NOTES

INTRODUCTION:
THE RESILIENCE IMPERATIVE

1 35 cents a pound: James McKinley Jr., “Cost of Corn Soars, Forcing Mexico to Set Price Limits,” New York Times, January 19, 2007. www.nytimes.com/2007/01/19/world/americas/19tortillas.html [accessed July 23, 2009].

1 three months earlier: “Mexicans stage tortilla protest,” BBC News, February 1, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6319093.stm [accessed July 23, 2009].

2 elite of the country: Ioan Grillo, “75,000 Protest Tortilla Prices in Mexico,” Washington Post, February 1, 2007. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/01/AR2007020100210_pf.html [accessed July 23, 2009].

2 the 2,900 oil rigs: Robert L. Bamberger and Lawrence Kumins, Oil and Gas: Supply Issues After Katrina and Rita, Congressional Research Service, October 3, 2005. http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS22233_20051003.pdf [accessed November 25, 2011].

2 for several months: Elliot Blair Smith, “Katrina cripples 95% of gulf’s oil production,” USA Today, August 30, 2005. www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/2005–08–30-katrina2-refinery-usat_x.htm [accessed November 25, 2011].

2 in a single day: Kent Bernhard Jr., “Pump prices jump across U.S. after Katrina,” MSNBC.com, September 1, 2005. www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9146363/ns/business-local_business/t/pump-prices-jump-across-us-after-katrina/#.TtCVsqNWqUc [accessed November 25, 2011].

3 cost to produce it: Timothy A. Wise, Agricultural Dumping Under NAFTA: Estimating the Costs of U.S. Agricultural Policies to Mexican Producers (Washington, DC. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, December 2009), 4.

3 their Mexican subsidiaries: Ana de Ita, “Fourteen years of NAFTA and the tortilla crisis,” bilaterals.org, www.bilaterals.org/IMG/pdf/fightingFTA-en-Hi-2-h-fourteen-years-nafta-tortilla-crisis.pdf [accessed November 15, 2011].

3 out smaller suppliers: Laura Carlsen, “Behind Latin America’s Food Crisis,” WorldPress.org, May 20, 2008. www.worldpress.org/Americas/3152.cfm [accessed December 1, 2009].

3 net food importer: Walden Bello, “Manufacturing a Food Crisis,” The Nation, June 8, 2008. www.thenation.com/article/manufacturing-food-crisis [accessed January 15, 2011].

3 third largest importer: “China Emerges as the Second Largest U.S. Agricultural Export Market,” USDA Foreign Agriculture Service, December 20, 2010. www.fas.usda.gov/China%20Import122010.pdf [accessed January 15, 2011].

4 unambiguously to climate change: Miguel Llanos, “2011 already costliest year for natural disasters,” MSNBC.com, July 12, 2011. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/43727793/ns/world_news-world_environment#.TtxX5eNWqUc [accessed December 1, 2011].

7 in resilience research: For a concise explanation, see www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXLMeL5nVQk [accessed January 15, 2010].

7 opportunities, resources, and dangers: C. S. Holling, “Resilience and stability of ecological systems,” Annual Review of Ecological Systems 4 (1973): 1–24. See also B. Beisner, D. Haydon, and K. Cuddington, “Alternative stable states in ecology,” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1, no. 7 (2003): 376–82.

7 existential valley below: These are commonly referred to as “basins of attraction” in the resilience research community. See also Marten Scheffer et al., “Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems,” Nature 413 (2001): 591–96. doi:10.1038/35098000.

8 availability of clean water: Johan Rockström et al., “A safe operating space for humanity,” Nature 461 (2009): 472–75. doi:10.1038/461472a.

9 social media service: U.S. Geological Survey, Twitter Earthquake Detector (TED). http://recovery.doi.gov/press/us-geological-survey-twitter-earthquake-detector-ted [accessed December 15, 2009].

10 they are needed: Nathan Eagle, “Engineering a Common Good: Fair Use of Aggregated, Anonymized Behavioral Data.” In press.

10 impending economic disruption: Nathan Eagle et al., “Community Computing: Comparisons between Rural and Urban Societies using Mobile Phone Data,” IEEE Social Computing (2009): 144–50, and personal correspondence with Nathan Eagle.

10 cotton T-shirt: Alexandra Alter, “Yet Another ‘Footprint’ to Worry About: Water,” Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2009. See also Lorrie Vogel, speech at the 2009 PopTech conference. http://poptech.org/popcasts/lorrie_vogel_pioneering_designs [accessed January 1, 2010].

11 Hora and Tempus: Herbert Simon, “The architecture of complexity,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106 (1962) 467–482. The authors are indebted to Andy Haldane for this parable, which also appears in Haldane’s “Rethinking the Financial Network” speech delivered at the Financial Student Association meeting, Amsterdam, April 2009.

18 cycle begins anew: If this idea sounds like Schumpeter’s notions of creative destruction, that’s because it was based on them. For a good overview, see Brian Walker and David Salt, “Resilience Thinking: What a Resilient World Might Look Like,” Sockeye Magazine, Autumn 2007.

20 arrival of climate change: For an introduction, see www.transitionnetwork.org, the website of the Transition movement, and Rob Hopkins, The Transition Companion: Making Your Community More Resilient in Uncertain Times (London: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2011).

21 necessitating fewer deliveries: Theatre of the Absurd: Starring Del Monte’s Single Plastic Packaged Bananas, http://blog.friendseat.com/del-monte-bananas-single-plastic-package [accessed August 18, 2011].

CHAPTER 1: ROBUST, YET FRAGILE

25 plot of earth: For more on this thought experiment, see J. M. Carlson and John Doyle, “Highly Optimized Tolerance: Robustness and Design in Complex Systems,” Physical Review Letters 84 (2000): 2529–32.

27 in this case beetles: For a good overview, see John Doyle, “The Architecture of Robust, Evolvable Networks: Organization, Layering, Protocols, Optimization, and Control,” research overview for the Lee Center for Advanced Networking. http://leecenter.caltech.edu/booklet.html [accessed January 15, 2010].

29 extra, useless information: For further elaboration, see John Doyle et al., “The “robust yet fragile” nature of the Internet,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 41 (2005): 14497–502.

30 across the network: Ashley Frantz, “Assange’s ‘poison pill’ file impossible to stop, expert says,” CNN.com, December 8, 2010. http://articles.cnn.com/2010–12–08/us/wikileaks.poison.pill_1_julian-assange-wikileaks-key-encryption [accessed January 15, 2011].

30 coordinated cyberprotests: John Leyden, “Anonymous attacks PayPal in ‘Operation Avenge Assange,’” The Register, December 6, 2010. www.theregister.co.uk/2010/12/06/anonymous_launches_pro_wikileaks_campaign [accessed December 15, 2010].

33 base of the reef: Richard W. Zabel et al., “Ecologically Sustainable Yield,” American Scientist, March–April 2003, 150–57.

33 pounded the reefs: L. S. Kaufman, “Effects of Hurricane Allen on Reef Fish Assemblages near Discovery Bay, Jamaica,” Coral Reefs 2 (1983): 43–47. Also J. D. Woodley et al., “Hurricane Allens Impact on Jamaican Coral Reefs,” Science 214 (1981): 749–55.

34 long-spined sea urchins: Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/ecosystems/coralimpacts.html [accessed January 15, 2009].

34 “a single living individual”: Nancy Knowlton, “Sea urchin recovery from mass mortality: New hope for Caribbean coral reefs?” Proceedings of the National Academies of Science 98, no. 9 (2001): 4822–24.

34 for a marine organism: Ibid.

35 drop of 98 percent: “The California Sardine Industry,” Trade Environment Database. www1.american.edu/TED/sardine.HTM [accessed January 15, 2010]. See also John Radovich, “The Collapse of the California Sardine Industry: What Have We Learned?” in Resource Management and Environmental Uncertainty (New York: Wiley, 1981).

35 theories were wrong: Paul Raeburn, “Using Chaos Theory to Revitalize Fisheries,” Scientific American, February 2009. See also C. H. Hsieh, “Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species,” Nature 443 (2006): 859–62. doi:10.1038/nature05232.

36 species are overfished: Boris Worm et al., “Rebuilding Global Fisheries,” Science 325 (2009): 578–85.

36 maximum catch levels: Boris Worm et al., “Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services,” Science 314 (2006): 787–90.

36 fish in the sea: Ibid.

39 a true win-win: James Sanchirico, Martin D. Smith, and Douglas W. Lipton, “An Approach to Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management,” Resources for the Future Discussion Paper, DP-06–40 (2006). www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-06–40.pdf and www.rff.org/Publications/Resources/Pages/Managing-fish-portfolios.aspx [accessed January 15, 2010].

39 “Ecology for Bankers”: Robert M. May, Simon A. Levin, and George Sugihara, “Ecology for Bankers,” Nature 451 (2008): 893–95.

41 transferring funds between them: Kimmo Soramäki et al., “The Topology of Interbank Payment Flows,” Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Staff Report no. 243, March 2006.

41 approximately $2.4 trillion: Fedwire Funds Service annual data. www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/fedfunds_ann.htm [accessed September 1, 2011].

42 sixty-six banks accounted for 75 percent: Soramäki et al., “Topology of Interbank Payment Flows.”

42 “too big to fail”: Ibid.

42 have increased sixfold: Andy Haldane, “Rethinking the Financial Network,” speech delivered at the Financial Student Association meeting, Amsterdam, April 2009. www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2009/speech386.pdf [accessed May 18, 2010].

47 1 billion pages: Ibid.

48 various market participants: Ibid.

51 more than 75 percent: International Swaps and Derivatives Association. www.isda.org/uploadfiles/_docs/ISDA_Brochure_2011.pdf [accessed July 1, 2011].

57 under exceptional circumstances: David Bellwood, Terry Hughes, and Andrew Hoey, “Sleeping Functional Group Drives Coral-Reef Recovery,” Current Biology 16 (2006): 2434–39.

58 32 percent in 1932: Peter Temin and Gianni Toniolo, The World Economy Between the Wars (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 96.

58 reached 30 million: www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=462 [accessed January 15, 2010].

58 90 percent of their value: “Times Topics: The Great Depression.” http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/g/great_depression_1930s/index.html [accessed January 15, 2010].

58 seventy-three official job seekers: Tobias Studer, “WIR and the Swiss National Economy,” translated by Philip H. Beard, WIR Bank, Basel. www.atcoop.com/WIR_and_the_Swiss_National_Economy.pdf. [accessed November 15, 2011].

58 and increased unemployment: James P. Stodder, “Reciprocal Exchange Networks: Implications for Macroeconomic Stability,” conference proceedings, 2000 IEEE EMS. http://ssrn.com/abstract=224418 [accessed July 8, 2008].

CHAPTER 2: SENSE, SCALE, SWARM

62 industry trade publication: Inspire, issue 3, November 2010. www.slideshare.net/yaken0/inspire-issue-3 [accessed January 15, 2011].

63 reading Islamic texts: Scott Shane and Souad Mekhennet, “Imam’s Path from Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad,” New York Times, May 9, 2010, A1.

63 “already faltering economy”: Inspire, issue 3, November 2010.

63 to mechanical failure: “UPS cargo plane crashes in Dubai, killing two,” BBC News, September 3, 2010. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11183476 [accessed January 31, 2011].

64 FedEx facility in Dubai: “Bomb was designed to explode on cargo plane—UK PM,” BBC News, October 30, 2010. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11657486 [accessed January 31, 2011].

64 France’s interior minister: “French Minister Says Yemen Bomb Detected 17 Minutes Before Exploding,” Voice of America, November 4, 2010. www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/French-Minister-Yemen-Bomb-Detected-17-Minutes-before-Exploding-106689223.html [accessed January 15, 2011].

64 “we call leverage”: Inspire, issue 3

65 in their pockets: Caroline Gammell, “Christmas bomb plot: nine men remanded over plan to ‘blow up Big Ben and Westminster Abbey,’” Telegraph, December 27, 2010. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8227193/Christmas-bomb-plot-nine-men-remanded-over-plan-to-blow-up-Big-Ben-and-Westminster-Abbey.html [accessed January 15, 2011].

65 mode of conflict: John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, eds., Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (California: RAND Monograph Reports, 2001).

68 sick with the illness: “Tuberculosis,” fact sheet 104, World Health Organization, November 2010. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index.html [accessed January 15, 2011].

68 die from the disease: “2010/2011 Tuberculosis Global Facts,” World Health Organization. www.who.int/tb/publications/2010/factsheet_tb_2010_rev21feb11.pdf [accessed January 15, 2011].

68 reading this sentence: “Tuberculosis,” fact sheet 104.

71 up to sixty: Electronic communication with Sarah Fortune.

71 finally pass away: “Tuberculosis and MDR-TB,” Partners in Health. www.pih.org/pages/tuberculosis-and-mdr-tb [accessed February 20, 2011].

74 “of the 20th century”: “Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century,” National Academy of Engineering. www.greatachievements.org. [accessed May 10, 2008].

75 North American grid operating: The Emerging Smart Grid, Global Environment Fund and Center for Smart Energy, October 2005, 1. www.smartgridnews.com/artman/uploads/1/sgnr_2007_0801.pdf [accessed January 15, 2010].

75 $160 billion: Ibid.

75 high-voltage superhighways: Ibid.

76 after 4:00 p.m.: Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations, North American Electric Reliability Corporation U.S.–Canada Power System Outage Task Force Report. www.nerc.com/filez/blackout.html [accessed January 31, 2011].

77 in eight U.S. states: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003 [accessed January 31, 2011].

77 North American history: www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=391 [accessed January 31, 2011].

77 the age of eighteen: “Blackout Stalls Economy, Transportation, Public Services,” Fox News, August 15, 2003. www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,94795,00.html. [accessed January 31, 2011].

77 first time in decades: www.illinoislighting.org/loss.html [accessed January 31, 2011].

78 “especially during emergencies”: Massoud Amin and Phillip F. Schewe, “Preventing Blackouts,” Scientific American 296 (2007): 60–67.

78 “Maybe it did”: Ibid.

79 municipal water supply: Kim Zetter, “H(ackers)2O: Attack on City Water Station Destroys Pump,” Wired.com, November 18, 2011. www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/11/hackers-destroy-water-pump [accessed November 25, 2011].

79 their useful lives: Bart Tichelman, “Using a Smart Grid to Address Our Aging Infrastructure,” Utility Automation & Engineering T&D, October 1, 2007, 56–56.

81 to one another: Martin LaMonica, “Cisco: Smart grid will eclipse size of Internet,” CNET News, May 18, 2009. http://news.cnet.com/8301–11128_3–10241102–54.html [accessed February 8, 2010].

84 fuel resupply convoys: Sustain the Mission Project: Casualty Factors for Fuel and Water Resupply Convoys, Army Environmental Policy Institute, September 2009.

84 four hundred dollars a gallon: Bryant Jordan, “Gas Costs $400 a Gallon in Afghanistan,” Military.com, October 20, 2009. www.military.com/news/article/gas-costs-400-a-gallon-in-afghanistan.html [accessed February 16, 2010].

84 200,000 gallons a day: Marine Corps Expeditionary Energy website. www.marines.mil/community/Pages/ExpeditionaryEnergy.aspx [accessed February 17, 2010].

84 make this possible: Rick Maze, “‘NetZero’ aims to cut greenhouse gases on bases,” Marine Corps Times, July 12, 2011. www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2011/07/military-energy-defense-department-bases-071211w/ [accessed August 6, 2011].

84 Power Shade: Kris Osborn, “Army evaluating transportable solar-powered tents,” December 8, 2010. www.army.mil/article/49138/army-evaluating-transportable-solar-powered-tents [accessed January 11, 2011].

85 platoon’s command center: “Solar Energy Powers Marines on Battlefield,” press release, Office of Naval Research, December 7, 2009. www.onr.navy.mil/en/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2009/Greens-Solar-Energy-Marines.aspx [accessed February 17, 2010].

85 at the same time: Wayne Arden and John Fox, Producing and Using Biodiesel in Afghanistan, June 2010. www.biodieselinafghanistan.org/uploads/AFGH-PAPR-20100609-EXEC.pdf [accessed January 11, 2011].

85 hydrogen and oxygen: Matthew W. Kanan and Daniel G. Nocera, “In Situ Formation of an Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst in Neutral Water Containing Phosphate and CO2+,” Science 321 (2008): 1072. doi:10.1126/science.1162018.

86 who don’t have it: “Tata funded MIT founded startup Sun Catalytix to provide solar power storage for low income houses in India,” Panchabuta.com, November 30, 2010. http://panchabuta.com/2010/11/30/tata-funded-mit-founded-startup-sun-catalytix-to-provide-solar-power-storage-for-low-income-houses-in-india [accessed January 18, 2011].

87 annual energy bill: Smart Grid Facts, Energy Future Coalition. www.energyfuturecoalition.org/files/webfmuploads/Transmission%20Smart%20Grid%20Fact%20Sheet%2002.20.09.pdf [accessed January 22, 2011].

88 company called Opower: Amy J. C. Cuddy and Kyle T. Doherty, “Opower: Increasing Energy Efficiency Through Normative Influence,” Harvard Business School Case Study N2–911–016, November 3, 2010.

90 to conserve water: Robert B. Cialdini, “Don’t Throw in the Towel: Use Social Influence Research,” Association for Psychological Science Observer, April 2005. www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=1762 [accessed January 25, 2011].

91 level of education: Michael Watts, “The neighbourhood energy revolution,” Wired, August 2011. www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2011/08/features/the-neighbourhood-energy-revolution [accessed September 22, 2011].

91 changing light bulbs: Leslie Brooks Suzukamo, “Minnesota gets A+ for energy report cards,” St. Paul Pioneer Press, August 13, 2011, A12.

91 U.S. solar industry: “Opower to Save One Terawatt Hour of Energy by 2012,” press release, June 15, 2011. http://opower.com/company/news-press/press_releases/25 [accessed September 24, 2011].

CHAPTER 3: THE POWER OF CLUSTERS

93 In 2008, the United Nation reported: United Nations Population Division, “An Overview of Urbanization, Internal Migration, Population Distribution and Development in the World,” paper presented at the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development, New York, NY, January 21–23, 2008.

94 a major reurbanization: The Brookings Institution, State of Metropolitan America: On the Front Lines of Demographic Transformation, Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, 2010.

96 in a predictable and systematic way: Geoffrey B. West, James H. Brown, and Brian J. Enquist, “A General Model for the Origin of Allometric Scaling Laws in Biology,” Science 4 (1997): 122–26.

96 into her midfifties: Hillard Kaplan, Kim Hill, Jane Lancaster, and A. Magdalena Hurtado “A Theory of Human Life History Evolution: Diet, Intelligence and Longevity,” Evolutionary Anthropology 9 (4): 156–185.

97 universal scaling laws: Luís M. A. Bettencourt, José Lobo, Dirk Helbing, Christian Kühnert, and Geoffrey B. West, “Growth, Innovation, Scaling and the Pace of Life in Cities,” PNAS 17 (2007): 7301–6.

102 world’s most endangered species: “Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates,” Primate Conservation 24 (2009): 1–57.

102 50,000 orangutans are left: S. A. Wich et. al., “Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: How many remain?” Oryx 42 (2008): 329–39.

102 UN report released in 2007: C. Nellemann, L. Miles, B. P. Kaltenborn, M. Virtue, and H. Ahlenius (eds.), The Last Stand of the Orangutan, United Nations Environment Programme, 2007.

104 50 percent of all consumer goods: “Promoting the growth and use of sustainable palm oil,” RSPO fact sheet, 2008. www.rspo.org/resource_centre/RSPO_Fact_sheets_Basic.pdf [accessed August 2010].

104 more than 1,500 percent: “The other oil spill,” Economist, June 24, 2010. www.economist.com/node/16423833 [accessed August 15, 2010].

104 trend is accelerating: Elizabeth Rosenthal, “Once a Dream Fuel, Palm Oil May Be an Eco-Nightmare,” New York Times, January 31, 2007. www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/business/worldbusiness/31biofuel.html [accessed July 25, 2010].

105 New research estimates: “Envisat focuses on carbon-rich peat swamp forest fires,” European Space Agency website. www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMRA7YO4HD_index_0.html [accessed July 22, 2010].

105 total man-made greenhouse gas emissions: How the Palm Oil Industry Is Cooking the Climate, Greenpeace report, November 8, 2007. www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/reports/how-the-palm-oil-industry-is-c [accessed July 12, 2010].

106 was an oft-heard refrain: E. Purwanto and G. A. Limberg, “Global Aspirations to Local Actions: Can Orangutans Save Tropical Rainforest?” paper presented at the Twelfth Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Commons, Cheltenham, England, July 14–18, 2008.

107 half of the population was without work: “Willie Smits,” profile page, Ashoka.org. http://ashoka.org/fellow/willie-smits [accessed November 30, 2011].

109 150,000 saplings from his nursery: Jane Braxton Little, “Regrowing Borneo, Tree by Tree,” Scientific American Earth 3.0, 18, no. 5 (2008): 64–71.

112 Smits turned to the tappers of Sulawesi: “Steaming Ahead,” video produced for one of Smits’s foundations, Masarang, after it became a finalist in the BBC World Challenge 2007 for charities. www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_jyN_ASKDE [accessed November 30, 2011].

114 both fuel and electricity: Ibid.

115 bang for the buck: For a more detailed investigation into this topic, see online conversations between conservationist Erik Meijaard and Willie Smits on the website ConservationBytes. http://conservationbytes.com/2009/07/25/ray-of-conservation-light-for-borneo [accessed November 30, 2011].

116 what’s actually been accomplished: For a more detailed discussion of criticism from the scientific community, see Little’s article “Regrowing Borneo, Tree by Tree.”

CHAPTER 4: THE RESILIENT MIND

119 in a letter in 1946: Sarah Moskovitz, “Longitudinal Follow-up of Child Survivors of the Holocaust,” Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 24, no. 4 (1985): 402.

120 by Anna Freud and Sophie Dann: Anna Freud and Sophie Dann, “An Experiment in Group Upbringing,” Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 6 (1951): 127–68.

121 “cases involving children”: Moskovitz, “Longitudinal Follow-up of Child Survivors of the Holocaust,” 404.

121 with schizophrenic patients: Norman Garmezy and Eliot H. Rodnick, “Premorbid adjustment and performance in schizophrenia: Implications for interpreting heterogeneity in schizophrenia,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 129 (1959): 450–66.

122 “to survival and adaptation”: Norman Garmezy, “Vulnerability Research and the Issue of Primary Prevention,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 41 (1971): 101–16.

122 “vulnerable but invincible”: Elwyn James Anthony, “Risk, vulnerability, and resilience: An overview,” in The Invulnerable Child (New York: Guilford Press, 1987), 3–48. C. Kauffman, H. Grunebaum, B. Cohler, et al., “Superkids: Competent Children of Psychotic Mothers,” American Journal of Psychiatry 136 (1979): 1398–1402. E. E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Vulnerable but Invincible: A Longitudinal Study of Resilient Children and Youth (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982).

122 “human adaptational systems”: Ann S. Masten, “Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development,” American Psychologist 56 (2001): 227–38.

122 titled her paper “Ordinary Magic”: Ibid.

123 most of all himself: In addition to his scholarly work, George Bonanno offers a deeper examination of these discoveries in his book The Other Side of Sadness (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 1–231.

123 height of the First World War: Sigmund Freud, Mourning and Melancholia, XVII, 2nd ed. (originally published in 1917; reprinted by Hogarth Press, London, 1955).

124 a seminal paper: Eric Lindemann, “Symptomatology and Management of Acute Grief,” American Journal of Psychiatry 101 (1944): 1141–48.

124 five stages of mourning: Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying (New York: Routledge, 1973).

125 project called Changing Lives of Older Couples: CLOC Study: Changing Lives of Older Couples: A Multi-Wave Prospective Study of Bereavement. http://www.cloc.isr.umich.edu [accessed December 2, 2011].

125 their relative distribution across the group: K. Boerner et al., “Resilient or At-Risk? A Four Year Study of Older Adults Who Initially Showed High or Low Distress Following Conjugal Loss,” Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 60B (2005): 67–73.

126 groups of New Yorkers: G. A. Bonanno, C. Rennicke, and S. Dekel, “Self-Enhancement Among High-Exposure Survivors of the September 11th Terrorist Attack: Resilience or Social Maladjustment?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88, no. 6 (2005): 984–98.

127 studies on loss and trauma: G. A. Bonanno et al., “Psychological Resilience After Disaster: New York City in the Aftermath of the September 11th Terrorist Attack,” Psychological Science 17, 2007 181–186; G. A. Bonanno et al., “What Predicts Resilience After Disaster? The Role of Demographics, Resources, and Life Stress,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 2007 671–82; G. A. Bonanno et al., “Psychological Resilience and Dysfunction Among Hospitalized Survivors of the SARS Epidemic in Hong Kong: A Latent Class Approach,” Health Psychology 27 (2008): 659–67.

127 highly regarded longitudinal study: J. H. Block and J. Block, “The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior,” Development of cognition, affect, and social relations: Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, 13 (1980): 39–101.

127 this as hardiness: S. C. Kobasa, “Stressful life events, personality, and health—Inquiry into hardiness,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 1–11.

128 religion and resilience: Kenneth I. Pargament, The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice (New York: Guilford, 1997).

128 “Religion as a Cultural System”: C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 107–8.

129 to their Hispanic heritage: E. Fuentes-Afflick, N. A. Hessol, and E. J. Pérez-Stable, “Testing the epidemiologic paradox of low birth weight in Latinos,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 153 (1999): 147–53; J. B. Gould, A. Madan, C. Qin, and G. Chavez, “Perinatal Outcomes in Two Dissimilar Immigrant Populations in the United States: A Dual Epidemiological Paradox,” Pediatrics 111 (2003): 676–82.

129 Ruth S. Smith, published in 2001: E. E. Werner and R. S. Smith, Journeys from Childhood to Midlife: Risk, Resilience and Recovery (Syracuse, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001).

129 researchers at the University of Maryland, College Park: S. M. Nettles, W. Mucherah, and D. S. Jones, “Understanding Resilience: The Role of Social Resources,” Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 5 (2000): 47–60.

130 Sarah Pressman and Sheldon Cohen: S. D. Pressman, S. Cohen, G. E. Miller, A. Barkin, B. Rabin, and J. J. Treanor, “Loneliness, Social Network Size, and Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in College Freshmen,” Health Psychology 24 (2005): 297–306.

130 Alexis Stranahan, David Khalil, and Elizabeth Gould: A. M. Stranahan, D. Khalil, and E. Gould, “Social isolation delays the positive effects of running on adult neurogenesis,” Nature Neuroscience 9 (2006): 526–33.

130 researchers from the University of Otago: “History of the Study,” Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit. http://dunedinstudy.otago.ac.nz/about-us/how-we-began/history-of-the-study [accessed November 30, 2011].

130 a gene called 5-HTT: A. Caspi et al., “Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene,” Science 301 (2003): 386–89.

131 with mice and monkeys: S. J. Suomi, “Risk, Resilience, and Gene X Environment Interactions in Rhesus Monkeys,” Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 1094 (2006): 52–62. J. C. Carroll et al., “Effects of mild early life stress on abnormal emotion-related behaviors in 5-HTT knockout mice,” Behavioral Genetics 37 (2007): 214–22.

132 smaller than originally found: Srijan Sen, Margit Burmeister, and Debashis Ghosh, “Meta-analysis of the association between a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and anxiety-related personality traits,” American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (2004): 85–89. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.20158.

132 optimism and happiness: Elaine Fox, Anna Ridgewell, and Chris Ashwin, “Looking on the bright side: biased attention and the human serotonin transporter gene,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B (March 2009): 1747–51. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1788. Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, “Functional Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the Serotonin Transporter Gene Is Associated with Subjective Well-Being: Evidence from a U.S. Nationally Representative Sample,” Journal of Human Genetics 56 (2011): 456–59.

136 Davidson and his fellow researchers: A. Lutz, L. L. Greischar, N. B. Rawlings, M. Ricard, and R. J. Davidson, “Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (2004): 16369–73.

136 he had been trying to investigate for years: R. Davidson and A. Lutz, “Buddha’s Brain: Neuroplasticity and Meditation,” IEEE Signal Process Magazine 25 (2008): 172–176.

137 larger-than-average hippocampus: E. Maguire et al., “Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (2000): 4398–4403. www.pnas.org/content/97/8/4398.full [accessed November 30, 2011].

137 higher volumes of cortical matter: C. Gaser and G. Schlaug, “Brain Structures Differ Between Musicians and Non-Musicians,” The Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003): 9240–45.

137 led by Dr. Sara Lazar, reported a suggestive finding: S. Lazar et al., “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density,” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 191 (2011): 36–43.

138 “with meditation practice”: Quote taken from “Meditation Experience Is Associated with Increased Cortical Thickness,” NeuroReport 16, no. 17 (2005): 1893–97.

138 chips away at telomeres: E. Epel et al., “Accelerated Telomere Shortening in Responses to Life Stress,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (2004): 17312–15.

139 a possible reverse correlation: T. Jacobs et al., “Intense Meditation Training, Immune Cell Telomerase Activity, and Psychological Mediators,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 36 (2011): 664–81.

140 tool for pain management: R. Kalisch et al., “Anxiety Reduction through Detachment: Subjective, Physiological, and Neural Effects,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 (2005): 874–83.

142 circumstances like warfare: E. A. Stanley et al., “Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training: A Case Study of a High-Stress Predeployment Military Cohort,” Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 18 (2011): 566–76; E. A. Stanley and A. P. Jha, “Mind fitness: Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience,” Joint Force Quarterly 55 (2009): 144–51.

CHAPTER 5: COOPERATION WHEN IT COUNTS

144 unusual discovery: H. H. Dale, “On Some Physiological Actions of Ergot,” Journal of Physiology 34 (1906): 163–206.

145 chemist Vincent du Vigneaud: V. du Vigneaud, C. Ressler, et al., “The Synthesis of Oxytocin1.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 76 (1954): 3115–21.

146 described the sequence of events: Andrew Ross Sorkin, “Lehman Files for Bankruptcy; Merrill Is Sold,” New York Times, September 14, 2011. www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/business/15lehman.html?pagewanted=1&sq=lehman%20brothers%20collapse&st=cse&scp=1; [accessed December 4, 2011]; see also Deborah Solomon, Dennis K. Berman, Susanne Craig, and Carrick Mollenkamp, “Ultimatum by Paulson Sparked Frantic End,” Wall Street Journal, September 15, 2008. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122143670579134187.html [accessed December 4, 2011].

146 of his career “by far”: Joshua Zumbrun, “Greenspan Says Crisis ‘By Far’ Worst, Recovery Uneven,” Bloomberg, February 23, 2010. www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a1aLQ51QXlDA&pos=3 [accessed December 4, 2011].

146 90 percent from a peak at the beginning of 2008: Jenny Anderson and Andrew Ross Sorkin, “Lehman Said to Be Looking for a Buyer as Pressure Builds,” New York Times, September 10, 2008. www.nytimes.com/2008/09/11/business/11lehman.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin [accessed December 4, 2011].

147 Paulson told them: Suzanne McGee, Chasing Goldman Sachs: How the Masters of the Universe Melted Wall Street (New York: Random House, 2011), 354.

149 “Everybody is exposed”: “Ultimatum by Paulson Sparked Frantic End,” Wall Street Journal.

151 “where does it end?”: Ibid.

151 neurobiology of trust: P. J. Zak, R. Kurzban, et al., “The Neurobiology of Trust,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1032 (2004): 224–27; M. Kosfeld, M. Heinrichs, et al., “Oxytocin increases trust in humans,” Nature 435 (2005): 673–76; Paul J. Zak, “The Neurobiology of Trust,” Scientific American, June 2008, 88.

152 oxytocin formulated as a nasal spray: Kosfeld, Heinrichs, et al., “Oxytocin increases trust in humans.”

152 “through interpersonal interactions”: Ibid., 673.

152 “bankers and speculators”: A. C. Grayling, “Beware the Destructive Nature of Greed,” New Scientist, November 5, 2008.

153 intensely anxious social situations: Zak, “The Neurobiology of Trust.”

154 “if it wasn’t happening to us”: David Cho and Neil Irwin, “No Bailout: Fed Made New Policy Clear in One Dramatic Weekend,” Washington Post, September 26, 2008. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/15/AR2008091503312.html?sid=ST2008091503351&s_pos= [accessed December 4, 2011].

154 Wall Street had its worst day in seven years: Patrick Rizzo and Joe Bel Bruno, “Financial Crisis as Dow Drops 504 Points,” The Associated Press, September 15, 2008. www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Financial-crisis-as-Dow-drops-504-points-1285321.php#page-1 [accessed December 4, 2011].

157 known as kin selection: W. D. Hamilton, “The genetical evolution of social behaviour, I,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964): 1–16.

158 reciprocal altruism: R. L. Trivers, “The evolution of reciprocal altruism,” Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1971): 35–57.

159 computer tournament: R. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1985): 3–27.

161 version of the game: Drew Fudenberg, David Rand and Anna Dreber, “Slow to Anger and Fast to Forgive: Cooperation in an Uncertain World,” American Economic Review. In press.

162 inequity among capuchin monkeys: S. Brosnan and F. B. M. de Waal, “Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay,” Nature 425 (2003): 297–99.

163 “getting a better deal”: Frans de Waal, “Frans de Waal Answers Your Primate Questions,” Freakonomics blog, May 7, 2008. www.freakonomics.com/2008/05/07/frans-de-waal-answers-your-primate-questions [accessed December 3, 2011].

164 “still buy Lehman”: Solomon, Berman, Craig, and Mollenkamp, “Ultimatum by Paulson Sparked Frantic End.”

164 “foreign buyer was even less likely”: Ibid.

164 University of Amsterdam, believe so: C. K. W. de Dreu, L. L. Greer, et al., “Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism,” PNAS 108 (2011): 1262–1266. www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/06/1015316108.full.pdf [accessed December 4, 2011].

164 similar hormones at work: S. Muzafer, O. J. Harvey, B. J. White, W. R. Hood, and C. W. Sherif, The Robbers Cave Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961).

164 mathematically modeled: S. Rytina and D. L. Morgan, “The Arithmetic of Social Relations: The Interplay of Category and Network,” American Journal of Sociology 88 (1982): 88–113.

166 “to whom the codes apply”: Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978): 163.

166 “forth with ease”: Ibid.

166 participate in an unusual experiment: S. C. Wright et al., “The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997): 73–90; see also the Interpersonal Relationships Lab at SUNY Stony Brook: www.psychology.stonybrook.edu/aronlab- [accessed December 2, 2011].

167 that is as close as any in a person’s life: Benedict Carey, “Tolerance over Race Can Spread, Studies Find,” New York Times, November 6, 2008. www.nytimes.com/2008/11/07/us/07race.html?scp=2&sq=%22art%20aron%22&st=cse [accessed December 4, 2011].

173 316,000 Haitians were killed: US Geological Survey. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/#summary [accessed December 4, 2011]

173 300,000 were injured: “Haiti quake death toll rises to 230,000,” BBC News. February 11, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8507531.stm [accessed December 4, 2011]

173 million more were made homeless: “Haiti will not die, President Rene Preval insists,” BBC News, February 12, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8511997.stm [accessed December 4, 2011]

173 three million in all were affected: “Red Cross: 3M People Affected by Quake,” CBS News, March 9, 2010 http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/01/13/world/main6090601.shtml?tag=cbsnewsSectionContent.4 [accessed December 4, 2011].

185 “open source world”: “Some positive feedback,” Mission 4636 blog, February 10, 2010. www.mission4636.org/some-positive-feedback [accessed December 4, 2011].

185 reports that the average response time: Ryan Ferrier, “Crowdsourcing the Haiti Relief: One Year Later,” CrowdFlower blog, January 11, 2011. http://blog.crowdflower.com/2011/01/crowdsourcing-the-haiti-relief-one-year-later/ [accessed December 4, 2011].

186 Stanford sociologist Mark Granovetter: M. S. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology 78 (1973): 1360–80.

187 weak ties may be incomplete: S. Aral and M. V. Alstyne, “Networks, Information and Brokerage: The Diversity-Bandwidth Trade-off,” April 15, 2010. Forthcoming in the American Journal of Sociology.

189 large-scale disaster response: Disaster Relief: The Future of Information Sharing in Humanitarian Emergencies. United Nations Foundation Report. www.unfoundation.org/news-and-media/publications-and-speeches/disaster-relief-2-report.html [accessed December 4, 2011]

189 single list of schools: Ibid.

CHAPTER 6: COGNITIVE DIVERSITY

191 Willoughby Verner: Letter quoted in John Adams’s Risk (London: UCL Press, 1995), 113.

193 not decrease in number: D. Albury and J. Schwartz, Partial Progress (London: Pluto Press, 1982), 9–24.

193 imposed throughout the late 1960s: S. Peltzman, “The effects of automobile safety regulation,” Journal of Political Economy 83 (1975): 677–726.

193 impact of seat belts on highway fatalities: J. Adams, “The efficacy of seatbelt legislation: A comparative study of road accident fatality statistics from 18 countries,” Department of Geography, Occasional Paper, University College, London (1981).

193 many essays on risk: J. Adams, “Seat Belts—Blood on My Hands?” Blog post on John Adams’s website, March 5, 2008. www.john-adams.co.uk/2008/03/05/seat-belts—blood-on-my-hands [accessed December 2, 2011].

194 a tendency to take more physical risks: B. A. Morrongiello, B. Walpole, and J. Lasenby, “Understanding children’s injury-risk behavior: Wearing safety gear can lead to increased risk taking,” Accident Analysis and Prevention 39 (2007): 618–23.

194 riskier sexual behavior: M. Cassell et al., “Risk compensation: The Achilles’ Heel of Innovations in HIV Prevention,” BMJ 332 (2006): 332.

194 rescuer can access them easily: “Climber 9–1–1,” Northwest Mountaineering Journal. www.mountaineers.org/nwmj/10/101_Rescue2.html [accessed December 2, 2011].

194 “fatality rate constant”: V. Napier, “Risk Homeostasis: A Case Study of the Adoption of a Safety Innovation on the Level of Perceived Risk,” Vic Napier’s website. www.vicnapier.com/MyArticles/Parachutes_Skydiving/skydivers_risktaking_behavior.htm [accessed December 2, 2011].

194 analogous to a thermostat: Adams, Risk; see also G. J. S. Wilde, “Critical Issues in Risk Homeostasis Theory,” Risk Analysis 2 (1982): 249–58.

194 “no one wants absolute zero”: Adams, Risk, 15.

195 three-year study of taxicabs in Munich: G. J. S. Wilde, Target Risk: Dealing with the Danger of Death, Disease and Damage in Everyday Decisions (Toronto: PDE Publications, 1994), chapter 7.1.

196 “not protected by the caps”: W. K. Viscusi, “Consumer Behavior and the Safety Effects of Product Safety Regulation,” Journal of Law and Economics 28 (1985): 527–53.

197 “culture could exist at BP”: Quote taken from a speech given at the National Petrochemical and Refiners Association conference in San Antonio, Texas, on March 19, 2007.

197 resistant to Hayward’s beam: Jad Mouawad, “For BP, a History of Spills and Safety Lapses,” New York Times, May 8, 2010. www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/business/09bp.html?pagewanted=all [accessed November 29, 2011].

198 expressed grave concerns: Scott Bronstein and Wayne Drash, “Rig survivors: BP ordered shortcut on day of the blast,” CNN website, June 8, 2010. http://articles.cnn.com/2010–06–08/us/oil.rig.warning.signs_1_rig-transocean-bp?_s=PM:US [accessed December 2, 2011].

198 “maintaining their complex facilities”: From conservativehome.blogs.com, June 3, 2010. http://conservativehome.blogs.com/platform/2010/06/oberon-houston-.html [accessed December 2, 2011].

198 in a 2009 survey: J. M. Farrell and A. Hoon, “What’s Your Company’s Risk Culture?” National Association of Corporate Directors Directorship, April 15, 2009. www.kpmg.com/MT/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Risk-culture.pdf [accessed December 2, 2011].

204 Page points to the diversity prediction theorem: Scott Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools and Societies (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007), 197–39.

205 experimentally validated by Kevin Dunbar: K. Dunbar, “How scientists really reason: Scientific reasoning in real-world laboratories,” in R. J. Sternberg and J. Davidson (eds.), Mechanisms of Insight. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), 365–95.

206 “Lab A”: Dunbar keeps the identities of the labs and personnel confidential, to protect the professional reputations involved. We’ve kept the description generic, in keeping with his wishes.

207 research by Sinan Aral at New York University: S. Aral and M. V. Alstyne, “Networks, Information and Brokerage: The Diversity-Bandwidth Trade-off,” April 15, 2010. Forthcoming in the American Journal of Sociology.

208 psychologist Peter Wason in 1960: P. Wason, “On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task,” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12 (1960): 129–40.

209 found that when watching The Colbert Report: H. L. LaMarre et al., “The Irony of Satire: Political Ideology and the Motivation to See What You Want to See in The Colbert Report,” International Journal of Press/Politics 14 (2009): 212–31.

CHAPTER 7: COMMUNITIES THAT BOUNCE BACK

212 cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis: Andrew Meharg. Venomous Earth: How Arsenic Caused the World’s Worst Mass Poisoning (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 6.

212 in 2010 combined: Julie Reed Bell and Seth Borenstein, “2010’s world gone wild: Quakes, floods, blizzards,” Associated Press, December 19, 2010. www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40739667/ns/us_news-2010_year_in_review/t/s-world-gone-wild-quakes-floods-blizzards/#.TtsPJXOfvh9 [accessed December 3, 2011].

212 sunk with UNICEF’s assistance: Maggie Black, The Children and the Nations: The Story of UNICEF (New York: UNICEF, 1986), 301.

212 water by the year 2000: Meharg, Venomous Earth, 7.

212 less than 10 percent in the late 1990s: Fighting Human Poverty: Bangladesh Human Development Report 2000 (UNDP: 2000) http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asiathepacific/bangladesh/name,2748,en.html [accessed December 1, 2011].

213 included in a new bride’s dowry: Meharg, Venomous Earth, 13.

213 see something disturbing: Ibid., 12.

213 skin, lung, and bladder cancer: “Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh,” UNICEF Fact Sheet (October 12, 2008). www.unicef.org/bangladesh/media_2121.htm [accessed Nov 4, 2011]; see also United Nations Foundation, Arsenic Poisoning in Bangladesh and West Bengal, U.N. Foundation Report, October 1999, 1–20.

213 an arsenic-related cancer: “Water Related Diseases: Arsenicosis,” World Health Organization. www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/arsenicosis/en [accessed December 2, 2011].

214 “our program will go on”: Barry Bearak, “New Bangladesh Disaster: Wells That Pump Poison,” New York Times, November 11, 1998 www.nytimes.com/1998/11/10/world/death-by-arsenic-a-special-report-new-bangladesh-disaster-wells-that-pump-poison.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm [accessed on December 2, 2011].

214 show up in one’s food: Based on an email and phone conversation with Andrew Meharg regarding his research, February 16, 2011.

214 one out of every two wells: “Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh.”

214 “largest mass poisoning”: “Researchers Warn of Impending Disaster from Mass Arsenic Poisoning,” press release, World Health Organization, September 8, 2000. www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000–55.html [accessed December 2, 2011].

214 sense of disgust: S. Hanchett, “Social Aspects of the Arsenic Contamination of Drinking Water,” in Selected Papers on the Social Aspects of Arsenic and Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh (Dhaka: Arsenic Policy Support Unit, Government of Bangladesh, 2006), 2.

215 country’s 86,000 villages: Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Program (BAMWSP). www.bamwsp.org [accessed December 10, 2010].

215 all over their skin: F. Sultana, “Gender Concerns in Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh,” in Selected Papers on the Social Aspects of Arsenic and Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh (Dhaka. Arsenic Policy Support Unit: Government of Bangladesh, 2006), 53–84.

215 most successful public health interventions in history: E. Field, R. Glennerster, and R. Hussam, “Throwing the Baby Out with the Drinking Water: Unintended Consequences of Arsenic Mitigation Efforts in Bangladesh,” February 14, 2011. http://web.mit.edu/j-pal/www/book/Arsenic_InfantMortality_feb10.pdf [accessed December 4, 2011].

216 front of the mosque: Sultana, “Gender Concerns in Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh,” 68.

216 their water resource use: Ibid., 53–84.

216 “in his own home?”: Ibid., 64.

217 “understood” the status of their well: Field, Glennerster, and Hussam, “Throwing the Baby Out with the Drinking Water,” 2.

217 difficult to grasp: Sultana, “Gender Concerns in Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh,” 69.

217 curses from God: Hanchett, “Social Aspects of the Arsenic Contamination of Drinking Water,” 13.

217 Why bring in a sick girl?: Selected Papers on the Social Aspects of Arsenic and Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh (Dhaka, Bangladesh: Arsenic Policy Support Unit, Government of Bangladesh, 2006), 1–92.

217 water options by the government: Towards an Arsenic Safe Environment, a joint Publication of FAO, UNICEF, WHO and WSP, March 2010. www.unicef.org/bangladesh/knowledgecentre_6131.htm [accessed January 29, 201]

218 fecal pathogens: K. Lokuge, et al., “The effect of arsenic mitigation interventions on disease burden in Bangladesh,” Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (2004): 1172.

218 risk of diarrheal disease by 20 percent: Ibid.

218 the highest rate of switching recorded: A. Schoenfeld, “Area, Village and Household Response to Arsenic Testing and Labeling of Tubewells in Araihazar, Bangladesh,” Masters Thesis, Columbia University, September 6, 2005. www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~avangeen/arsenic/documents/Schoenfeld_MS_05.pdf [accessed December 4, 2011].

218 excessive quantities of arsenic: Towards an Arsenic Safe Environment.

218 “water for all by 2011”: Ibid., 4.

220 Davion: Name changed to protect the client’s anonymity.

223 during the same period: Bob McCarty, “2008: Chicago Murders Total Tops U.S. Soldier Deaths in Iraq,” Now Public website, January 5, 2009. www.nowpublic.com/world/2008-chicago-murders-total-tops-u-s-soldier-deaths-iraq [accessed December 4, 2011].

225 the first official document on the disease: Centers for Disease Control, “Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (1981): 250–52. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/lmrk077.htm [accessed December 1, 2011].

225 had passed away: Sharon Block, “25 Years of AIDS: June 5, 1981—June 5, 2006,” University of California San Francisco Hospital website, June 5, 2006. www.ucsf.edu/news/2006/06/6955/25-years-aids-june-5–1981-june-5–2006 [accessed December 4, 2011].

225 reported at San Francisco General: Ibid.

226 transmission of HIV/AIDS: I. Rosenstock, V. Strecher, and M. Becker, “The Health Belief Model and HIV risk behavior change,” in R. J. DiClemente and J. L. Peterson (eds.), Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions (New York: Plenum Press, 1994), 5–24.

226 behaviors of those around them: M. Fishbein and S. E. Middlestadt, “Using the theory of reasoned action as a framework for understanding and changing AIDS-related behaviors,” in V. M. Mays, G. W. Albee, and S. F. Schneider (eds.), Primary Prevention of AIDS: Psychological Approaches (London: Sage Publications, 1989), 93–110.

227 would use a condom: M. J. VanLandingham et al., “Two views of risky sexual practices among Northern Thai males: The Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36 (1995), 195–212.

227 from their partners: S. E. Middlestadt and M. Fishbein, “Factors influencing experienced and inexperienced college women’s intentions to tell their partners to use condoms,” paper presented at the International Conference AIDS at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, June 20–23, 1990.

233 and financial resources to go anywhere: Pam Belluck, “End of a Ghetto,” New York Times, September 6, 1998. www.nytimes.com/1998/09/06/us/end-of-a-ghetto-a-special-report-razing-the-slums-to-rescue-the-residents.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm [accessed December 2, 2011].

237 led by biophysicist Allison Hill: A. Hill, D. G. Rand, M. A. Nowak, and N. A. Christakis, “Emotions as infectious diseases in a large social network: he SISa model,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, published online before print, July 7, 2010. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/07/03/rspb.2010.1217 [accessed December 4, 2011].

238 across all of the communities: CeaseFire Evaluation Report, Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern University (2008) www.ipr.northwestern.edu/publications/ceasefire.html [accessed December 4, 2011].

238 West and South Side Chicago: Data and Research, CeaseFire website. http://ceasefirechicago.org/data-research [accessed December 4, 2011].

CHAPTER 8: THE TRANSLATIONAL LEADER

240 “Understanding Palau”: The context for understanding the history of Palau’s fishing culture would not have been possible without Robert Earle Johannes’s rich ethnography Words of the Lagoon: Fishing and Marine Lore in the Palau District of Micronesia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).

242 “operate by himself”: Johannes, Words of the Lagoon, 17.

243 tinned mackerel salted and shipped in from Japan: Ibid.

256 rural communities in Appalachian Ohio: V. Kerbs and J. Holley, “Building Smart Communities Through Network Weaving,” 2002–2006; and “Building Sustainable Communities Through Network Building,” 2002. http://www.orgnet.com/cases.html [accessed December 4, 2011].

CHAPTER 9: BRINGING RESILIENCE HOME

262 and excessive rain: “Fact sheet: Kilimo Salama,” Syngenta Foundation. www.syngentafoundation.org/__temp/Kilimo_Salama_Fact_sheet_FINAL.pdf [accessed November 10, 2011].

262 5 percent of the cost: Ibid.

263 yield increased 150 percent: Rose Goslinga, speech at the 2011 PopTech conference. http://poptech.org/popcasts/rose_goslinga_farmer_microinsurance [accessed November 10, 2011].

264 of whom are currently served: Jim Roth, Michael J. McCord, and Dominic Liber, The Landscape of Microinsurance in the World’s Poorest 100 Countries (The MicroInsurance Centre, 2007).

264 an adhocracy: See Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (New York: Bantam Books, 1970) and Henry Mintzberg, The Structuring of Organizations: A Synthesis of the Research (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1979).

266 sanitation projects over time: www.waterforpeople.org/programs/field-level-operations-watch.html [accessed July 10, 2011].

267 EpidemicIQ: http://epidemiciq.com [accessed November 5, 2011].

268 ahead of the World Health Organization: Personal correspondence with Rob Munro, chief technology officer, EpidemicIQ.

269 as pothole free as possible: http://open311.org [accessed July 14, 2010].

269 “Pay attention.”: John Burnett, “Mexican Cartels Open New Front in War: Online,” National Public Radio, November 18, 2011. www.npr.org/2011/11/18/142518965/mexican-cartels-open-new-front-in-war-online [accessed December 4, 2011]

270 compatriots shot him: Ashish Khetan, “60 Dark Hours at Hotel Taj,” in 26/11 Mumbai Attacked, H. Baweja (ed.), (New Delhi: Roli Books. 2009), pp. 46–83.

270 Natural Capital Project: www.naturalcapitalproject.org/marine/MarineInVEST_Apr2010.pdf [accessed August 1, 2010].

270 live updates about the attack: H. Raghav Rao, “Beyond Information Assurance: Information Control and Terrorism,” http://icmis.iiita.ac.in/ppt/21/hrrao21_1.ppt [accessed December 4, 2011].

273 seventeen-story headquarters: James Pat Smith, Leadership and Mission in Resilient Organizations: Hancock Bank as a Case Study, Community and Regional Resilience Institute. www.resilientus.org/library/GP_Resilience_Essay_Hancock_Bank_Final_8409_1249429792.pdf [accessed September 23, 2011].

273 IDs and checkbooks: Ken Belson, “After Hurricane Katrina, a Bank Turns to Money Laundering,” New York Times, September 29, 2005. www.nytimes.com/2005/09/29/business/29hancock.html [accessed September 23, 2011].

274 had been paid back: Smith, Leadership and Mission in Resilient Organizations, 3.