Index

A

altruism see effective altruism; see also benevolence
animals, ethics of our treatment of xvii–xviii, 28, 58, 103–8, 111
in factory farms 105–6
in research 106–7
killing of 107–8
Anscombe, Elizabeth 70, 89
Aristotle 13, 20, 42

B

Balfour, Eleanor 14
Beccaria, Cesare 3
benevolence 23, 25–6, 28, 31, 41
principle of 25–6, 41
Bentham, Jeremy xvii–xviii, 3–7, 10, 14, 16–20, 22, 31, 42, 44, 73, 74, 79, 95, 104–5, 108–9, 117
Brothers Karamazov, The 65
philosophically improved version of 66–8
Buddha 2

C

Christianity xviii, 42
common-sense morality 11, 23–4, 56
consequentialism xxii, 15, 40–1, 42
pluralist 44, 52–6, 58, 86
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Lord Shaftesbury 2
Crisp, Roger 43, 61
Cumberland, Richard 2

D

Descartes 16
Dickens, Charles xviii
Dostoevsky, Fyodor xviii, 65

E

Edgeworth, F. Y. 71–2
effective altruism 108–12
egoism 2, 11, 13, 22, 23,26, 81
Epicurus 2, 42
esoteric morality 92–4, 96, 97
euthanasia 100–3
experience machine 44–7, 48, 52, 54, 58–61

F

Farmer, Paul 80–1
Foot, Philippa xix

G

Gaskell, Elizabeth xviii
Gautama see Buddha
Godwin, William 3, 79–80
Golden Rule 30, 31
good, goodness 21–2, 23–5, 31,46, 56, 64, 67, 68, 75, 76–7,79, 80, 82, 89, 90, 95–6,107, 110
instrumental 53
intrinsic 2, 15, 42–3, 44, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57
objective 52
ultimate 11, 54
Greene, Joshua 32–41, 70

H

Hampshire, Stuart 98
happiness xviii, xix, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 15, 21–2, 25, 29, 30, 42, 52–4, 60, 61, 63–4, 70, 78, 80, 82, 98–100, 102, 103, 105, 115–17
average 113
distribution of 83–5
Gross National Happiness 115–17
measuring of 70–4, 116, 117
total 84, 114
World Happiness Report 115
Hare, R. M. 29–31, 47
Harsanyi, John 26–7, 31, 52
Helvetius, Claude Adrian 3
hedonism 43–5, 47, 58
Hobbes, Thomas 2
homosexuality xvii, xviii, 6, 38
Hooker, Brad 90–1
Hugo, Victor 88
Hume, David 3, 22
Hutcheson, Francis 3
Huxley, Aldous xviii

I

incest 38
intuition 35, 39–41, 55–7, 70, 86, 102, 114
intuitionism 11
intuitionist 23

J

judgements, moral 16, 23, 24, 28–30, 36–8, 40, 47, 66, 74
justice 17, 22, 23, 52, 54, 56, 69, 79
principle of 25, 29

K

Kahneman, Daniel 72–3
Kant, Immanuel 11, 39, 83, 94

L

liberty 9, 27, 53

M

MacAskill, Will 110
McCloskey, H. J. 68
Marx, Karl xviii
meta-ethics 15
Mill, James 3, 7
Mill, John Stuart xvii–xviii, 3, 6–10, 11, 13, 20–3, 31, 42–3, 45, 53–4, 78, 105
Moore, G. E. 14–15, 21, 57
motive 17, 19, 39, 80
Mozi 1–2

N

Nietzsche, Friedrich xviii, 42
Norcross, Alastair 78
Nozick, Robert 44–6, 47

O

Ord, Toby 109, 111

P

pain 2, 9, 20, 42, 46, 52, 67, 70, 74, 81–2, 102, 109, 114
in animals 104–8see also suffering
Paley, William 3
Pareto, Vilfredo 27
Parfit, Derek xxii, 13, 47–8, 80, 83, 86, 114
Plato 13, 42
pleasure 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 20, 21, 25, 30, 42–5, 46, 52, 54, 60–3, 74, 82, 102, 104–5,108, 114
measuring of 70–1
population 109, 112–15
praise and blame 77–9, 96
Priestley, Joseph 3

R

Rawls, John 13, 16, 24, 27,39–40, 81
reflective equilibrium 16, 24,39, 40
rights
for animals xviii, 107
for women xviii, 10
to die 102–3
rules 1, 11, 17, 23–4, 28,56, 66, 74–5, 78, 88–97,101, 110

S

secrecy see esoteric morality
separateness of persons objection 81–3
sex, morality of 6, 38
Bentham on 6
influence of evolution on morality of 38
value of pleasures of 43
Shelburne, Earl of 3
sheriff and lynch mob case 68–9, 89
Sidgwick, Henry 11–15, 21, 23–6, 28, 29, 31, 41, 42, 56, 71, 81, 86, 93–4, 105, 113
Smart, J. J. C. 13, 17, 27–9, 30,31, 89
Socrates 43, 45
stealing 88, 90, 94, 96
suffering xviii, xix, 2, 28, 42, 57–8, 67, 82, 98–100, 102
of animals 104–7, 109, 111see also pain
surgeon and transplant case 68–9, 89
swine, philosophy of 43

T

Taylor, Gloria 100–3
Taylor, Harriet 8, 10
ticking bomb example 91–2
torture 91–2
trolley problem 32–5

U

utilitarianism
act 88–91
demandingness of 75–9
hedonistic 9, 42–6, 47, 58
ideal 15, 52
preference 30, 46–52, 58
rule 88–91
scalar 78
self-effacingness of 94–7
utility
distribution of 83–7
measuring 70–5

V

value 15, 21, 32, 43, 55, 56, 73, 82, 98, 112
instrumental 42, 58
intrinsic 42, 44–6, 52, 53–9, 61, 63, 78, 84–6

W

well-being xix, 1, 38, 47–50, 53, 54, 56, 62, 71, 73, 86, 88, 99, 100, 115, 116
Williams, Bernard xviii, 93
women, equality of 10, 14