Chapter Four

1. Lee Lockwood, Castro’s Cuba, Cuba’s Fidel, Vintage Books, 1969, p. 156.

2. Alfredo “El Chino” Esquivel, interviewed by Adriana Bosch for American Experience, PBS, Miami, FL, unspecified date in 2003.

3. Robert Quirk, Fidel Castro, W. W. Norton, 1993, p. 22.

4. Quirk, op. cit., p 16; Pardo Llada, op. cit., p. 86; and Alina Fernandez, Castro’s Daughter, St. Martin’s Press, 1998, pp. 43, and 54 where she wrote that “he sat comfortably on the sofa and demanded his manicure.”

5. See, for example, Lockwood, p. 72.

6. Speech at the University of Havana, September 4, 1995, in Fidel Castro, Fidel, My Early Years, Ocean Press, 1998, p. 82.

7. Quirk, op. cit., p. 23.

8. Tad Szulc interview of Jose Ignacio Rasco, Tad Szulc Collection, Cuban Heritage Collection, University of Miami Libraries; also Pardo Llada, Fidel, Plaza y Janes Editores Colombia, Ltda., Bogotá, 1976, p. 29.

9. Pardo Llada, op. cit., pp. 19–20.

10. Lionel Martin, The Early Fidel, Lyle Stuart, Inc, 1978, p. 46.

11. Gianni Mina, An Encounter with Fidel, Ocean Press, 1991, p. 36.

12. Esquivel interview, op. cit. See also, Pardo Llada, op. cit., p. 38, and Georgie Anne Geyer, Guerrilla Prince, Little, Brown & Co., 1991, pp. 54–58.

13. Fidel, My Early Years, op. cit., p. 87.

14. Pardo Llada, op. cit., p. 11.

15. Luis Conte Aguero, Fidel Castro: Psiquiatria y Politica, Ed. Jus., Mexico, 1968, p. 31, wrote that “Fidel could not accept the limitations of his country.”

16. Quirk, op. cit., p. 18.

17. Geyer, op. cit., p. 61.

18. Pardo Llada, op. cit., p. 29.

19. Notes of meeting with Fidel Castro by Herbert Matthews, Herbert Matthews Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

20. Stephen G. Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area of the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America, University of North Carolina Press, 1999, pp. 36–39.

21. Interview by Barbara Walters, in Bohemia, July 1, 1977, translation by Cuban government Department of Stenographic Records, Havana.

22. Speech at the University of Havana, September 4, 1995, in Fidel: My Early Years, p. 86.

23. Walters interview, op. cit.

24. Philip Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971, p. 57.

Chapter Five

1. Hugh Thomas, Cuba: the Pursuit of Freedom, Harper and Row, 1971, p. 891.

2. Peter Bourne, Fidel, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1986, p. 48.

3. Interview by Arturo Alape, September 1981, in Fidel Castro, Fidel: My Early Years, Ocean Press, 1998.

4. Carlos Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, The Viking Press, 1980, pp. 9–19; Fidel Castro news conference in Cartagena, Colombia, August 13, 1993, FBIS, August 17, 1993; and Alape interview, op. cit.

5. Interview of Enrique Ovares by Jaime Suchlicki, Miami, FL, May 24, 1967, in Suchlicki, University Students and Revolution in Cuba, 1920–1968, University of Miami Press, 1969, p. 54.

6. Alape interview op. cit., p. 125.

7. Cartagena press conference, op. cit.

8. Ovares interview, op. cit.

9. Gerardo Gallegos, El Bogotazo, undated monograph.

10. K. S. Karol, Guerillas in Power, Hill & Wang, 1970, p. 122.

11. Lionel Martin, The Early Fidel, Lyle Stuart Inc., 1978, p. 64.

12. Ibid., p. 38 quotes a speech Fidel Castro delivered in Chile on December 19, 1971.

13. Betto, in Fidel, My Early Years, op. cit., p. 132.

14. Martin, op. cit., p. 72.

15. Karol, op. cit., p. 123.

16. Robert Quirk, Fidel Castro, W. W. Norton & Co., 1993, p. 29.

17. Pardo Llada, Fidel, Plaza y Janes Editores Colombia, Ltda, Bogota, 1976, p. 42.

18. Documentary evidence from the Pino family collection.

19. Pardo Llada, op. cit., p. 62.

20. Pino family collection.

21. Georgie Anne Geyer, Guerrilla Prince, Little Brown & Co., 1991, p. 100.

22. Interview of Rafael Diaz Balart by Adriana Bosch, Miami, FL, June 2, 2003, American Experience, PBS; and Geyer, op. cit.

23. Coltman, op. cit., p. 56. Also Geyer, p. 100; Rafael Diaz Balart interview op. cit.; and Pardo Llada, op. cit., p. 41.

24. Quirk, op. cit., p. 33.

25. Carlos Maria Gutierrez, “A Conversation with Fidel,” Marcha, Montevideo, Uruguay, August 18, 1967. Punto Final, Chile, September 1–15, 1967, also carried much the same story.

26. Ibid.

Chapter Six

1. Rufo Lopez Fresquet, My Fourteen Months with Castro, World Publishing Co., 1966, p. 49.

2. Luis Conte Aguero, Fidel Castro: Vida Y Obra, Editorial Lex, Havana, 1959, p. 10.

3. Interview of Raul Castro by Mario Vazquez Rana, El Sol de Mexico, Havana, Prensa Latina, April 21, 1993.

4. Juanita Castro testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Un-American Activities Committee, Washington, DC, June 11, 1965.

5. Juana Castro, “My Brother Is a Tyrant and He Must Go,” Life, August 28, 1964, p. 28.

6. Teresa Gurza, “Cuba: Past, Present, Future of Socialist Revolution,” El Dia, September 19, 1975, JPRS 65966, October 20, 1975.

7. Vazquez Rana interview of Raul Castro, op. cit.

8. Raul Castro, “VIII Aniversario del 26 de Julio,” Verde Olivo, July 16, 1961, p. 4.

9. Jesus Montane in Carlos Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, The Viking Press, 1976, p. 54.

10. Herbert Matthews Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

11. Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, W. W. Norton, 1997, p. 71.

12. Author unknown, “Youth in the Struggle for Their Rights,” Pravda, March 24, 1953, no. 83, p. 3.

13. Jules Dubois, Fidel Castro, Bobbs-Merrill, 1959, p. 274.

14. El Dia, op cit.

15. Lee Lockwood, Castro’s Cuba, Cuba’s Fidel, Vintage Books, 1969, p. 163.

16. Nikolai Leonov, Likholete, Moscow, 1994, p. 29, Translations by Alexei Porfirenko.

17. Lester Rodriguez, “La Accion del Palacio de Justicia, Verde Olivo, July 25, 1971, p. 11.

18. Ibid.

19. Peter Bourne, Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro, Dodd Mead & Co, 1986, p. 82.

20. Hilda Gadea, Ernesto: A Memoir of Che Guevara, Doubleday, 1972, p. 98.

21. El Dia, op. cit.

22. Fursenko and Naftali, op. cit; and interview with Timothy Naftali, New York, NY, November 16, 2004.

23. Fursenko and Naftali, op. cit., p. 11.

24. Jon Lee Anderson, Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, Grove Press, 1997, pp. 194–195.

25. Ernesto Che Guevara, Episodes of the Revolutionary War, Guairas, 1967, p. 23.

26. Alberto Bayo, Mi Aporte a la Revolucion Cubana, Imp. Ejercito Rebelde, Havana, 1960, pp. 83–91.

27. Tad Szulc, Fidel, A Critical Portrait, William Morrow & Co., 1986, p. 360.

28. Revolucion, January 26, 1959.

29. “Dialogue with a Deputy of the Enemy,” transcript of “Interview of Fidel Castro by Congressman Stephen Solarz,” Havana, July 6, 1981.

30. Interview with Norberto Fuentes, Coral Gables, FL, November 12, 2004.

Chapter Seven

1. J. Niles Riddel, “National Security and National Competitiveness: Open Source Solutions,” Remarks at the First International Symposium, December 2, 1992.

2. Teresa Casuso, “I Saw Castro Change,” Look, November 21, 1961, p. 125.

3. Dispatch from the Embassy in Cuba to the Department of State, February 18, 1959, in Mark Falcoff, The Cuban Revolution and the United States, U.S.-Cuba Press, 2001, p. 83.

4. Juanita Castro, Speech at Meeting of the Information Council of the Americas, New Orleans, LA, January 18, 1965, from the Theodore Draper Collection, Hoover Archives, Stanford University.

5. Fidel Castro, My Early Years, Ocean Press, 1998, p. 141.

6. Herbert Matthews Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

7. Interview by Barbara Walters, in Bohemia, July 1, 1977, translation by Cuban government Department of Stenographic Records, Havana, July 1977.

8. Tad Szulc, Fidel: A Critical Portrait, William Morrow, 1986, p. 39.

Chapter Eight

1. Charles O. Porter, “An Interview with Fidel Castro,” Northwest Review, Fall 1963, p. 82.

2. Gianni Mina, An Encounter with Fidel, Ocean Press, 1991, p. 12.

3. Telephone interview with Betty Whitehurst, December 7, 2004.

4. I. F. Stone, “Prefatory Note,” in Che Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, Vintage Books, 1969, p. viii.

5. Andres Suarez, Cuba: Castroism and Communism, 1959–1966, MIT Press, 1967, p. 52

6. Carlos Franqui, Family Portrait with Fidel, Vintage Books, 1985, p. 54.

7. Interview with Huber Matos, Miami, FL, February 24, 1986.

8. Jean Paul Sartre, Sartre on Cuba, Ballantine Books, 1961, p. 44.

9. Ibid., pp. 134–135.

10. Interview with Domingo Amuchastegui, Miami, FL, August 2004.

11. Charles Shaw, “A Visit to Raul Castro’s Rebel Hideout in Cuba,” The Sunday Bulletin, Philadelphia, PA, August 3, 1958.

12. Interview with Alina Fernandez, Miami, FL, November 10, 2004.

13. Ibid.

14. I am grateful to Professor Harold Shukman of St. Antony’s College, Oxford University for his assistance with this interpretation of Lenin.

15. “Playboy Interview: Fidel Castro,” Playboy, August 1985, p. 58.

16. Lee Lockwood, Castro’s Cuba, Cuba’s Fidel, Vintage Books, 1969, p. 6.

17. Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men, Simon and Schuster, 1995, p. 208.

18. Interview by Jas Gawronski, La Stampa, FBIS, December 28, 1993.

19. Sally Quinn, The Washington Post, March 27, 1977.

20. Jeffrey M. Elliot and Mervyn M. Dymally, Fidel Castro: Nothing Can Stop the Course of History, Pathfinder Press, 1986, p. 202.

21. Former Cuban government officials now residing in Miami.

22. Mina, op. cit., p. 245.

23. Rolando Bonachea and Nelson Valdes, Revolutionary Struggle, MIT Press, 1972, p. 372.

24. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence, Random House, 1995, p. 85; Leycester Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, Yale University Press, 2003, p. 220.

25. John Gerassi, ed., Venceremos: The Speeches and Writings of Ernesto Che Guevara, Simon and Schuster, 1968, p. 35.

26. Lockwood, op. cit., p. 74.

27. Herminio Portell Villa, Dallas Morning News, July 25, 1963, as cited by Ward M. Morton, Castro as Charismatic Hero, Occasional Publications Number Four, The University of Kansas, January 1965, p. 7.

28. Rafael del Pino, General del Pino Speaks, Cuban American National Foundation, 1987, p. 12.

29. Florentino Aspillaga interview by Georgie Anne Geyer, April 14, 1988, undisclosed location in Virginia, Georgie Anne Geyer Collection, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.

30. The Grenada analysis is based on my previous work, “Castro and the World: The Dilemmas and Anxieties of Cuba’s Aging Leader,” in Cuban Foreign Policy: The New Internationalism, ed. Jaime Suchlicki and Damian Fernandez, University of Miami, 1985.

31. Sally Quinn, op. cit.

32. Carlos Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, Viking Press, 1980, p. 73.

33. Interview by Barbara Walters, in Bohemia, July 1, 1977, translation by Cuban government Department of Stenographic Records, Havana, July 1977.

34. Heberto Padilla, Self Portrait of the Other, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1990, p. 20.

35. K. S. Karol. Guerrillas in Power, Hill and Wang, 1970, p. 467.

36. Elliott and Dymally, op. cit., p. 219.

37. Walters Interview, op. cit.