The author gratefully acknowledges Justus Rosenberg,
Professor Emeritus of Languages and Literature,
Bard College, for his expert reading of the manuscript.
Quotations from Assignment: Rescue, An Autobiography by Varian Fry,
copyright © 1945 by Varian Fry; copyright © 1968 by Annette R. Fry.
Reprinted by permission of Scholastic Inc.
Quotations from Surrender on Demand by Varian Fry, copyright © 1945 by Varian Fry;
copyright © 1997 by Sylvia Fry and James Fry.
Reprinted by permission of Johnson Books.
Quotations from the Varian Fry Papers, housed at the Rare Book and Manuscript
Library, Columbia University. Reprinted by permission of Annette Fry.
Copyright © 2008 by Carla Killough McClafferty
All rights reserved
Distributed in Canada by Douglas & McIntyre Ltd.
Printed in the United States of America
Designed by Irene Metaxatos
First edition, 2008
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McClafferty, Carla Killough, 1958–
In defiance of Hitler : the secret mission of Varian Fry / Carla Killough McClafferty.
—1st ed.
p. cm.
ISBN-13: 978-0-374-38204-9
ISBN-10: 0-374-38204-2
eISBN: 978-1-4668-6845-8
1. Fry, Varian, 1907–1967. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Jews—Rescue—France.
3. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—France. 4. Righteous Gentiles in the Holocaust— United States—Biography. 5. War correspondents—United States—Biography. I. Title.
D804.66.F79M33 2008
940.53’15092—dc22
[B]
2007033271
Frontispiece: Varian Fry at his desk in the office of the American Relief Center.