Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.
abolitionist position, 209–11
accuracy
ballistic missile, 41, 83, 75, 94, 100, 106–7
intelligence information, 110, 116, 208
active detection systems, 158–59
active stockpiles, 76
advanced conventional
weapons, 117–32. See also conventional weapons
ballistic missiles and, 118–23
electronic and cyber warfare, 123–26
future of nuclear weapons and, 118, 205–6, 215, 219
intelligence information and, 129–32
low-yield nuclear weapons on precision delivery vehicles, 126–29
U. S. military superiority in, 1–4, 117
aerial bombardment strategy, 45–46
Agnew, Harold, 47
Agni missile, 94
Airborne Laser, 168
aircraft attacks, 163–66. See also bombers
aircraft carriers, 118
air defenses, 110–11, 163–66
Air Force, U. S., 76, 81–84, 165, 168. See also bombers
air-launched cruise missiles (ALCMs), 81–82
Air National Guard, U. S., 165
air-to-surface (ASMP) missiles, 94
Alamogordo test site, 1–2, 16, 23–24
ALCMs (air-launched cruise missiles), 81–82
All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics, 34, 38
ambiguity, purposeful, 128, 207
analyis, intelligence information and, 131
anchor store strategy, 183
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972, 61, 169–70
anti-communism, 5–6, 52
anti-nuclear position, 9, 128–29, 209–11
anti-tank neutron bombs, 106
arms control agreements
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972, 61, 169–70
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 5, 30, 66, 148–49, 178, 185, 192
Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program, 65–66
Great Britain and, 92–93
inactive stockpiles and, 76
inspection agreements, 64, 138, 210, 213, 219–20
Limited Test Ban Treaty, 57, 148
Moscow Treaty of 2002, 66–67, 84, 214, 216
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1970, 5, 44, 137–40, 155
Open Skies Treaty of 2002, 210
START I Treaty of 1991, 65
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT and SALT II), 60, 62–63
U. S. Disarmament Agency and, 55
arms race issues, 3, 53–58, 64
arsenals, nuclear, 69–97
China’s, 94
Cold War and, 57–58, 69
command and control systems, 87–88
delivery packages and stockpile types, 74–76
designs and tests of, 96–97
development of, by other nations, 91–92, 96
France’s, 93–94
Great Britain’s, 92–93
India’s, 94
Iran’s, 95
Israel’s, 96
limiting, 212–14 (see also arms control agreements)
maintaining (see maintenance issues)
North Korea’s, 95
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and, 138–39, 155
Pakistan’s, 95
as proliferation incentive, 135–36
Russian Federation’s, 6–7, 89–90
two-stage designs and terminology of, 69–74
of United States, 69–70, 76–87
assured destruction. See mutually assured destruction theory
atomicarchive.com, 99
atomic bombs, 1–2, 15–21, 27, 33–40. See also nuclear weapons
atomic energy, 51–52, 134, 137–38. See also power generation
Atomic Energy Commission, 47–48, 174
Atomic Weapons Establishment, 185
atoms, 13–14
Atoms for Peace program, 51–52, 134, 137–38
attack, nuclear. See nuclear attack, defense against
B1 bombers, 62
B2 bombers, 29, 77, 79, 81–82, 84, 218
B29 bombers, 17–18, 46
B52 bombers, 29, 57–58, 69, 77, 81–83, 195
B61 strategic bomb, 76–79
B83 strategic bomb, 29, 72, 77, 79
ballistic missiles. See also cruise missiles; warheads
advanced conventional weapons on, 118–23
air-to-surface (ASMP) missiles, 94
China’s, 94
command and control systems for, 87–88
defense against, 166–72
defense systems of, 8–9, 60–61, 63–64, 172, 219
as delivery vehicles, 77, 80
development of, 40–42, 53–55
France’s, 93–94
Great Britain’s, 93
India’s, 94
land-based (see intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs))
launchers as targets, 107–9
maintenance of, 195–97
MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle), 60, 83–84
necessity of, 217–18
Pakistan’s, 95
Russian Federation’s, 89–90, 201
separating warheads from, 212–13
soft area targets and, 112
soft point targets and, 107–10
strategic triad and, 8, 53–55
submarine-launched (SLBMs), 42, 77, 84–87, 195–97
targeting (see targeting; targets)
terminology and types of, 72–76
U. S. Air Force, 81–84
warhead size and, 29
battleships, 118
Bear-class long-range bombers, 90
Belarus, 7
Belorussia, 89
Beria, Lavrenti, 33, 35
beryllium, 192
biological weapons, 2–3, 107–9, 119, 204–5, 209
birth control, Chinese, 202–3
Blackjack bombers, 90
blast waves, 74, 102
blindness, 104
bombers
advanced conventional weapons and, 122
ballistic missiles vs., 40
bombing of Japan with, 17–20
defense against, 163–66
maintaining, 195
manned vs. unmanned, 217–18
massive aerial bombardment strategy, 45–46
Russian Federation’s, 90
strategic triad and, 8, 54
supersonic long-range, 62
U. S. arsenal of, 69–70, 77, 79–84
bombs, strategic nuclear, 72–73, 75, 76–79. See also nuclear weapons; warheads
boost-phase intercepts, 167–68
Borey submarine, 90
brain drain, 182–83. See also personnel
Brilliant Pebbles defense scheme, 171–72
bunkers, targeting, 112–14, 119
burn effects, 104
Bush, George H. W., 30, 65, 148, 178
Bush, George W., 66–67, 214
Canada, 164–65
cancer effects, 44
carbon composite heat shields, 74–75
Carter, Jimmy, 62–63
cases, hydgrogen bomb, 72
Castro, Fidel, 59
Center for International Security Studies, 10–11
centrifuges, 21–22, 141–42
chain reaction, nuclear, 14–15
chemical weapons, 2–3, 107–9, 204
China
nuclear forces of, 5, 94, 202–4
nuclear weapons development of, 43–44, 91–92, 97, 133, 149–50
Pakistan and, 95, 150
stockpile stewardship of, 188–89
Churchill, Winston, 20, 487
cities, targeting, 112
civilian airliner attacks, 164
civilians, targeting. See countervalue targeting
clandestine attacks, 156–63
clean nuclear weapons, 39
Clinton, Bill, 66, 178
codes, launch, 88, 212–13
Cold War. See also Soviet Union; United States
missile accuracy, 108
missile defense systems, 172
mutually assured destruction theory (see mutually assured destruction theory)
Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) after, 7–11
nuclear proliferation, 133–36
nuclear strategies after, 65–66
nuclear weapons, 4–7, 199–201
U. S. nuclear weapons reduction after, 178–79
U. S.–Russian Federation nuclear collaboration after, 30–32, 151
colors, atomic bombs and, 99
command and control systems, 81, 87–88, 101, 108–9, 113–14, 123–26, 154–55
commercial flights, 164
communications
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and, 38, 105–6
electronic warfare and, 123–24
protocols for advanced conventional weapons, 120
targeting, 115–16
communism, 5–6, 52
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 5, 30, 66, 148–49, 178, 185, 192
compression techniques, 22–24
computers
cyber warfare and, 123–26
design laboratories and, 183
electromagnetic pulse disruption of, 105
missile guidance, 100
simulations, 186–89
Congress, U.S., 10–11, 30, 66, 126–27, 129, 148–49, 178–79, 185
containment policy, 51–52
conventional weapons
advanced (see advanced conventional weapons)
chemical and biological targets and, 109–10
Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) and, 8-9
nuclear weapons vs., 73–74, 102
Russian Federation’s, 201
soft area targets and, 101, 110
Soviet, 58–59
U.S. superiority in, 67, 210–11
Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program, 65–66, 151
cosmic rays, 159
Council on Foreign Relations, 52
counterforce targeting, 48–49, 61–63, 100, 207–8, 215–16. See also targeting; targets
counterstrike strategy, 56–57, 60
countervalue targeting, 46, 55, 56, 100, 112, 203, 205–6. See also targeting; targets
critical mass, 23
cruise missiles. See also missiles
air-launched (ALCMs), 81
defense against, 163–66
development of, 62
disadvantages of, 218
U.S. arsenal of, 72, 77, 81–82, 87
Cuban Missile Crisis, 59
Curie, Marie, 14
cyber warfare, 125–26
D5 missile, 77, 84–87, 93, 121
defense. See nuclear attack, defense against
Defense Science Board, 176
Defense Threat Reduction
Agency, 10, 122, 159, 161–62
delivery packages, 74–75
delivery vehicles, 77, 81–87, 126–29, 195–97, 215. See also ballistic missiles; bombers; submarines
Delta submarine, 90
Department of Defense, U. S., 175
Department of Energy, U. S., 174–75, 179–80
Department of Homeland Security, U. S., 157, 162–63
design laboratories, 175–76, 179–83. See also Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Los Alamos National Laboratory; production plants; Sandia National Laboratories
designs, nuclear weapon, 70–72, 96–97, 140, 144–47
detection systems, 157–63, 210
deterrence. See also mutually assured destruction theory
command and control systems and, 87–88
as defense, 156
defense systems and, 170, 172–73
future of, 68
low-yield nuclear weapons and, 127–28
massive retaliation as, 207–8
nuclear weapons and, 117–18, 136
self-deterrence, 9, 61–62
Soviet containment as, 51, 53
detonation, nuclear weapon, 102–4, 145, 153–54
deuterium, 26
devices, nuclear weapon, 144–47. See also nuclear weapons
diagnostic tests, 18, 194
directed energy weapons, 30
disarmament, 209–11. See also arms control agreements
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, 162–63
Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrotest Facility, 183–84
dual-key authorization, 59
Dulles, John Foster, 52
earth-penetrating weapons, 77–79, 115, 217
Einstein, Albert, 15
Eisenhower, Dwight, 6, 51–55, 134, 138
electricity generation, 32, 44, 138–40
electromagnetic pulse (EMP), 38, 103, 104–5, 197
electronic warfare, 123–24
electrons, 13–15
Ellis, James, 9
energy, atomic. See atomic energy
Energy Research and Development Administration, 174
engineering laboratories, 181–82. See also Sandia National Laboratories
engineers, 179, 182–83, 194–95
environmental damage, nuclear testing and, 57
Europe, 58–59, 135
fallout, radioactive, 39, 57, 74, 102–4. See also radioactivity
fire effects, 104
first responders, 161
first strike strategy, 50, 54, 56, 64, 207
fission, nuclear, 14, 26, 70, 102
flexible response policy, 56–57, 61–62
France
nuclear forces of, 5, 93–94
nuclear weapons development of, 43–44, 91, 97, 146–47
stockpile stewardship of, 188–89
fusion, nuclear, 26–27, 36, 71, 181
gamma rays, 74, 102, 104–5
Germany, 3, 15–16, 40–41, 48, 135
Goddard, Robert, 40
Goodpaster, Andrew, 212
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 64
Great Britain
nuclear forces of, 5, 92–93
nuclear weapons development of, 20, 43–44, 91, 97
stockpile stewardship by, 188–89
guidance systems, 75, 109–10
gun-assembled design, 23–25, 140, 144–45
Hahn, Otto, 14–15
hard point targets, 101, 112–14, 119
heat effects, 104
Hecker, Sigfried, 30–31
high-altitude detonation, 103–4
high-velocity warheads, 119–20, 122
high-yield nuclear weapons, 73, 96–97
Hiroshima bombing, 17–20, 23, 25, 98–99, 103
hydrodynamic energy, 102
hydrogen bombs, 25–30, 36, 41, 50–51, 53, 70–72, 147. See also nuclear weapons
hydrogen isotopes, 26–27
image recognition, 110
implosion design, 23–24, 26, 34, 70–71, 140, 145
inactive stockpiles, 76
India, 5, 44, 94, 97, 130, 135, 147, 155, 163, 204
information See intelligence information
insensitive high explosive (IHE), 71
inspection agreements, 64, 138, 210, 213, 219–20
intellectual capital. See personnel
intelligence information
advanced conventional weapons and, 129–32
clandestine attacks and, 157–59
importance of accurate, 110, 116, 208
interceptor missiles, 84, 165, 168–72
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). See also ballistic missiles
advantages and disadvantages of, 120
Minuteman III, 72, 77, 80, 83–84, 85, 88, 120, 195–97
missile defense systems and, 60, 62–63
MX (Peacekeeper), 62–63, 84
strategic triad and, 8, 53–55
U. S. arsenal of, 72, 77, 80, 89–90
intermediate-range missiles, 121
internal sensors, 88
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 134, 138–39
ionization, 38–39
Iran, 5, 44, 95, 136–37, 139, 147, 204
Iraq, 67, 123, 129, 131–32, 161–62
isotopes
hydrogen, 26–27
medical, 44, 138
uranium, 21–22, 140–41
Israel, 96, 135
jamming, communications, 124
Japan, 3, 16–20, 23–26, 45–47, 70, 98–99. See also Hiroshima bombing; Nagasaki bombing
Johnson, Kenneth, 185
Kahn, A. Q., 147
Kazakhstan, 7, 57, 89
Kennedy, John, 6, 55–57, 133–34
Khariton, Yuli, 32, 33, 38
Khrushchev, Nikita, 6, 37, 59
kiloton term, 73
Kurchatov, Igor, 33–34
laboratories. See design laboratories
land-based missiles. See intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
lasers, 168, 181–84, 187
launch codes, 88, 212–13
launchers, missile, 107–9
Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, 171–72, 175, 181–83, 187
lead shielding, 160
Lebed, Alexander, 152
LeMay, Curtis, 46, 48–50, 56, 202
Libya, 114, 147
Limited Test Ban Treaty, 57, 148
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 21, 30–31, 47, 175, 180–84
low-yield nuclear weapons, 73, 96, 126–29, 201
Lugar, Dick, 65–66
M45 and M51 ballistic missiles, 93–94
mafia, Russian, 151–52
maintenance issues, 174–97
delivery vehicle maintenance, 195–97
Electromagnetic Pulse research, 197
nuclear weapons laboratories, 174–76
personnel, 194–95
remanufacture issues, 188–92
Stockpile Stewardship Program, 178–88
testing issues, 176–78, 192–94
Manhattan Project, 16, 20–21, 33–34, 43, 71, 91, 180
Mark 5 and Mark 12A reentry bodies, 75
Marshall Islands, 104
Massive Ordnance Air Bomb, 74
massive retaliation policy, 52–53, 172–73, 207–8
maximalist position, 214–15
McNamara, Robert, 56–58
medical technology, 44, 138, 160
megaton term, 73
microelectronics research, 183
micronukes, 73, 96, 106, 109, 127–28
microwave weapons, 124, 126
mid-course phase intercepts, 167, 168–69
military targets. See counterforce targeting
minimalist position, 212–14
mini-nukes, 109. See also micronukes
Minuteman III ballistic missile, 72, 77, 80, 83–84, 85, 88, 120, 195–97
MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle) technology, 60, 83–84
missile defense systems, 8–9, 60–61, 63–64, 172, 219
missiles. See ballistic missiles; cruise missiles; interceptor missiles; short-range missiles; warheads
modernization programs
Ronald Reagan’s, 64
Russian Federation’s, 67–68, 89–90, 129, 170, 200
modification attacks, computer network, 125–26
Moscow Treaty of 2002, 66–67, 84, 214, 216
multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) technology, 60, 83–84
mushroom clouds, 18, 102–3
mutually assured destruction theory, 45–68
George H. W. Bush and, 65–66
George W. Bush and, 66–68
Jimmy Carter and, 62–63
Bill Clinton and, 68
Dwight Eisenhower and, 51–55
John Kennedy and, 55–59
origins of, in massive aerial bombardment strategy, 45–48
Richard Nixon, James Schlesinger, and, 60–62
Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) and, 7–11
Ronald Reagan and, 63–64
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and, 60, 62–63
Harry Truman and, 47–51
MX (Peacekeeper) intercontinental ballistic missiles, 62–63, 84
Nagasaki bombing, 17–20, 24, 26, 34, 70, 103
National Academy of Science, 176
National Ignition Facility (NIF), 181–82, 184
National Laboratories. See design laboratories
National Missile Defense, 169
National Nuclear Security
Administration (NNSA), 174–75
National Security Council, 52
Navy, U. S., 76, 84–87, 118, 170
neutron bomb, 39, 106
neutrons, 13–14, 74, 102, 158–59
neutron-scattering facility, 183
Nevada Test Site, 27, 103–4, 150, 162–63, 175, 181–82, 192–94
Nixon, Richard, 60–61
“no first use” policy, 63
North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), 164–65
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 58–59
North Korea, 5, 44, 49–50, 95, 135, 140, 147, 204
Novaya Zemlya Soviet test site, 37–39, 57, 90, 188–89
nuclear attack, defense against, 156–73
aircraft or cruise missile attacks, 163–66
ballistic missile attacks, 166–72
changing nature of, 172–73
clandestine attacks, 157–63
countervalue targeting and, 205–6
defensive weapons, 30
deterrence as, 156
missile defense systems, 8–9, 60–61, 63–64, 172, 219
rogue states, terrorism, and types of attacks, 156–57
nuclear club, 43–44
Nuclear Nonproliferation
Treaty of 1970, 5, 44, 137–40, 155
Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), 7–11
nuclear proliferation, 133–55
defense against, 173
detonation issues, 153–54
development issues, 140–47
early U. S. arms control efforts, 133–36 (see also arms control agreements)
future of, 204–5
Great Britain on, 92–93
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1970 and, 5, 44, 137–40, 155
nuclear testing issues, 148–49
reversing, 136–37
security issues, 149–55
terrorism and, 5, 9, 11
Harry Truman and, 48
U. S.–Russian Federation collaboration and, 30–32
nuclear technology, peaceful, 44, 51–52, 137–38
nuclear threshold, 109, 127–28
nuclear umbrella, Europe and, 135
nuclear weapons. See also atomic bombs; hydrogen bombs
bombing of Japan with, 16–21 (see also Hiroshima bombing; Nagasaki bombing)
command and control systems of, 81, 87–88, 101, 108–9, 113–14, 123–26, 154–55
controlling (see arms control agreements)
current arsenals of (see arsenals, nuclear)
defense against (see nuclear attack, defense against)
designs of, 70–72, 96–97, 140, 144–47
development issues, 140–47
development of first, 1–2, 13–16, 21–30
effects of, 101–7, 111, 197
first test of, 1–2 (see also testing, nuclear weapons)
future of (see nuclear weapons, future of)
history of (see nuclear weapons, history of)
low-yield, 126–29
maintaining (see maintenance issues)
mutually assured destruction theory and (see mutually assured destruction theory)
proliferation of (see nuclear proliferation)
qualitative difference of, and nuclear threshold, 47–48, 109, 127–28, 207
replacing, with advanced conventional weapons (see advanced conventional weapons)
systems of, 81
targeting (see targeting; targets)
terminology of, 72–74
nuclear weapons, future of, 198–220
abolitionist position on, 209–11
advanced conventional weapons and, 117–18 (see also advanced conventional weapons)
author’s position on, 198–99, 215–20
China and, 202–4
countervalue targeting defense and, 205–6
maximalist position on, 214–15
minimalist position on, 212–14
moderate position on, 215–18
new weapons development and, 218–19
Nuclear Posture Reviews and, 7–11
proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and, 204–5
Russian Federation and, 199–201
six basic considerations for, 206–9
U. S. military superiority and, 1–4
nuclear weapons, history of, 13–44
atomic bombing of Japan, 16–20
ballistic missiles, nuclear-powered submarines, and, 40–42
Cold War strategies, 4–7 (see also Cold War)
first U. S. atomic bomb test, 1–2
nuclear fission discovery and atomic bomb project, 13–16
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1970, 44
Nuclear Posture Reviews, 7–11
nuclear weapons development by other countries, 43–44
Soviet nuclear weapons development, 20–21, 33–40
U.S. collaboration with Russian Federation, 30–32
U.S. nuclear weapons development, 21–30
nucleus, atomic, 13–14
Nunn, Sam, 65–66
Open Skies Treaty of 2002, 210
Oppenheimer, Robert, 25, 27
optimum height of burst, 107
Pakistan, 5, 44, 95, 97, 135, 147, 150, 155, 163, 204
Pantex production plant, 175, 180, 191
passive detection systems, 158–59
Patriot missiles, 165
peace, strategic, 206–7, 220
peaceful nuclear technology, 44, 51–52, 137–38
Peacekeeper (MX) missiles, 62–63, 84
personnel, 161, 179, 182–83, 194–95
photo-reconnaissance flights, 210
physics design laboratories, 180–83. See also design laboratories; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
physics package, 75, 78
plasticizer, 186–87
plutonium
nuclear proliferation and, 142–44, 154
nuclear weapons and, 15, 21–24, 70–71, 102
U. S. production capacity for, 179, 190–92
Polaris missile, 55
populations, targeting. See countervalue targeting
port security, 157–58
power generation, 32, 44, 138–40
precision-delivery vehicles, 126–29, 215
preemptive strike. See first strike strategy
presidential authority, nuclear weapons and, 47–48, 52–53, 88, 127, 212
pressure pulse, 112
preventive war strategy, 50, 56
primary stage, 70–72
production plants, 175, 179–81, 189–90. See also design laboratories
proliferation, nuclear. See nuclear proliferation
protons, 13–14
Putin, Vladimir, 89–90, 200–201, 214
Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties method, 186
radar defenses, 164–65
radiationdetection systems, 157–63, 210
radioactivity
of fallout, 39, 57, 74, 102–4
medical technology and, 44
of nuclear waste, 143
of plutonium, 22, 35, 143, 190–91
radiationdetection systems and, 157–63, 210
on Soviet submarines, 42
of uranium, 14
Reagan, Ronald, 30, 63–64
redundancy, 219
reentry bodies or vehicles, 74–75
reliability issue, 71
remanufacture issue, 188–92, 219
reserve forces, 56–57
Rickover, Hyman, 42
rocket-assisted warheads, 122
Rocky Flats production plant, 179
rogue states, 156, 173
Roosevelt, Franklin, 15–16
Russian Federation. See also Soviet Union
author and, 31–32, 34, 38–39
Iran and, 139
microwave weapons of, 124
nuclear modernization program of, 67–68, 89–90, 129, 170, 200
nuclear security in, 150–53, 154
nuclear testing and, 188
nuclear weapons systems of, 7, 89–90, 96, 199–201, 216
START II Treaty of 1996 and, 66
U. S. collaboration with, 30–32, 65–66, 173
safety issues, 58, 71, 81
Sakharov, Andre, 36, 37–39, 41
Sandia National Laboratories, 175, 181–83
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 93
satellites, 44, 53–54, 106, 166–67, 216
Savannah River production plant, 175, 179, 191–92
Schlesinger, James, 61–62
scientists, 15, 36–37, 179, 182–83, 194–95
SCUD missiles, 107, 119, 165
secondary effect, 104
secondary stage, 70–72
secrecy. See also intelligence
information intelligence agencies and, 130
nuclear proliferation despite, 133–35
Soviet, 31–32, 41
U.S., 9–10, 20–21, 72
security issues, 11, 58, 71–72, 150–53, 154–55. See also nuclear attack, defense against
self-deterrence, 9, 61–62
self-targeting capabilities, 110
Senate, U. S., 30, 66, 148–49, 178, 185. See also Congress, U.S.
sensors, internal, 88
Sentinel missile, 60
shielding, lead, 160
short-range missiles, 121–22, 163–66. See also cruise missiles
signal interception, 124
silos, targeting, 112–14
simulations, computer, 186–89
Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), 52–53, 56–57
size, nuclear weapon, 28–29, 75, 110–12
smuggling, 157–63, 165–66
soft area targets, 101, 107, 110–12
soft kills, 126
soft point targets, 101, 107–10, 119
soil, radioactivity and, 102–3
South Africa, 96, 137
Soviet Union. See also Russian Federation
China and, 43–44, 149–50
Cold War and, 4–7, 199–200 (see also Cold War)
collapse of, 6–7, 30–32, 89, 96, 129
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1970 and, 44
nuclear-powered submarines of, 42
nuclear weapons development of, 5, 20–21, 33–40, 48–51, 75, 91, 97
Space-Based Infrared Systems, 169
speed, warhead, 110, 119–20, 122
Sputnik satellite, 53–54
SS-18 Satan missile, 89–90
SS-19 Stiletto missile, 89
SS-25 Sickle missile, 89
SS-27 intercontinental ballistic missile, 89, 201, 216
SSBN submarines, 85–86
SSGN submarines, 121
Stalin, Joseph, 20–21, 33, 35
Standard Missile, 121
standoff weapons, 79–80
START I Treaty of 1991, 65
START II Treaty of 1996, 66
Star Wars defense system, 63–64
stealth bomber. See B2 bombers
step-by-step method, 31–32
Stockpile Assessment Team (SAT), 175–76
stockpiles, active and inactive, 75–76. See also arsenals, nuclear
Stockpile Stewardship Program, 183–88. See also maintenance issues Strassman, Fritz, 14–15
Strategic Air Command (SAC), 48, 65. See also United States Strategic Command
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT/SALT II), 60, 62–63
strategic arms treaties. See arms control agreements
strategic bombing, 46, 48
Strategic Command. See United States Strategic Command
Strategic Defense Initiative, 63–64
strategic nuclear weapons, 60, 65, 72–73, 75
strategic peace, 206–7
strategic targeting. See counterforce targeting
strategic triad, 8, 54–55. See also ballistic missiles; bombers; submarines
strategies, nuclear, 4–11, 92–93. See also first strike strategy; mutually assured destruction theory; nuclear weapons, future of; targeting
subatomic particles, 13–14
subcritical tests, 193–94
submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), 42, 73, 77, 84–87, 93, 120–21, 195–97. See also ballistic missiles
submarines
advanced conventional weapons on, 120–21
ballistic missiles and, 54–55, 58, 73, 84–87
development of nuclear-powered, 42
France’s, 93–94
Great Britain’s, 93
India’s, 94
Russian Federation’s, 90
SALT and, 60
strategic triad and, 8, 54–55
suitcase bombs, 152
super-hard targets, 101, 114–16
supersonic long-range bombers, 62
surface detonation, 102–3
surface ships, 120–21, 170
surface-to-air missiles, 54, 165
surveillance, 125, 216. See also intelligence information
Sweden, 96, 137
Switzerland, 96, 137
systems, nuclear weapons, 81. See also nuclear weapons
tactical nuclear weapons, 60, 62, 65, 67–68, 73, 83
tank formations, 106
targeting. See also strategies, nuclear; targets
counterforce, 48–49, 61–62, 73
countervalue, 46, 55, 56
countervalue vs. counterforce, 100–101
Hiroshima as counterforce, 98–99
targets, 98–116
categories of, 101, 116
countervalue vs. counterforce targeting, 100–101 (see also targeting)
hard point, 112–14
nuclear weapons damage and, 101–7
soft area, 110–12
soft point, 107–10
super-hard, 114–16
types of weapons and, 116
Teller, Edward, 25–26, 28, 50
terminal phase intercepts, 167, 172
terrorism
defense against, 156, 173, 208
intelligence failures and, 66, 129
nuclear proliferation and, 5, 9, 11
nuclear weapons development and, 146
testing, nuclear weapons
agreements on, 4–5, 55, 64 (see also arms control agreements)
B61 strategic bomb, 78–79
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 5, 30, 66, 148–49, 178, 185, 192
delivery vehicle testing, 195
Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrotest Facility, 183–84
electronic effects testing, 197
first Soviet, 34–39, 48–49
first U. S., 1–2, 16, 23–24
hydrogen bombs, 27–28, 51, 71
importance of, 97, 148–49
India’s, 94, 97, 130
Limited Test Ban Treaty, 57, 148
maintenance issues and, 176–78, 183–88
Nevada Test Site, 27, 103–4, 150, 162–63, 175, 181–82, 192–94
North Korea’s, 95, 97
Pakistan’s, 95, 97
resumption of underground, 192–94
U. S. moratorium on, 28, 65, 73, 148, 188, 192–94
theft, nuclear weapons, 150–53
thermobarics, 122
thermonuclear hydrogen bombs, 27–28. See also hydrogen bombs
threshold, nuclear, 47–48, 109, 127–28, 207
Threshold Test Ban Treaty of 1974, 148
TN-75 and TN-80/81 warheads, 94
Topol-M RS-12M1 missiles, 89
torpedoes, nuclear-tipped, 96
transporter-erector-launcher (TEL), 89, 94
treaties. See arms control agreements
Trident submarine-launched ballistic missiles, 73, 77, 84–87, 93, 120–21
tritium, 26, 190–92
Truman, Harry, 17, 20–21, 47–50, 174, 211
Trutnev, Yuri, 37–39
tunnels, targeting, 114–16
twenty-first century. See nuclear weapons, future of
two-stage nuclear weapon design, 70–72
Typhoon submarine, 90
Ukraine, 6–7, 89
underground nuclear testing, 57, 78, 148, 192–94
underground targets, 101, 112–14, 119
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
United Nations, 48
United States
Air Force, 76, 81–84, 165, 168
Air National Guard, 165
Cold War and, 4–7 (see also Cold War; mutually assured destruction theory)
Congress, 10–11, 30, 66, 126–27, 129, 148–49, 178–79, 185
Department of Defense, 175
Department of Energy, 174–75, 179–80
Department of Homeland Security, 157, 162–63
Disarmament Agency, 55
military superiority of, 2–3, 8, 117
Navy, 76, 84–87, 118, 170
nuclear arsenal of, 5, 69–70, 76–87
Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) of, 7–11
nuclear reactors in universities of, 139, 141
nuclear testing moratorium of, 28, 65, 73, 148, 188
nuclear weapons development of, 1–2, 21–30, 91, 97 (see also nuclear weapons, history of)
presidential authority over nuclear weapons of, 47–48, 52–53, 88, 127, 212
proposed six basic considerations for nuclear strategy of, 206–9
Strategic Air Command (SAC), 48, 65
United States Strategic Command, 9, 65, 67, 69, 78, 175–76, 205
universities, U. S., 139, 141
unmanned bombers, 218
uranium nuclear proliferation and, 95, 140–44, 154
nuclear weapons and, 14–15, 21–22, 102, 140–41
U.S. production capacity for, 190–92
vehicles, delivery. See delivery
vehicles velocity, warhead, 110, 119–20, 122
verification visits, 138, 210, 213
viruses, computer, 126
W62 warhead, 80
W76 warhead, 77, 84
W78 warhead, 72, 75, 77, 80–81
W80 warhead, 77, 79–80, 87
W87 warhead, 77, 80–81
W88 and W89 warheads, 73, 75, 77, 84
war, 2, 62. See also Cold War; World War II
warheads. See also ballistic missiles
air-launched cruise missile, 82
arsenals of, 79–81 (see also arsenals, nuclear)
China’s, 94
development of new, 219
France’s, 93–94
Great Britain’s, 93
high altitude conventional 119–20
intercepting, 166–72
MIRV technology and, 60
rocket-assisted, 122
Russian Federation’s, 89–90, 201
separating, from missiles, 212–13
speed of, 110, 119–20, 122
submarine-launched ballistic missile, 84–87
size of, 29
terminology and design of, 72–76
Treaty of Moscow and, 66–67
yield of first, 41
waste, radioactive nuclear, 22
weapons. See advanced conventional weapons; biological weapons; chemical weapons; directed energy weapons; nuclear weapons; x-ray lasers
weight, nuclear weapon, 29
World War II, 3, 15–21, 45–46
Wynne, Mike, 159
x-ray lasers, 30
x-rays, 38, 74, 102
x-ray test machine, 183–84
Y12 production plant, 175, 180, 191
yield
of first atomic weapons, 35–36, 37–39
of nuclear weapons, 70–73, 96–97
target hardness and, 106–7