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ADA, 249
Affymetrix, 267
ageing, 196—205
AIDS, 124—5, 205, 267—9
Alkaptonuria, 39, 52, 71
Allison, Anthony, 141
Altman, Sidney, 18
Alzheimer’s disease:
APO-E4 association with, 261-8
inheritance of, 54, 59, 273, 309
American Lung Association, 68, 73
Ames, Bruce, 233-4
Ammon’s horn, 227—8
Amos, William, in, 112
Anderson, French, 248—9
Anderson, Gerry, 293
Angelman, Harry, 207—8
Angelman syndrome, 212-4
apoptosis, 238—42
Apple, 181
Applied Biosystems, 245
Ardipithecus skeleton, 30
Aristode, 13, 16, 174, 184
Ashkenazi Jews, 191—2
Ashworth, Dawn, 132-3
Asquith, Herbert, 294
asthma, 66-75 Austad, Steven, 201-2
Avery, Oswald, 14—15
Avery, Roy, 14
Ayer, A. J., 313
baboon, 154—60
Bailey, Michael, 118
Bakewell, Robert, 272
Baldwin, James Mark, 220-22, 230
Balfour, Arthur, 293
Bateson, William, 39, 45-6, 174
BCG, 69
Beadle, George, 47
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, 210
Bede, Venerable, 3 5
bell curve, The (R. J. Herrnstein, C. Murray), 86
Belloc, Hilaire, 293
Bell Telephone Company, 15 5
Berg, Paul, 244, 261
Bickerton, Derek, 94—5
Binet, Alfred, 78, 88
Biogen, 245
Blackburn, Elizabeth, 197
Blaese, Michael, 248—9
Blanchard, Ray, 119
Blanchflower, Danny, 266
blood groups, 136—47
Blunt, Wilfred Scawen, 294
BMP4, 179
Boas, Franz, 92
Boer War (1899-1902), 288
Borna disease, 143
Bouchard, Thomas, 82
Bowman Gray Medical School, North Carolina, 170
Brave new world (Aldous Huxley), 303
breast cancer see cancer Brittan, Sam, 308
Broca’s aphasia, 96, 101
Brock report (1934), 296—7
Brock, Sir Laurence, 296
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), 59. 281–5
Buck v Bell (1927), 290
Buck, Carrie, 290
Buck, Doris, 290
Buck, Emma, 290
Buck, Vivian, 290
Buckland, Richard, 132—3
Burt, Cyril, 88
Buder, Samuel, 17
Caldicott, Dame Fiona, 265
California Institute of Technology, 312
California Supreme Court, 136
Calment, Jeanne, 203
Calvin, John, 54, 56
Cambrian explosion, 26, 180—1
cancer:
breast, 190— 1, 236
DCC suppresses, 244
TP53 prevents, 233—42
Capecchi, Mario, 254—5
Carnegie, Andrew, 289
Carter, Rita, 311
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca, 188—90
Cech, Thomas, 18
Cecil, Lord Robert, 295
Celera, 246
cerebellar ataxia, 59
Cetus, 245
Chagas’ disease, 15 7
Chaplin, Charlie, 136
Chesterton, G. K., 293
chimpanzee, 24, 27—37, 127
Chomsky, Noam, 92—3, 103
chronic fatigue syndrome see ME
Churchill, Winston, 294
Cline, Martin, 247
Clinique Medicale (Armand Trousseau), 67
cloning, 212—3, 255—7
Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, 224, 238, 289
Collins, John, 308
Colossus (computer), 15
Columbia University, 46 ‘comma-free code’, 50
Committee for the Prevention of Jewish Genetic Disease, 191, 299
Concepcion, Maria, 57 Consilience (Edward Wilson), 310
Cookson, William, 72—3
Coppens, Yves, 31
Correns, Carl, 44
Cortisol, 149—56
Cosmides, Leda, 102—3
CREB, 224—6, 229, 302
Creutzfeldt, Hans, 274
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 274—6, 278-80, 284-5
Crick, Francis, 13, 14, 49—51, 61, 138, 276, 280
Culver, Kenneth, 250
cyclic AMP, 223—4, 226
cystic fibrosis, 142 see also Tay-Sachs disease
Daily Telegraph, 116
Dalton, John, 43
Darwin, Charles, 12, 43, 44—6, 93, 103—4, 157—8, 287, 294, 310
Darwin, Erasmus, 12, 22
Darwin, Leonard, 294
Davenport, Charles, 289
Davies, Michael, 160
Davis, Ronald, 226
Dawkins, Richard, 26, 50, 104, 128
DAX, no de LaPlace, Pierre-Simon, 311
Delbruck, Max, 13
de Miranda, Juan Carreno, 206
Department of Health, 296
de Robertis, Eddie, 177
Descartes, Rene, 47, 153 Descent of Man, The (Charles Darwin), 158
de Silva, Ashanthi, 249
de Vries, Hugo, 44
Diamond, Milton, 218
DNA:
ageing process and, 203
chimpanzee, 28
discovery of, 12—17
fingerprinting, 132—6
function of, 7—9
libraries, 246
‘recombinant’, 244, 248
scrapie agent, 276
‘selfish’, 124, 127-31, 212, 246
structure of, 49—53
Dolgopolsky, Aharon, 187
Dolly, 208, 213, 255
dopamine, 162-7
Down syndrome, 287—8, 298
du Chaillu, Paul, 29
Dulbecco, Renato, 240
Dunnet, George, 201
‘East Side Story’, 31
Eaves, Lyndon, 313
Ebstein, Richard, 163
Eli Lilly, 168
Ellis, Havelock, 292
Epstein-Barr virus, 241
embryological development, 173—84
embryonic stem cells, 254—7
eugenics, 286—300
Eugenics Education Society, 292—4
European Union, 151, 284
Evolution: the four-billion year war (M. Majerus, W. Amos, G. Hurst), 109
Fabian Society, 292—3
First World War (1914-18), 38, 79
Fisher, Sir Ronald, 42, 46, 291—2
Fleming, Alexander, 258
Flynn, James, 89—90
Focke, W. C, 44
Forensic Science Service, 134
Forterre, Patrick, 20
Frankenstein, 219, 251, 252
Franklin, Rosalind, 13, 14
Freeman, Derek, 92
free will, 75, 301 — 13
Freud, Sigmund, 92, 119, 218, 305—6
Friends of the Earth, 2 5 2
fruit fly, 129, 175—84
Furi, Sandra, 144-5
Gajdusek, Carleton, 273—4, 277
Galton, Francis, 78, 85, 89, 90, 287—9, 291, 298
Gardner, Howard, 80
Garrod, Archibald, 38-41, 46, 47, 52
Garrod, Sir Alfred Baring, 38
Gehring, Walter, 177, 178
Genentech, 245
genetically modified organisms, 251—7
genetic engineering, 244—50
genetic imprinting, 210-18
genetic screening, 261—9
Geron Corporation, 199, 205
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, 278
Gibbs, Joe, 274
Gladstone, Herbert, 293
Goddard, H. H., 78, 79, 289
Gopnik, Myrna, 98—100
Gould, Stephen Jay, 88, 306
Great Ormond Street Hospital, 39
Greenberg, Joseph, 187
Greenpeace, 252
Greider, Carol, 197
Grotewiel, Michael, 226
Gusella, Jim, 5 8
Guthrie, Woody, ;6, 57
Guy’s Hospital, 60
Hadlow, Bill, 273-4
Haeckel, Ernst, 182, 288-9
Haig, David, 3, 114, 209—11
Haldane, J. B. S., 146, 201, 292, 297
Hall, Peter, 235
Hamer, Dean, 116, 117-8, 163-5, 168
Hamilton, W. D., 120, 146
Harley, Cal, 199
Harris, Henry, 235
Harris, Judith Rich, 305-7
Harwood, John, 112
Hayes, Brian, 51
heart disease:
effects of APOE activity on causes of, 259-61
MrFit trial, 169-70
relation of cholesterol levels with, 148-50, 155
relation of Cortisol levels with, 154-6
relation of testosterone levels with, 159—60
Heisenberg, Werner Karl, 311
Hill, Adrian, 142
Hiroshima bombing, 233, 280
Hider, Adolf, 47
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 265
Holland, Brett, 114-6
Holmes, Justice Oliver Wendell, 290
homeobox, 177
Home Office forensic laboratory, 133
Hox genes, 177—81, 183, 184
"human endogenous retroviruses’ (Hervs), 125
Human Genome Project, 5, 145, 246
Hume, David, 309
Hume’s fork, 301, 309
Huntington’s chorea, 55-66, 75, 241, 264, 280
Huntington, George, 56
Huxley, Aldous, 303—4
Huxley, Julian, 292
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 29, 43
H-Y antigens, 119-21
ICE (interlocus contest evolution), 109, 116
Idenrigene, 134
IGF2R, 77, 87, 210
Illich-Svitych, Vladislav, 187
Immigration Restriction Act 1924 (American), 79, 289—90
infectious disease, 272-85
Ingram, Tony, 311
Institute of Child Health, 98, 216
intelligence:
ape, 29-30, 33
contested relationship with IGF2R, 77, 87
effects of SLI on, 100-01
inheritance of, 76—77, 84—90
testing, 77-90
International Brigade, 48
International Eugenics Conference (London, 1912), 293
Iwasa, Yoh, 215-6
Jakob, Alfons, 275
James, Henry, 93
James, William, 93, 102, 105
Janacek, Leos, 42
Jansky’s nomenclature, 137
Jayakar, Suresh, 146
Jefferson, Thomas, 134
Jeffreys, Alec, 132-3
Jenkin, Fleeming, 43
Jenner, Edward, 258
Johanson, Donald, 33
John-Paul II, Pope, 24
Jones, Sir William, 186
‘jumping genes’, 129-30
Kagan, Jerome, 166
Kamin, Leon, 307
Kandel, Eric, 223—4
Kaplan, Jay, 170
Kelly, Ian, 133
Keynes, J. M., 292
K family, 98-9
Kimura, Motoo, 139
Kingsley, Charles, 29
Kitcher, Philip, 298
Klitzman, Robert, 274
Kuntz, Maurice, 248
Labour Party (British), 292, 294, 297
Lacks, Henrietta, 204
lactase, 192—4
Laetoli footprints, 32
Lake Maracaibo study, 57—8, 62
‘La Monstrua desnuda’ (Juan Carreflo de Miranda), 206
‘La Monstrua vesnda’ (Juan Carreno de Miranda), 206
Lander, Eric, 264
Landsteiner, Karl, 137
Lane, David, 23;
language:
as an instinct, 92—7, 102—6
common ancestry of, 185—90
specific language impairment (SLI), 97—101, 106
Laski, Harold, 292
Leakey, Richard, 33
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 47, 92
Levan, Albert, 24
LeVay, Simon, 116
Levi, Primo, 4
Lewinsky, Monica, 134
Lewontin, Richard, 164, 306, 307
Lorentz (encoding machine), 15
Lowe, Scott, 238, 239
Luca (Last Universal Common Ancestor), 19—22, 25, 26, 198
Luria, Salvador, 48
Lysenko, Trofim, 47
‘mad cow disease’ see BSE
Maddox, John, 178, 266
Maimonides, 71
Man and superman (George Bernard Shaw), 292
Mangiarini, Laura, 60
Mann, Lynda, 132-3
Mao, Xin, 300
Mapping fate (A. Wexler), 64
Marsh, David, 73
Martin, Paul, 159-60
Marx, Karl, 47, 92
Maternal and Infant Health Care Law (Chinese), 299
Matthaei, Johann, 51
May, Robert, 146
McClintock, Barbara, 128
McGuire, Michael, 171
McKenna, Reginald, 294, 295
ME, 152
Mead, Margaret, 92, 297, 306
Medawar, Peter, 201
memory:
effects of CREB activity on, 224-6
long-term potentiation as key to, 227—30
Mendel, Anton, 41
Mendel, Gregor, 39-44, 47-8, 52-3, 65—6, 207, 289, 291—2
Mengele, Josef, 14, 134
Mental Deficiency Bill (1912), 294
Mercer, Joe, 266
Mest gene, 215
"Methuselah’ flies, 204
MHC, 144-5
microsatellites, 124
Microsoft, 181, 244
Miescher, Friedrich, 48
Mingzhang, Chen, 299
minisatellites:
Alu, 126—7, 129— 31
definition of, 124
discovery of, 131—4
LINE-i, 125—27, 129—31
Mobley, Stephen, 308
Money, John, 218
Monsanto, 252
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 45—6
Moss’s nomenclature, 137
Muller, Hermann Joe, 46—8, 49, 119, 176
Nageli, Karl-Wilhelm, 44
Nariokotome skeleton, 33
National Geographic, 113
Nature, 178
Nazi party, 291, 297
Negrette, Americo, 57
Neisser, Ulric, 90
neurodegenerative disease, 54—65
New York Times, 191
News Chronicle, 50
Newton, Sir Issac, 16, 311
Niemann-Pick disease, 54
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 289
Nirenberg, Marshall, 51
Nixon, Richard, 233
Nobel prize, 13, 46, 48, 128, 234, 240, 271, 277
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 264—5
Nusslein-Volhard, Jani, 176
Occam’s razor, 21
origin of life, 11—26
Osier, William, 38
otx genes, 180
Owen, Sir Richard, 29
Painter, Theophilus, 23
Paisley, Bill, 266
Paley, William, 104
Parkinson’s disease, 162, 266
Parry, James, 273
Pauling, Linus, 47
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 223, 304
Pearson, Karl, 288—9, 291, 293, 297, 300
PEG-ADA, 249-50
P element, 129—30
personality:
effects of dopamine levels on, 161 —6
effects of serotonin levels on, 167—72
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 108
Philpott, Mark, 82
Pinker, Steven, 94, 102—3, 310
Pioneer, 253—4
Pitchfork, Colin, 133-4
pleiotropy, 66-75
Plomin, Robert, 77, 87-8, 163
Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 24
Prader-Willi syndrome:
causes of, 213—4
identification of, 206—8
Prado Museum, 206
prion genes, 278-81, 284-5
pronuclei, 208
Prozac, 92, 168
PRP, 272, 277-8
Prusiner, Stanley, 276—9
pseudogenes, 126—35
Punch, 29
Radnor, Earl of, 293
Reagan, Ronald, 264
Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, 248
Rice, William, 113-6
Rift Valley, 30, 32
RNA:
discovery of, 18-19
function of, 7—9, 16
relationship with DNA, 17-18
transfer, 50
Robinson, W. J., 290
Roman Catholic Church, 291, 297
Roosevelt, Theodore, 289
Rose, Michael, 203-4
Rose, Steven, 307
Rosenberg, Steven, 248
Roundish Flat Worm (RFW), 181, 186
Roundup, 252—3
Rous, Peyton, 234
Royal Asiatic Society, 186
Royal Commission on the care and control of the feeble-minded (1908), 293
Ruminant Feed Ban (1988), 282
Rutherford, Ernest, 46
Sadiman volcano (Tanzania), 32
Salk Institute, 116
salmonella, 142
Sanger Centre, 246, 301
Sapir, Edward, 92
Schrodinger, Erwin, 12, 14
Science, 111
SCID (severe combined immune deficiency), 249-50
scrapie, 272—4, 276—7, 279—82
Second World War (1939-4;), 48, 79, 291
sexually antagonistic genes, 107—21
sexual selection, 42—7, 52—3, 158—60
Shannon, Claude, 1;, 16
Shaw, George Bernard, 292
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 171
Shimojo, Shin, 312
sickening mind, The (Paul Martin), 15 9
sickle-cell anaemia, 141
Sigmundson, Keith, 218
Skinner, B. F., 92
Skuse, David, 216—7
SLI (specific language impairment), 97—101, 106
Sociobiology (E. O. Wilson), 306
Southwood committee (1988), 282
Spanish Civil War (1936—9), 48
Spearman, Charles, 80
Specified Bovine Offals Ban (1989), 282
Spencer, Herbert, 287—8
SRY, 110-12
St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 39
St Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy, 180
Sternberg, Robert, 80
Stewart, Gershom, 294
stress:
as a cause of heart disease, 147—57
causes fall in levels of high-density lipoprotein, 154
causes rise in levels of Cortisol, 149—52
relationship with testosterone levels, 157-60
Sulston, John, 246
Supreme Court (American), 290
Sutton, Walter, 4;
Syntactic structures (Noam Chomsky), 92
Szilard, Leo, 280
Tatum, Edward, 47
Tay-Sachs disease, 191
Three Mile Island, 15 3
Tjio, Joe-Hin, 24
Tooby, John, 102
Tredgold, Alfred, 294
Trivers, Robert, 117—8, 215, 310
Trousseau, Armand, 67
Tully, Tim, 224—;
Turing, Alan, 15,16
Turner’s syndrome, 216—7
uracil, 51
‘ur-gene’, 18, 196
Vallejo, Eugenia Martinez, 206
van Helmont, Jan Baptist, 1;
Vavilov, Nikolay, 47-8
Venter, Craig, 246
Verdun, Battle of (1916), 232
Vogt, Oscar, 47
von Tschermak, Erich, 44
Walker, Alan, 33
water babies, The (Charles Kingsley), 29
Watson, James, 13, 14, 48—50, 61, 196, 299, 305-6, 308
Webb, Beatrice, 292
Webb, Sidney, 292
Wederkind, Claus, 144-5
Wedgwood, Josiah, 294—5, 297
Weinberg, Robert, 237
Wellcome Museum of Medicine, 273
Wellcome Trust 246
Wells, H. G., 292
Werner’s syndrome, 203
Wernicke’s area, 97, 101
Wexler, Alice, 64
Wexler, Milton, 57-8, 64
Wexler, Nancy, 62—3, 64, 264
Whorf, Benjamin, 92
Wieschaus, Eric, 176
Wilkins, Maurice, 13, 14
Williams, George, 201
William’s syndrome, 97
Wilson, E. O., 306, 310
Wilson, Vicky, 132
Woese, Carl, 20
Wohler, Friedrich, 15
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, 5 4-5
Wood report (1929), 296
‘xeno-transplants’, 129
X-rays, 47, 176, 233, 294
Xq28, 117, 118
Yerkes, Robert, 79
Young, J. Z., 27
Young, Lady, 116
Zigas, Vincent, 273