Notes

This account of the Collinsville community in 1917 and 1918, the lynching itself, and the trial was primarily derived by synthesizing information gathered from more than fifteen newspapers that had reporters in the area prior to, during, or after the incident, or at the trial in Edwardsville. Only by compiling the accounts of these newspapers can we clearly understand the psyche of the community during that era.

As is still the case today, initial reporting was naturally more prone to error, given the rush to get the story out. Many facts were not publicly revealed until the trial. Other information would scarcely warrant an initial mention yet shed critical light on the incident when examined in context with other events. Newspaper reporters of the era often did not precisely quote a speaker, instead settling for an approximation of what was said. When newspapers had differing versions of quotations from the same speaker, the author utilized that which was most plausible given the oratorical or conversational style of a century ago.

1. It’s Plain Murder

1. Collinsville Herald, April 28, 1918.

2. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 30, 1918.

3. Collinsville Advertiser, May 18, 1918.

4. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 24, 1918.

5. Collinsville Herald, April 26, 1918.

6. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

7. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

8. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

9. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918; Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 8, 1918.

10. Belleville News-Democrat, April 12, 1918.

11. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 2, 1918.

12. St. Louis Republic, May 30, 1918.

13. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

14. Belleville News-Democrat, April 12, 1918.

15. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

16. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

17. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

18. Editorial, Collinsville Advertiser, April 13, 1918.

19. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

20. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

21. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 9, 1918.

22. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

23. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

24. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

25. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 12, 1918.

26. Collinsville Herald, May 28, 1918.

27. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

28. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

29. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 11, 1918.

30. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 29, 1918.

31. Belleville News-Democrat, April 12, 1918.

32. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 29, 1918.

33. St. Louis Star, April 5, 1918.

34. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 29, 1918.

35. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

36. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

37. St. Louis Star, April 10, 1918.

38. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 29, 1918.

39. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

40. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 5, 1918.

41. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

42. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 11, 1918.

43. St. Louis Republic, May 30, 1918.

44. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

45. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 29, 1918.

46. St. Louis Star, April 5, 1918.

47. St. Louis Star, April 5, 1918.

48. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 29, 1918.

49. St. Louis Star, May 29, 1918.

50. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 29, 1918.

51. Robert Prager, final note, Collinsville Historical Museum. Translated by Carmen Freeman.

52. Cranmer wrote “Tresten, Germany” on the note, his erroneous understanding of “Dresden, Germany.”

53. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

54. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 11, 1918.

55. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

56. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

57. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

58. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

59. St. Louis Star, April 5, 1918.

60. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

61. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

2. A Small Town, a Great War

1. Chenoweth, Elrick, and Barrett, Directory of Coal Mines, 32. Local historians cite the first Collinsville mine as being sunk in 1857 or 1859, but these dates could not be confirmed.

2. Killinger, “Collinsville Our Heritage,” 9, Collinsville Memorial Public Library.

3. Gill, “Historical Survey,” 59, Collinsville Memorial Public Library.

4. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 36th Annual Coal Report; Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report.

5. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, 261–65.

6. Collinsville Herald, March 30, 1917.

7. J. O. Monroe, “So Far, So Good: 50 Years of Memoirs of Printing, Publishing, Politics and People,” Collinsville Herald, August 2, 1962.

8. Collinsville Advertiser, April 7, 1917.

9. Monroe, “So Far, So Good,” Collinsville Herald, August 2, 1962.

10. Collinsville Herald, June 22, 1917.

11. Monroe, “So Far, So Good,” Collinsville Herald, August 2, 1962.

12. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 44.

13. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 57.

14. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 57, 43.

15. Kennedy, Over Here, 11–12.

16. Monroe, “So Far, So Good,” Collinsville Herald, August 2, 1962.

17. Emerson, Blue Book, 578.

18. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 11–12.

19. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 14.

20. Kennedy, Over Here, 14.

21. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 22, 43.

22. Kennedy, Over Here, 144.

23. Kennedy, Over Here, 147.

24. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, 4.

25. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 184.

26. Kennedy, Over Here, 41.

27. Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 94.

28. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 63.

29. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 104.

30. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 108.

31. Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 120.

32. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 142.

33. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 146–47.

34. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 157.

35. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 160–68.

36. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 169.

37. Kennedy, Over Here, 55.

38. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 35.

39. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 35.

40. Lohrmann, “Experiences in the Parsonages,” Concordia Historical Institute.

41. Collinsville Advertiser, May 26, 1917.

42. Collinsville Advertiser, May 26, 1917.

43. Collinsville Herald, June 8, 1917.

44. Collinsville Advertiser, June 9, 1917.

45. Collinsville Herald, June 8, 1917.

46. Collinsville Herald, June 8, 1917.

47. Collinsville Advertiser, June 9, 1917.

48. Mead, Doughboys, 71.

49. Jenison, War-Time Organization of Illinois, 5–6.

50. Mead, Doughboys, 71.

51. Collinsville Herald, June 8, 1918.

52. Collinsville Herald, May 12, 1917.

53. Collinsville Herald, July 13, 1917.

54. Collinsville Herald, May 12, 1917.

55. Mead, Doughboys, 71.

56. Collinsville Herald, July 17, 1917.

57. J. O. Monroe, “So Far, So Good: 50 Years of Memoirs of Printing, Publishing, Politics and People,” Collinsville Herald, July 30, 1962.

58. Collinsville Herald, July 27, 1917.

59. Collinsville Herald, August 3, 1917.

60. Collinsville Herald, July 27, 1917.

61. Collinsville Herald, August 17, 1917.

62. Charles Maurer letter, Illinois State Historical Library.

63. Collinsville Herald, August 31, 1917

64. Collinsville Herald, June 2, 1917.

65. Collinsville Herald, September 7, 1917.

66. Robert Johann, interview with author, July 7, 2014.

67. Collinsville Herald, May 4, 1917.

68. Collinsville Herald, June 2, 1917.

69. Collinsville Herald, October 12, 1917.

70. Collinsville Herald, September 7, 1917.

71. Collinsville Herald, July 20, 1917.

72. Collinsville Advertiser, September 22, 1917.

73. Collinsville Herald, September 21, 1917.

74. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, September 28, 1917.

75. Collinsville Herald, October 5, 1917.

76. Collinsville Herald, October 5, 1917.

77. Collinsville Herald, November 16, 1917.

78. Charles Maurer letter.

79. Collinsville Herald, December 21, 1917.

80. Kennedy, Over Here, 157.

81. Editorial, Collinsville Advertiser, September 1, 1917.

82. Charles Maurer letter.

83. Collinsville Herald, March 1, 1918.

84. Mead, Doughboys, 148.

85. Collinsville Herald, March 22, 1918; Mead, Doughboys, 71.

86. Collinsville Herald, May 19, 1917.

87. Mead, Doughboys, 173.

88. “Income Tax,” United Mine Workers Journal, January 10, 1918, 16.

89. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 149.

90. Collinsville Herald, July 6, 1917.

91. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, June 15, 1917.

92. Liberty Loan Organization, Subscriptions.

93. Collinsville Herald, October 19, 1917.

94. Collinsville Herald, October 19, 1917.

95. Kennedy, Over Here, 106.

96. Collinsville Herald, April 27, 1917.

97. Collinsville Herald, May 4, 1917.

98. St. Louis Smelting and Refining Collection, Collinsville Historical Museum.

99. East St. Louis Daily Journal, August 12, 1917.

100. Collinsville Herald, August 17, 1917.

101. Collinsville Herald, July 6, 1917.

102. Collinsville Herald, December 7, 1917.

103. Collinsville Herald, June 29, 1917.

104. Collinsville Herald, March 1, 1918.

105. Monroe, “So Far, So Good,” Collinsville Herald, August 2, 1962.

106. Collinsville Herald, June 2, 1917.

107. Baseball Almanac, “1917 World Series.”

108. Mead, Doughboys, 91.

109. Kennedy, Over Here, 175–76.

110. Mead, Doughboys, 103.

111. Mead, Doughboys, 127.

112. Mead, Doughboys, 128.

113. Kennedy, Over Here, 169.

114. Mead, Doughboys, 105.

115. Mead, Doughboys, 163.

116. Washington Post, November 27, 1917.

117. Farwell, Over There, 108.

118. Farwell, Over There, 108.

119. Beals, “Collinsville World War I Casualties,” Collinsville Memorial Public Library.

120. Dorris, “Schoolmaster and the War,” Mary Sue Schusky collection.

121. Collinsville Advertiser, December 29, 1917.

122. Collinsville Herald, January 4, 1918.

123. Collinsville Advertiser, January 26, 1918.

124. Collinsville Herald, February 15, 1918.

125. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 64.

126. Collinsville Herald, January 4, 1918.

127. Collinsville Herald, March 1, 1918.

128. Mead, Doughboys, 11.

129. St. Louis Times, May 24, 1918.

130. Dorris, “Schoolmaster and the War.”

131. Dorris, “Schoolmaster and the War.”

132. Collinsville Herald, September 7, 1917.

133. Collinsville Advertiser, November 24, 1917.

134. Collinsville Advertiser, November 24, 1917.

135. Collinsville Advertiser, December 1, 1917.

136. Collinsville, Ill. City Directory 1916.

137. Collinsville Herald, December 7, 1917.

138. Collinsville Herald, December 7, 1917.

139. Dorothy (Dorris) Dilliard memoirs, 6–7, Mary Sue Schusky collection.

140. Capozolla, Uncle Sam Wants You, 84.

141. Coit, “History of Collinsville, Illinois Chapter,” Collinsville Historical Museum.

142. Jenison, War-Time Organization of Illinois, 5–419.

143. C. H. Dorris Collection, Collinsville Historical Museum.

144. Kennedy, Over Here, 123.

145. Kennedy, Over Here, 124.

146. Collinsville Herald, January 18, 1918.

147. Collinsville Advertiser, January 19, 1918.

148. Kennedy, Over Here, 124.

149. Collinsville Advertiser, January 26, 1918.

150. Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 173.

151. Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 234–35.

152. Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 151.

153. Kennedy, Over Here, 117

154. Okrent, Last Call, 99.

155. Kennedy, Over Here, 117.

156. Collinsville Advertiser, February 9, 1918.

157. Collinsville Herald, January 4, 1918.

158. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, February 15, 1918.

159. Collinsville Advertiser, February 16, 1918.

160. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, February 15, 1918.

161. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 120.

162. Collinsville Advertiser, February 9, 1918.

163. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 124.

164. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 93.

165. C. H. Dorris Collection.

166. Dorothy (Dorris) Dilliard memoirs, 6.

167. Dorris, “Schoolmaster and the War.”

168. Collinsville Herald, July 13, 1917.

169. Collinsville Herald, December 7, 1917.

170. Collinsville Herald, February 22, 1918.

171. Collinsville Advertiser, April 13, 1918.

172. Collinsville Herald, March 8, 1918.

3. United We Stand

1. Chenoweth, Elrick, and Barrett, Directory of Coal Mines.

2. Maryville Centennial Committee, Maryville, Illinois, 13–15, Collinsville Memorial Public Library.

3. Vernetti, Old King Coal, 49.

4. Collinsville Coal Mines, Collinsville Historical Museum.

5. Collinsville Coal Mines.

6. Killinger, “Collinsville Our Heritage,” 10.

7. “Vivid Memory,” Irving Dilliard Collection, Collinsville Historical Museum.

8. Morton, “Day in the Mine,” 16.

9. Chenoweth, Elrick, and Barrett, Directory of Coal Mines.

10. Chenoweth, Elrick, and Barrett, Directory of Coal Mines.

11. Morton, “Day in the Mine,” 17.

12. Morton, “Day in the Mine,” 17.

13. Morton, “Day in the Mine,” 16.

14. Abbott, Immigrant and Coal Mining Communities, 42.

15. Vernetti, Old King Coal, 49.

16. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 36th Annual Coal Report of Illinois, 50.

17. Emerson, Blue Book, 375.

18. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report, 2.

19. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report, 206.

20. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report, 206.

21. United Mine Workers Journal, January 10, 1918, 8. Mindful of its high immigrant membership, the weekly UMW Journal in 1918 had sections with critical news items also printed in Italian and Slovak.

22. United Mine Workers Journal, February 21, 1918, 11.

23. Collinsville Herald, November 16, 1918.

24. Collinsville Herald, March 1, 1918.

25. Scott Richardson, “100 Years Later, Tragedy of Cherry Mine Disaster Still Hits Home,” Bloomington (IL) Pantagraph, April 11, 2009.

26. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 36th Annual Coal Report; Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report.

27. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report, 199.

28. Abbott, Immigrant and Coal Mining Communities, 33.

29. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report, 2.

30. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report, 1.

31. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 36th Annual Coal Report; Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report.

32. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report, 1.

33. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report, 110.

34. Abbott, Immigrant and Coal Mining Communities, 42.

35. Abbott, Immigrant and Coal Mining Communities, 33.

36. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, Illinois Abstract, 42.

37. Gib Killinger Collection, Collinsville Historical Museum.

38. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, Illinois Abstract, 33.

39. Gill, “Historical Survey,” 111.

40. London, John Barleycorn, 35.

41. Collinsville, Ill. City Directory 1916; Collinsville Herald, 1919 City Directory.

42. Collinsville Advertiser, May 4, 1918.

43. Collinsville Herald, February 22, 1918.

44. Powers, Faces along the Bar, 67.

45. Powers, Faces along the Bar, 45.

46. Powers, Faces along the Bar, 13.

47. Powers, Faces along the Bar, 210.

48. Powers, Faces along the Bar, 17.

49. Powers, Faces along the Bar, 30.

50. Powers, Faces along the Bar, 44.

51. Powers, Faces along the Bar, 83.

52. Powers, Faces along the Bar, 83.

53. Powers, Faces along the Bar, 53.

54. East St. Louis Daily Journal, April 18, 1917.

55. Okrent, Last Call, 94.

56. Okrent, Last Call, 104.

57. Okrent, Last Call, 106.

58. Okrent, Last Call, 83.

59. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report, 206.

60. Dow, “Miner’s Institute Building.”

61. Miner’s Institute Nomination, Collinsville Historical Museum.

62. Collinsville Herald, April 20, 1917.

63. Jenison, War-Time Organization of Illinois, 5–256.

64. Collinsville Herald, August 3, 1917.

65. Collinsville Herald, August 3, 1917.

66. Collinsville Herald, August 3, 1917.

67. Collinsville Herald, August 3, 1917.

68. Collinsville Herald, August 3, 1917.

69. Collinsville Herald, August 10, 1917.

70. Collinsville Advertiser, August 11, 1917.

71. Collinsville Herald, August 10, 1917.

72. Edwardsville Intelligencer, August 3, 1919.

73. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, August 10, 1917.

74. Editorial, Collinsville Advertiser, August 11, 1917.

75. East St. Louis Daily Journal, August 14, 1917.

76. Collinsville Herald, August 17, 1917.

77. Collinsville Herald, August 17, 1917.

78. Collinsville Herald, August 17, 1917.

79. Collinsville Herald, August 24, 1917.

80. Collinsville Herald, August 24, 1917.

81. Collinsville Herald, September 7, 1917.

82. Collinsville Herald, September 7, 1917.

83. Collinsville Herald, September 14, 1917.

84. United Mine Workers Journal, October 11, 1917, 6.

85. United Mine Workers Journal, October 18, 1917, 4.

86. United Mine Workers Journal, October 25, 1917, 4.

87. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 19, 1917.

88. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 19, 1917.

89. Jenison, War Documents and Addresses, 6–195.

90. Collinsville Herald, October 19, 1917.

91. Collinsville Herald, October 19, 1917.

92. Collinsville Herald, October 19, 1917.

93. Collinsville Herald, October 19, 1917.

94. Collinsville Herald, November 2, 1917.

95. Jenison, War Documents and Addresses, 6–195.

96. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, November 2, 1917.

97. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 36th Annual Coal Report, 32; Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 37th Annual Coal Report, 26.

98. United Mine Workers Journal, January 10, 1918, 11.

99. United Mine Workers Local 264, election results and documents, Southern Illinois University–Edwardsville Lovejoy Library.

100. Collinsville Advertiser, January 5, 1918.

101. Abbott, Immigrant and Coal Mining Communities, 42.

102. Collinsville Herald, December 21, 1917.

103. Collinsville Herald, February 22, 1918.

104. Collinsville Herald, February 8, 1918.

105. Collinsville Herald, January 11, 1918.

106. United Mine Workers Journal, January 17, 1918, 3.

107. Collinsville Herald, January 11, 1918.

4. You Are Either for Us or against Us

1. McCartin, Labor’s Great War, 39.

2. National Industrial Conference Board, Strikes in American Industry, 3.

3. St. Louis Smelting and Refining Collection.

4. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, field collection forms.

5. Collinsville Herald, April 6, 1917.

6. St. Louis Smelting and Refining Collection.

7. Collinsville Herald, June 2, 1917.

8. Collinsville Herald, August 3, 1917.

9. Collinsville Herald, August 3, 1917.

10. Collinsville Advertiser, August 4, 1917.

11. Collinsville Herald, August 3, 1917.

12. Collinsville Herald, August 3, 1917.

13. Collinsville Herald, August 10, 1917.

14. Collinsville Herald, August 10, 1917.

15. Collinsville Herald, August 17, 1917.

16. Collinsville Herald, August 17, 1917.

17. Collinsville Herald, August 24, 1917.

18. Collinsville Advertiser, August 25, 1917.

19. Collinsville Advertiser, September 1, 1917.

20. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, field collection forms.

21. Collinsville Advertiser, April 7, 1917.

22. Collinsville Herald, August 31, 1917.

23. Collinsville Herald, September 7, 1917.

24. Collinsville Herald, September 14, 1917.

25. Collinsville, Ill. City Directory 1916; Collinsville Herald, 1919 City Directory.

26. Collinsville Herald, September 28, 1917.

27. Collinsville Herald, September 28, 1917.

28. Collinsville Herald, September 28, 1917.

29. East St. Louis Daily Journal, September 28, 1917.

30. Collinsville Herald, September 28, 1917.

31. Collinsville Herald, September 28, 1917.

32. Collinsville Herald, September 28, 1917.

33. Barnes, Never Been a Time, 210.

34. Barnes, Never Been a Time, 210.

35. Editorial, Collinsville Advertiser, July 7, 1917.

36. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, July 6, 1917.

37. Collinsville Herald, October 5, 1917.

38. Collinsville Herald, October 5, 1917.

39. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, October 5, 1917.

40. Collinsville Herald, October 5, 1917.

41. Collinsville Herald, October 5, 1917.

42. Collinsville Herald, October 12, 1917.

43. Collinsville Herald, October 12, 1917.

44. Collinsville Herald, October 12, 1917.

45. Collinsville Herald, October 12, 1917.

46. Edwardsville Intelligencer, August 31, 1912.

47. Edwardsville Intelligencer, March 30, 1918.

48. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 30, 1918.

49. Dechenne, “Labor and Immigration,” 101.

50. East St. Louis Daily Journal, October 16, 1917.

51. East St. Louis Daily Journal, October 17, 1917.

52. Collinsville Advertiser, October 20, 1917.

53. East St. Louis Daily Journal, October 18, 1917.

54. Collinsville Herald, October 19, 1917.

55. Collinsville Herald, October 26, 1917.

56. Collinsville Advertiser, October 20, 1917.

57. Collinsville Herald, October 19, 1917.

58. Collinsville Advertiser, October 13, 1917.

59. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 42nd Annual Coal Report, 214.

60. Collinsville Herald, October 26, 1917.

61. Collinsville Herald, November 2, 1917.

62. Collinsville Herald, November 2, 1918.

63. Collinsville Advertiser, November 3, 1917.

64. Collinsville Herald, November 2, 1917.

65. Collinsville Herald, November 2, 1917.

66. Collinsville Herald, November 2, 1917.

67. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, November 9, 1917.

68. Collinsville Herald, October 26, 1917.

69. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, November 16, 1917.

70. Collinsville Herald, November 30, 1917.

71. Collinsville Herald, November 23, 1917.

72. Collinsville Herald, November 30, 1918.

73. Collinsville Herald, November 30, 1917.

74. “Minutes of October 15, 1917 Meeting,” United Mine Workers Local 685 Collection, Collinsville Historical Museum.

75. Collinsville Herald, November 23, 1917.

76. Collinsville Herald, November 30, 1917.

77. Collinsville Herald, November 30, 1917.

78. Collinsville Herald, November 23, 1917.

79. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 24, 1917.

80. Collinsville Herald, November 16, 1917.

81. Collinsville Herald, January 11, 1918.

82. Collinsville Herald, October 26, 1917.

83. Collinsville Herald, November 16, 1917.

84. Collinsville Advertiser, December 15, 1917.

85. Collinsville Advertiser, January 19, 1918.

86. Collinsville Herald, December 28, 1917.

87. Collinsville Herald, November 30, 1917.

88. Collinsville Herald, December 14, 1917.

89. Illinois State Register, December 15, 1917.

90. United Mine Workers Local 826, records, 1918, Southern Illinois University–Edwardsville Lovejoy Library.

91. Collinsville Advertiser, November 17, 1917.

92. Collinsville Herald, November 23, 1917.

93. Collinsville Herald, December 28, 1917.

94. Collinsville Herald, February 1, 1918.

95. Collinsville Herald, February 15, 1918.

96. Collinsville Herald, March 15, 1918.

97. Collinsville Advertiser, September 8, 1917; Collinsville Herald, February 8, 1918.

98. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, February 1, 1918.

99. Jenison, War-Time Organization of Illinois, 5–6.

100. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 2, 1918.

101. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 2, 1918.

5. A Little Tar Might Help

1. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, 6.

2. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 14th Census, “Population by Country of Birth,” 63.

3. U.S. Bureau of Census, 14th Census, “Population by Country of Origin,” 65.

4. Kennedy, Over Here, 68.

5. U.S. Bureau of Census, 14th Census, “Population of Principal Cities,” 56.

6. Howard, Illinois, 438.

7. Detjen, Germans in Missouri, 15.

8. Detjen, Germans in Missouri, 23.

9. Detjen, Germans in Missouri, 31.

10. Detjen, Germans in Missouri, 27.

11. Detjen, Germans in Missouri, 158.

12. Collinsville Herald, March 8, 1918.

13. Lohrmann, “Experiences in the Parsonages,” 3.

14. Collinsville Herald, March 12, 1918.

15. Collinsville Herald, March 19, 1918.

16. Kennedy, Over Here, 24.

17. Wilson, “Third Annual Message.”

18. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 81.

19. Kennedy, Over Here, 67.

20. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 14.

21. Abbott, Immigrant and Coal Mining Communities, 6.

22. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 28, 2014.

23. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 196.

24. Lloyd, “Liberty Philosophy,” 499.

25. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 81.

26. Kennedy, Over Here, 14.

27. Collinsville Advertiser, December 29, 1917.

28. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 23.

29. Kennedy, Over Here, 25.

30. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 32.

31. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 19.

32. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 24.

33. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 23.

34. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 151.

35. Capozolla, “Only Badge Needed,” 1360.

36. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 23.

37. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 182.

38. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 215.

39. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 59.

40. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 148.

41. Adams, “Anti-German Sentiment,” 14.

42. Adams, “Anti-German Sentiment,” 14.

43. Adams, “Anti-German Sentiment,” 16.

44. East St. Louis Daily Journal, March 29, 1918.

45. Adams, “Anti-German Sentiment,” 35.

46. East St. Louis Daily Journal, March 30, 1918.

47. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 20.

48. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 249.

49. Kennedy, Over Here, 83.

50. Burton, “Espionage and Sedition Acts,” 49.

51. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 183.

52. Detjen, Germans in Missouri, 164.

53. Burton, “Espionage and Sedition Acts,” 47–48.

54. Burton, “Espionage and Sedition Acts,” 43.

55. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 182.

56. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 182.

57. Edwardsville Intelligencer, March 9, 1918.

58. East St. Louis Daily Journal, March 31, 1918.

59. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence.

60. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence.

61. Lohrmann, “Experiences in the Parsonages,” 2.

62. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, 9.

63. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, 8.

64. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, 7.

65. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, 8.

66. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, 7.

67. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, 6.

68. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, 9.

69. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, 5.

70. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 194.

71. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence.

72. “Lynching and Mob Murders, 1917,” Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races, February 1918; “Lynching Records for the Year 1918,” Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races, February 1919. The Crisis is the official magazine of the NAACP.

73. “The Burning at Dyersburg” (an NAACP investigation), Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races, February 1918. Some research and literature refer to Lation Scott as Ligon Scott.

74. Collinsville Herald, April 13, 1917.

75. East St. Louis Daily Journal, April 18, 1917.

76. Collinsville Herald, January 25, 1918.

77. Dechenne, “Recipe for Violence,” 229–30.

78. Edwardsville Intelligencer, February 18, 1918.

79. Dechenne, “Recipe for Violence,” 233.

80. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 201, italics added.

81. Collinsville Herald, March 1, 1918.

82. Collinsville Advertiser, March 2, 1918.

83. Collinsville Herald, March 1, 1918.

84. Edwardsville Intelligencer, February 27, 1918.

85. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, March 1, 1918.

86. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, March 1, 1918.

87. Chicago Civil Liberties Committee, Pursuit of Freedom, 112.

88. Gov. Frank Lowden telegram to U.S. Attorney General Thomas Gregory, Illinois State Archives.

89. Lowden telegram to Gregory.

90. Hutchinson, Lowden of Illinois, 1–375.

91. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 26, 1918.

92. Edwardsville Intelligencer, March 2, 1918.

93. Edwardsville Intelligencer, March 4, 1918.

94. Edwardsville Intelligencer, March 4, 1918.

95. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 9, 1918.

96. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, March 8, 1918.

97. Edwardsville Intelligencer, March 21, 1918.

98. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 201.

99. Belleville News-Democrat, March 26, 1918.

100. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 25, 1918.

101. Belleville News-Democrat, March 29, 1918.

102. Belleville News-Democrat, March 26, 1918.

103. Belleville News-Democrat, March 26, 1918.

104. Belleville News-Democrat, April 9, 1918.

105. Belleville News-Democrat, March 29, 1918.

106. East St. Louis Daily Journal, April 2, 1918.

107. Dechenne, “Recipe for Violence,” 233.

108. East St. Louis Daily Journal, August 16, 1917.

109. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 199.

110. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 200.

111. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, 7.

112. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 197.

113. National Civil Liberties Bureau, War-Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence, 7.

114. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 4, 1918.

6. I Am for the Good Old USA

1. Collinsville Advertiser, March 30, 1918.

2. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, March 29, 1918.

3. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

4. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

5. Edwardsville Intelligencer, March 22, 1918.

6. Montgomery News, March 22, 1918.

7. Greenville Advocate, April 1, 1918.

8. East St. Louis Daily Journal, March 24, 1918.

9. East St. Louis Daily Journal, March 29, 1918.

10. East St. Louis Daily Journal, April 7, 1918.

11. Collinsville Herald, March 29, 1918.

12. Belleville News-Democrat, March 30, 1918.

13. Belleville News-Democrat, March 25, 1918.

14. Belleville Daily Advocate, April 13, 1918.

15. Birth certificate of Robert Paul Prager, Saxony State Archives. Translation by Carmen Freeman.

16. Records of U.S. Customs Service for SS Breslau, National Archives.

17. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 19, 1918.

18. Robert Prager record collection from Indiana Reformatory, Indiana Commission on Public Records.

19. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 19, 1918.

20. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 1, 1918.

21. Collinsville Advertiser, May 18, 1918.

22. Omaha Directory Co., City Directory.

23. St. Louis Star, April 6, 1918.

24. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 31, 1917.

25. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 5, 1918.

26. U.S. Department of Labor Naturalization Service, “Declaration of Intention to Become U.S. Citizen.”

27. St. Louis Star, April 6, 1918.

28. St. Louis Star, April 9, 1918.

29. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 5, 1918.

30. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 24, 1918.

31. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 6, 1918.

32. St. Louis Republic, April 6, 1918.

33. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 6, 1918.

34. St. Louis Times, April 6, 1918.

35. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

36. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 6, 1918.

37. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

38. Abbott, Immigrant and Coal Mining Communities, 20.

39. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 12, 1918.

40. St. Louis Times, April 11, 1918.

41. St. Louis Star, April 5, 1918.

42. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

43. Collinsville Herald, December 21, 1917.

44. Collinsville Advertiser, February 2, 1918.

45. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 5, 1918.

46. East St. Louis Daily Journal, April 5, 1918.

47. St. Louis Star, April 5, 1918.

48. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

49. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 5, 1918.

50. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

51. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

52. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

53. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 6, 1918. The Prager statement was reprinted in numerous publications.

54. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 5, 1918.

55. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 5, 1918.

56. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 5, 1918.

57. St. Louis Post Dispatch, May 31, 1918.

58. St. Louis Times, May 31, 1918.

59. Chicago Civil Liberties Committee, Pursuit of Freedom, 112.

60. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

61. Chicago Civil Liberties Committee, Pursuit of Freedom, 112.

62. Louis Jackstadt, interview with author, June 13, 2014.

63. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

64. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

65. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 31, 1918.

66. Collinsville Herald, May 31, 1918.

67. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 31, 1918.

68. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

69. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

70. Collinsville Herald, May 28, 1918.

71. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 5, 1918.

72. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 5, 1918.

73. Collinsville Herald, April 6, 1918.

74. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

75. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 11, 1918.

76. “Minutes of October 1, 1917 Meeting,” United Mine Workers Local 685 Collection, Collinsville Historical Museum.

77. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

78. Belleville News-Democrat, April 12, 1918.

79. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

80. Collinsville Herald, May 31, 1918.

81. Collinsville Advertiser, April 13, 1918.

82. St. Louis Star, April 5, 1918.

83. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

84. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

85. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

86. St. Louis Times, May 28, 1918.

87. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

88. Editorial, Collinsville Advertiser, April 13, 1918.

89. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

90. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

91. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 11, 1918.

92. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 28, 1918.

93. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 6, 1918.

94. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

95. Belleville News-Democrat, April 11, 1918.

96. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

97. Wesley Beaver draft registration card, World War I Selective Service System draft registration cards, National Archives.

98. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

99. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

100. Collinsville Advertiser, April 6, 1918.

101. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

102. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 9, 1918.

103. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

104. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

105. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 9, 1918.

106. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

107. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

108. Robert Johann, interview with author, July 7, 2014.

109. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

110. St. Louis Star, April 5, 1918.

111. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

112. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 28, 1918.

113. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918

114. Phillip Herr, interview with author, October 20, 2014.

7. I Want to Tell

1. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 5, 1918.

2. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 5, 1919.

3. J. O. Monroe, “So Far, So Good: 50 Years of Memoirs of Printing, Publishing, Politics and People,” Collinsville Herald, August 13, 1962.

4. Collinsville Herald, April 5, 1918.

5. St. Louis Star, April 6, 1918.

6. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 5, 1919.

7. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

8. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

9. Collinsville Advertiser, May 18, 1918.

10. St. Louis Star, April 6, 1918.

11. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 6, 1918.

12. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

13. Frank Lowden address at Liberty Bond Rally, Illinois State Archives.

14. St. Louis Star, April 5, 1918.

15. East St. Louis Daily Journal, April 5, 1918.

16. St. Louis Times, April 8, 1918.

17. St. Louis Times, April 8, 1918.

18. Monroe, “So Far, So Good,” Collinsville Herald, August 13, 1962.

19. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 12, 1918.

20. St. Louis Star, April 6, 1918.

21. Collinsville Herald, April 6, 1918.

22. St. Louis Star, April 6, 1918.

23. St. Louis Times, April 6, 1918.

24. St. Louis Star, April 6, 1918.

25. St. Louis Times, April 8, 1918.

26. Collinsville Herald, April 6, 1918.

27. Collinsville Herald, April 6, 1918.

28. Collinsville Herald, April 6, 1918.

29. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

30. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

31. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

32. Editorial, Belleville News-Democrat, April 8, 1918.

33. St. Louis Star, April 10, 1918.

34. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1918.

35. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 6, 1918.

36. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 9, 1918.

37. Chicago Daily Tribune, April 9, 1918.

38. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 6, 1918.

39. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918.

40. Quotations from newspapers taken from “The First War Lynching,” Literary Digest, April 20, 1918.

41. Editorial, Washington Post, April 12, 1918.

42. Editorial, Washington Post, April 11, 1918.

43. “Lynching: An American Kultur?,” New Republic, April 13, 1918.

44. Editorial, St. Louis Argus, April 19, 1918.

45. Editorial, Westliche Post, April 6, 1918.

46. Editorial, Belleville News-Democrat, April 5, 1918.

47. Kroeker, “In Death,” 82–83.

48. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 8, 1918.

49. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 8, 1918.

50. “Lynching of Robert Paul Prager,” Irving Dilliard Collection, Collinsville Historical Museum.

51. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

52. Meier, 125 Years of Service, 19, Collinsville Memorial Public Library.

53. Collinsville Herald, April 6, 1918.

54. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 8, 1918.

55. St. Louis Times, April 9, 1918.

56. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 8, 1918.

57. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

58. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 9, 1918.

59. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

60. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

61. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

62. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 11, 1918.

63. Collinsville Advertiser, April 14, 1918.

64. St. Louis Star, April 11, 1918; Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

65. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 11, 1918.

66. Belleville News-Democrat, April 12, 1918.

67. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

68. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

69. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

70. Collinsville Herald, April 12, 1918.

71. St. Louis Star, April 12, 1918.

72. St. Louis Republic, April 9, 1918.

73. St. Louis Republic, April 11, 1918.

74. St. Louis Republic, April 11, 1918.

75. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 3, 1918.

76. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 14, 1918.

77. Collinsville Herald, April 19, 1918.

78. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 18, 1918.

79. St. Louis Star, April 27, 1918.

80. Collinsville Herald, May 3, 1918.

81. Collinsville Herald, May 3, 1918.

82. St. Louis Star, April 27, 1918.

83. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 28, 1918.

84. Illinois Complied Statutes, chapter 38, Criminal Code, §255 and §256u. 1917.

85. Edwardsville Intelligencer, April 26, 1918.

86. Collinsville Herald, April 26, 1918.

87. Collinsville Herald, May 3, 1918.

88. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 2, 1918.

89. Hutchinson, Lowden of Illinois, 1–375.

8. A Farcical Patriotic Orgy

1. Bernreuter, Jacob Bernreuter Family in America, 96–97.

2. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 13, 1918.

3. Collinsville Herald, May 17, 1918.

4. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 13, 1918.

5. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 13, 1918.

6. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 13, 1918.

7. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 14, 1918.

8. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 13, 1918.

9. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 13, 1918.

10. Collinsville Herald, May 24, 1918.

11. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 14, 1918.

12. St. Louis Times, May 15, 1918.

13. East St. Louis Daily Journal, May 15, 1918.

14. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 15, 1918.

15. Edwardsville Intelligencer, Madison County Centennial edition, August 31, 1912.

16. Third Judicial Circuit Court document collection from Robert Prager murder trial, Madison County Historical Museum and Archival Library.

17. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 15, 1918.

18. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 15, 1918.

19. St. Louis Times, May 17, 1918.

20. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 15, 1918.

21. Collinsville Herald, May 17, 1918.

22. Norton, History of Madison County, 2:718–19.

23. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 16, 1918.

24. Jenison, Illinois in the World War, 5–7.

25. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 16, 1918.

26. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 17, 1918.

27. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 18, 1918.

28. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 20, 1918.

29. St. Louis Times, May 21, 1918.

30. St. Louis Times, May 15, 1918.

31. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 16, 1918.

32. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 20, 1918.

33. Belleville News-Democrat, April 6, 1918.

34. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 23, 1918.

35. St. Louis Times, May 23, 1918.

36. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 23, 1918.

37. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 25, 1918.

38. St. Louis Times, May 25, 1918.

39. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 25, 1918.

40. St. Louis Times, May 16, 1918.

41. St. Louis Times, May 22, 1918.

42. St. Louis Times, May 24, 1918.

43. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 28, 1918.

44. St. Louis Times, May 28, 1918.

45. St. Louis Times, May 28, 1918.

46. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 28, 1918.

47. St. Louis Times, May 28, 1918.

48. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 28, 1918.

49. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 28, 1918.

50. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 28, 1918.

51. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 29, 1918.

52. St. Louis Star, May 28, 1918.

53. St. Louis Star, May 28, 1918.

54. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 29, 1918.

55. Collinsville Herald, May 28, 1918.

56. Collinsville Herald, May 28, 1918.

57. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 29, 1918.

58. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

59. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

60. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

61. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

62. St. Louis Times, May 30, 1918.

63. St. Louis Republic, May 30, 1918.

64. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

65. Collinsville Herald, May 29, 1918.

66. St. Louis Times, May 31, 1918.

67. Edwardsville Intelligencer, May 29, 1918.

68. Collinsville Herald, May 31, 1918.

69. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 31, 1918.

70. Collinsville Herald, May 31, 1918.

71. Collinsville Herald, May 31, 1918.

72. Collinsville Herald, May 31, 1918.

73. Collinsville Herald, May 31, 1918; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 31, 1918.

74. Collinsville Herald, May 31, 1918.

75. Collinsville Herald, May 31, 1918.

76. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 1, 1918.

77. Collinsville Herald, May 31, 1918.

78. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 2, 1918.

79. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June, 3, 1918.

80. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 1, 1918.

81. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

82. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 3, 1918.

83. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 3, 1918.

84. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

85. St. Louis Star, June 1, 1918.

86. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

87. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

88. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

89. Belleville News-Democrat, June 3, 1918.

90. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

91. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

92. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 200.

93. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

94. Gerard, My Four Years in Germany, 173–74.

95. Gerard, My Four Years in Germany, 173.

96. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

97. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

98. St. Louis Star, June 1, 1918.

99. St. Louis Star, June 1, 1918.

100. Belleville News-Democrat, June 3, 1918.

101. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

102. “Lynching of Robert Paul Prager.”

103. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 3, 1918.

104. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

105. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 2, 1918.

106. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 3, 1918.

107. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 2, 1918.

108. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 3, 1918.

109. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 2, 1918.

110. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 2, 1918.

111. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 2, 1918.

112. Belleville News-Democrat, June 3, 1918.

113. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 3, 1918.

114. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 3, 1918.

115. Chicago Civil Liberties Committee, Pursuit of Freedom, 113.

116. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 2, 1918.

117. East St. Louis Daily Journal, June 1, 1918.

118. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 3, 1918.

119. J. O. Monroe, “So Far, So Good: 50 Years of Memoirs of Printing, Publishing, Politics and People,” Collinsville Herald, August 16, 1962.

120. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1918.

121. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 3, 1918.

9. It Seems a Nightmare

1. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 4, 1918

2. Adjutant General Frank Dickson telegram to J. Herbert Cole, National Archives.

3. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 3, 1918.

4. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 3, 1918.

5. Editorial, New York Times, June 3, 1918.

6. Editorial, Chicago Daily Tribune, June 5, 1918.

7. Editorial, St. Louis Star, June 3, 1918.

8. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 3, 1918.

9. St. Louis Labor, June 8, 1918. St. Louis Labor was the Socialist Party newspaper.

10. Editorial, Edwardsville Democrat, June 6, 1918.

11. Editorial, Highland Leader, June 4, 1918.

12. Editorial, Belleville News-Democrat, June 3, 1918.

13. Editorial, Collinsville Advertiser, June 8, 1918.

14. Editorial, Collinsville Advertiser, June 8, 1918.

15. Editorial, Collinsville Advertiser, June 8, 1918.

16. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, June 7, 1918.

17. Collinsville Herald, June 7, 1918.

18. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, June 7, 1918.

19. John Lord O’Brian memo to Attorney General Thomas Gregory, University of Buffalo Archives.

20. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 206.

21. Woodrow Wilson proclamation of July 26, 1918, Library of Congress.

22. “Lynching Records for the Year 1918,” Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races, February 1919.

23. Woodrow Wilson proclamation.

24. Woodrow Wilson proclamation.

25. Kölnische Volkszeitung, September 6, 1918, U.S. Department of State.

26. Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, U.S. Department of State.

27. Hannoverscher Kurier, U.S. Department of State.

28. Kölnische Volkszeitung, August 22, 1918, U.S. Department of State.

29. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 12, 1918.

30. Axelrod, Selling the Great War, 216.

31. Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria, 31, 55.

32. Collinsville Herald, January 18, 1918.

33. Collinsville Herald, July 19, 1918.

34. Collinsville Herald, July 26, 1918.

35. Collinsville Herald, July 26, 1918.

36. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, July 26, 1918.

37. Collinsville Herald, November 15, 1918.

38. J. O. Monroe, “So Far, So Good: 50 Years of Memoirs of Printing, Publishing, Politics and People,” Collinsville Herald, August 6, 1962.

39. Boyer et al., Enduring Vision, 767.

40. Johnstone, Against Immediate Evil, 75.

41. Collinsville Herald, May 10, 1918.

42. Collinsville Herald, October 25, 1918.

43. Collinsville Herald, October 18, 1918.

44. Collinsville Herald, May 16, 1919.

45. Jenison, War-Time Organization of Illinois, 5–372.

46. Jenison, War-Time Organization of Illinois, 5–376.

47. J. O. Monroe, “So Far, So Good: 50 Years of Memoirs of Printing, Publishing, Politics and People,” Collinsville Herald, August 20, 1962.

48. Howard, Illinois, 440; DeBruyne and Leland, “American War,” 2.

49. DeBruyne and Leland, “American War,” 2.

50. Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 307.

51. Beals, “Collinsville World War I Casualties.”

52. Collinsville Herald, August 16, 1918.

53. Coit, “History of Collinsville, Illinois Chapter.”

54. Collinsville Herald, December 6, 1918.

55. Coit, “History of Collinsville, Illinois Chapter.”

56. Collinsville Herald, April 15, 1919.

57. Collinsville Herald, November 7, 1924

58. Tim O’Neil, “1929 ‘Black Tuesday’ Spurred Crackdown on Coal Pollution,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 29, 2009.

59. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 64th Annual Coal Report.

60. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 79th Annual Coal Report.

61. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 56th Annual Coal Report.

62. Gill, “Historical Survey.”

63. David Hoskin, interview with author, February 9, 2017.

64. St. Louis Smelting and Refining Collection.

65. Capozolla, Uncle Sam Wants You, 7, 12.

66. Dorris, “Schoolmaster and the War.”

67. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 5, 1919.

68. Merkel, Suburban Journals.

69. Illinois State Journal, June 15, 1926.

70. Collinsville Herald, January 17, 1919.

71. Enid Elmore certificate of death, Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives.

72. Edwardsville Intelligencer, June 18, 1918.

73. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 48th Annual Coal Report, 80.

74. Belleville Daily News-Democrat, February 3, 1931.

75. William Jokerst, interview with author, May 27, 2014.

76. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 22, 1918.

77. Military personnel records of Joseph Riegel, National Archives, National Personnel Records Center.

78. Marriage license for Joseph Riegel and Anna Cannon, Cuyahoga County Archive.

79. Phyllis Kesler, interview with author, April 15, 2016.

80. Collinsville Herald, June 1, 1923.

81. Editorial, Collinsville Herald, June 8, 1923.

82. Collinsville Herald, June 7, 1918.

83. The size of the mob at the time of the lynching was approximately one hundred participants and bystanders.

84. Monroe, “So Far, So Good,” Collinsville Herald, August 16, 1962.