Reference Notes
Chapter One: Matewan Station
1 “Can be relied on”: Tom Felts to Albert Felts, May 18, 1920, WVCF, p. 214.
1 Opening up the region: Lambie, pp. 125–30; Cohen, pp. 1–10.
3 Breathtaking in its scope: Wolfe.
3 More than four million workers: Dubofsky, The State and Labor in Modern America, pp. 76–77.
5 To cut out the boil: Geiger and Carroll.
5 Mooney recalled: Mooney, p. 70.
5 “In violation of every law”: Ibid., pp. 66–70.
6 Wood informed Baker: Laurie and Cole, p. 309; Laurie.
6 Background of Mooney and Keeney: Corbin, “Frank Keeney Is Our Leader”; Phillips, Cabell.
7 “Drunkards and crooks”: Mooney, p. 38.
7 “Keeney and Mooney agreed”: Mooney, p. 51.
7 Agreed to disband: NYT, Sept. 7, 1919; Bailey, pp. 454–55.
8 “False reports”: NYT, Sept. 7, 1919.
8 “That would be too slow”: NYT, Sept. 22, 1919.
8 “To protect their Constitutional rights”: Bailey, p. 407, citing John L. Lewis to John J. Cornwell, Sept. 11, 1919.
8 Endorsed nationalization: Johnson, p. 101.
9 Troops were withdrawn: NYT, Nov. 5, 1919.
9 Promise of arbitration: Murray, pp. 158, 162–63.
9 “The most happy and contented”: Bailey, p. 411.
9 Skyrocketing profits: Ibid., p. 412.
10 Sparsely populated: Corbin, p. 1.
10 “They drank and fought”: Ibid., p. 27.
11 Made him notorious: Bailey, pp. 347–48.
11 Lewis’s announcement: Bluefield Daily Telegraph, Jan. 31, 1920.
11 Mine owners’ heavy-handedness: Bailey, p. 419, citing Williamson Daily News, Jan. 13, 1920, March 23, 1920 and March 25, 1920.
11 Declared itself the winner: Ibid., p. 422.
12 Builders leaped to their feet: Bluefield Daily Telegraph, Feb. 7, 1920.
12 They were pistol whipped: Testimony of Frank Ingham, WVCF, p. 29.
12 “We want this raise”: Testimony of W. E. Hutchinson, WVCF, p. 80.
12 Hundreds of others did the same thing: Mooney, p. 71.
13 The organizing drive’s progress: NYT, May 21, 1920.
13 Blankenship’s background: Bailey, p. 255, citing Williamson Daily News, April 8, 1916.
13 “They can say what they please”: Bailey, p. 438, citing Williamson Daily News, Jan. 30, 1920.
14 “Primitive scruples and dubious attainments”: Phillips, Cabell.
14 Hatfield-McCoy feud: Jones, pp. 1–16.
14 Sid Hatfield’s lineage: Felts MS, Savage, p. 11.
14 Sid Hatfield’s days as a miner: Hunt et al., pp. 55–61; Savage, p. 11.
15 “A little shooting match”: WVCF, p. 219.
15 Hatfield’s scorn: Bailey, pp. 361–62, citing Williamson Daily News, Dec. 13, 1919.
16 He sobered up but ran with the boys: Savage, p. 13.
16 Sid Hatfield and Jessie Testerman: Felts MS; Savage, pp. 27–28.
16 “A question of master and servant”: Testimony of W. E. Hutchinson, WVCF, p. 92.
16 Hauled Felts into court: Bailey, p. 427, citing Williamson Daily News, April 27, 1920.
17 Yellow-dog contracts upheld: Lunt, pp. 15–16.
17 “Obey the law”: Mooney, p. 72.
17 A telegram of protest: NYT, May 20, 1920.
18 History of Baldwin-Felts agency: Hadsell and Coffee.
18 Violence in Colorado: Perlman and Taft, pp. 336–37.
18 Felts’s denial: Testimony of Tom Felts, WVCF, p. 897.
19 Lively and Mooney: Mooney, pp. 71–72. 20 $1,000 offer to Testerman: Testimony of Charles E. Lively, HTT.
20 No machine guns: Mooney, p. 73.
21 Attention to Anse Hatfield: Memorandum, May 13, 1920, WVCF, p. 212.
21 Arrangements with Sid Hatfield: Ibid.
22 Confrontation at miners’ cabins: Testimony of Sid Hatfield, WVCF, p. 206.
22 Testerman sent Harry Kelly: Testimony of Jesse Webb, HTT.
23 Deputies gather at depot: Testimony of Hugh Combs, HTT.
24 Versions of what happened next: Testimony of Sid Hatfield, pp. 205–12; Testimony of Charles E. Lively, pp. 383–86; Testimony of C. T. Blankenship, pp. 487–90; and Testimony of Thomas L. Felts, pp. 881–905, WVCF. Also Testimony of Charles E. Lively, Hugh Combs et al., HTT.
25 “Split the creek”: Bailey, p. 447.
25 “I can’t see why they shot me”: Ibid., p. 448.
26 One train passed by: Ibid., p. 448, citing J. W. Wier to John J. Cornwell, 20 May 1920. Cornwell papers.
Chapter Two: “What Does Labor Want?”
27 “Many men do not hunt work”: Zieger, p. 14.
27 Lewis’s early life: Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 8:1966–70 (New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1988).
28 “Our ship made port”: Zieger, p. 19.
28 Without ever standing for election: Dubofsky and Van Tyne, p. 32.
29 Development of AFL’s approach: Foner and Garraty, p. 629.
30 Gompers’s early life: Dictionary of American Biography, pp. 369–70.
31 “What does labor want?”: Lewis P. Eigen and Jonathan P. Siegel, The Macmillan Dictionary of Political Quotations (New York: Macmillan, 1993), p. 320.
32 Working conditions for coal miners: Zieger, p. 9.
33 Difficult to supervise: Dix.
33 Cheating the miners: Geiger and Carroll.
34 “The Company Town”: Corbin, Life Work and Rebellion, p. 61.
34 One mine worker’s ballad: Zieger, p. 11.
35 Mine owners provided the impetus: Taft, p. 167.
35 The 1897 strike: Corbin, pp. 44—45.
36 The Central Competitive Field Agreement: Taft, p. 171.
37 Growth of UMW: Ibid., p. 166.
37 One cloud remained: Ibid., p. 188.
37 Blaming U.S. Steel: Testimony of Frank P. Walsh, WVCF, p. 604.
37 Corporate connections: Testimony of Philip Murray, WVCF, pp. 540–45.
38 The UMW soon lost its foothold: Geiger and Carroll.
38 UMW support in 1912: Corbin, Life, Work and Rebellion, p. 81.
38 Mother Jones’s origins: Capozzola.
39 The 1900 anthracite strike: Foner and Garraty, p. 603.
39 Her full range of demagoguery: Lee, pp. 26–27; Scholten.
40 The Bull Moose Special: Geiger and Carroll.
40 Hatfield takes charge: Ibid.
40 Rank and file reaction to settlement: Corbin, pp. 98–100.
41 “All fire and dynamite”: Mooney, p. 46.
42 Mistrust on both sides: Corbin, pp. 100, 106.
43 Olmstead’s warning: Ibid., p. 108.
Chapter Three: Seeing Red
46 “Another shocking outrage”: NYT, May 21,1920.
46 The ACLU joins the attack: Ibid.
46 Gompers adds to protest: NYT, May 23, 1921.
47 Wilson’s eroded body: Smith, p. 101.
47 Thomas said bitterly: Ibid., p. 148.
48 Forging an alliance: Dubofsky, pp. 50–55.
49 Helping the rail unions: Cooper, pp. 201–2.
50 Pershing’s praise: Corbin, pp. 177–78.
50 “These local boys died”: Ibid., p. 181.
51 District 17 membership: Ibid., p. 184.
51 National UMW membership: Jordan.
51 “The big interests in the saddle”: Cooper, p. 264.
51 War on the Wobblies: Foner and Garraty, p. 563; Dubofsky, p. 78.
52 Repressive laws: Cooper, pp. 298—99.
53 Really a Soviet plot: NYT, March 4, 1919.
53 Atlantic Monthly estimate and the bomb plots: Allen, pp. 40—43.
54 “Certain to make matters worse”: Dubofsky, p. 78.
55 “A crime against civilization”: Ibid.
55 “That the government would intervene”: Ibid., pp. 78–79.
56 A hulking figure: Dubofsky and Van Tyne, p. 33.
56 Chanted a ditty: Blankenhorn.
56 “The law will be enforced”: NYT, Oct. 19, 1921.
57 Palmer’s early life: Murray, p. 191.
57 “Nipped in the bud”: Daniels, p. 547.
58 The unfolding coal strike: Murray, pp. 157–63.
58 Labor Secretary Wilson threatens to quit: Daniels, p. 546.
60 Olmstead’s Boast: Testimony of Harry Olmstead, WVCF, p. 255.
60 Hoover and the Palmer raids: Murray, pp. 207–9.
60 A limited role: Smith, p. 135.
61 His reasoning a mishmash: Murray, 201–2.
62 “Do not let the country see Red”: Daniels, p. 546.
62 Plea to Tumulty: Quoted in telegram from Jonathan Spivak to Louis Budenz, American Civil Liberties Union, May 21, 1920, ACLU Archives.
62 “From out of me poured details”: Spivak, pp. 75—79.
63 Wilson did not react: Lunt, p. 100, citing Justice Department files.
63 Congress should wait and see: NYT, May 29, 1921.
Chapter Four: “A Powder Keg Ready to Blow”
65 “A great rush for membership”: United Mine Workers Journal, July 1, 1920.
65 “No gunman can meddle with me”: Gorn, p. 270.
66 “Mingo nearly completed”: Corbin, p. 202, citing Keeney to William Green, June 16, 1920, UMW archives.
67 “A powder keg ready to blow”: John Spivak to Roger Baldwin, June 11, 1920. ACLU archives.
67 Ernst’s response: Ernst to Keeney, June 28, 1920, WVCF, p. 116.
67 Help from the Labor Department: Testimony of Frank Keeney, WVCF, p. 106.
67 The best approach: Keeney exhibit 8, WVCF, p. 130.
67 “Are you in need of any miners?”: Keeney exhibit 12, WVCF, p. 158.
68 Olmstead’s complaint: Testimony of Harry Olmstead, WVCF, pp. 259ff.
68 Spent $14,000 on tickets: Testimony of Frank Keeney, WVCF, p. 158.
68 “Miners fired from ambush”: NYT, Nov. 20, 1920.
69 Cornwell forced to rely on deputies: Cole, State Police.
69 Two miners and two union men wounded: NYT, July 5, July 6, 1920.
69 Burned to the ground: Bailey, pp. 454—55.
69 Shot from ambush: NYT, July 15, 1920.
69 A throwback to 17th century: Bailey, p. 454.
70 “They went after me”: Testimony of George Blankenship, WVCF, pp. 259ff.
70 Very quiet: Lunt, p. 102, citing George Blankenship to John Cornwell, June 9, 1920, Cornwell papers, West Virginia collection.
71 A letter to all unions: Cole, “State Police.”
71 “Is there no way?” Lunt, p. 103, citing William Ord to Cornwell, June 15, 1920, Cornwell papers.
71 Nothing could be done: Ibid., citing Cornwell to William Ord, June 17, 1920, Cornwell papers.
72 “That mountain dew”: Testimony of Fred Mooney, WVCF, p. 19.
72 “As I deem proper”: Lunt, p. 105, citing Jackson Arnold to James D. Francis, June 24, 1920, Cornwell papers.
72 “Please do not infer”: Ibid., p. 105, citing J. J. Armentrout to Cornwell, July 16, 1920.
73 “Would require 500 men”: Ibid., p. 105, citing Arnold to Cornwell, Aug. 27, 1920.
73 “Disorders and threatened disorders”: Charleston Gazette, Aug. 29, 1920.
74 Read sent 500 men: Laurie and Cole, p. 311.
74 Damron’s early involvement: Charleston Gazette, June 22, 1920.
75 Four detectives acquitted: Bailey, p. xxv, citing undated clip from Bluefield Telegraph in Eastern Regional Coal Archives.
75 Passed on his concerns to Cornwell: Lunt, pp. 107—08, citing James Damron to Cornwell, Sept. 2, Sept. 14, 1920, Cornwell papers.
76 Damron’s guerrilla war: Bailey, pp. 197–99, 223.
76 Shot and wounded: Ibid., pp. 357—58.
77 Cornwell-Damron exchange: Lunt, pp. 109–10, citing Cornwell to Damron, Sept. 8 and Damron to Cornwell, Sept. 14, Cornwell papers.
77 Burkhardt had alarming reports: Corbin, p. 204, citing report of William Austin, camp inspector, to Commanding General, Camp Sherman, Ohio, Sept. 21, 1920, Secretary’s Office, File 333.9, General Records of the Department of Justice.
78 “Extreme measures”: Lunt, p. 109, citing Damron to Cornwell, Sept. 14, Cornwell papers.
78 Baker asked Cornwell: Laurie and Cole, p. 313.
79 “No such animal”: Lunt, p. 114, citing William N. Cummins to Cornwell, Oct. 6, 1920, Cornwell papers.
79 “Served to intimidate”: Laurie and Cole, p. 232.
79 “The saddest day”: Daniels, p. 560.
80 Clashed four times: Mingo County File.
80 Cornwell once again appealed: NYT, Nov. 28, 1920.
80 Read deployed a battalion: Laurie and Cole, p. 312.
80 “Military control”: NYT, Dec. 5, 1920.
80 Some 500 rifles and pistols: NYT, Dec. 3 ,1920.
80 “Vicious and disorderly characters”: Lunt, p. 116, citing William N. Cummins to E. K. Beckner, Nov. 15, 1920, Cornwell papers.
81 80 percent of normal: NYT, Dec. 6, 1920.
81 To pay for groceries: Ibid.
81 “We are all Americans”: NYT, Dec. 7, 1920.
81 “Appalling conditions”: Burkinshaw.
82 “Excite the sympathy”: NYT, Dec. 10, 1920.
82 “Failed miserably”: NYT, Dec. 9, 1920.
83 “Political bankruptcy”: Quoted in Literary Digest, Dec. 18, 1920.
83 “Law and order governor”: NYT, Dec. 8, 1920.
84 Damron quits the bench: Charleston Gazette, Oct. 29, 1920.
Chapter Five: “It’s Good to Have Friends”
87 “Barbarous warfare”: New York Call, Jan. 21, 1921.
88 The UMW assessment: NYT, Jan. 10, 1921.
88 “The most tyrannical”: NYT, Feb. 7, 1921.
88 Felts offered to pay: Baltimore Sun, Feb. 6, 1921.
89 Sid Hatfield’s marriage: Huntington Herald-Dispatch, June 2, June 3, 1920.
90 Anse Hatfield’s testimony and murder: NYT, Aug. 16, 1920; Savage, p. 31.
91 He soon found himself charged: New York World, Feb. 1, 1921; Williamson Daily News, Aug. 28, 1920.
92 Baker turned Read down: Laurie and Cole, pp. 312–13.
92 Troops had been fired upon: NYT, Jan. 4, 1921.
92 Baker relented: Laurie and Cole, p. 313.
92 All it would take: Washington Times, Jan. 27, 1921.
93 A stern warning: Baltimore Sun, Feb. 6, 1921.
93 “Just a little free for all”: Washington Times, Jan. 27, 1921.
93 “Not guilty,” they shouted: Washington Times, Jan. 28, 1921.
94 Relative calm returned: Lee, p. 60.
94 Eliminating all union men: New York Post, Feb. 9, 1921.
94 Not a single juror selected: NYT, Feb. 6, 1921.
94 “The only hope”: Ibid.
95 Bailey put an end to the idea: Savage, p. 40.
95 Undermining credibility: New York Post, Feb. 14, 1921.
96 “This here will get them”: Testimony of Joe Jack, HTT.
97 “Mr. Hatfield sent me that word”: Washington Post, March 3, 1921.
97 Asked to be introduced: Ibid.
98 A two fold incentive: New York Post, Feb. 23, 1921.
98 The double burden of guilt: NYT, Feb. 24, 1921; New York Post, Feb. 23, 1921.
99 Lively’s five confessions: Testimony of Charles E. Lively, HTT.
104 The defense version: Testimony of Dan Chambers, HTT.
105 “I never heard Hatfield make such a statement”: Testimony of Toney Webb, HTT.
105 Murderous intent: Ibid.
106 “It is ridiculous”: NYT, March 20, 1921.
107 Until the mountains turned green again: Savage, p. 48.
107 A $10,000 bond: New York Call, March 21, 1921.
107 Greeted like heroes: NYT, March 22, 1921.
Chapter Six: “War, Insurrection and Riot”
110 They were not shy: Fisher.
111 The establishment backed Morgan: Bailey, p. 434.
111 Many in District 17 were jubilant: Spivak, p. 87.
111 A banner across Main Street: Savage, p. 34.
112 The 1920 election returns: Moore, p. 533.
112 Morgan’s background: West Virginia Archives and History@www.wvculture.org/history/morgan.
112 “Miners are crack shots”: Baltimore Sun, Feb. 3, 1921.
113 Morgan seemed shocked: Washington Post, March 1, 1921.
113 Hailing the verdict: UMW Journal, April 1, 1921.
113 Smilin’ Sid on film: Savage, p. 50.
113 The new jury bill: Ibid., p. 51.
114 Doubling the state police: Cole, “State Police.”
114 The violence escalated: Testimony of Frank Keeney, WVCF, pp. 171–73; Testimony of Capt. J. R. Brockus, WVCF, pp. 326–33; Cole, pp. 129–30; Laurie and Cole, p. 313; Ephraim Morgan to John Weeks, May 14, 1921; and Gen. George Read to Adjutant General, May 16, 1921, Mingo County File.
115 Brockus’s background: WVCF, p. 323.
115 Heavy fire forced them to flee into the woods: Ibid., p. 329.
116 Brockus’s report was grim: Ibid., p. 330.
116 Shootings on the railroad bridges: Ibid.
117 A flag of truce: Savage, p. 53.
117 “A shooting bee”: WVCF, p. 117.
117 Morgan asks for troops: Laurie and Cole, pp. 313–14.
117 “No signs of relief”: Rich, pp. 159–60.
118 “Earnest and forceful”: Russell, p. 143.
119 “The zenith of my political ambition”: Ibid., pp. 250–52.
119 “Presidents don’t run like assessors”: Ibid., p. 333.
120 Deciding on whether to send troops: Memo, CofS., G2, Fifth Corps Area. For Read, 16 May 21, sub: Conditions in Mingo County, 13–15 May 1921, Mingo County File; Laurie and Cole, pp. 314–15; Rich, pp. 159–60; Berman, pp. 210–12.
121 Harding’s telegram to Morgan: NYT, May 18, 1921; Rich, p. 160.
121 Transfer of authority: Cole, “Martial Law.”
121 “There is now imminent danger”: Testimony of Capt. J. R. Brockus, WVCF, p. 323.
121 A mass meeting: Huntington Herald-Dispatch, May 18, 1921; NYT, May 19, 1921; Cole, “Martial Law.”
121 The “better citizens”: Testimony of Capt. J. R. Brockus, WVCF, p. 339.
122 Singing “America”: Savage, p. 55.
122 Carpenter’s speech: Testimony of Capt. J. R. Brockus, WVCF, p. 344.
122 Brockus’s arrival: NYT, May 20, 1921; Charleston Gazette, May 20, 1921.
123 Appointment of Major Davis: Proclamation of Governor Morgan, WVCF, p. 275.
123 Davis’s career: Cole, “Martial Law.”
126 Davis takes charge: Testimony of Capt. J. R. Brockus, WVCF, p. 338.
126 “Now it is out of reason”: Ibid., p. 345.
126 Davis cracks down: NYT, May 22, 1921; WVCF: testimony of Blaine Maynard, p. 72; testimony of Capt. J. R. Brockus, p. 351; Cole, “Martial Law.”
127 Habeas corpus petition: NYT, May 23, 24, 1921; Cole, “Martial Law.”
127 Hatfield eludes pursuers: NYT, May 25, 1921.
128 A shipment of submachine guns: Cole, “Martial Law.”
128 Johnson’s resolution: NYT, May 25.
129 Brockus sent a posse: NYT, May 26, May 27, 1921; Cole, “Martial Law.”
129 Reflecting Davis’s attitude: NYT, May 27, 1921, cited in Cole, “Martial Law.”
130 Memorial Day parade: Savage, p. 57.
130 Brockus and Pinson swept down: NYT, June 6, 1921.
131 The suspect opened fire: NYT, June 15, 1921; Testimony of Frank Keeney, p. 165; Testimony of Capt. J. R. Brockus, WVCF, pp. 332–34, 349; Cole, “Martial Law.”
132 A wild scene: Testimony of Frank Keeney, pp. 165–67; testimony of Albert E. McComas, pp. 306–17; Testimony of Capt. J. R. Brockus, pp. 332–37, 349; Testimony of Howard Hanner, pp. 476–77; Testimony of Jackson Arnold, WVCF, pp. 995–97; Cole, “Martial Law.”
132 Overturning martial law: NYT, June 15, 1921; Cole, “Martial Law,” citing Ex Parte A. D. Lavinder et al., 88. W.Va. 713 (1921).
133 Morgan issued an order: Proclamation of Ephraim Morgan, WVCF, pp. 266–67; NYT, June 29, 1921; Cole, “Martial Law.”
133 “Never in our history”: Text of Hiram Johnson’s speech, WVCF, p. 304.
Chapter Seven: Mr. Hatfield Goes to Washington
135 Casualties of the heat: NYT, July 15, 1921.
136 96 percent of capacity: Statement of S. B. Avis, WVCF, p. 6.
136 As the union described it: Testimony of Fred Mooney, WVCF, pp. 20–22.
137 Kenyon’s background: Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Scribner, 1956); American National Biography, Vol. XII (New York: Oxford, 1993); Des Moines Tribune, Sept. 9, 10, 1933.
137 Nearly double the prosecutions: Cooper, p. 149.
138 “Greatest publicists on earth”: Testimony of William Wiley, WVCF, p. 512.
138 “The full social value”: Statements by delegates to 23rd annual UMW convention, WVCF, p. 420.
138 “An organized band of robbers”: Testimony of L. Taylor Vinson, WVCF, p. 9.
139 “Mooney was ready for him”: Testimony of Fred Mooney, WVCF, p. 20.
139 McKellar-Vinson exchange: Ibid., pp. 13–14.
139 “Unworthy of an answer”: Testimony of Fred Mooney, WVCF, p. 18.
140 Average income figures: Ibid., p. 24.
140 “Venomous and malignant”: Mooney, p. 115.
141 “No right to dwell on suppositions”: Testimony of Fred Mooney, WVCF, p. 57.
141 An iron will and a quick mind: Phillips, Cabell.
141 Keeney fought back: Testimony of Frank Keeney, WVCF, p. 176.
141 “When a real mountaineer shoots”: Ibid., p. 184.
142 Hatfield’s version: Ibid., pp. 205ff.
143 “I will not ask him”: Ibid., p. 216.
144 “Don’t smile, because that is true”: Ibid., p. 217.
145 “I did not pose to be a gunman”: Ibid., p. 218.
146 “Lurid tales” are published: Ibid., p. 264f.
146 Did the companies pay deputies?: Ibid., p. 265.
148 Hoped to impress: Testimony of Charles E. Lively, WVCF, pp. 356ff.
149 “A delicate sense of right and wrong”: NYT, July 21, 1921.
150 “And did you think that was right?”: Testimony of Charles E. Lively, WVCF, p. 360.
Chapter Eight: “Even the Heavens Weep”
153 A phone message confirmed: Savage, p. 66.
154 Hatfield made no secret: Wheeling Intelligencer, July 30, 1921.
154 Hatfield’s arrest: Wheeling Intelligencer, July 29, 1921.
155 “I am very anxious”: Wheeling Intelligencer, July 30, 1921.
155 Sheriff Hatfield had already left: Lee, pp. 67—68; Huntington Herald-Dispatch, Aug. 10, 1921.
155 The journey to Welch: Testimony of Mrs. Sid Hatfield, WVCF, Vol. 2, pp. 733ff.
157 Another flight of steps: Savage, p. 66.
157 “Shoot ’em with one gun”: Lee, pp. 69—70.
158 A victory that came too late: Charleston Gazette, Aug. 2, 1921.
158 Account of shooting: Testimony of Mrs. Sid Hatfield, pp. 731—36; Testimony of Mrs. Ed Chambers, pp. 737—40; WVCF, Vol. 2; Charleston Gazette, Aug. 2, 1921; NYT, Aug. 3, 1921.
159 “Well that is all right”: Testimony of Mrs. Ed Chambers, p. 739.
159 Work to do: Lee, pp. 67–68.
159 Evidence is “absolute”: Charleston Gazette, Aug. 2, 1921.
160 Matewan in mourning: Charleston Gazette, Wheeling Intelligencer, Aug. 4, 1920.
160 2,000 workers laid down their tools: Huntington Herald-Dispatch, Aug. 4, 1921.
160 The UMW placard: Charleston Gazette, Aug. 4, 1921.
160 The graveside service: Mooney, p. 88.
162 Editorial comment: Wheeling Intelligencer, Aug. 3, 1921; UMW Journal, Aug. 15, 1921.
162 Lively’s press conference: NYT, Aug. 7, 1921.
162 Keeney’s plans: Charleston Gazette, Aug. 2, 1921.
162 “About 40,000 idle miners”: Wheeling Intelligencer, July 30, 1921.
162 “Not willing to have them killed”: Charleston Gazette, Aug. 2, 1921.
163 The strictures of martial law: Mooney, p. 89.
163 They descended on Montgomery: Ibid.
163 “The boys are good to me”: Gorn, pp. 267–70.
164 “They are spineless”: Mooney, p. 89.
164 Morgan could hear them plainly: Ibid., p. 89; testimony of Ephraim Morgan, Walter Allen trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
164 “Fill the jails”: Testimony of J. W. Meadows, ibid.
165 Morgan turns down request: Lunt, p. 124, citing Morgan letter to C. O. Bruere, Sept. 13, 1921, Morgan papers.
165 A tragi-comedy of errors: Savage, p. 75; statement of William M. Wiley, WVCF, pp. 513ff.
166 Chased them home: NYT, Aug. 14, 1921.
166 Supreme Court ruling: NYT, Aug. 20, 1921.
166 A menacing assortment: Testimony of J. W. Meadows, Walter Allen trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
166 “Making a demonstration”: NYT, Aug. 20, 1921.
167 “We were worn out”: Mooney, p. 90.
167 Denied any connection: NYT, Aug. 25, 1921.
167 “Wash my hands”: NYT, Aug. 20, 1921.
167 “No armed mob”: NYT, Aug. 22, 1921.
167 “A mystery”: NYT, Aug. 25, 1921.
168 “A helluva lot of telepathy”: Spivak, pp. 69—70.
168 Savoy Holt’s role: Testimony of Charles Tucker, Walter Allen Trial.
169 McKeaver saw the miners: Testimony of J. S. McKeaver, Walter Allen Trial.
169 Local 404 members raised $200: Testimony of Ed Reynolds, Walter Allen Trial.
169 Most showed up in blue bib overalls: Testimony of Arthur Burns, Walter Allen Trial.
169 “Redneck” not yet in wide currency: Though some dictionaries say the term was coined as early as 1830, it does not appear in H. L. Mencken’s The American Language (New York: Knopf, 1963; originally published in 1919 and revised in 1936). And as late as 1950 in his magisterial Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Knopf, 1950, pp. 230—31), the justly revered V. O. Key uses the term briefly only in his chapter on Mississippi, along with “peckerhead” and “peckerwood,” as a synonym for rural Southern whites.
169 A new problem: Mooney, p. 90.
170 Better reason than they knew: Gorn, p. 269.
170 Typical of her relationships: Ibid., pp. 272—75; Testimony of Ephraim Morgan, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
170 Reaction of Keeney and Mooney: Mooney, pp. 90—91.
170 “Sellout” and “traitor”: Gorn, p. 272.
171 Chafin’s background: Lee, pp. 88ff; Testimony of Don Chafin, WVCF, Vol. 3, pp. 1053—57.
171 Chafin’s arrangement: Gleason; Testimony of William R. Thurmond, WVCF, Vol. 2, pp. 867 ff.
172 Net worth about $350,000: Testimony of Don Chafin, WVCF, Vol. 2, p. 1064.
172 Given a choice: Lee, p. 90.
172 Heiser’s fate: Gleason; Lee, p. 91.
172 Brandishing a pistol: Lee, pp. 92—93; NYT, Sept. 25, 1919.
173 Do what you can: Testimony of Don Chafin, Walter Allen Trial, Real 2A, TTT.
173 Total strength to 3,000: Ibid.; Savage, p. 82, citing On Dark and Bloody Ground, Oral history project, Ann Lawrence, director.
174 The defense perimeter: TBOBM, pp. 12, 23; Savage, p. 82.
174 Morgan appeals to Weeks: Laurie and Cole, p. 316.
175 “Inflamed and irritated”: NYT, Aug. 26, Aug. 27, 1921.
175 Weeks dispatched Bandholtz: Rich, p. 162; NYT, Aug. 27, 1921.
175 Bandholtz background: Fifty-ninth annual report of the Association of Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., Jan. 8, 1928; Major General Harry Hill Bandholtz, biography, Office of the Chief of Military History General Reference Branch; Grand Rapids Press, May 8, 1925.
176 Had Morgan done all he could?: Testimony of Col. Stanley Ford, WVCF, pp. 1032ff.
176 They did not dally: Mooney, p. 91; Rich, p. 161; Laurie and Cole, p. 316; Berman, p. 211; Testimony of Col. Stanley Ford, WVCF, pp. 1032ff.
177 Bandholtz was even blunter: Mooney, p. 92.
177 He wired Washington: Rich, p. 162, fn. 39, citing Cassius M. Dowell, Military Aid to the Civil Power, p. 198.
177 Hurried to the White House: NYT, Aug. 27, 1921.
178 Mother Jones’s view: Ibid.
178 Get Morgan to redo the request: Laurie and Cole, p. 318; NYT, Aug. 30, 1921.
178 In the same mode: Ibid.
179 Mitchell at Kanawha Field: Maurer and Senning; Lunt, pp. 39—40.
180 Keeney and Mooney were struggling: Mooney, pp. 92ff.
181 Mooney once more read Bandholtz’s message: NYT, Aug. 27, 1921.
182 Bandholtz sent the news back to Washington: Laurie and Cole, p. 319.
Chapter Nine: “I Come Creeping”
183 When trouble started: Testimony of Charles Medley, John Wilburn Trial, Reel 5, TTT.
184 He encountered Mooney and Keeney: Mooney, pp. 94—96.
184 “To hell with Keeney”: Testimony of Jack Brinkman, John Wilburn Trial, Reel 4, TTT.
185 Chafin took the call: Testimony of Don Chafin, WFCF, p. 1059, and Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
185 Back at the breastworks: Ibid.
185 He called the AP bureau: Mooney, p. 94.
186 Chafin dispatched him: Testimony of Don Chafin, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
186 Chafin sent 200 deputies: TBOBM, p. 28.
186 Brockus’s mission: Testimony of Capt. J. R. Brockus, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2B, TTT; Memorandum of J. R Brockus on Sharples Battle, Aug. 28, 1921, Mingo County File.
187 “We’ve come after you God damn miners”: Testimony of Marion Williams, John Wilburn Trial, Reel 4, TTT.
187 Prudence demanded retreat: Testimony of Capt. J. R. Brockus, Reel 2B, TTT.
187 They found themselves prisoners: Testimony of Fulton Mitchell, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2B, TTT.
187 “They were shooting women and children”: Testimony of James Blount, ibid.
188 Charnock’s failed mission: NYT, Aug. 30, 1921; Lunt, p. 130, citing John H. Charnock to Morgan, Aug. 30, 1921, Morgan papers.
188 “A monster powder keg”: Charleston Gazette, Aug. 29, 1921; NYT, Aug. 30, 1921.
188 Signs of an imminent explosion: Mooney, pp. 95ff; TBOBM, p. 30; Testimony of William McKell, WVCF, p. 943; Testimony of Ed Reynolds, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
189 “Throw the harness on”: Testimony of Burrell Miller, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2B, TTT.
189 “Fight, guard or die”: Testimony of John Brown, John Wilburn Trial, Reel 4, TTT.
189 Most came from the Kanawha Valley: TBOBM, p. 30.
189 Many arrived on flat cars: Testimony of Ira Wilson, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
189 Ed Reynolds’s “outlaw train”: Testimony of Ed Reynolds, ibid.
190 “Some would say”: Testimony of Dr. W. F. Harliss, John Wilburn Trial, Reel 4, TTT.
190 A more poignant ballad: “Even the Heavens Weep.”
190 Morgan again wired Weeks: NYT, Aug. 30, 1921.
190 A proposition Chafin scorned: Ibid.
191 “Danger of attack imminent”: E. F. Morgan to John W. Weeks, Aug. 30, 1921, Mingo County File.
191 Harding still resisted: NYT, Aug. 31.
191 The president’s proclamation: Ibid., Mingo County File.
191 He sent Bandholtz back: NYT, Sept. 1, 1921.
191 Weeks made clear: John W. Weeks to E. F. Morgan, Aug. 31, 1921. Mingo County File.
192 Wilburn’s advance: Testimony of Jack Brinkman, John Wilburn Trial, Reel 4; Testimony of Ira Wilson, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
192 “To show those redneck SOBs”: TBOBM, p. 36 citing Michael E. Workman interview of Cecil Hutchinson, Sept. 12, 1991.
192 “That’s for Sid”: Testimony of J. C. Hardesty, Trial of John Wilburn; Testimony of Jack Brinkman, Trial of John Wilburn, Reel 4, TTT.
193 Morgan appointed Eubanks: Testimony of Ephraim Morgan, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
193 Volunteers from all over: Charleston Gazette, Sept. 1, 1921; Huntington Advertiser, Aug. 31, 1921; Bluefield Daily Telegraph, Sept. 8, 1921.
194 The defenders’ passwords: Joe Savage, “Stopping the Armed March.”
194 Headquarters in the Aracoma Hotel: TBOBM, p. 34.
194 The union miners’ passwords: Testimony of Charles Tucker, Walter Allen Trial.
195 “The best thing is clear out”: Mooney, p. 99.
195 “All fire and dynamite”: Ibid., p. 67.
195 The pincers strategy: Testimony of Ed Reynolds, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
197 Defense forces alignment: TBOBM, p. 39; Meador, “The Red Neck War”; R. B. Adams.
197 Hollingsworth staved off disaster; NYT, Sept. 2, 1921; Charleston Gazette, Sept. 2, 1921.
198 “Unless troops sent by midnight”: Walter Thurmond to Rep. Goodykoontz, Sept. 1, 1921, Mingo County File.
198 “Contemptuously ignored”: Huntington Herald-Dispatch, Sept. 2, 1921.
198 The planes dropped copies of Harding’s proclamation: NYT, Sept. 1, 1921.
198 More menacing cargo: Testimony of E. W. Eubanks, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2B, TTT; TBOBM, p. 42, citing interview of Henry White by Michael Workman and Lee Maddex.
198 Re-established National Guard: NYT, Sept. 1, 1921.
199 One final effort: NYT, Sept. 2, 1921.
199 Carried little weight: Encounter with Murray: Testimony of Col. Stanley Ford, WVCF, vol. 2, p. 1034.
199 “Like sweeping the ocean with a broom”: Testimony of Col. Stanley Ford, ibid., p. 972.
200 “I have nothing to say”: NYT, Sept. 2, 1921; Huntington Herald-Dispatch, Sept. 2, 1921.
200 Bandholtz wired Harbord: NYT, Sept. 2, 1921.
200 The orders went out: Laurie and Cole, p. 322.
200 “A large quantity of teargas”: NYT, Sept. 2, 1921.
200 Mitchell was to stay home: Laurie and Cole, p. 322.
200 “Ill-advised and ill-timed”: NYT, Sept. 3, 1921, citing Bandholtz to Adjutant General, U.S. Army, Sept. 1, 1921.
201 Saved the bridge: Huntington Advertiser, Sept. 2, 1921.
201 “No sense of fear”: Bluefield Daily Telegraph, Sept. 3, 1921.
201 “We couldn’t fire a shot”: Huntington Advertiser, Sept. 4, 1921.
202 Bombers had landed: Lurie and Cole, p. 322.
202 Infantry arrives: Ibid.
202 Against declaring Federal martial law: Rich, pp. 165—66.
202 “A law for rulers and people”: ex parte Milligan, 4 Wallace, 2 (1866).
203 Bandholtz’s instructions: Rich, p. 167.
203 “The only way for a square deal”: Huntington Advertiser, Sept. 1, 1921.
203 “Not a single shot will be fired”: NYT, Sept. 3, 1921.
203 “Obey the direction”: Ibid.
204 Harding’s cruise: Ibid.
204 Labor Day parade called off: NYT, Sept. 5, 1921.
204 “A broad enveloping movement”: NYT, Sept. 4, 1921.
204 Wilson encounters Blizzard: Article by Boyden Sparkes reprinted from Leslie’s Weekly, n.d.; WVCF, Vol. II, pp. 876—79; NYT, Sept. 4, 1921.
205 Only 33 bullets left: Charleston Daily Mail, Sept. 4, 1921.
205 Boyden Sparkes’s visit to the front: Charleston Gazette, Sept. 9, 1921.
206 “I was amazed”: Roanoke Times, Sept. 9, 1921.
207 “Under the influence”: Lont, p. 137, citing Report of Maj. Charles Thompson to commanding general, provisional brigade, Sept. 6, 1921, Mingo County File.
208 Families strolled streets: Savage, pp. 160—61.
208 Only 400 guns turned in: Charleston Gazette, Sept. 5, 1921.
208 “It was Uncle Sam that did it”: Savage, p. 164.
208 Miners carried their dead away: NYT, Sept. 3, 1921.
208 Between 10,000 to 20,000: Laurie and Cole, p. 321.
208 “You could hear it for miles”: Testimony of Ira Wilson, Walter Allen Trial, Reel 2A, TTT.
Chapter Ten: Requiem for a Rebellion
211 “It was self evident”: Testimony of Philip Murray, WVCF, Vol. 2, p. 670.
212 “The miners have yielded”: Editorial paragraph, The Nation, Sept. 14, 1921.
212 “Nothing but trouble”: “Personal Views of Sen. Kenyon,” WVCF, Jan. 25, 1922.
212 Lewis seeks out Davis: NYT, Sept. 4, 1921.
213 His only obligation: NYT, Sept. 8, 1921.
213 Bandholtz refused: Lunt, p. 141, citing Bandholtz to Morgan, Sept. 6, 1921, Morgan papers.
213 Bethel’s memorandum: Lunt, p. 141, citing W. A. Bethel memorandum, Nov. 16, 1921, records of the Department of Justice.
213 Daugherty let the matter drop: Corbin, p. 239, citing Harry M. Daugherty memorandum for Assistant Attorney General John Crum, March 3, 1922, Record Group 60, General Records of the Department of Justice.
213 “It may embarrass State officials”: Corbin, p. 239, citing Crum memo to L. H. Kelly.
214 “Every effort will be made”: NYT, Sept. 6, 1921.
214 Mingo County Defense League: Mooney, 99—100.
214 Lewis-Morgan exchange: Lunt, p. 143, citing Lewis telegram to Morgan, Sept. 19, 1921, and Morgan to Lewis, Sept. 22, 1921, Morgan papers.
215 Charged with treason: Lunt, p. 159; also see Jefferson County Circuit Court, orders and opinions, Kanawha County Circuit Court indictments and grand jury proceedings and Logan County Circuit Court indictments, Reel 1, TTT.
215 Treason provision in West Virginia Constitution: Lunt, p. 159.
215 “Larceny of a chicken”: NYT, May 3, 1922.
216 Billed the state $125,000: Lunt, p. 159.
216 Woods’s charge to the jury: Ibid., p. 161.
216 Blizzard acquitted: Ibid.
216 Carrying the alleged traitor on their shoulders: Mooney, p. 123.
217 Jury could not reach a verdict: Lee, p. 112.
217 Allen such a minor figure: Lunt, p. 162; Cain.
217 Judge Wood stymies the defense: Cain.
217 Wood rejected their motions: Defense contentions on jury instructions, Walter Allen Trial, Tape 1, TTT.
218 The state dropped charges: Ibid.
218 Billy Sunday’s role: Jordan, citing New York Journal, April 15, 1922.
218 Coal supplies were abundant: Perlman and Taft, p. 482.
218 A steadfast ally of District 17: Corbin, pp. 237, 248.
219 “A landslide into the gutter”: Mooney, p. 127.
219 One last stab: Corbin, “Frank Keeney Is Our Leader.”
220 Fred Mooney’s death: Mooney, p. x.
220 Police were driven back: Zieger, p. 91.
220 “Property-minded citizens scared”: Leuchtenberg, p. 242.
220 “It ill behooves”: Zieger, p. 106.
221 A facetious amendment: Leuchtenberg, p. 263.
221 “Help your struggling brothers”: Testimony of W. R. Thurmond, WVCF, Vol. 2, pp. 938—39.
222 “We wouldn’t revolt”: Charleston Gazette, Aug. 28, 1921.
223 They turned up nothing: Lt. E. L. Brine to director of military intelligence, Sept. 4, 1921, Mingo County File.
223 “Two communists had ensconced their hides”: Mooney, p. 122.
224 Native-born population: Jordan.
224 The union did what it could: Testimony of Frank Keeney, WVCF, pp. 196—97.
224 “There were no aliens”: Spivak, p. 102.
224 “I could not absorb”: Mooney, p. 48.
224 Unreliable allies: Corbin, p. 240.
224 That language did mean: Testimony of Frank Keeney, WVCF, p. 196.
224 “I hope I never will”: Lane, pp. 86—88.
225 Their view of themselves as American citizens: Corbin, p. 243.
225 The bedrock of the miners’ claim: Testimony of Fred Mooney, WVCF, p. 20.
226 Keeney moved swiftly: Testimony of Frank Keeney, WVCF, p. 190.