Edgar Hoover
Superior-Thacker coal company
Sutherland, Howard
Tactics of Blair Mountain battle
of defenders
of Federal troops
of miners
Taft, William Howard
Tear gas bombs
Tenancy of miners
Tent colonies
Testerman, Cabell
and Matewan Massacre
as Matewan mayor
murder of
shot by Albert Felts, allegedly
shot by Hatfield, allegedly
and Sid Hatfield murder trial
Testerman, Jessie. See also Hatfield, Jessie
marries Sid Hatfield
Thomas, Norman
Thompson, Charles
and miners’ uprising at Marmet
sent for peacekeeping efforts at Blair Mountain
Three Days’ Battle
Thunder in the Mountains
Thurmond, Walter R.
Tompkins Square riot (1874)
Trade unions. See also Unions
in aftermath of Blair Mountain miners’ march
early
Trains
commandeered by miners
hijacked by Bad Lewis White
Morgan delays sending
Treason against West Virginia
Trial of Sid Hatfield for Matewan Massacre
closing arguments
defense’s version of Matewan shoot-out
prosecution’s case
Tumulty, Joseph
UMW. See United Mine Workers of America (UMW)
Unemployment benefits
Unions. See also Trade unions
effects of WWI support Woodrow Wilson
United Mine Workers Journal
United Mine Workers of America (UMW)
defends Sid Hatfield in murder trial
District 17. See District 17 of UMW formation
imports gun men, allegedly
and John L. Lewis
leadership linked to Bolsheviks by Morgan
in Logan County
membership declines
organizing drive of Mingo County
relations with Governor Cornwell
resistance encountered in West Virginia
and Samuel Gompers
in Senate hearings into labor unrest (1921)
and Sid Hatfield’s murder
weakened by expenses of strikes and legal battles
U.S. Steel
Van Fleet, C. J.
Veterans (WWI) as miners
Vigilance committee of Mingo County
Vigilance committees
assault on Lick Creek tent colony
disbanded
of Mingo County
organized in Logan County by Chafin
Vinson. Tailor
spokesman for mine operators in Senate hearings (1921)
Wage increases for miners
27 percent (1919)
Wages and Hours Act (1938)
Wainright, Joseph
Walkouts. See also Strikes
Boston police (1919)
by UMW in West Virginia (1897)
Washington Post
Washington Star
Webb, Jesse “Toney,”
testifies for defense in Sid Hatfield murder trial
Weeks, John
and Blair Mountain/Logan incursion
and miners’ uprising at Marmet
Welch, West Virginia
Legionnaires fight miners
West Virginia
coal production during WWI
resistance to UMW
state police force
West Virginia Federationist
Western Federation of Miners
Wheeling Intelligencer
White, “Bad Lewis”
as agent provocateur
hijacks train
White Star mining company shoot-out. See Three Days’ Battle
Whitt, Dan
Wilburn, John
Wilder, Ike
Wiley, William
Williams, Art
and Sid Hatfield murder trial
Williamson Coal Operators Association
and Sid Hatfield murder trial
Williamson Coalfield
Williamson Daily News
Willis Branch coal company
Wilson, Edith Bolling
Wilson, John
Wilson, William W.
Wilson, Woodrow
and American labor movement
breaks steelworkers strike
condemns coal miners’ strike call
ignores miners’ pleas
and Matewan Massacre
and Red Scare (1919–1920)
Wobblies. See also Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Women
equal pay for equal work
as nurses on Blair Mountain/Logan march
serving on juries
Wood, John Mitchell
presides in trial of Blizzard
presides in trial of Walter Allen
Wood, Leonard
Working conditions of coal miners
World War I
benefits labor unions
and coal industry
Yellow-dog contracts