Contents

The page numbers in curly braces {} correspond to the print edition of this title.

 

Preface

Note to the Fifth Edition

Introduction

I. Short Arguments: Some General Rules

1.   Resolve premises and conclusion

2.   Unfold your ideas in a natural order

3.   Start from reliable premises

4.   Be concrete and concise

5.   Build on substance, not overtone

6.   Use consistent terms

II. Arguments by Example

7.   Use more than one example

8.   Use representative examples

9.   Background rates are often crucial

10.   Statistics need a critical eye

11.   Reckon with counterexamples

III. Arguments by Analogy

12.   Analogies require relevantly similar examples

IV. Arguments from Authority

13.   Cite your sources

14.   Seek informed sources

15.   Seek impartial sources

16.   Cross-check sources

17.   Build your Internet savvy

IV. Arguments about Causes

18.   Causal arguments start with correlations

19.   Correlations may have alternative explanations

20.   Work toward the most likely explanation

21.   Expect complexity

VI. Deductive Arguments

22.   Modus ponens

23.   Modus tollens

24.   Hypothetical syllogism

25.   Disjunctive syllogism

26.   Dilemma

27.   Reductio ad absurdum

28.   Deductive arguments in multiple steps

VII. Extended Arguments

29.   Explore the issue

30.   Spell out basic ideas as arguments

31.   Defend basic premises with arguments of their own

32.   Reckon with objections

33.   Explore alternatives

VIII. Argumentative Essays

34.   Jump right in

35.   Urge a definite claim or proposal

36.   Your argument is your outline

37.   Detail objections and meet them

38.   Seek feedback and use it

39.   Modesty, please!

IX. Oral Arguments

40.   Ask for a hearing

41.   Be fully present

42.   Signpost energetically

43.   Hew your visuals to your argument

44.   End in style

X. Public Debates

45.   Do argument proud

46.   Listen, learn, leverage

47.   Offer something positive

48.   Work from common ground

49.   At least be civil

50.   Leave them thinking when you go

Appendix I: Some Common Fallacies

Appendix II: Definitions

D1.   When terms are unclear, get specific

D2.   When terms are contested, work from the clear cases

D3.   Definitions don’t replace arguments

Resources

Titles of Related Interest Available from Hackett Publishing