The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of many individuals who have given permission to have their work reproduced in this volume. Any inadvertent errors will be corrected in the next printing.
Introduction: 1: © Marc Deville/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images; 2: WC (Wikimedia Commons): Web Gallery of Art; Attribution: 1: Metropolitan Museum Fletcher Fund, 1940; 2: Metropolitan Museum Gift of Dietrich von Bothmer, 1976 (1976.181.3) Lent by the Musée du Louvre (L.1975.65.14–.17,.19); 3: Metropolitan Museum Marquand Collection, Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1889; 4: Metropolitan Museum Rogers Fund, 1905; 5: Metropolitan Museum Rogers Fund, 1929; 6: Metropolitan Museum Purchase, The Dillon Fund Gift, 1979; 7: Metropolitan Museum The James F. Ballard Collection, Gift of James F. Ballard, 1922; 8: Cleveland Museum René and Odette Delenne Collection, Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Fund; 9: Cleveland Museum Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Fund; 10: Cleveland Museum Edward L. Whittemore Fund; 11: Cleveland Museum Gift of Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss for the Dudley P. Allen Collection; 12: Cleveland Museum Severance and Greta Millikin Purchase Fund; 13: Cleveland Museum Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Tishman; 14: WC: Anderskev; 15: WC: David Jones; 16: WC: Google Cultural Institute; 17: WC: Jensens; 18: WC: Sean Pathasema/Birmingham Museum of Art; 19: WC: Deepa Chandran2014; 20: WC: Google Cultural Institute; 21: WC: http://www.lindaueronline.co.nz/maori-portraits/taraia-ngakuti-te-tumuhia; 22: WC: https://britishmuseumblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/frau-mit-totem-kind-19490411_750.jpg; 23: WC: Sailko; 24: WC: VIANDUVAL;25: WC: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1996; Diagnostic Test: Fig. 1: © The Estate of Magdalena Abakanowicz, courtesy Marlborough Gallery, New York; Fig. 2: WC: Szukas; Fig. 3: Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY; Fig. 4: British Museum Image Free Service; Fig. 5: WC: http://learn.bowdoin.edu/heijiscroll/viewer.html; Fig. 6: WC; Fig. 7: WC: https://www.kettererkunst.de/; Fig. 8: WC: Jean-Pol GRANDMONT; Fig. 9: WC: PMR Maeyaert; Fig. 10: WC: Mountain; Fig. 11: WC: Milos Radevic; Fig. 12: G. Dagli Orti /De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Image; Fig. 13: PwH8sj_E5QhPDQ at Google Cultural Institute; Fig. 14 WC: Andreas Praefcke; Fig. 15: WC: anagoria; Fig. 16: WC; Fig. 17: © 2019 Faith Ringgold/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, Courtesy ACA Galleries, New York; Fig. 18: Universal Color © 2019 Holt/Smithson Foundation and Dia Art Foundation/Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY; Fig. 19: WC: Nina Aldin Thune; Fig. 20: WC; Fig. 21: WC: Google Cultural Institute; Q1: British Museum Image Free Service; Q3: WC: Marie-Lan Nguyen; Q4: Wikimeida Commons: Yann Forget; Q5a: WC: dIPENdAVE; Q5b: WC: Javier Salazar, Cannon; Q6a: Brooklyn Museum: Purchased with funds given by Mr. and Mrs. Alastair B. Martin, Mrs. Donald M. Oenslager, Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Blum, and the Mrs. Florence A. Blum Fund, 61.33; Q6b: Photograph by Eliot Elisofon, 1971, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution; 1.1: WC (WC): Marrovi, 1.2: WC: Explicit; 1.3 & 1.13: WC: Professor Gary Lee Todd; 1.4: National Gallery of Australia, Canberra/Purchased 1977/Bridgeman Images; 1.5: WC: Steven Zucker; 1.6: Metropolitan Museum of Art: Rogers Fund, 1980; 1.7: WC: Locutus Borg; 1.8: WC:Francesco Bandarin; 1.9: WC: The Yorck Project; 1.10: Werner Forman Archive/Bridgeman Images; 1.11: Carlos Rodriguez; 1.12a: Clipart.com; 1.12b: WC:Guenter Wisechendahl; 2.1a & 2.7a: Richard Ashworth/Robert Harding; 2.1b: Clipart.com; 2.2: Clipart.com; 2.3a: WC: Babel Stone; 2.3b: WC: Least Common Ancestor; 2.4a & 2.8a: author; 2.4b & 28b: WC: Mbzt2011; 2.5: WC: M.Chohan; 2.6a: WC: Hansueli Krapf; 2.6b: © Gerard Degeorge/Corbis; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3: Carlos Rodriguez; 3.4a & 3.4b: WC; 3.5: WC: Ivo Jansch; 3.6a: WC: Kallerna; 3.6b: Dreamstime; 3.7: WC: Keith Schengili-Roberts; 3.8a: WC: Steve F-E-Cameron; 3.8b: WC: Francesco Gasparetti; 3.8c & 3.11: Clipart.com; 3.9a: WC: Remih; 3.9b: Metropolitan Museum of Art: Rogers Fund, 1929; 3.10: WC: José Luis; 3.11: DeAgostini Picture Library/S Vannini/Bridgeman Images; 3.12: British Museum Image Free Service; 4.1: WC: Mountain. 4.2: WC: Marsyas; 4.3: WC: Marie-Lan Nguyen; 4.4 & 4.5: WC: Jastrow; 4.6: WC: Marsyas; 4.7: WC: Grb16; 4.8: WC: Marie-Lan Nguyen, 4.9 &4.21b: WC: Miia Ranta; 4.10: WC: Marie-Lan Nguyen; 4.11: Carlos Rodriguez; 4.12: WC: KufoletoAntonio De Lorenzo and Marina Ventayol; 4.13: Richard Nici; 4.14: author; 4.15: WC: Madmedea; 4.16a: clipart.com; 4.16b & 4.17: WC: Steve Swayne; 4.18a & 4.21a: WC: Lestat; 4.18b: clipart.com; 4.19a: WC: Suedo; 4.19b: Photo: Hervé Lewandowski © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY; 4.20: WC: Lucas; 5.1a & 5.7a: clipart.com and author; 5.1b & 5.7b: clipart.com; 5.2: Carlos Rodriguez; 5.3: De Agostini Picture Library/G. Nimatallah/Bridgeman Images; 5.4: WC: Gerard M; 5.5 & 5.6: Universal Color; 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, & 6.5: Carlos Rodriguez; 6.6: WC: Ad Meskens; 6.7a: WC: Radomill; 6.7b: WC: M.violante; 6.8a: WC: Alessandroferri; 6.8b: WC: Dennis Jarvis; 6.9a: Shutterstock: B Stefanov; 6.9b, 6.9c & 6.18: WC: Bernard Gagnon; 6.10a: WC: Forma mentis; 6.10b: WC: 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica; 6.10c: WC: Carole Raddato; 6.11a: WC: KlausF; 6.11b: WC: Sergey Ashmarin; 6.12a & 6.12b: Carlos Rodriguez; 6.13: WC: Fondo Paolo Monti; 6.14: Alinari/Bridgeman Images; 6.15: WC: Till Niermann; 6.16: author; 6.17: WC: Gfawkes05; 7.1a: WC: Romaine; 7.1b: WC: Kristicak; 7.1c: Scala/Art Resource, New York; 7.2: Carlos Rodriguez; 7.3a: WC: MM; 7.3b & 7.4a: WC: Sailko; 7.3c & 7.4b: Clipart.com; 8.1 & 8.2: Carlos Rodriguez; 8.3a, 8.9b & 9.19: WC: Milos Radevic; 8.3b: G. Dagli Orti /De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Image; 8.3c & 8.9a: Carlos Rodriguez; 8.4a: WC: DavidConFran; 8.4b: De Agostini Picture Library/A. De Gregorio/Bridgeman Images; 8.4c: WC: Vask; 8.5: Dreamstime: Tomas Marek; 8.6: WC: Bender 235; 8.7a, 8.7b & 8.10a, 8.10b: WC: Dsmdgold; 8.8: WC; 9.1, 9.2 & 9.3: clipart.com; 9.4: WC: Marie-Lin Nguyen; 9.5: The Morgan Library & Museum/Art Resource, NY; 9.6 & 9.18: WC: Captain M, derivative work by Pole 2001; 9.7a & 9.7b: WC; 9.8: Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Bequest of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller © President and Fellows of Harvard College; 9.9: WC; 9.10: clipart.com; 9.11a: © Ali Jareji/Reuters; 9.11b: WC: Aiman titi; 9.12a: WC: Andrew Shiva; 9.12b: Photos.com; 9.13a: WC: Alex O. Holcombe; 9.13b: WC: Aarash; 9.13c: WC: Bernard Gagnon; 9.13d: WC: Hans Bernhard (Schnobby); 9.14a: WC: Toni Castillo Quero; 9.14b: WC: Karl 432; 9.14c: WC: Рустам Абдрахимов; 9.14d: Photos.com; 9.14e: WC: Americo Toledano; 9.15a: WC: bernjan; 9.15b: WC: Jim Gordon; 9.15c: Photo © Raffaello Bencini/Bridgeman Images; 9.15d: clipart.com; 9.16a & 9.20: Dreamstime; 9.16b: istockphotos; 9.17a: WC: Yann; 9.17b: WC: William Donelson 10.1: Photo: Gerard Blot © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY; 10.2a: WC; 10.2b & 10.3a: © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Image; 10.2c & 10.3b: WC; 11.1, 11.2 & 11.3: Carlos Rodriguez; 11.4a, 11.8a: WC: Jean-Pol GRANDMONT; 11.4b, 11.8a: WC: PMR Maeyaert; 11.5: Carlos Rodriguez; 11.6a: WC: Titanet; 11.6b: WC: Daniel Villafruela; 11.6c: De Agostini Picture Library/A. Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images; 11.7a: WC; 11.7b: WC: Myrabella; 12.1, 12.2 & 12.3: Carlos Rodriguez; 12.4a: WC: Olvr; 12.4b: WC: Atlant; 12.4c: WC: PMR Maeyaert; 12.4d: WC: JB Thomas4; 12.5: WC: Jwslubbock; 12.6: WC: Nina Aldin Thune; 12.7 & 12.11: clipart.com; 12.8: WC: Eusebius; 12.9a: British Library, London, UK© British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Images; 12.9b: WC: RAEUHtEGAy7O3Q at Google Cultural Institute; 12.10a: © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Images; 12.10b: The National Library of Israel Collections; 12.10c: http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=57013; 12.10d: WC: British Library; 13.1: WC: I, Sailko; 13.1b & 13.2: WC: Rastaman3000; 13.1c & 13.3: WC: Yorck Project; 14.1: WC; 14.2 & 14.7: WC; 14.3: Metropolitan Museum of Art Fletcher Fund 1919; 14.4a: WC; 14.4b: WC Yorck Project; 14.5: WC; 14.6: WC: Google Art Project; 14.7: WC: Google Cultural Institute; 15.1a & 15.1b: WC: Gryffindor; 15.2 & 15.7: WC: Sailko; 15.3: WC: Google Art Project; 15.4: WC: Google Art Project; 15.5 & 15.6: WC: Patrick A. Rodgers; 16.1: WC; 16.2 & 16.8: WC: Antoine Taveneaux; 16.2b: WC: Maus-Trauden; 16.2c: WC; 16.2d: WC: Andrew Graham-Dixon; 16.2e: Morguefile.com; 16.3: WC: PDArt; 16.4: WC: The Yorck Project; 16.5 & 16.7: Universal Color; 16.6a: WC: Alejo2083; 16.6b: WC: Tango7174; 17.1: WC: Architas; 17.2a: WC: Victor Andrade; 17.2b: WC: Welleschik; 17.2c: clipart.com; 17.3a: WC: ToucanWings; 17.3b: WC: Jean-Christophe BENOIST; 17.3c: author; 17.3d: WC: Myrabella; 17.3e: WC: Jorge Eduardo Guimarães; 17.4a: WC: Livioandronico2013; 17.4b: WC: Alves Gaspar; 17.5: WC: http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/caravaggio/calling/calling.jpg; 17.6: WC: Livioandronico2013; 17.7: WC: Galeria Online; 17.8: WC: The Yorck Project; 17.9: Art Institute of Chicago; 17.10: WC: Google Cultural Institute; 17.11: WC: Web Gallery of Art; 18.1: WC; 18.2 & 18.7: WC; 18.3a, 18.3b & 18.8a, 18.b: Brooklyn Museum: Gift of Lilla Brown in memory of her husband, John W. Brown, by exchange, 2012.21; 18.4: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; 18.5: Bridgeman Images; 18.6: WC: Nameneko; 19.1: WC: http://www.wga.hu/index1.html; 19.2: WC: Art Renewal Center; 19.3: WC: National Gallery; 19.4: WC: europeana.eu; 19.5a: WC: YF12s; 19.6: WC: wartburg.edu; 19.7: WC: Albert Herring; 19.8: WC: Google Art and Culture; 20.1a: WC: Peter Trimming; 20.1b &20.9a: WC: Jorge Royan; 20.1c & 20.9b: WC: I, Sailko; 20.2: Metropolitan Museum of Art: Gift of Mrs. Grafton H. Pyne, 1951; 20.3: WC; 20.4: WC: Erich Lessing Culture and Fine Arts Archives via artsy.net; 20.5: WC: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; 20.6: Metropolitan Museum of Art: Gift of Mrs. Russell Sage, 1908; 20.7 & 20.8: clipart.com; 21.1: WC: The Yorck Project; 21.2: Brooklyn Museum: Frank L. Babbott Fund; 21.3: WC: Google Art Project; 21.4: WC: Google Art Project; 21.5: WC: Provided directly by Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division; 21.6: WC: Google Art Project; 21.7: Metropolitan Museum of Art: Gift of Paul J. Sachs, 1916; 21.88: WC: Google Cultural Institute; 21.9: WC: The Yorck Project; 21.10: WC: The Yorck Project; 21.11: Universal Color; 21.12: WC: Google Art Project; 21.13 & 21.14a: author; 21.14b: WC: Beyond My Ken; 21.14c: © Jonathan Rutchik; 21.15: WC: PMRMaeyaert; 21.16: WC: Google Art Project; 22.1: © 2019 Succession H. Matisse/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; 22.2: Universal Color © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; 22.3: WC; 22.4: WC: https://www.kettererkunst.de/ 22.5: Universal Color; © 2019 Estate of Pablo Picasso/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; 22.6: Offentliche Kunstsammlung, Basel, Switzerland/Bridgeman Images. © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris; 22.7: The Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania, PA, USA, The Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection, 1950/Bridgeman Images, © Succession Brancusi - All rights reserved (ARS) 2019; 22.8: clipart.com; 22.9: Universal Color; © Association Marcel Duchamp/ADAGP, Paris/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York 2019; 22.10: © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ProLitteris, Zurich; Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA/Art Resource, NY; 22.11: © 2019 Banco de México Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Mexico, D.F./Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York clipart.com; 22.12: Museum of Modern Art, New York, USADe Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images, © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris; 22.13: Museum of the Revolution, Moscow, Russia/Bridgeman Images; © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/UPRAVIS, Moscow; 22.14: WC; 22.15: Carlos Rodriguez; 22.16a & 22.16b: Library of Congress: Jack E. Boucher; 22.16c: WC: Arsenalbubs; 22.17a & 22.17b: WC: Kate Wagner; 22.18: author; 22.19: The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC. Acquired 1942; © 2019 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation, Seattle/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; 22.20: Alfredo Dagli Orti/Art Resource, NY; © 2019 Banco de México Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Mexico, D.F./Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; 22.21: Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA/Art Resource, NY; © 2019 The Willem de Kooning Foundation /Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; 22.22: Detroit Institute of Arts, USA/Bridgeman Images; 22.23 Private Collection Photo © Christie’s Images/Bridgeman Images; © 2019 The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. /Licensed by Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; Marilyn Monroe™; Rights of Publicity and Persona Rights: The Estate of Marilyn Monroe LLC. marilynmonroe.com; 22.24: Yale University Art Gallery, Gift of Colossal Keepsake Corporation Copyright 1969 Claes Oldenburg; 22.25a & 22.25b: Copyright Yayoi Kusama; 22.26: Universal Color © 2019 Holt/Smithson Foundation and Dia Art Foundation/Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY; 22.27a: The Architectural Archives, University of Pennsylvania, by the gift of Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, photo by Matt Wargo; 22.27b: The Architectural Archives, University of Pennsylvania, by the gift of Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown; 23.1: clipart.com; 23.2: WC: Fars News Agency; 23.2b: WC: Unesco F. Riviere; 23.3: lconotec/Alamy Stock Photo; 23.4a & 24.4b: WC: Biswarup Ganguly; 23.4c: WC: Raveesh Vyas; 23.4d & 23.4e: WC: H. Gardner, Art Through the Ages, (New York: Harcourt, Brace, & Co., 1926), p 409, fig. 119; 23.4a: WC: Tropenmuseum, part of the National Museum of World Cultures; 23.4b: WC: Gunawan Kartapranata; 24.4c: WC: Jan-Pieter Nap; 23.6: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of R. H. Ellsworth Ltd., in honor of Susan Dillon, 1987; 23.7a & 23.10a: WC: Itsmalay~commonswiki; 23.7b & 23.10b: WC: Hiroki Ogawa; 23.7c: WC: Arnold Betten; 23.7d: Jonathan Rutchik; 23.8a: istockphoto; 23.8b: WC: BluesyPete; 23.8c: WC: Markalexander100; 23.8d: WC: Hans Stieglitz; 23.8e: WC: Baldin; 23.9: WC; 23.10: WC; 24.1: Carlos Rodriguez; 24.2a: WC: kallgan; 24.2b: WC: Ekrem Canli; 24.2c & 24.12a: WC: Thorsten; 24.2d & 24.12b: WC: Tommy Chen; 24.3a & 24.3b: Carlos Rodriguez; 24.3c: clipart.com; 24.4: WC: Yann Forget; 24.5: WC: Google Cultural Institute; 24.6: WC: Cultural Heritage Information Center of South Korea; 24.7: © The Chambers Gallery, London/Bridgeman Images; 24.8a: WC: Jmhullot; 24.8b: WC: G41rn8; 24.9a: WC: Aberlin; 24.9b: WC: Headrock; 24.9c: WC: Alex Kwok; 24.10 & 24.12: WC: David Trowbridge; 24.11: WC: Szukas; 25.1a: WC: Wiiii; 25.1b, 25.1c & 25.1d: WC: sailko; 25.1e: WC: Jakubhal; 25.2a: WC: Dingy; 25.2b: WC: Bjørn Christian Tørrissen; 25.2c: Jonathan Rutchik; 25.3a & 25.3b: WC: http://learn.bowdoin.edu/heijiscroll/viewer.html; 25.4a & 25.4b: WC; 25.5: Metropolitan Museum of Art: H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929; 25.6: WC: Nezu Gallery; 26.1a: author; 26.1b & 26.15: WC: Reto Luescher; 26.1c: © Charles and Josette Lenars/Corbis; 26.1d: Cleveland Art Museum: Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Tishman 1958.183; 26.2a: Dreamstime/Nick Leonard; 26.2b: WC: Joaquín Bravo Contreras; 26.3: WC: Toby 87; 26.4: WC: Timothy A. Price and Nichole I.; 26.5a: WC: Wolfgang Sauber; 26.5b: WC: miguelão; 26.5c: WC: Ceridwen; 26.5d: G. Dagli Orti /De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images; 26.6: WC: MaunusA; 26.7: Werner Forman Archive/Bridgeman Images; 26.8a; author; 26.8b: WC: Diego Delso, delso.photo, License CC-BY-SA; 26.8c: WC: Bcasterline; 26.9a: WC: icelight; 26.9b: WC: Pavel Š pindler; 26.9c: WC: Cyntia Motta; 26.10: WC; 26.11: National Museum of the American Indian; 26.12a & 26.12b: Photo: Hughes Dubois © musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY; 26.13: Brooklyn Museum: Dick S. Ramsey Fund, 64.13; 26.14: Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY; 27.1a & 27.15: WC: Simonchihanga; 27.1b: WC: Siyajkak; 27.2: Flicker: upyernoz; 27.3a: Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1965; 27.3b: Werner Forman Archive/Bridgeman Images; 27.4: © Marc Deville/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images; 27.5a: Brooklyn Museum: Purchased with funds given by Mr. and Mrs. Alastair B. Martin, Mrs. Donald M. Oenslager, Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Blum, and the Mrs. Florence A. Blum Fund, 61.33.; 27.5b: Photograph by Eliot Elisofon, 1971, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution; 27.6: Metropolitan Museum of Art: Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace, Drs. Daniel and Marian Malcolm, Laura G. and James J. Ross, Jeffrey B. Soref, The Robert T. Wall Family, Dr. and Mrs. Sidney G. Clyman, and Steven Kossak Gifts, 2008; 27.7: Brooklyn Museum: The Adolph and Esther D. Gottlieb Collection; 27.8 & 27.16a: Photograph © by Franko Koury/National Museum of African Art/Smithsonian Institution; 27.9a: WC: Daniel Schwen; 27.9b: © William Siegmann Estate, Edward DeCarbo, executor; 27.10: Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Dr. Ernst Anspach, 75.147.2.; 27.11a: Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Marcia and John Friede; 27.11b: © Courtesy of Mary Nooter-Roberts; 27.12a: Brooklyn Museum: Purchased with funds given by Mr. and Mrs. Milton F. Rosenthal, 81.170; 27.12b: Getty Images/George Holton; 27.13: Brooklyn Museum: Frank L. Babbott Fund, 51.3.; 27.14: The Art Institute of Chicago, IL, USA/Major Acquisitions Centennial Fund/Bridgeman Images; 28.1a & 28.1b: WC: CT Snow; 28.1: Werner Forman Archive/Bridgeman Images; 28.3: © The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, NY; 28.4, 28.5a, 28.5b, 28.12 & 28.13: The Trustees of the British Museum; 28.6: Aukland War Memorial Museum; 28.7: Google Cultural Institute; 28.8 & 27.16b: Dallas Museum of Art; 28.9: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY; 28.10: National Library of New Zealand and the Alexander Turnbull Library; 28.11: WC: Guillaume Massardier; 29.1a & 29.1b: WC: Zarateman; 29.2a: © Hélène Bonet; 29.2b: WC: Commonurbock23; 29.3a: WC: Ellen Murphy/Roy Smith; 29.3b: WC: Art Anderson; 29.4a & 29.4b: © Maya Lin Studio, courtesy Pace Gallery; 29.5: The Broad Art Foundation, Photo credit: Douglas M. Parker Studio, Los Angeles; 29.6: British Museum; 29.7: © The Estate of Magdalena Abakanowicz, courtesy Marlborough Gallery, New York; 29.8: Courtesy XuBing Studio; 29.9: © Jeff Koons; 29.10: Courtesy of the artist and Metro Pictures, New York; 29.11: © 2019 Faith Ringgold/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, Courtesy ACA Galleries, New York 29.12: Courtesy the artist and Garth Greenan Gallery, New York; 29.13: Mbantua Gallery and Cultural Museum; © Emily Kame Kngwarreye/Copyright Agency. Licensed by Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, 2019; 29.14: Photo taken by Cynthia Preston Copyright Shirin Neshat, Courtesy Gladstone Gallery, New York and Brussels; 29.15a & 29.15b: Courtesy the artist and Ronald Feldman Gallery, New York; 29.16: © Michel Tuffery, Purchased 1995 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds; 29.17 & 29.28: © Nam June Paik Estate, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of the artist; 29.18a & 29.18b: © Kira Perov, Bill Viola Studio; 29.19: © Mariko Mori 2009. All Rights Reserved. Photo courtesy of Mariko Mori/Art Resource, NY; © 2019 Mariko Mori; 29.20: © Kiki Smith, courtesy Pace Gallery; 29.21: Artwork © Kara Walker, courtesy of Sikkema Jenkins & Co., New York; 29.22: Â © Yinka Shonibare CBE. All Rights Reserved, DACS/Artimage 2019. Photo: Stephen White; © Yinka Shonibare MBE. All Rights Reserved, DACS/ARS, NY 2019 29.23: ©El Anatsui. Courtesy of the artist and Jack Shainman Gallery, New York. Photography by Randy Batista Image provided by the Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art, University of Florida, Gainesville; 29.24: Courtesy of the artist and Marian Goodman Gallery; 29.25: Copyright Wangechi Mutu Courtesy of the Artist and Gladstone Gallery, New York and Brussels; 29.26: WC: Nmnogueira; Courtesy of the artist and White Cube Gallery; 29.27: Practice Test 1: Fig. 1: WC: Livioandronico2013; Fig. 2: WC: Alves Gaspar; Fig. 3: WC: wartburg.edu; Fig. 4: Courtesy XuBing Studio; Fig. 5: Metropolitan Museum, Rogers Fund 1905; Fig. 6: WC: MMPublic domain; Fig. 7: Clipart.com; Fig 8: WC: Ahmed Brisam; Fig. 9: WC: Madmedea; Fig. 10: WC: Vask; Fig. 11 & 12: WC: CT Snow; Fig. 13: Metropolitan Museum, Henry L. Phillips Collection, Bequest of Henry L. Phillips, 1939; Fig. 14: Brooklyn Museum: Purchased with funds given by Mr. and Mrs. Alastair B. Martin, Mrs. Donald M. Oenslager, Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Blum, and the Mrs. Florence A. Blum Fund, 61.33; Fig. 15: Photograph by Eliot Elisofon, 1971, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution; Fig. 16: Bridgeman Images; Fig. 17: Metropolitan Museum, Purchase, Rogers Fund and The Kevorkian Foundation Gift, 1955; Fig. 18: Metropolitan Museum, Marquand Collection, Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1889; Fig. 19: WC: Galeria Online; Fig. 20: Metropolitan Museum, Gift of Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Foundation, 1984; Fig. 21: Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Bequest of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller © President and Fellows of Harvard College; Fig. 22: WC: Google Cultural Institute; Fig. 23 & 24: Brooklyn Museum: Gift of Lilla Brown in memory of her husband, John W. Brown, by exchange, 2012.21; Fig. 25: WC: The Yorck Project (2002); Fig. 26: WC: Google Art Project; Fig. 27: WC: National Gallery; Fig. 28: Cleveland Art Museum: Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Tishman 1958.183; Q1: WC: Provided directly by Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division; Q3: WC; Q4: © The Chambers Gallery, London/Bridgeman Images; Q5: WC: Michel Wal; Q6a: WC: Olvr; Q6b: WC: JB Thomas4; Practice Test 2: Fig. 1: © Michel Tuffery, Purchased 1995 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds; Fig. 2: Bridgeman Images; Fig. 3: © Jonathan Rutchik; Fig. 4: WC: Explicit; Fig. 5: National Gallery of Australia, Canberra/Purchased 1977/Bridgeman Images; Fig. 6: WC: Web Gallery of Art; Fig. 7 © 2019 Succession H. Matisse/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; Fig. 8: WC: Guillaume Massardier; Fig. 9: Metropolitan Museum: The Annenberg Foundation Gift, 1993; Fig. 10: De Agostini Picture Library/A. Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images; Fig. 11: Metropolitan Museum of Art: Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1939; Fig. 12: WC: Marie-Lan Nguyen; Fig. 13: WC: Kate Wagner; Fig. 14: Metropolitan Museum of Art: Gift of Jeff Soref and Paul Lombardi, in honor of Natalie Soref, 2015; Fig. 15: WC: Marie-Lan Nguyen; Fig. 16: WC: MMPublic domain; Fig. 17: clipart.com; Fig. 8: WC: M.violante; Fig 19: WC; Fig. 20: WC: Christophe Finot; Fig. 21: © Marc Deville/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images; Fig. 22: WC; Figure 23: WC: Yorck Project; Q1: The Broad Art Foundation Photo credit: Douglas M. Parker Studio, Los Angeles; Q3: WC; Q4a: WC: Alejo2083; Q4b: WC: Livioandronico2013; Q5: WC; Q6a: Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1965; Q6b: Werner Forman Archive/Bridgeman Images; Online Test 1: Fig. 1 & Fig. 2: © Kira Perov, Bill Viola Studio; Fig. 3: The National Library of Israel Collections; Fig. 4: http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=57013; Fig. 5: WC: Grb16; Fig. 6: WC: Peter Trimming; Fig. 7: WC: I, Sailko; Fig. 8: WC; Fig. 9: WC: Web Gallery of Art; Fig. 10: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1948; Fig. 11: WC: JB Thomas4; Fig. 12: Universal Color; Fig. 13: Brooklyn Museum: Dick S. Ramsey Fund, 64.13; Fig. 14: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY; Fig. 15: © The Chambers Gallery, London/Bridgeman Images; Q1: Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Bequest of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller © President and Fellows of Harvard College; Q3: WC: Myrabella; Q4: WC: Antoine Taveneaux; Q5: Neue Galerie New York; Q6: WC: Keith Schengili-Roberts; Online Test 2: Fig 1: Copyright Yayoi Kusama; Fig. 2: WC: Romaine; Fig. 3: Scala/Art Resource, New York; Fig. 4: © Marc Deville/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images; Fig. 5 & Fig 6: WC: Gryffindor; Fig. 7: WC: Till Niermann; Fig. 8: WC: AlbertHerring; Fig. 9: Library of Congress: Jack E. Boucher; Fig. 10: WC; Fig. 11: WC: Myrabella; Fig. 12: WC: Atlant; Fig. 13: WC; Fig. 14: WC: Markalexander100; Fig. 15: WC: Steve Swayne; Fig. 16: Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1965; Fig. 17: Courtesy of the artist and Metro Pictures, New York; Q1: Art Institute of Chicago; Q3: Metropolitan Museum, Bequest of Sam A. Lewisohn, 1951; Q4: WC; Q5: Metropolitan Museum, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Klaus G. Perls, 1990; Q6: WC: Till Niermann
